Appendix A

Vessel Voyage Summary

Vessel name Dates of voyage Ports of call Notes

Eliza October 28, 1870- St. John, New Brunswick Maiden voyage November 24,1870 to Liverpool

Carnarvonshire March 23, 1871- Liverpool to Melbourne, August 1, 1872 Australia;

Melbourne to Newcastle, New South Wales;

Newcastle to Bombay, India; Bombay to Rangoon, Burma; Rangoon to Liverpool

Carnarvonshire September 25, 1872- Liverpool to Coquimbo, Guano cargo October 7, 1873 Chile;

Coquimbo to Callao, Peru; Callao to Waterford, Ireland

Voyage information missing for 1874.

Carnarvonshire April 9, 1875- South Shields, England to Guano cargo January 10, 1877 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

Rio de Janeiro to Callao; Callao to Pabellon de Pica,

Chile; Pabellon de Pica to Dublin, Ireland

Carnarvonshire April 6, 1877- Cardiff to Bahia, Brazil; Guano cargo December 18, 1878 Bahia to Callao;

Callao to Pabellon de Pica; Pabellon de Pica to

Antwerp, Belgium; Antwerp to Cardiff

(continued)

79

80

Vessel name Dates of voyage Ports of call

Carnarvonshire November 27, 1879- Cardiff to Monte Video, January 13, 1881 Uruguay;

\

Voyage information missing for 1882.

Carnarvonshire January 31, 1883-July 20, 1883

Voyage information missing for 1884.

Carnarvonshire April 1, 1885-March 22, 1886

Carnarvonshire April 16, 1886-January 5, 1887

Carnarvonshire January 24, 1887-June 6, 1887

Carnarvonshire July 7, 1887-November 23,1887

Carnarvonshire January 30, 1888-March 12, 1890

Monte Video to Calcutta, India;

Calcutta to Brouwershaven, Netherlands;

Brouwershaven to Rotterdam, Netherlands;

Rotterdam to Cardiff

Liverpool to Cardiff

Cardiff to Monte Video; Monte Video to Barbados; Barbados to Galveston,

Texas; Galveston to Liverpool

Liverpool to Monte Video; Monte Video to Norfolk,

Virginia; Norfolk to Liverpool

Liverpool to Norfolk; Norfolk to Liverpool

Liverpool to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;

Philadelphia to Hull, England

London to Cape Town, South Africa;

Cape Town to Newcastle; Newcastle to Auckland,

New Zealand; Auckland to Howland Island; Howland Island to Auckland; Auckland to Hamburg,

Germany

Appendix A

Notes

Home trade

Cotton from Galveston to Liverpool

Guano cargo

(continued)

Appendix A

Vessel name Dates of voyage

Voyage infonnation missing for 1890.

Catharine January 28, 1891-September 12, 1892

Voyage infonnation missing for 1893.

Catharine January 16, 1894-August 7, 1894

Ports of call

Marseilles, France to Trapani, Sicily;

Trapani to Boston, Massachusetts Boston to New York;

New York to Stettin, Poland

La Pallice, France to New York;

New York to Philadelphia; Philadelphia to Marseilles; Marseilles to Pensacola

81

Notes

Wrecked on August 7, 1894 off Pensacola

Source: Appendix drawn from United Kingdom Board of Trade, Crew Agreements 1870-1890 and Lloyd's List. 1890--1891, 1891-1892, 1892-1893 and 1893-1894.

Appendix B

Catalog and Conservation of Artifacts

A total of 62 artifacts were recorded in 1998 and 1999. Eleven of these including the brick samples, the wire-stropped wooden block, and treenail, were recovered, recorded, and returned to the site. In addition, two wooden deadeyes were recorded in local Pensacola Museum collections.

Artifact numbers consist of a two-digit classification number (03 for ceramics or glass and 05 for metal) and a three-digit order num­ber. These numbers were assigned by order of recovery (05,001 being the first metal artifact recovered). Most of Catharine's artifacts are now on display at the University of West Florida's Archaeology Institute in Pensacola, Florida.

Numbers in parentheses next to the artifact descriptions indicate the number of specimens if more than one example was found. Dimensions of objects are indicated if known.

Ceramics

05,004 Unglazed Course Earthenware Sherd Length: 4.88 inches (l2.4cm) Width: 3.25 inches (8.3 cm) Thickness: 0.66 inches (1.7 cm) Weight: 7.56 ounces (214.3 g)

05,005 ChinaIPorcelaneous Stoneware Sherd Length: 11.0 inches (27.9 cm)

83

84

Width: 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) Thickness: 0.44 inches (1.1 cm) Weight: 25.21 ounces (714.7 g)

05,007 Transfer Print Sherd Length: 0.87 inches (2.2 cm) Width: 0.54 inches (1.4cm) Thickness: 0.22 inches (0.5 cm) Weight: 0.07 ounces (2.0 g)

05,009 Transfer Print Sherd Length: 1.22 inches (3.1 cm) Width: 1.60 inches (4.1 cm) Thickness: 0.22 inches (0.5 cm) Weight: 0.31 ounces (8.7 g)

05,008 Bristol Slip Stoneware Sherd Length: 1.98 inches (5.1 cm) Width: 1.49 inches (3.8 cm) Thickness: 0.38 inches (0.9 cm) Weight: 0.49 ounces (13.9 g)

Glass

05,003 Whiskey Bottle Base Fragment Diameter: 2.66 inches (6.8 cm) Thickness: 0.25 inches (0.6 cm) Weight: 1.78 ounces (50.5 g)

Appendix B

A partial inscription on the bottom of the base reads: (* signifies letter missing)

05,010 Glass Shard

*S.A

**15

CANADA

Seagram & Sons Ltd.

Length: 1.39 inches (3.5 cm)

Appendix B

Width: 1.01 inches (2.6cm) Thickness: 0.17 inches (004 cm) Weight: 0.28 ounces (7.9 g)

05,006 Glass Shard Length: 2.89 inches (7.3 cm) Width: 1.71 inches (4.3cm) Thickness: 0.19--0.21 inches (0.4--0.5 cm) Weight: 0.76 ounces (21.5 g)

Ships Hardware

03,001 Brass Compass Binnacle Height overall: 34.90 inches (88.6cm) Diameter of bowl: 13.39 inches (34.0 cm) Depth of bowl: 10.20 inches (25.9 cm) Length of legs: 25.30 inches (64.3 em)

03,003 Brass Name Plate Diameter: 14.0 inches (35.6cm) Thickness: 0.09 inches (0.2 cm)

03,004 Brass Porthole Length of fixed frame: 12.0 inches (30.5 cm) Width offixedframe: 9.60 inches (24Acm) Diameter of hinged frame: 7040 inches (18.8 cm) Diameter of glass: 5.66 inches (14Acm)

Deck Lights

05,001 Glass Deck Light, Pyramidal Length: 9040 inches (23.9cm) Width: 3.55 inches (9.0cm) Height: 2.20 inches (5.6cm)

05,002 Glass Deck Light, Round Diameter: 2.50 inches (6Acm) (approximately) Height: 0.75 inches (1.9cm)

85

86

Sheathing

03,010 Muntz Metal Sheathing Length: 26.50 inches (67.3 cm) Width: 13.75 inches (34.9cm) Thickness: 0.04 inches (0.1 cm) Weight: 35.80 ounces (1014 grams)

03,021 Lead Sheathing Strip Length: 7.50 inches (19.1 cm) Width: 0.75 inches (1.9cm)

Fasteners

03,002 Bronze Dump, Round Length overall: 8.0 inches (20.3 cm) Diameter of shaft: 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) Diameter of head: 1.70 inches (4.3 cm)

03,025 Bronze Dump, Round Length overall: 12.0 inches (30.5 cm) Diameter of shaft: 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) Diameter of head: 1.18 inches (2.9cm)

03,026 Bronze Dump, Round Length overall: 12.0 inches (30.5 cm) Diameter of shaft: 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) Diameter of head: 1.28 inches (3.3 cm)

03,009 Bronze Bolt, Round Length: 2.93 inches (broken) (7.4 cm) Diameter of shaft: 0.75 inches (1.9 cm) Diameter of head: 1.16 inches (2.9cm)

03,017 Bronze Bolt, Decorative Diameter of head: 1.0 inch (2.5 cm) Diameter of shaft: 0.50 inches (1.3 cm) Length: 1.86 inches (broken) (4.7 cm)

Appendix B

Appendix B 87

03,019 Bronze Bolt Shaft Length: 3.15 inches (broken) (8.0cm) Diameter of shaft: tapers from 1.0 inches to 0.90 inches (2.5 to 2.3 cm)

03,012 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tacks (9) Length: 1.22 inches to 1.31 inches (3.1 to 3.3 cm) Diameter of head: 0.31 inches to 0.34 inches (0.8 to 0.9cm)

03,013 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.22 inches (3.1 cm) Diameter of head: 0.35 inches (0.9 cm)

03,014 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.31 inches (3.3 cm) Diameter of head: 0.31 inches (0.8 cm)

03,015 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.30 inches (3.3 cm) Diameter of head: 0.34 inches (0.9 cm)

03,024 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.30 inches (3.3 cm) Diameter of head: 0.39 inches (1.0 cm)

03,027 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.26 inches (3.2 cm) Diameter of head: 0.34 inches (0.9 cm)

03,028 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.33 inches (3.4cm) Diameter of head: 0.39 inches (1.0 cm)

03,029 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.22 inches (3.1 cm) Diameter of head: 0.35 inches (0.9 cm)

03,030 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tac~ Length: 1.23 inches (3.1 cm) Diameter of head: head missing

88 Appendix B

03,031 Machine Cut Brass Sheathing Tack Length: 1.22 inches (3.1 cm) Diameter af head: 0.39 inches (1.0cm)

03,008 Clench Ring Outside diameter: 1.75 inches (4.4cm) Inside diameter: 0.97 inches (2.5 cm) Thickness: 0.24 inches (0.6 cm)

03,023 Clench Ring (broken) Thickness: 0.12 inches (0.3 cm) Outside diameter: 1.50 inches (estimated) (3.8 cm)

N/ A Treenail

Rigging

Length: 20.50 inches (52.1 cm) Diameter: 1.63 inches (4.1 cm)

03,024 Wire-Stropped Wooden Block Length averall: 39.0 inches (99.1 cm) Length af shells: 14.0 inches (35.6cm) Width af shells: 5.25 inches (13.3 cm) Diameter af sheave: 10.0 inches (25.4cm) Thickness af sheave: 1.25 inches (3.2cm)

70.12 Deadeye, Historic Pensacola Preservation Board Diameter: 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) Thickness: 4.0 inches (1O.2cm) Average diameter af hales: 1.75 inches (4.4cm)

98.153.1 Deadeye, Pensacola Historical Society Diameter: 9.20 inches (23.4cm) Thickness: 4.75 inches (12.1 cm) Average diameter af hales: 1.96 inches (4.9cm)

Miscellaneous

03,006 Brass Hasp Diameter: 1.50 inches (3.8 cm)

Appendix B 89

Height of loop: 0.63 inches (1.6cm) Diameter offastener holes: 0.29 inches (0.7 cm)

03,007 Brass Flange Outside diameter: 2.50 inches (6.4cm) Inside diameter: 0.63 inches (1.6cm) Height: 1.25 inches (3.2cm)

03,016 Brass Electrical Connector Length: 2.54 inches (6.6cm) Diameter at bulb end: 0.66 inches (1.7 cm) Diameter at wire end: 0.48 inches (1.2cm)

03,018 Bronze Hook Length: 2.43 inches (6.2 cm) Width: 0.50 inches (1.3 cm)

03,022 Bronze Hook Diameter: 0.19 inches (0.5 cm) Length: 6.50 inches (approximately) (16.5 cm)

03,005 Lantern Assembly Diameter: 5.30 inches (13.5 cm)

03,020 Brass Teaspoon Overall length: 5.13 inches (l3.0cm) Bowl length: 1.75 inches (4.4cm) Bowl width: 1.06 inches (2.7 cm) Width of handle: 0.50 inches (1.3 cm) Thickness: 0.06 inches (0.2 cm)

03,011 Ballast/Ore Sample

Due to its unusual color, one ballast sample was removed from the site. The rock (or mineral) has a gold-colored metallic sheen and great heft, suggesting a high metallic content.

N/A Bricks (9)

90 Appendix B

During the posthurricane inspection, several bricks were observed scat­tered throughout the site. Three red clay bricks, two red clay tiles, two pieces of cinder block, and two other long blocks were recovered, pho­tographed, and returned to the site.

ARTIFACT CONSERVATION

Artifacts recovered from a marine environment must undergo sta­bilization and conservation if long-term preservation is to be accom­plished. The artifact assemblage recovered from Catharine was conserved by methods described in Donny Hamilton's Basic Methods of Conserving Underwater Archaeological Material Culture (1996). Prior to treatment, artifacts were stored wet to prevent them from dry­ing out. Photographs and scale drawings were made and permanent artifact record forms were begun. These forms stay with the artifact through the conservation process and detail every aspect of treatment. Each artifact was analyzed prior to stabilization to determine the best conservation procedure for that specimen. Mechanical cleaning with small dental tools and chisels was performed to remove any adhering marine growth. Similar classes of artifacts were treated together and are described below.

CERAMICS/GLASS

Ceramic and glass artifacts recovered from marine environments generally do not require much treatment. The first step in conserving this class of artifacts is to remove the soluble salts. This was accom­plished by placing the artifacts into a series of plain tap water baths and monitoring the salt diffusion rate with a conductivity meter. Once a conductivity reading was reached that matched the reading of plain tap water, the process was considered complete. Organic stains were removed by immersing the artifacts in a 3 percent hydrogen peroxide solution for one hour. Iron oxide corrosion was removed by immersion in a 5 percent solution of citric acid. The surfaces were then con­solidated with Krylon® 1301 clear acrylic spray and allowed to dry. In glass, this process smoothes out irregularities in the pitted crazed

Appendix B 91

surfaces and makes it appear more transparent by filling in the cracks and forming optical bridges (Hamilton, 1996:23).

WOOD

No wood was recovered during the 1998 field season; however, two deadeyes were recorded in local Pensacola museum collections. Because these deadeyes were allowed to dry without proper conserva­tion procedures, only surface consolidation with Krylon® was feasible and will, it is hoped, prevent any further deterioration.

LEAD

Of all metal artifacts recovered from Catharine, lead was the most stable. Therefore, conservation was accomplished by immersing the strip (03,021) in a 10 percent solution of hydrochloric acid to remove the thin layers of calcium carbonate and lead oxide. The surface was then treated with Krylon® and allowed to dry.

CUPREOUS ARTIFACTS

The term "cupreous" describes copper and its alloys such as brass or bronze. These artifacts are by far the largest artifact category encountered (37 out of 62 total artifacts) on Catharine. Because the artifacts retained their metal core, electrolytic reduction (electrolysis) was utilized for this class of artifacts.

Electrolysis is used as a means of mechanical cleaning and reduc­tion. Electrolysis involves setting up an electrolytic cell with the arti­fact acting as the cathode. An electric current from an external direct current (DC) power supply is then applied to cause oxidation and reduction (Hamilton, 1996:56). Oxidation occurs at the anode (positive terminal) and oxygen is evolved as electric current is passed through the cell. At the cathode, or artifact, reduction takes place as hydrogen is evolved. In reduction, the positively charged metal ions on the sur­face of the artifact are reduced back to a metallic state on the artifact (Hamilton, 1996:56). Chlorides (salts) are also driven out Jf the artifact and the surface corrosion is driven off.

92 AppendixB

The electrolytic reduction of cupreous artifacts is of a shorter duration than that for iron artifacts. The artifacts are immersed in an electrolyte consisting of a 5 percent solution of sodium carbonate and a current is passed through them until the chloride level falls below 100 parts per million. This sometimes required several changes of elec­trolyte. The artifacts are then put through a series of hot rinses with deionized water to remove any residual chemical compounds. The sur­faces are then polished with a paste of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and rinsed in plain tap water.

After rinsing, the artifacts are placed in a 3 percent solution of benzotriazole (BTA) and alcohol for 24 hours. The BTA/alcohol solu­tion acts as an inhibitor against bronze disease and ensures stabilization of the artifact. Finally, to act as a protective sealant, the surfaces are treated with Krylon® 1301 clear acrylic spray.

Artifacts recovered from an archaeological excavation can reveal as much information as the ships themselves. Although the artifact count is extremely small, the Catharine artifacts still detail aspects of day to day existence on board ship, as well as revealing clues to the ship's origin and its function. All treatments performed on the artifact assemblage are reversible in case further or more advanced treatments are needed. Through proper conservation procedures, all information from the artifacts that would have been permanently lost to destruction has been saved and preserved for the future.

Appendix C

Wood Species Identification

Roy A. Whitmore (Professor Emeritus of Forestry, University of Vermont) identified wood samples from Catharine. Prior to identifica­tion, each waterlogged wood sample was dried in a microwave. After shaving, the transverse, radial, and tangential sections were examined under a stereo zoom-dissecting microscope at 8X-45X with reflected light. Identification was determined from the anatomical features observed (Bratten et aI., 1998: 164).

Sample number

I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

lO 11 12 13 14 15

Description

Keel @ frame 43 Keelson in small mortise Stringer piece near starboard frame 24a Garboard strake/starboard side Hull plank sample #1/starboard side Hull plank near frame 40/starboard side Hull plank near frame 62/port side Ceiling plank near frame 68/port side Treenail on frame 40/starboard side

Frame II/starboard side Frame 22/starboard side Frame 24a/starboard side Frame 30/port side Frame 45/starboard side Frame 48/starboard side

93

Species

Birch (Betula) Spruce (Picea) Spruce (Picea) Birch (Betula) Birch (Betula) Spruce (Picea) Birch (Betula) Spruce (Picea)

Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) Spruce (Picea) Spruce (Picea) Spruce (Picea) Spruce (Picea) Spruce (Picea) Spruce (Picea)

(continued)

94 Appendix C

Sample number Description Species

16 Frame 55/port side Birch (Betula) 17 Frame 64/port side Birch (Betula) 18 Frame 61/port side Birch (Betula) 19 Frame 74/port side Birch (Betula) 20 Frame c/port side Spruce (Picea) 21 Frame h/port side Spruce (Picea) 22 Unidentified frame Spruce (Picea) 23 Unidentified frame Birch (Betula)

References

Abercrombie, Lelia, 1959, Early Churches of Pensacola. Florida Historical Quarterly 37 (3 and 4): 446--462.

Alexanderson, Gunnar and Norstrom, Goran, 1963, World Shipping. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Argaez, G., 1977, The Economic Impact of the Shipbuilding and Shipping Industries on Nineteenth-Century New Brunswick. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada Series V, vol. 15: 315-323.

American Shipmasters' Association, 1881, Record of American and Foreign Shipping. American Shipmasters Association, New York.

American Shipmasters' Association, 1890, Record of American and Foreign Shipping. American Shipmasters Association, New York.

Anderson, Ross, Smith, Stirling, Souter, Corioli, Steinberg, David and Thomason, Henry, 1995, Field Expedition Report Dato (l872-c.1900). Western Australia Maritime Museum and Curtin University of Technology, Fremantle.

Armstrong, Richard, 1964, The Merchantmen. Frederick Praeger, New York. Brerhem, Arvid, (editor), 1997, Esso Perspektiv. Esso Norge AS, Oslo. Baldwin, H.E., April 5, 1884, Pensacola. The Pensacolian. Bauer, Jack K, 1988, A Maritime History of the United States: The Role of America's

Seas and Waterways. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia. Bird, Eric, 1984, Coasts: An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. Basil Blackwell

Publisher, Ltd., England. Bird, James, 1968, Seaport Gateways of Australia. Oxford University Press, London. Blegen, Theodore, 1931, Norwegian Migration to America: The American Transition.

Norwegian-American Historical Association, Northfield. Bliss, Charles, 1897, The Port of Pensacola. Bliss Quarterly (January): 34. Borneuf, Alice, 1956, Norway: The Planned Revival. Harvard University Press,

Cambridge. Bratten, John, Burns, Jason, Hunter, James and Cozzi, Joe, 1998, Underwater Field

Investigations 1998. University of West Florida Archaeology Institute Report of Investigations #70, Pensacola.

Broussard, Larry w., 1988, A Listing of Shipwrecks in the Pensacola Area. Larry Broussard, Pensacola.

Bruzelius, Lars, 2002, Collingwood. http://pc-78-120.udac.se:8001/WWW/Nautical Ships!Merchant/ Sail/C/Collingwood

95

96 References

Bruzelius, Lars, 2002, Wairoa. http://pc-78-120.udac.se:8001/WWW/Nautica/ Ships/Merchant/ Sail/W /Wairoa

Burgess, Phillip, 1967, Elite Images and Foreign Policy Outcomes: A Study of Norway. Ohio State University Press, Columbus.

Campbell, Patrick, Quoted in Spicer, Stanley, 1968, Masters of Sail: The Era of Square-Rigged Vessels in the Maritime Provinces. The Ryerson Press, Toronto.

Campbell, George, 1974, China Tea Clippers. David McKay Company Inc., New York. Clapp, Edwin, 1911, The Port of Hamburg. Yale University Press, New Haven. Coates, Donald, (editor), Coastal Geomorphology. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual

Geomorphology Symposia Series, New York. Crisman, Kevin, 1985, The Construction of the Boscawan. The Bulletin of the Fort

Ticonderoga Museum 14 (Fall 1985): 363. Crothers, William, 1997, The American Built Clipper Ship: 1850-1856. International

Marine, Maine. Daily News (Pensacola), 1894, August 7, 8, 10, 15, 16. Daily News (Pensacola), 1894, September 7. Desmond, Charles, 1984, Wooden Ship-Building. The Vestal Press, Ltd., New York. Det Norske Veritas Register, 1894, Det Norske Veritas, Oslo. Drake, Michael, 1969, Population and Society in Norway 1735-1865. Cambridge

Press, London. Drobney, Jeffrey, 1997, Lumbermen and Log Sawyers: Life, Labor and Culture

in the North Florida Timber Industry 1830-1930. Mercer University Press, Macon.

Eames, Aled, 1987, Ventures in Sail. Gwynedd Archives and Museums Service, Gwynedd County Council, Caernarfon.

Escambia County Census, 1901, Twelfth Census of the United States. Washington DC. Fischer, Lewis, (editor), 1994, The Marketfor Seamen in the Age of Sail. International

Maritime Economic History Association, Newfoundland. Forest Products Laboratory Manual, 1973, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison. Foss, William 0., 1977, The Norwegian Lady and the Wreck of the Dictator. The

Dunning Co., Norfolk. Gjerset, Knut, 1933, Norwegian Sailors in American Waters: A Study of the History of

Maritime Activity on the Eastern Seaboard. Norwegian-American Historical Association: Northfield.

Goodman, w.L., 1973, Bristol Carpenter's Nails, 1492-1586. Mariners Mirror (November 1973): 438. Quoted in Mike McCarthy, 1996, Ships Fastenings: A Preliminary Study Revisited. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 25 (3): 177-206.

Goodwin, Peter, 2002, The Influence of Iron in Ship Construction: 1660-1830. http://www.maritime.org/conf/conf-goodwin.htm.

Greenhill, Basil, 1980, The Ship: The Life and Death of the Merchant Sailing Ship 1815-1965. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.

Greenhill, Basil, 1988, Evolution of the Wooden Ship. Facts on File, New York. Groupe de Recherche en Archeologie Navale en Martinique (GRAN), Information on

Cato. http:// archeonaval.org/martinique/pages/listsite.html

References 97

Hamilton, Donny, 1996, Basic Methods of Conserving Underwater Archaeological Material Culture. U.S. Department of Defense Legacy Resource Management Program, Washington DC.

Hammer, Helle, 2001, The Norwegian Shipping Industry. http://odin.dep.no/odin/ engelsk!norway /economy /03200 1-990368/index -dokOOO-b-n-a.html

Harland, J.R., 1988, Names Associated with Chain Cable. Mariners Mirror 74 (2): 198. Harly, C.K., 1965, The New Brunswick Economy in the Nineteenth Century. The

Journal of Economic History 25 (4): 686-690. Hobson, Anthony, 1996, Lanterns that Lit Our World: Book Two. Golden Hill Press,

New York. Hommeland, Delores, March 6, 1999, Interview by Jason Bums. Houde, BJ., 1943, The Scandinavian Countries 1720-1865: The Rise of the Middle

Class. Chapman & Grimes, Boston. Hutchinson, D.P., 1970, Further Research Notes on the Wreck of the Gudrun, In Wreck

Inspection Report Gudrun (1880-1901). Western Australia Maritime Museum Department of Maritime Archaeology, Fremantle.

Hyde, Francis, 1971, Liverpool and the Mersey: An Economic History of a Port. Newton Abbott, Devon.

Immanuel Lutheran Church, 1987, "God with us 100 Years": A History of Immanuel Lutheran Church of Pensacola, Florida 1885-1983. Immanuel Lutheran Church, Pensacola.

Irion, Jack, 1993, Archaeological Investigations of Three Derelict Vessels, Savannah River Chatham County, Georgia. Gulf Engineers & Consultants, Inc. and GAl Consultants, Inc., Baton Rouge and Monroeville.

Johansen, Emily, March 6, 1999, Interview By Jason Bums. Johnsen, Berit Eide, 2001, Cooperation Across the North Sea: The Strategy Behind the

Purchase of Second Hand British Iron and Steel Sailing Ships by Norwegian Ship Owners, 1875-1925. A Paper Presented at the Maritime History Beyond 2000: Visions of Sea and Shore Conference, Fremantle.

Kerchove, Rene de, (editor), 1948, International Maritime Dictionary. D. Van Nostrand Co., New Jersey.

Keuchel, Edward, 1974, A Purely Business Motive: German-American Lumber Company 1901-1918. Florida Historical Quarterly 52 (4): 381-395.

Kolltveit, Bard (editor), 1990, Tradewinds: A History of Norwegian Shipping. Dreyer, Italy.

Larsen, Karen, 1948, A History of Norway. Princeton University Press, Princeton. Lloyds of London, 1895, Lloyd's Register of British and Foreign Shipping From

July 1st, 1894-June 30,1895. Lloyds of London, London. Lloyd's of London, November 18, 1871, Lloyd's List. Lloyd's of London, October 15, 1889, Lloyd's List. Lloyd's of London, October 30, 1889, Lloyd's List. Lloyd's of London, January 28-September 12, 1891, Lloyd's List. Lloyd's of London, January 16-August 25, 1894, Lloyd's List. Lovoll, Odd, 1988, A Century of Urban Life: The Norwegians in Chicago Before 1930.

University of Illinois Press, Champaign.

98 References

MacGregor, David, 1984, Merchant Sailing Ships: 1850-1875 Heyday of Sail. Conway Maritime Press, New York.

Macgregor, David, 1988, Fast Sailing Ships: Their Design and Construction 1775-1875. Naval Institute Press, Washington DC.

Macpherson, Alan, (editor), 1972, The Atlantic Provinces. The University of Toronto Press, Montreal.

Maddocks, Melvin, 1981, The Atlantic Crossing. Time Life Books, Virginia. Marine Archaeological Research & Conservation Reporting (MARC), 2002, An

Avocational Pre-Disturbance Study of a 19th Century Shipwreck Site off Manalapan, Florida. Marine Archaeological Research & Conservation Reporting, Pompano Beach.

Maritime History Archive and the Maritime Studies Research Unit Database on CD­ROM, 1998, Ships and Seafarers of Atlantic Canada. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's.

Mauk, David, 1997, The Colony That Rose From the Sea: Norwegian Maritime Migration and Community in Brooklyn, 1850-1910. University of Illinois Press, Champaign.

McCarthy, Mike, 1979, The Excavation and Identification of the ex. American Whaler Day Dawn. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 8 (2): 143-145.

McCarthy, Mike, 1996, Ships Fastenings: A Preliminary Study Revisited. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 25 (3): 177-206.

McCutchan, Philip, 1976, Tall Ships: The Golden Age of Sail. Crown Publishers Inc., New York.

McGovern, James, 1976, The Emergence of a City in The Modern South: Pensacola 1900-1945. University of West Florida Foundation, Pensacola.

Mclellan, Don, 1944, Fifty Years in Pensacola: Personal Reminisces and Anecdotes. Pensacola Rotary Club, Pensacola.

Meide, Chuck, McClean, James and Wiser, Edward, 2001, Dog Island Shipwreck Survey 1999: Report of Historical and Archaeological Investigations. Florida State University Program in Underwater Archaeology Research Reports Number 4, Tallahassee.

Miller, Judith and Miller, Martine, 1989, Millers World Encyclopedia of Antiques. Penguin Books, New York.

Morris, Don and Lima, James, 1996, Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment. Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, Santa Fe.

Muckelroy, Keith, 1978, Maritime Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Murphy, Larry, 1983, Shipwrecks as Data Base for Human Behavioral Studies. In Shipwreck Anthropology, edited by Richard Gould, pp. 65-90. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.

Murphy, Larry, (editor), 1993, Dry Tortugas National Park Submerged Cultural Resources Assessment. Submerged Cultural Resources Unit, Santa Fe.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1981, Wrecks and Obstructions Information System. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington DC.

References 99

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations, 2002, Automated Wrecks and Obstructions Information System. http://anchor.ncd.noaa.gov/awois/

Norwegian Shipping, 2001, The Past, the Present and the Future. http://www.norwe­gian-shipping.com/editO l.html

O'Donnell, Dan, 1995, The Nineteenth Century Pacific Guano Trade. The Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 19 (2): 27-32.

Paasch, H., 1890, Illustrated Marine Dictionary. Reprint, Lyons & Burford, New York, 1997.

Parsons, Knapp, Brinckerhoff and Parks, 1926, Industrial and Economic Survey of Pensacola. Parsons, Knapp, Brinckerhoff and Douglas, New York.

Paulson, Eilif, 1961, The Norwegian Shipping Industry. The Institute of Economics At the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration, Bergen.

Pederson, Lars, (editor), 1981, The Norwegian Seamen's Church in New Orleans 75th Anniversary 1906-1981. Norwegians Seamen's Church, New Orleans.

Peterson, Kaare, 1955, The Saga of Norwegian Shipping. Dryer Forlag, Oslo. Phillips, John, 1998, Flood thy Neighbor: Colonial and American Water Powered Mills

in West Florida. Gulf South Historical Review 14 (1): 143-157. Popperwell, Ronald, 1972, Norway. Prager Publishing, New York. Pozzetta, George, 1974, Foreigners in Florida: A Study of Immigration Promotion

1865-1910. Florida Historical Quarterly 53 (2): 164-180. Public Archives of Canada, 1870, Saint John Shipping Register (microfilm). Quinn, Kendra, 1997, The Development of the Deck Light During the Nineteenth

Century. Underwater Archaeology: 142-148. Quinton, James to John Fisher, 1868-1869, Quinton Family Papers 1868-1869. New

Brunswick Museum Library, New Brunswick, Canada. Ramskjaer, Liv, 2001, The Transformationfrom Sail to Steam in Southern Norway: The

Case of Prebensen, Ris¢r. A Paper Presented at the Maritime History Beyond 2000: Visions Of Sea and Shore Conference, Fremantle.

Randier, Jean, 1976, Nautical Antiques for the Collector. Barrie and Jenkins, London. Ronnberg, Erik, 1980, The Coppering of 19th Century American Merchant Ships.

Nautical Research Journal 26 (2): 125-148. Rule, Nick, 1989, The Direct Survey Method (DSM) of Underwater Survey, and its

Application Underwater. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 18 (2): 157-162.

Sretra, Gustav, 1997, The International Labour Market for Seamen, 1600-1900: Norway and Norwegian Participation. Research in Maritime History No. 13, "Those Emblems of Hell;' European Sailors and the Maritime Labour Market, 1570-1870.pp.173-210.

Sager, Eric and Lewis Fischer, 1986, Shipping and Shipbuilding in Atlantic Canada: 1820-1914. Canadian Historical Association, Ottawa.

Saunders, S.A., 1939, The Economic History of the Maritime Provinces. Royal Commission on Dominion-Provincial Relations, Ottawa.

Schell, Laura Robbins, July 27, 1999, Florida Master Site File, Tallahassee. Schultz, April, 1994, Ethnicity on Parade: Inventing the Norwegian American through

Celebration. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.

100 References

Smith, Timothy, 1992, The Queen of Nations: One Hundred and Twelve Years on. Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology 16 (2): 9-16.

Smith, Roger, March 10, 1998, State of Florida Underwater Archaeologist, Tallahassee. Soltow, Lee, 1965, Toward Income Equality in Norway. University of Wisconsin Press,

Madison. Souza, Donna, 1998, The Persistence of Sail in the Age of Steam. Plenum Press, New

York. Spicer, Stanley, 1968, Master of Sail: The Era of Square Rigged Vessels in the Maritime

Provinces. The Ryerson Press, Toronto. Stammers, Michael, 1978, The Passage Makers. Teredo Books Ltd., Sussex. Stammers, Michael, 1991, Liverpool: The Port and its Ships. Allan Sutton Ltd.,

London. Stammers, Michael, 2001, Iron Knees in Wooden Vessels: an Attempt at a Typology.

The Internationallournal of Nautical Archaeology 30 (I): 115-121. Stammers, Michael and Kearon, John, 1992, The Ihelum: A Victorian Merchant Ship.

Allan Sutton Ltd., London. Stevens, Robert, 1893, On the Stowage of Ships and their Cargoes. Longmans, Green,

Reader & Dyer, London. Stone, David Leigh, 1993, The Wreck Diver's Guide to Sailing Ship Artifacts of the

19th Century. Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia, Vancouver.

Switzer, David, 1992, The Clipper Ship Snow Squall: The Last of Her Breed. Seaways' Ships in Scale 3 (6): 16-19.

Tangeraas, Lars, 1982, Norwegian Sailors in American Waters 1850-1914. Scandinavian Studies 54 (2): 137-147.

Tesar, Louis, 1973, Archaeological Survey and Testing of Gulf Islands National Seashore, Part I: Florida. Florida State University Department of Anthropology, Tallahassee.

Underhill, Harold, 1946, Masting and Rigging the Clipper Ship & Ocean Carrier. Brown, Son and Ferguson, Ltd., Glasgow.

United Kingdom Board of Trade, 1870--1890, Agreement and Account of Crew (Foreign-Going Ship).

United Kingdom Port of Liverpool, March 1871, Custom and Excise Records, port no. 47/1871.

United States Life Saving Service, 1896, Annual Report of the Operations of the United States Life Saving Service. Government Printing Office, Washington DC.

Urquhart, John, 1892, Electric Ship Lighting: A Handbook on the Practical Fitting and Running of Ships Electrical Plant. Crosby Lockwood and Son, London.

Villiers, Alan, 1953, The Way of a Ship. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Wallace, Frederick William, 1924, Wooden Ships and Iron Men. George Sully & Co.,

New York. Wallace, Frederick William, 1927, In the Wake of Windships. George Sully & Co.,

New York. Watson, Claudia, 1992, The Eastern European Community in Dayton, Ohio. CRM

15 (7): 17-18.

References 101

Whipple, A.B.C., 1980, The Clipper Ship. Time-Life Books, Virginia. Worm-Miiller, Jacob S., 1926, The Norwegian Maritime History from the Oldest Days

to our Days. J.W. Cappe1en, Oslo. Wright, Esther Clarke, 1976, Saint John's Ships and Their Builders. Esther Clarke

Wright, Nova Scotia.

Aground. A ship when it is resting on the bottom.

Amidships. In the middle of a ship.

Glossary

Barque. Sailing vessel with three masts, square rigged on the fore and main and fore-and-aft rigged on the mizzen.

Binnacle. The housing for a compass.

Bitt. Post mounted on a ship for fastening ropes.

Block. A wooden or metal case in which one or more sheaves are fitted.

Bollard. Vertical piece of timber or iron used for ship's mooring lines.

Bolt. Cylindrical or square pins of iron or copper of various forms, for fastening and securing different parts of a ship.

British Navigation Acts. Required that imports or exports of British goods had to be carried on British ships or the ships of the country concerned.

Brig. Two masted sailing vessels, square rigged on both fore and main masts.

Butt Joint. The joint where two planks meet endwise.

Cant Frames. Frames in the bow or stem that are sharply angled from the keel.

Capstan. A cylindrical barrel used for heavy lifting.

Carvel. Wooden planks that are laid flush and caulked to make a smooth fmish.

Caulking. The operation of driving oakum or rope into the seams of a ship to render them impervious to water.

103

104 Glossary

Cheek Plates. Plates bolted to the mast below the masthead to support the trestletrees.

Clinch Ring. Ring used in conjunction with a bolt. Prevents the bolt from backing out.

Coking Coal. Coal used as fuel.

Conifer. Tree that bares cones.

Consul. A country's representative abroad.

Datum. A fixed point used as a basis for calculating or measuring.

Deadeye. Round or pear shaped wooden block pierced by several holes, used mainly to secure the standing rigging.

Dead Weight. A measurement of a ship's tonnage that indicates the actual carrying capacity of a merchant ship expressed in tons of weight.

Deck Light. Thick pieces of glass mounted to the deck of a ship to allow light to diffuse below decks.

Desert. To withdraw from or leave usually without intent to return.

Dowel. Round wooden peg.

Dump Bolt. Round spikes used to fasten planking.

Earthenware. Low fired pottery made of clay.

Embossed. To raise a design above a flat surface.

Ephemera. Something that does not last long.

Floors. The lower part of a transverse frame of a ship running each side of the keelson to the bilges.

Forecastle. The raised forward part of the upper deck, extending from the beak head to the foremast or just aft of it; usually housed the sailor's quarters.

Foremast. The forward most mast in a vessel with two or more masts.

Frames. Athwartship timbers forming the internal skeleton of the ship.

Futtock. One of several members joined to form a frame.

Garboard. First range of planks above a ship's keel.

Glossary 105

Governor's Pass. Allowed a vessel to skip registration in Canada and permitted her to proceed to her new overseas owner for registration.

Gribble. Limnoria, wood-boring isopod.

Guano. Bird droppings.

Hand Fanning. Method of excavation utilizing only the diver's hands.

Hold. Compartment below deck used for stowage of cargo.

Hogging. The condition of a ship when the bow and stem have drooped due to the vessel being supported amidships on the crest of a wave.

Igneous. Rock that was originally formed from solidified lava.

In Ballast. The condition of a cargo vessel which has discharged its cargo and taken on ballast to stabilize and trim it while sailing empty or light to the port where it is next to take on cargo.

In Situ. In its original place.

Joint Stock Company. System of ship ownership where stock was sold to investors who in tum owned part of the ship.

Keel. The lowest longitudinal timber, forming the backbone of a ship.

Keelson. Longitudinal timber of a ship fixed above the frames to the keel.

Knee. Timber or iron having an angular bend used to join two perpen­dicular members.

Lignum Vitae. Hard smooth wood of the guaiacum tree.

Liners. Ships carrying cargoes or passengers on a scheduled route.

Littoral. Coastal currents.

Mainmast. Principal Mast, chief mast in a two masted vessel, center mast in a three masted vessel and the second mast from the stem in others.

Mast Cap. Two hole fitting which holds an upper mast in one hole against the top of a lower mast that fits in the other hole.

Mast Top. Platform on top of the lower mast.

Mizzenmast. The mast directly aft of the mainmast.

106 Glossary

Mortise. Hole cut into a piece of wood into which another piece fits forming a joint.

Mylar. Polyester film used underwater to write on.

Muntz Metal. Corrosion resistant alloy containing 59-61 % copper, 38-40% zinc and 0.50-1 % tin.

Nitrates. Sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate used as a fertilizer.

Pad Eye. Small fitting with a hole used to guide a line.

PareH. Iron collar that held the lower yard.

Parish. Administrative area around a church.

Pitch Pine. Name used in the export trade of Yellow Pine or Long Leaf Pine.

Poop Deck. The short aftermost deck raised above the quarterdeck of a ship. The poop formed the roof of the round house where the shipmaster had his cabin.

Porthole. A window in the side of a ship.

Quay. A structure built parallel to the bank of a waterway for use as a landing place.

Rabbet. Deep groove or channel cut into a piece of timber to receive the edge of a plank.

Rebar. Steel reinforcement rod.

Royal Backstay. Standing rigging used to support the strain on the royal mast.

Royal Mast. Mast above the topgallant mast to form the fourth division of a complete mast.

Running Rigging. All rigging used in hoisting, lowering or trimming the sails of a vessel or hoisting or striking the yards.

Sagging. The tendency of the hull of a ship to settle amidships when her weight is supported at the bow or stem.

Sedimentary. Rocks that were formed from mud deposited in the seal rivers etc ...

Glossary

Schooner. Sailing vessel fore and aft rigged on two or more masts.

Shanghai. Sailor shipped against his will.

107

Share System. System of ship ownership where many partners owned shares in the ship. Each part owner was economically responsible for only his limited share.

Sheathing. A covering added to the bottom of ships to protect against the activities of shipworms.

Sheave. A wheel of a block.

Ship. Sailing vessel with a bowsprit and three masts each with a topmast and topgallant mast and square rigged on all three masts.

Shipmaster. The captain of a merchant vessel.

Shrouds. Fixed rigging on either side of the mast.

Single Ship Company. System of ship ownership that had one owner with one ship.

Sloop. Sailing vessel with a single mast, fore and aft rigged.

Sojourner. To stay as a temporary resident.

Spar. Rounded length of timber such as a yard, gaff or boom.

Square Rigged. The arrangement of sails in a vessel where the main driving sails are square to the mast.

Stanchion. Vertical post or beam placed under deck beams to support them in the center.

Standing Rigging. Stationary rigging used in the support of the masts, yards and a bowsprit.

Stem. Timber forming the front extremity of a vessel.

Strake. One breadth of plank wrought from one end of the ship to the other, either within or outboard.

Stoneware. Strong, thick nonporous hard fired ware.

Strop. A rope spliced into a circle for use around a shell of a block.

Temporal. Time.

108 Glossary

Tenon. Small projection that fits into a corresponding mortise to form a joint.

Teredo Worm. Teredo Navalis, A Bivalve mollusk that bores into wood.

Topgallant Mast. Mast above the topmast to form the third division of a complete mast.

Topmast. Mast above the lower mast or the second division of a com­plete mast.

Tramp Shipping. A cargo carrying merchant vessel that does not work a regular route but carries general cargo to any destination as required.

Treaty of Tilsit. Treaty signed between Napoleon (France) and Russia in 1807 effectively cutting off all British timber supplies in the Baltic.

Treenail. Cylindrical wooden fastener.

Trestle Tree. Supports for the topmast.

Truss. The parrel of a yard that bounds it to its mast.

Utilitarian. Used for practical purposes, not decoration.

Videography. The practice or art of recording images with a video camera.

Whiteware. Refined earthenware.

Wronghead. The distal end of a floor timber.

Yard. Horizontal athwartships spar fitted to the forward side of the mast to support the square sails.

Yardarm. The outer quarters of a yard.

Yawl. A ship's boat rowed by four or more oars.

Aggi, 72, 74-75 Airports: see Portholes Anchors, 49 Artifacts

conservation, 90-92 recovery, 36

Australia cargoes, 10 coal exports, 11 gold rush, 10 immigration, 10 Melbourne, 10 Newcastle, New South Wales, 11, 13 Quindalup, 72 Shark Bay, 72

Avanti, 52, 72, 74-75

Baines, James, 9 Ballast, 52-53, 68-69 Barnes Fletcher & Co., 59 Binnacle, 55

description of, 57-58 location found, 57 location on ship, 57-58

Bitts: see Bollards Bliss, Charles, 23 Bollards, 49-51, 74 Breeches buoy, 28 Breslau, Lloyd, 34 British Merchant Marine, 1, 68, 71 British Navigation Acts, 1, 4-5, 15

defiance of, 4

Index

British Navigation Acts (cant.) effect on Norwegian shipping, 15

British North American vessels deck plans, 6 description of, 6-7 masts, 7-8, 46, 74 structural changes, 8

Broadbent, Robert, v, 27, 29,31 daughters, 27 See also United States Lifesaving

Service Burma (Myanmar)

cargoes, 11

Callao, Peru inspection stop, 11

Cambrian Fleet, The, 10 See also Williams, Thomas

Cargoes, bulk, 12-13 carriage over registered tonllage, 13

Camarvonshire, 8, 10, 75 first voyage, 10-11 hold,12

109

last voyage, 13 master, 10; see also Mcgill, James nameplate, 58-59 ports of call, 12, 79-81 recommended to be sold or scrapped,

13 registered in Liverpool, 8 repairs, 12, 71 sale of, 13

110

Camarvonshire (cant.) second voyage, 11 tonnage, 8, 13 use as a tramp ship, 11

Catharine archaeological investigation of, 31-53 artifact assemblage, 55-69, 75, 83-89 broken up, 29, 31 built in, 3 cargoes, 18 ceramic and glass assemblage, 65-66,

75,83-85 condemned, 28 crewman, 27 - 28 debris field, 51-52 location of, 31 master, 13; see also Svendsen, S. owners, 13, 18 ports traded in, 19, 81 project goals, 2 reclassified, 18 repairs to, 18, 71 restrictions on, 18 salvaged, 28-29 ship's architecture, 37-51

hull scantling, 37 table 4.1 site geomorphology, 33-34 site methodology, 34-37 use as a timber ship, 19, 74 wrecking incident, 27-28

Cata, 72, 74 Chisolm, Lemuel B., 8 Composition metal: see Muntz metal Crimean War, 5 Cross Trading, 17-18

See also Shipping, tramp

Davies Family, 9 Data, 72, 74 Deck lights, 60-61, 85

bull's eye light, 61, 85 Deck glasses: see Deck lights Deck prisms: see Deck lights Desmond, Charles, ix

Det Norske Veritas, viii, 7, 18 Dictator, 73-74 Direct Survey Method, 34-37 Divers, sport, 1-2,33, 55, 58-59,

67 Dorcas, 44 DSM: see Direct Survey Method

Eames, Aled, 9-10 Elba, 74-75 Eliza, 75

construction of, 6 crew size, 8 freights, 5 keel laid, 6 launched, 6 maiden voyage, 8

Index

registry information, 7-8 table 1.1 cancelled, 8

timber used in construction, 7 -8, 93-94

softwoods, 8, 71 Falkland Islands, 43, 52 Falls of Clyde, 58 Fasteners, 86-88

bolts, 56-57 clinch rings, 56 tacks, 57

Favorite, 44 Fisher, John, 6, 8, 44

family, 6 vessels built, 6 yard location, 6

Florida Dog Island, 73 Dry Tortugas, 72 Lantana, 73 Master Site File, 31-33 Norwegian population today, 76

Frames description of, 37-39 fasteners used in, 40 futtocks, 39 woods used for, 40

Index

Geomorphology, Catharine site, 33 Gjerset, Knut, viii, 76 Gotaas, Ole, 18 Governor's pass, 5 Greenhill, Basil, ix Guano, 5, 11-12, 43, 74

Callao, 11 Howland Island, 13 trade, 13

Gudrun, 73-75 Gulf Islands National Seashore, 1-2,31

archaeological investigations of, 55 National Park Service, 2, 55

Hardware, ships, 88-89 electrical connector, 66, 89 hasp, 66, 88 hooks, 66, 89 lantern base, 67, 75, 89

Historical archaeology value of, viii, 71

Historic Pensacola Preservation Board, 65

Howland Island, 13 Hurricanes

Erin, 1,33 Georges, 2, 33, 42, 49 Opal, 1, 33

India Bombay, 11 cargoes, 11

Insurance, marine, viii, 13 anchor chain, 49 classification, 13 reclassification, 13 registers, viii; see also Det Norske

Veritas Irion, Jack, 75 Iron knees and riders, 8-9, 43-44, 74

description of, 44

Jhelum, 52

Keel description of, 37-39 laying of, 6 woods used in, 39, 93

Keelson description of, 40 fasteners, 40-41 mortise on, 40 woods used in, 41, 93

Kolltveit, Bard, viii

Lehmann, H., 13 Liverpool

banking collapse, 9 brokers, 5 emigration from, 10 exports, 10 imports, 10 Mersey River, 10 port of, 10 Lyle gun, 28

Lofthus, 73-74 Lovoll, Odd, ix

111

Maritime provinces, 4, 39-40 Maritimes, The: see Maritime provinces Martinique, 72 Mauk, David, ix Mcgill, James, 10 Mcgovern, James, ix Mersey River, 10 Muntz, George Frederick, 62-63 Muntz metal, 42, 86

composition of, 62 See also Sheathing, hull

Murphy, Larry, viii, ix, 75 Nameplate

description of, 58-59 National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 33 Naval brass: see Muntz metal Nitrates, 11-12 NOAA: see National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration

112

Norway dependence on sailing ships, 17 description of, 15

Drobak,13 merchant marine, 15-16, 68, 71 timber specialization, 19

Norwegian emigration factors for, 23 communities formed, 23

Norwegian Register, The: see Det Norske Veritas

Norwegian sailors, 15-17 contribution to emigration, 23

Norwegian Seaman's Church decline of, 24, 76 history of, 24 in Pensacola, 25-26 sermons, 26

Norwegian shipowners, 13, 16-17, 74-75 profits, 17, 74 purchase offoreign ships, 16-17

Norwegian shipping, 15-17, 19, 77 World War I, 77 today, 77

Norwegian ships arrival in Pensacola, 21-23 early development of, 16 timber specialization, 19 today, 77 tramp policy, 18 use of old sailing vessels, 17

Norwegian shipwrecks, ix, 71-73

Ownership, ship, 18

Patent glasses: see Deck lights Patent metal: see Muntz metal Pensacola

description of, 23 Immanuel Lutheran Church, 76 immigrants in, 23, 76 Little Norway, 24-25, 76 Norwegian community, 22 pass, vii, 1, 27

Pensacola (cont.) shipwreck survey, 33-34 shipwrecks in, v-vi timber industry, 1, 19-20, 71

decline of, 76 history of, 21

value of, 21 tugboats from, 28 vessels in, 21-23 wharves in, 21-22

Pensacola Historical Society, 65 Petersen, J.C., 29 Planking, ceiling

description of, 42 fasteners, 43 shims, 43 woods used in, 41, 93

Planking, hull description of, 41-42 fasteners, 43 garboard strake, 41 woods used in, 41, 93

Portholes description of, 59

Queen of Nations, 44 Queens Dock, Liverpool, 10 Queens Wharf, St. John, New

Brunswick, 6

Railing, side description of, 51

Remote sensing, 34 Rigging, ships

block, 63-64, 88 deadeyes, 55, 64-65, 88 masts, 46-48, 74 shrouds/wire rope, 48-49

Roberts, William, 8-9

Saltpeter, 12 See also Nitrates

Santa Rosa Island Florida, v, 3, 27,31

Index

Index

Santa Rosa Island (cant.) California, n

Sheathing, hull, 42, 61-63, 86 Shipbuilding, Canadian

beginning of, 3 decline of, 5 Maritime Provinces, 4, 40 softwood use, 8, 39-40 sources of information, viii timber resources, 3, 44

Shipping, tramp definition of, 11 Norway's use of, 17 patterns, 11 profits from, 18

Shipworms, 8, 61 gribble, 61 sheathing, 8, 42, 61-63

Side scuttles: see Portholes Sidelights: see Portholes Simons, Norm, 31 Snow Squall, 43 Softwood vessels, 8, 71

lifespan of, 8 Soley, George T., 8 South America

Callao, 11 Chincha Islands, 12 exports, 12

Stevens, Robert, 52 St. John, New Brunswick, 3-4

shipbuilders, 5 ships built in, 5 Strake, garboard, 41 Svendsen, S., 13, 28-29 Switzer, David, 43

Tanks, fresh water, 8, 51-52, 74 iron vs. wood, 8

Teaspoon, brass, 68 Tesar, Louis, 31 Thomas, William, 10 TP&S: see Wilson's patent Treaty of Tilsit, 4 Treenails, black locust, 42-43, 56

United Kingdom Board of Trade crew agreements, viii

United States Civil War, 5, 17 Pensacola rebuilds after, 21

United States Lifesaving Service crews, 27-28 keeper, 27, 29; see also Broadbent,

Robert operations, 27 records, viii Santa Rosa Island Station, 27

University of West Florida Archaeology Institute, 1, 55, 83 field methods course, 2, 34, 55 fieldwork by, 2 partnerships, vi

Vale, 44, 73-75

Wallace, Frederick William, viii, 5 Williams, Thomas, 8-9

Cambrian Fleet, 10 company, 9 son, 10 vessels owned, 9

Wilson's patent, 67 Wright, Esther Clarke, viii

Yellow metal: see Muntz metal

Zernichow, c., 18, 27

113