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Manila Metro Rail Transit SystemMRT Line 3

North Avenue Stationplatform area

Overview

TypeRapid transit/Light metro

SystemManila Metro Rail Transit System

LocaleManila,Philippines

Stations13[1]

Services1[2]

Daily ridership450,000 (original capacity)650,000 (2012-2013 record)

WebsiteMRT-3

Operation

OpeningDecember 15, 1999

OwnerMetro Rail Transit Corporation

Operator(s)Department of Transportationand CommunicationsMetro Rail Transit Corporation

Rolling stock73KDTatra RT8D5[3]

Technical

Track length16.9km (10.5mi)

Track gauge1,435mm(4ft812in)standard gauge

ElectrificationOverhead line

Operating speed6065km/h (3740mph)

[collapse]Route map

Legend

future

interchange

North AvenueLRT-1

Depot

Quezon Avenue

Kamuning

Araneta CenterCubaoLRT-2

Santolan

Ortigas

Shaw Boulevard

Boni

Pasig River

Guadalupe

Buendia

Ayala

MagallanesPNR

South Luzon Expressway

Taft AvenueLRT-1

This diagram: view talk edit

TheManila Metro Rail Transit System, also known as theMRT Line 3,MRT-3, orMetrostar Express, is arapid transitsystem ofMetro Manila,Philippinesand is composed of a single line that runs in the general direction along the north and south lanes ofEpifanio de los Santos Avenue(EDSA). Although it has the characteristics oflight rail, such as the type ofrolling stockused, it is more akin to arapid transitsystem owing to its totalgrade separationand high passenger throughput. Envisioned in the 1970s as part of the Metropolitan Manila Strategic Mass Rail Transit Development Plan, the thirteen-station, 16.9-kilometer (10.5mi) line was the second rapid transit line to be built in Metro Manila when it started operations in 1999. It is currently operated by theMetro Rail Transit Corporation(MRTC), a private company operating in partnership with theDepartment of Transportation and Communications(DOTC) under aBuild-Operate-Transferagreement.Serving close to 600,000 passengers on a daily basis, MRT-3 is the busiest among Metro Manila's three rapid transit lines, built with essential standards such asbarrier-free accessand the use of magnetic card tickets to better facilitate passenger access. However, total ridership significantly exceeds the its built maximum capacity, with various solutions being proposed or implemented to alleviate chronic congestion in addition to the procurement of new rolling stock. However, these solutions have had a mixed effect on ridership, and experts have questioned the line's structural integrity owing to overcrowding on board the line despite pronouncements that the system in general is safe.MRT-3 is integrated with the public transit system in Metro Manila, and passengers also take various forms of road-based public transport, such asbuses, to and from a station to reach their intended destination. Although the line aimed to reduce traffic congestion and travel times along EDSA, the transportation system has only been partially successful due to the rising number of motor vehicles and rapid urbanization. Expanding the network's capacity to accommodate the rising number of passengers is set on tackling this problem.Contents[hide] 1The MRT-3 network 2History 3Station facilities, amenities, and services 3.1Station layout and accessibility 3.2Shops and services 4Safety and security 5Fares and ticketing 5.1Types of tickets 5.2Fare adjustment 6Rolling stock 6.1Depot 7Plans 7.1Capacity Expansion Project 7.2Automatic Fare Collection System 7.3North Extension 7.4Transfer of operations from MRTC to LRTA 8See also 9References 10External linksThe MRT-3 network[edit]

An MRT-3 train approachingAyala Station.The line serves13 stationson 16.9 kilometers (10.5mi) of line,[1][2]spaced on average around 1,300 metres (4,300ft) apart.[4]The rails are mostly elevated and erected either over or along the roads covered, with sections below ground before and afterBuendiaandAyalastations, the only underground stations on the line. The southern terminus of the line is theTaft Avenue stationat the intersection betweenEpifanio de los Santos AvenueandTaft Avenue, while the northern terminus is theNorth Avenue stationalongEpifanio de los Santos Avenuein Barangay Bagong Pag-asa,Quezon City. The rail line serves the cities thatCircumferential Road 4(Epifanio de los Santos Avenue) passes through:Pasay,Makati,Mandaluyong,San JuanandQuezon City.Three stations currently serve as interchanges between the lines operated by the MRTC, LRTA and PNR.Magallanes Stationis nearby toEDSA Stationon thePNR,Araneta Center-Cubaois connected by a covered walkway to itsnamesakestation of theLRT-2; andTaft Avenue Stationis connected via covered walkway to theEDSA Stationof theLRT-1.The MRT-3 is open from 5:30a.m.PST(UTC+8) until 11:00 p.m on weekdays, and 5:30a.m.PST(UTC+8) until 10:00 pm during weekends and holidays. It operates almost every day of the year unless otherwise announced. Special schedules are announced via thePA systemin every station and also innewspapersand othermass media. DuringHoly Week, apublic holiday in the Philippines, the rail system is closed for annual maintenance, owing to fewer commuters and traffic around the metro. Normal operation resumes onEaster Sunday.[5]The MRT-3 has experimented with extended opening hours in the last few years, the first of which included 24-hour operations beginning on June 1, 2009 (primarily aimed at serving call center agents and other workers in thebusiness process outsourcingsector).[6]Citing low ridership figures and financial losses, this was suspended after two days, and operations were instead extended from 5:00a.m. to 1:00a.m.[7]MRT-3 operations subsequently returned to the former schedule by April 2010, but services were again extended starting March 10, 2014, with trains running on a trial basis from 4:30 am to 11:30 pm in anticipation of major traffic buildup in light of several major road projects beginning in 2014.[8]History[edit]

A northbound MRT-3 train leavingShaw Boulevard Station

Taft Avenue Stationplatform areaDuring the construction of the first line of theManila Light Rail Transit Systemin the early 1980s, Electrowatt Engineering Services ofZrichdesigned a comprehensive plan for metro service in Metro Manila. The planstill used as the basis for planning new metro linesconsisted of a 150-kilometer (93mi) network of rapid transit lines spanning all major corridors within 20 years,[9]including a line onEpifanio de los Santos Avenue, the region's busiest road corridor.The MRT-3 (originally LRT-3) project officially began in 1989, five years after the opening of theLRT Line 1, with the Hong Kong-based EDSA LRT Corporation winning the public bidding for the line's construction.[4]However, construction never commenced, with the project stalled as the Philippine government conducted several investigations into alleged irregularities with the project's contract.[10]A consortium of local real estate companies, led by Fil-Estate Management, later formed theMetro Rail Transit Corporation(MRTC) in June 1995 and took over the EDSA LRT Corporation.[4]The MRTC was subsequently awarded aBuild-Operate-Transfercontract by the DOTC, which meant that the latter would possess ownership of the system and assume all administrative functions, such as the regulation of fares and operations, leaving the MRTC responsibility over construction and maintenance of the system as well as the procurement of spare parts for trains. In exchange, the DOTC would pay the MRTC monthly fees for a certain number of years to reimburse any incurred costs.[11]Construction began on the fifteenth of October 1996, with a BOT agreement signed between the Philippine government and the MRTC.[4]An amended turnkey agreement was later signed on September 16, 1997 with a consortium of companies (includingMitsubishi Heavy IndustriesandSumitomo Corporation, and a local company, EEI Corporation, which was subcontracted for civil works). A separate agreement was signed withKDon rolling stock. MRTC also retained the services of ICF Kaiser Engineers and Constructors to provide program management and technical oversight of the services for the design, construction management and commissioning.[12]During construction, the MRTC oversaw the design, construction, equipping, testing, and commissioning, while the DOTC oversaw technical supervision of the project activities covered by the BOT contract between the DOTC and MRTC. The DOTC also sought the services ofSystra, aFrenchconsultant firm, with regards to the technical competence, experience and track record in the construction and operations.[12]On December 15, 1999, the initial section fromNorth AvenuetoBuendiawas inaugurated by PresidentJoseph Estrada,[13]with all remaining stations opening on July 20, 2000, a little over a month past the original deadline.[14]However, ridership was initially far below expectations, with passengers complaining of the stations' steep stairs and the general lack of connectivity with other modes of public transportation.[15]Passengers also complained of high ticket prices, with the maximum fare of 34 at the time being significantly higher than a comparable journey on those lines operated by the LRTA and PNR. Although the MRTC projected 300,000-400,000 passengers riding the system daily, in the first month of operation the system saw a ridership of only 40,000 passengers daily.[16]The system was even criticized as awhite elephantalongside theManila Light Rail Transit Systemand theMetro Manila Skyway.[17]To alleviate passenger complaints, the MRTC later retrofitted stations withescalatorsandelevatorsfor easier access, as well as reducing passenger fares.By 2004, the MRT-3 had the highest ridership of the three lines, with 400,000 passengers daily. By early 2015, the system was carrying around 500,000 during weekdays and was often badly overcrowded during peak times of access during the day.On August 13, 2014 the train at the Taft Avenue Station became derailed and overshot to the streets. First, the train had stopped after Magallanes Station (before the Taft Avenue Station) because of a technical problem. Then the train broke down so a following train was used to push the stalled train. However, during this process, the first train became detached and overshot at Taft Avenue, breaking the concrete barriers and falling to the street below. At least 38 people were injured.[18]Station facilities, amenities, and services[edit]

Buendia Station, one of the MRT-3 stations with anisland platform.

The entrance toAyalastation as seen from theAyala Center

Bridge linking theMRT-3 Taft Avenue Stationto the nearbyLRT-1 EDSA StationWith the exception ofBuendia AvenueandAyala Avenuestations, and the platform level ofTaft AvenueandBoni Avenuestations, all stations are situated above ground, taking advantage of EDSA's topology.[19]Station layout and accessibility[edit]MRT-3 stations have a standard layout, with a concourse level and a platform level. The concourse is usually above the platform, withstairs,escalatorsandelevatorsleading down to the platform level. Station concourses contain ticket booths, which is separated from the platform level by fare gates.[4]Some stations, such asAraneta Center-Cubao, are connected at concourse level to nearby buildings, such as shopping malls, for easier accessibility. Most stations are alsobarrier-freeinside and outside the station, and trains have spaces for passengers usingwheelchairs.[4]Stations either haveisland platforms, such asTaft AvenueandShaw Boulevard, orside platforms, such asOrtigasandNorth Avenue. Part of the platform corresponding to the front car of the train is cordoned off for the use of women, children, elderly and disabled passengers.MRT-3 stations are also designed to occupy the entire span of EDSA, allowing passengers to safely cross between one end of the road and the other.[4]Shops and services[edit]Inside the concourse of all stations is at least one stall or stand where people can buy food or drinks. Stalls vary by station, and some have fast food stalls. The number of stalls also varies by station, and stations tend to have a wide variety, especially in stations such asAyalaandShaw Boulevard.Stations such as Taft Avenue and North Avenue are connected to or are near shopping malls and/or other large shopping areas, where commuters are offered more shopping varieties.Since November 19, 2001, in cooperation with thePhilippine Daily Inquirer, passengers are offered copies of theInquirer Libre, a free,tabloid-size,Tagalogversion of theInquirer, which is available at all MRT-3 stations.[20]Safety and security[edit]The MRT-3 has always presented itself as a safe system to travel in, which was affirmed in a 2004World Bankpaper prepared byHalcrowdescribing the overall state of metro rail transit operations in Manila as being "good".[21]However, in recent years, the safety and reliability of the system has been put into question, with experts calling it "an accident waiting to happen", and while several incidents and accidents were reported between 2011 and 2014, that has not deterred commuters from continuing to patronize the system.[22]The Philippine government, meanwhile, continues to assert that the system is safe overall despite those incidents and accidents.[23]With a currently estimated daily ridership of 560,000 passengers, the MRT-3 operates significantly above its designed capacity of between 360,000 and 380,000 passengers per day.[24]Operating over capacity since 2004,[25]government officials have admitted that capacity and system upgrades are overdue,[26]although in the absence of major investment in improving system safety and reliability, MRT-3 management has resorted to experimenting with and/or implementing other solutions to reduce strain on the system, including deploying more trains,[27]crowd management on station platforms,[28]the proposed implementation of peak-hour express train service,[29]and improving the line's signaling system.[30]However, some of these solutions, such as platform crowd management, are unpopular with passengers.[31]For safety and security reasons, persons who are visiblyintoxicated,insaneand/or under the influence ofcontrolled substances, persons carrying flammable materials and/or explosives, persons carrying bulky objects or items over 1.5metres (5ft) tall and/or wide, and persons bringing pets and/or otheranimalsare prohibited from entering the MRT-3.[32]Products intin cansare also prohibited on board the MRT-3, citing the possibility of home-madebombsbeing concealed inside the cans.[33]In response to theRizal Day bombingsand theSeptember 11th attacks, security has been stepped up on board the MRT-3. ThePhilippine National Policehas a special police force on the MRT-3,[34]andsecurity policeprovided by private companies can be found in all MRT-3 stations. All MRT-3 stations have a head guard. Some stations may also have a deployed K9 bomb-sniffing dog. The MRT-3 also employs the use ofclosed-circuit televisioninside all stations to monitor suspicious activities and to assure safety and security aboard the line. Passengers are also advised to look out for thieves, who can take advantage of the crowding aboard MRT-3 trains.Wanted postersare posted at all MRT-3 stations to help commuters identify known thieves.Fares and ticketing[edit]

A sample MRT-3 stored value ticket bearing thefaceof then-PresidentJoseph Estradareleased in 2000.

The design of the single journey ticket with neutral design as of 2012.

The design of the P100 stored value ticket as of 2012. It also indicates the new color designation of the MRT-3.The MRT-3, like the LRT-1 and LRT-2, uses a distance-based fare structure, with fares ranging from ten to fifteenpesos(23 to 35U.S. cents), depending on the destination. Commuters who ride the MRT-3 are charged 10 for the first three stations, 11 for 45 stations, 12 for 68 stations, 14 for 911 stations and 15 for 12 stations or the entire line. Children below 1.02metres (3ft4.4in) (the height of a fare gate) may ride for free on the MRT-3.Types of tickets[edit]Two types of MRT-3 tickets exist: a single-journey (one-way) ticket whose cost is dependent on the destination, and a stored-value (multiple-use) ticket for 100 pesos. The 200-peso & 500-peso stored-value tickets was issued in the past, but has since been phased out. The single-journey ticket is valid only on the date of purchase. Meanwhile, the stored-value ticket is valid for three months from date of first use.[32]MRT-3 tickets come in several incarnations: these include tickets bearing the portraits of former presidentsJoseph EstradaandGloria Macapagal-Arroyo,[35]which have since been phased out, and one bearing the logos of theDOTCand the MRTC. Ticket shortages are common: in 2005, the MRTC was forced to recycle tickets bearing Estrada's portrait to address critical ticket shortages, even resorting to borrowing stored-value tickets from the LRTA,[36]and even cutting unusable tickets in half for use as manual passes.[37]Shortages were also reported in 2012,[38]and the DOTC was working on procuring additional tickets in 2014.[39]Because of the ticket shortages, it has become common practice for regular passengers to purchase several stored-value tickets at a time, though ticket shortages still persist.[40]Although the MRT-3 has partnered with private telecommunications companies in experimenting withRFIDtechnology as an alternative ticketing system in the past,[41][42]these were phased out in 2009.[43]Fare adjustment[edit]Adjusting passenger fares has been employed by the MRTC as a means to boost flagging ridership figures,[44]and the issue of MRT-3 fares both historically and in the present day continues to be a contentious political issue involving officials at even the highest levels of government.Current MRT-3 fare levels were set on July 15, 2000 under the orders of then President Estrada; this was intended to have the MRT-3 become competitive against other modes of transport.[45]While originally set to last until January 2001,[45]the new fare structure persisted due to strong public opposition against increasing fares,[46]especially as MRT-3 ridership increased significantly after lower fares were implemented.[44]These lower fareswhich are only slightly more expensive than jeepney faresare financed through large government subsidies amounting to around 45 per passenger,[46][47]and which for both the MRTandLRT reached 75 billion between 2004 and 2014.[48]Without subsidies, the cost of a single MRT-3 trip is estimated at around 60,[47]and a 10 increase in fares would yield additional monthly revenues of 2-3 billion a month.[49]Passenger fare subsidies are unpopular outside Metro Manila, with subsidy opponents claiming that their taxes are being used to subsidize Metro Manila commuters without any benefit to the countryside, and that the fare subsidies should be used for infrastructure improvements in the rest of the country.[50]In the 2013State of the Nation Address, PresidentBenigno Aquino IIIclaimed that it would be unfair for non-Metro Manila residents to use their taxes to subsidize the LRT and MRT.[51]However, supporters of the subsidies claim that the rest of the country benefits economically from efficient transportation in Metro Manila.[52]Rolling stock[edit]

MRT-3 train withGE Money Bank (BDO)wrap advertising

Inside an MRT-3 trainThe MRT-3 owns 73 light rail vehicles made in theCzech RepublicbyKD(now part ofSiemens AG) in a three-car configuration.[3]The trains are a gift from theCzech government.[53]Trains have a capacity of 1,182 passengers,[3]which is smaller than the normal capacity of LRT Line 1 first generation rolling stock, although MRT-3 trains came withair conditioning. Despite this, the MRT-3 is designed to carry in excess of 23,000 passengers per hour per direction (PPHPD), and is expandable to accommodate 48,000 passengers per hour per direction[2] however, with the line's current 46 minute headways,[54]the system's passenger volume is presently closer to 14,00018,000 passengers per hour per direction.MRT-3 trains are particularly known for their use ofwrap advertising. A wide variety of advertisements can be seen on MRT-3 trains, of which some includeSamsung Electronics,PanasonicandEpsonproducts. Trains bearing wrap advertising was very common aboard the MRT-3, although trains that use MRT-3's house colors are also in service in the network. The revenues generated from the advertising on MRT-3 trains are used to pay off debts incurred by the MRTC during the system's construction.Depot[edit]The MRT-3 maintains an underground depot inQuezon City, near North Avenue station. On top of the depot isTriNoma, a shopping mall owned by theAyala Corporation. It occupies 84,444 square meters (908,948sqft) of space and serves as the headquarters for light and heavy maintenance of the MRT-3, as well as the operations of the system in general. It is connected to the main MRT-3 network by aspur line. The depot is capable of storing 81 light rail vehicles, with the option to expand to include 40 more vehicles as demand arises. They are parked on nine sets of tracks, which converge onto the spur route and later on to the main network.Plans[edit]Capacity Expansion Project[edit]Due to the high ridership of the line a proposal which is under study by the DOTC and NEDA proposes to double the current capacity by acquiring additional light rail vehicles to accommodate the 520,000 passenger a day requirement.Automatic Fare Collection System[edit]Automatic Fare Collection System involves the decommissioning of the old-magnetic-based ticketing system and replacing the same with contactless-based smart card technology on LRT Line 1, LRT Line 2 and MRT Line 3, with the introduction of a centralized back office that will perform apportionment of revenues. The private sector will operate and maintain the fare collection system. On January 31, 2014, DOTC awarded the right to build and operate the smart-card system to AF Consortium.[55]The group comprisesAyala CorporationsBPIandGlobe Telecom,Metro Pacific'sSmart CommunicationsandMeralco FinServe, MSI Global, which developed automated fare collection systems software in Singapore and Bangkok, and SMRT, which operates Singapores mass transit system.[56]It posted a negative bid of 1,088,103,900.00, which edged out the SM Groups bid of 1,088,000,000.00. Under the terms of the AF Consortium bid, there will be an upfront payment of PhP 279 million and the balance of 800 million will then be paid in transaction fees when ridership volume reaches 750 million transactions per quarter. 72% of the total amount will only be paid to the government in 2024 or 2025, and only if the conditional volume is met.[57]North Extension[edit]Although much of the MRT-3 has already been built, the route envisioned by the DOTC and the government in general was for the MRT-3 to traverse the entire length of EDSA (from Monumento to Taft Avenue), eventually connecting to Line 1 atMonumentoin Caloocan. The expansion has been shelved in favor of theLRT-1's extension fromMonumentoto a new common station that it will share with the MRT-3 at North Avenue, thus closing the loop. It is also planned that the southern terminus of the proposed MRT-7, which will link Quezon City, Caloocan (north), and San Jose del Monte City,Bulacanwill be sharing the same station.TheNational Economic and Development Authorityas well as then President Arroyo herself have said that the MRT3-LRT1 link at North Avenue is a national priority, since it would not only provide seamless service between the LRT-1 and the MRT-3, but would also help decongest Metro Manila.[58]It is estimated that by 2010, when the extension is completed, some 684,000 commuters would use the MRT-3 everyday from the present 400,000, and traffic congestion on EDSA would be cut by as much as fifty percent.[59]On November 21, 2013, the NEDA board, chaired by President Benigno Aquino III approved the construction of a common station within North Avenue between SM North EDSA and TriNoma Mall. It is estimated to cost 1.4 billion pesos. It will feature head-to-head platforms for LRT-1 and MRT-3 trains with a 147.4-meter elevated walkalator to MRT-7.[60]SM Investments Corporation posted 200 million pesos for the naming rights of the common station.[61]Transfer of operations from MRTC to LRTA[edit]Recently a new study for the Metro Manila Rail Network has been unveiled by the DOTC undersecretary for Public Information Dante Velasco that LRT 1, LRT 2, and MRT 3 will be under one management, TheLight Rail Transit Authority. This is due to maintenance cost issues for Line 1's maintenance cost is approximately 35 Million only, Line 2 is 25 Million only, while Line 3 has a staggering 100 million maintenance cost. Another reason for this study is for the unification of the LRT 1 and the MRT 3 lines. According to DOTC Undersecretary For Rails Glicerio Sicat, the transfer is set by the government in June 2011.[62]On January 13, 2011,Light Rail Transit AuthorityChief Rafael S. Rodriguez took over as officer-in-charge of MRT-3 in preparation for the integration of operations of the Yellow, Purple, and Blue Lines.[63]But with the entry of a new leadership into the MRTC that year and in 2012, the transfer is not likely to happen, however on April 2012 a LRT-1 trainset made the first trial journey to the MRT-3 depot.On May 26, 2014, Vitangcol was sacked by Transportation and Communication Secretary Joseph Emilio Abaya, replaced by LRTA Administrator Honorito Chaneco as officer-in-charge. The move came after Vitangcol was accused by the ambassador of the Czech Republic of extortion and for awarding an anomalous deal to an uncle-in-law.[64]See also[edit] Manila Light Rail Transit System Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 1(LRT-1) Manila Light Rail Transit System Line 2(MRT-2) Metro Rail Transit Corporation List of rapid transit systems Strong Republic Transit System(SRTS) List of Strong Republic Transit System stations Department of Transportation and Communications(DOTC) Transportation in the Philippines

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(December 20, 2013)."MRT boss defends crowd control amid jeering riders".Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.). RetrievedAugust 17,2014.32. ^Jump up to:ab"MRT3 Reminders".Metro Rail Transit Line 3.Metro Rail Transit Corporation. RetrievedAugust 17,2014.33. Jump up^Antiporda, Jefferson (August 10, 2005)."MRT issues directive imposing ban on tin cans".The Manila Times(Manila Times Publishing Corporation). Archived fromthe originalon August 19, 2006. RetrievedMay 19,2006.34. Jump up^Del Puerto, Luige A.; Quismundo, Tarra V. (November 13, 2004)."New task force formed to keep LRT, MRT safe".Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.). Archived fromthe originalon January 4, 2005. RetrievedMay 19,2006.35. Jump up^Araneta, Sandy (October 21, 2005)."DOTC: MRT fare could increase by P10 in 2006".The Philippine Star(PhilStar Daily, Inc.). RetrievedMay 19,2006.36. Jump up^Casanova, Sheryll B. (November 12, 2003)."MRT borrows value tickets from LRT".The Manila Times(Manila Times Publishing Corporation). Archived fromthe originalon January 5, 2004. RetrievedMay 18,2006.37. Jump up^Ho, Abigail L.; Batino, Clarissa (August 13, 2005)."MRT 3 cuts tickets, not fares".Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.). RetrievedSeptember 13,2014.38. Jump up^Amojelar, Darwin G. (September 21, 2012)."Expect long queues at MRT 3 amid shortage of tickets - MRTA".TV5 News and Information. RetrievedSeptember 13,2014.39. Jump up^"DOTC earmarks P25M to buy additional MRT-3 tickets".ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. July 20, 2014. RetrievedSeptember 13,2014.40. Jump up^"MRT woes".The Manila Times(Manila Times Publishing Corporation). November 16, 2005. RetrievedJuly 2,2006.41. Jump up^Reyes, Mary Ann Ll. (November 17, 2006)."Globe bares G-Pass ticketing for MRT".The Philippine Star(PhilStar Daily, Inc.). RetrievedSeptember 13,2014.42. Jump up^Reyes, Mary Ann Ll. (March 31, 2007)."Smart ties up with MetroPass on MRT-3".The Philippine Star(PhilStar Daily, Inc.). RetrievedSeptember 13,2014.43. Jump up^Amojelar, Darwin G. (January 29, 2013)."Ayala group to bid for common ticket system of LRT1, LRT2, MRT3".TV5 News and Information. RetrievedSeptember 23,2014.44. ^Jump up to:abSerfino, Dennis C. (May 1, 2003)."Metro Star still can't get enough revenue".Manila Standard(Kamahalan Publishing Corporation). RetrievedApril 23,2014.45. ^Jump up to:abTuazon, Brenda P. (July 16, 2000)."Estrada Orders MRT Firm to Reduce Metrostar Fares".Manila Bulletin(Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation). RetrievedAugust 14,2014 via HighBeam.(subscription required (help)).46. ^Jump up to:abMandri-Perrott, Cledan (2000).Private Sector Participation in Light Rail-Light Metro Transit Initiatives. Washington, D.C.:World Bank. p.94.ISBN0821380850.47. ^Jump up to:abDiokno, Benjamin E.(December 17, 2013)."Folly of government subsidy".BusinessWorld(BusinessWorld Publishing Corporation). RetrievedApril 25,2014.48. Jump up^Valderrama, Tita C. (February 9, 2014)."Messed up mass transport system".The Manila Times(Manila Times Publishing Corporation). Archived fromthe originalon April 23, 2014. RetrievedApril 23,2014.49. Jump up^Agcaoili, Lawrence (December 14, 2013)."DOTC says MRT, LRT fare hike to yield P2-B add'l revenues".The Philippine Star(PhilStar Daily, Inc.). RetrievedApril 23,2014.50. Jump up^Casauay, Angela (October 25, 2012)."Visayan solons back P10 MRT fare hike".Rappler(Rappler, Inc.). RetrievedSeptember 23,2014.51. Jump up^Aquino III, Benigno S.(July 22, 2013).[English] Benigno S. Aquino III, Fourth State of the Nation Address, July 22, 2013(Speech). Quezon City. RetrievedSeptember 23,2014.Each trip that one passenger makes on the LRT is estimated to cost 40 pesos. What does each passenger pay? 15 pesos. This means that the government subsidizes the remaining 25 pesos. As for the MRT, the true cost of one trip is 60 pesos: 15 pesos paid by passengers, 45 pesos by the governmentin the end, each and every Filipino pays a share of the subsidy. Whether you live in Mindanao or Visayas, and not once have you ever stepped onto the LRT or MRT, you help to fund this.52. Jump up^Cruz, Neal H. (November 18, 2012)."No improved MRT service, no fare hike".Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.). RetrievedSeptember 23,2014.53. Jump up^"MRT stress and Camp John Hay turmoil".The Manila Times(Manila Times Publishing Corporation). June 21, 2005. RetrievedJuly 2,2006.54. Jump up^"About Us - Train Schedules". Metro Rail Transit. RetrievedJune 8,2014.55. Jump up^Amojelar, Darwin G. (January 31, 2014)."DOTC awards LRT-MRT common ticket project to Ayala-Metro Pacific group".TV5 News and Information. RetrievedFebruary 2,2014.56. Jump up^Camus, Miguel R. (February 2, 2014)."Railway smart card system to go live ahead of schedule".Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.). RetrievedFebruary 2,2014.57. Jump up^"SM to appeal award of LRT-MRT ticketing project".ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs. February 2, 2014. RetrievedFebruary 2,2014.58. Jump up^Torres, Ted P. (September 21, 2004)."LRT-MRT link is nat'l priority - NEDA".Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.). Archived fromthe originalon September 25, 2004. RetrievedMay 12,2006.59. Jump up^"After gov't takeover of NAIA Terminal 3, PGMA orders immediate completion of EDSA MRT extension"(Press release).Department of Transportation and Communications. January 4, 2005. RetrievedMay 19,2006.60. Jump up^Tan, Kimberly Jane (November 21, 2013)."NEDA approves MRT 7, LRT-1 extension projects".GMA News and Public Affairs. RetrievedJanuary 1,2014.61. Jump up^Lectura, Lenie (September 23, 2013)."DOTC ready to refund SMs P200-M naming-rights fee for common station".BusinessMirror(Philippine Business Daily Mirror Publishing, Inc.). RetrievedJanuary 1,2014.62. Jump up^Amojelar, Darwin G. (December 28, 2010)."Govt creates team for MRT 3 due dilligence, sets June takeover".The Manila Times(Manila Times Publishing Corporation). Archived fromthe originalon December 30, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 15,2011.63. Jump up^"LRTA chief takes over MRT-3".BusinessWorld(BusinessWorld Publishing Corporation). December 28, 2010. RetrievedJanuary 18,2011.64. Jump up^Camus, Miguel R. (May 27, 2014)."Vitangcol replaced as head of MRT-3".Philippine Daily Inquirer(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.). RetrievedMay 27,2014.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related toManila Metro Rail Transit System.

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