SUPPORTING INFORMATION

Evolution of terrestrial birds in three continents: biogeography and parallel radiations

Per G. P. ERICSON

Journal of Biogeography

Appendix S1 Area codings used to reconstruct ancestral areas using dispersal–vicariance analysis.

Name of terminal branch Geographic distribution used in dispersal–vicariance analysis

Cathartidae Nearctic, Neotropics Sagittaridae Afrotropics Accipitridae - Elanus Nearctic, Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia Accipitridae - other genera Afrotropics Pandionidae Nearctic, Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia Leptosomidae Madagascar Coliidae Afrotropics Trogonidae - Apaloderma Afrotropics Trogonidae - other genera Neotropics, Indomalaya Meropidae - Nyctyornis Indomalaya Meropidae - other genera Afrotropics, Australasia Todidae Neotropics Alcedinidae - Alcedo / Ceyx Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Alcedinidae - other genera Indomalaya Momotus Neotropics Brachypteracidae Madagascar Coraciidae Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Megalaimidae Indomalaya Capitonidae, Lybiidae, Ramphastidae Neotropics, Afrotropics Indicatoridae Afrotropics Jynginae Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya Picinae Indomalaya Bucconidae Neotropics Galbulidae Neotropics Bucerotidae - Bucorvus Afrotropics Bucerotidae - other genera Afrotropics, Indomalaya, Australasia Phoeniculidae Afrotropics Upupidae Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Madagascar Strigidae - Otus Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Strigidae - other genera Nearctic Tytonidae - Phodilus Afrotropics, Indomalaya Tytonidae&rest Neotropics, Afrotropics, Palearctic, Indomalaya, Australasia, Madagascar Passeriformes - Acanthisitta Australasia Passeriformes - other genera Australasia Psittaciformes - Nestor Australasia Psittaciformes - other genera Australasia Falconidae - Micrastur / Herpotheres Neotropics Falconidae - other genera Neotropics, Afrotropics, Indomalaya Cariamidae Neotropics

Appendix S2 Ancestral analyses for each of the subclades analysed herein (Figs S1–12). References cited below are given in full in the main paper.

Figure S1 Ancestral area analysis for the diurnal raptors (Accipitridae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Lerner & Mindell, 2005, figure 2). The published phylogenetic tree is simplified such that all genera not recovered as monophyletic were pooled and analysed as genus groups. The genus Elanus, which is the sister group of all other extant diurnal raptors, has an essentially global distribution, being absent only from Madagascar. The reconstructed ancestral area for the remaining species is the Afrotropics.

Figure S2 Ancestral area analysis for the New World vultures (Cathartidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a maximum-likelihood analysis of 999 bp cytochrome b sequences downloaded from GenBank (log likelihood –4112.9698 of best-fit tree, Per Ericson, unpublished). Note that outgroups are removed from the tree, which is drawn with all branches of equal length. The three species of the genus Cathartes form the sister group of the remaining genera.

Figure S3 Ancestral area analysis for the trogons (Trogonidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of nuclear DNA (Johansson & Ericson, 2005). The African trogons (genus Apaloderma) form the sister group to a clade with the reciprocally monophyletic Asian and New World trogons.

Figure S4 Ancestral area analysis for the bee-eaters (Meropidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA obtained from 23 of 25 named species (Marks et al., 2007). The tree is simplified from figure 2b in Marks et al. (2007). The two Indomalayan species of the genus Nyctyornis are the sister taxon to the genera Meropogon and Merops. Several Merops species were lumped into two large groups named the M. boehmi clade and the M. ornatus clade. All taxa in the former are geographically restricted in the Afrotropics, while the latter clade includes species distributed all over the world, except in the New World.

Figure S5 Ancestral area analysis for the kingfishers (Alcedinidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Moyle, 2006). Figure 2 in Moyle (2006) was used to draw a simplified, genus-level tree. Indomalaya is reconstructed as the ancestral area for all other kingfishers.

Figure S6 Ancestral area analysis for the barbets and toucans (Megalaimidae, Lybiidae, Capitonidae, Ramphastidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a maximum-likelihood analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA (Moyle, 2004, figure 4a). The tree is simplified to show only generic relationships. Note that non-monophyletic genera have been pooled. The speciose Indomalayan genera Megalaima (with Psilopogon nested within it) and Caloramphus form the sister clade to all other barbets and toucans. The ancestral area of the latter clade is reconstructed as Afrotropics + Neotropics.

Figure S7 Ancestral area analysis for the wrynecks and woodpeckers (Jyngidae and Picidae) based on a composite phylogenetic tree obtained from two analyses of DNA data with complementary taxon sampling (Benz et al., 2006; Fuchs et al., 2007). Both analyses place the wrynecks (Jyngidae) as sister to all woodpeckers (Picidae), and the piculets as sister to all other woodpeckers.

Figure S8 Ancestral area analysis for the barn owls (Tytonidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in an analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 17 taxa (Wink et al., 2004, figure 1). No consensus could be reached concerning the ancestral area for the tytonid clade. All major faunal regions, except the Palearctic, were suggested to be involved.

Figure S9 Ancestral area analysis for the owls (Strigidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in an analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 13 genera (Wink et al., 2004). The genus Otus, which is the sister to the other studied genera of owls, is represented in essentially all parts of the world except the Nearctic and Neotropics. The ancestral state for the remaining genera was reconstructed as Nearctic.

Figure S10 Ancestral area analysis for the passerines (Passeriformes) based on a simplified tree following the results of several analyses of nuclear DNA (Barker et al., 2002, 2004; Ericson et al., 2002). The New Zealand wrens is the sister group to all other passerines, which in turn are divided into the oscines and suboscines For both lineages Australasia is reconstructed as the ancestral area.

Figure S11 Ancestral area analysis for the parrots (Psittaciformes) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in an analysis of nuclear DNA obtained for 50 species representing 47 genera (de Kloet & de Kloet, 2005, figure 2). The reconstructed ancestral area for the two basalmost lineages of parrots is Australasia. The roman numerals refer to figure 2 of de Kloet & de Kloet (2005).

Figure S12 Ancestral area analysis for the falcons and caracaras (Falconidae) based on a phylogenetic tree obtained in a maximum-likelihood analysis of nuclear DNA (Griffiths et al., 2004). The Neotropical genera Herpetotheres and Micrastur form the sister group to the other falconids.

Appendix S3 GenBank accession numbers for cytochrome b sequences used to establish relationships among the New World vultures (Cathartidae).

Species Family Accession number

Coragyps atratus Cathartidae U08946 Cathartes burrovianus Cathartidae U08945 Gymnogyps californianus Cathartidae U08947 Vultur gryphus Cathartidae U08944 Cathartes melambrotus Cathartidae AF494340 Cathartes aura Cathartidae NC_007628 Sarcoramphus papa Cathartidae X86760 Sagittarius serpentarius Sagittaridae AY987231 Falco vespertinus Falconidae U83311 Leptosomus discolor Leptosomidae AF407449