ApplicationLayer -1- Network Tools...Summary: Application Layer (1) • Domain Name System...
Transcript of ApplicationLayer -1- Network Tools...Summary: Application Layer (1) • Domain Name System...
Application Layer-1-
NetworkTools
2015,Lecture 08Kaan Bür
EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
PreviouslyonEITF25
• AddressingaboveIP– Ports, sockets
• Process-to-processdelivery• Transportlayerprotocols– TCP– UDP
• QualityofService2015-11-30 2EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
TransportLayer
Application layer
• Principlesofdigitalcommunications– Fromelectricalsignals tobitstopackets
• Usingthephysicalinfrastructure– Networkaccess
• Findingyourway– Addressing, routing
• Makinguseofitall– Applications
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Today:ApplicationLayer (1)
• DomainNameSystem,DNS[S24.2][F26.6]
• HostConfiguration,DHCP[S21.5][F18.4.4]
• DebuggingTools,ICMP[S14.3][F19.2]
• World-WideWeb,HTTP[S24.3][F26.1]
*[Kihl&Andersson:7.5,7.7,7.9,12.4]2015-11-30 4EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
MappinghostnametoIPaddress
• Applicationprotocolsusehostnames• TCP/IPprotocolsuiteusesIPaddresses• MappingfromhostnametoIPaddresses
• DomainNameSystem(DNS)– Domainnamespace– Domainnameresolution
• www.lth.se ≡130.235.209.2202015-11-30 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications 5
DomainNameSystem(DNS)
• Internet’stelephonebook:Address↔name– Oneofthemost important systemson theInternet
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Domainnamespace
• Namesmustbeunique– Completecontrolneeded
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Domainnamesandlabels
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Internetdomains
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Genericdomains
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se
lth
eit
eit.lth.se
…
Countrydomains
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Hierarchyofdomainnameservers
• 13logicalrootnameservers– implemented by376physicalservers
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Domains,subdomains,zones
Domain
• SubtreeofDNS
Zone
• Servers’controlarea
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Domainnameresolution
• Actionofaddressmapping– Client=resolver– Server=DNS
• Oneservercannothavealltheanswers!– Howtoaskothers?–Whattodowiththeanswer?
• Caching– Rememberwhatyou’ve learned!
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Recursiveresolution
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Iterativeresolution
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DomainnametoIPaddress (1)
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magi.magicnet.setroll.trollnet.se
1. magi.magicnet.se ?
ns.trollnet.se2015-11-30 EITF25– Internet:TechnologyandApplications
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DomainnametoIPaddress (2)
troll.trollnet.semagi.magicnet.se
ns.trollnet.se x.ns.se
2. magicnet.se ?
3. Ask ns.magicnet.se
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DomainnametoIPaddress (3)
troll.trollnet.semagi.magicnet.se
ns.trollnet.se ns.magicnet.se
4. magi.magicnet.se ?
5. IP = 194.52.54.47
6. IP = 194.52.54.47
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DomainnametoIPaddress (4)
troll.trollnet.semagi.magicnet.se
7. IP = 194.52.54.47
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Exercise: Breakthisviciouscycle!
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IPaddr.
DNS
TCPUDP
IP
DHCP
ObtaininganIPaddress
• DynamicHostConfigurationProtocol– Application layer
• DHCP– IPaddress• Allocationfrompoolorstatic
– Networkmask– Defaultgateway– DNSserver(s)
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DHCPoperation
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DHCPstates
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75%
Seeyouin15’:)
• Afterthebreak– Networkdebugging– ICMP–World-wide web
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DebuggingTools
• Applicationsusedfordebugging• Twoexamples– Ping– Traceroute
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Ping
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Traceroute
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InternetControlMessageProtocol
• ICMP• SupportprotocolforIP– Errorreporting– Query
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Encapsulation
• ICMPmessagesencapsulatedinIPpackets
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ICMPmessageformats
• Errorreporting
• Querymessages
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ICMPv4messagetypes
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• Routingupdateforhosts–Moreefficientwhen toomanyhosts
Redirection(errorreportingtype)
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DEFAULT ROUTER
Exercise: ICMPinaction
Q: Inwhatkindofnetworkcanahostneverreceivearedirectionmessage?
A: Inanetworkwithonlyonerouter
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Echorequestandreply (querytype)
• Ismydestinationalive?
• Networkdiagnostics– IPlayer
• Debuggingtools– Ping– Traceroute
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Traceroute
• Usedtotraceapacket’sroutefromsourcetodestination
• UsesthreeICMPmessages– EchoRequest (query)
– TimeExceeded (error)
– DestinationUnreachable (error)
• ManipulatesTTLfieldinIPheader• Uses‘wrong’ portnumber
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Traceroute
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Echo request
Applicationlayerparadigms
• Client-serverparadigm–WWW,Onlinegames,WebTV,Facebook
• Peer-to-peerparadigm– BitTorrent, Voddler, Skype
• Someapplicationsusebothparadigms– Spotify
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Client-serverparadigm
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Peer-to-peerparadigm
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Application:WWW
• TheideaoftheWorld-WideWeb(WWW)wasfirstproposedbyTimBerners-Lee in1989atCERN,theEuropeanOrganizationforNuclearResearch
• ThepurposewastoallowallCERNresearchersatdifferentlocationsthroughoutEuropetoaccesseachothers’ results
• ThecommercialWebstartedin1993.
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ComponentsofWWW
• Webdocuments(pages)– HyperTextMarkup Language (HTML) forstaticwebpages
– Script languages (PHP,ASP, JSP,CGIetc.)fordynamic
• UniversalResourceLocator(URL)– Standardwaytoidentify locationofwebdocuments
• HyperTextTransferProtocol(HTTP)– Protocol toaccessdocuments onawebserver
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UniversalResourceLocator(URL)
• Awebdocumenthasfouridentifiers– Protocol, Host,PortandPath.
• AURLisdefinedas– protocol://host:port/path
• StandardHTTPport80isisomitted– http://www.eit.lth.se/course/eitf25
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HypertextTransferProtocol(HTTP)
• Text-basedprotocol• Twobasictypesofmessages– RequestsandResponses
• SetsupandusesaTCPconnection
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Documentretrieval
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OperationofHTTP1.1
• Persistentconnection– OnlyoneTCPsession forallrequestsfromthesameserver.
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HTTPrequestandresponseformat
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HTTPmethodsinrequests
• Usingthese’methods’,clientsmayrequestcorrespondingactionsfromserver.
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Examplerequestandresponse
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Cookies
• OriginalWWWwasstateless– Eachrequest/response treatedseparately– Nohistoryofpreviousmessages
• Cookies– storeinformation aboutclient– introduce conceptofauser session
• Implementation(creationandstorage)ofcookiescanbedifferent,butsameconcept
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Cookies
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Summary: ApplicationLayer (1)
• DomainNameSystem–Mapping hostnamestoIPaddresses
• Hostconfiguration– Obtaining anIPaddress
• Debuggingtools– Ping, traceroute,ICMP
• Client-servervs.P2Papplications– www,http, cookies
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