Appendix A: tDCS Studies in a Healthy Population978-3-030-35687-3...261 Table A2 Studies...
31
259 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 G. P. D. Argyropoulos (ed.), Translational Neuroscience of Speech and Language Disorders, Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3 Appendix A: tDCS Studies in a Healthy Population Table A1 Studies investigating the impact of tDCS on language in healthy populations— demographic information Article Language Participants Mean age (SD) Educational level (SD) Iyer et al. (2005) English 30 RH (17F; 13M) 38.6 years (12.9 years) 16.2 years (2.6 years) Sparing et al. (2008) German 15 RH (5F; 10M) 26.9 years (3.7 years) n.r. Cerruti and Schlaug (2009) English 18 RH (13F; 5M) 25.5 years (2.6 years) n.r. de Vries et al. (2010) English 44 RH (19F; 25M); 10 RH (5F; 5M) 22.6 years (2.1 years); 23.7 years (2.4 years) 15.6 years (1.5 years); 15.3 years (1.3 years) Fertonani et al. (2010) Italian 12 RH (8F; 4M); 12RH (6F; 6M) 24.1 years (3.7 years); 21.8 years (1.0 years) n.r. Liuzzi et al. (2010) German 30 RH (18F; 12M) 24.9 years (0.6 years) >12 years Ross, McCoy, Wolk, Coslett, and Olson (2010) English 15 RH (11F; 4M) 25.6 years; range 19–37 years n.r. Ross, McCoy, Coslett, Olson, and Wolk (2011) English 14 RH (7F; 7M) 65 years; range 55–69 years n.r. Cattaneo et al. (2011) Italian 10 RH (6F; 4M) 23.6 years (3.2 years) Undergraduate students Fiori et al. (2011) Italian 10 RH (3F; 7M) 55 years (7.9 years) 14 years (2.4 years) Holland et al. (2011) English 10 RH (3F; 7M) 69 years; range 62–74 years n.r. Wirth et al. (2011) German 20 RH (10F; 10M) 23.5 years (3.7 years) 13 years (1.6 years) (continued)
Transcript of Appendix A: tDCS Studies in a Healthy Population978-3-030-35687-3...261 Table A2 Studies...
259© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 G. P. D. Argyropoulos (ed.), Translational Neuroscience of Speech and Language Disorders, Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3
Appendix A: tDCS Studies in a Healthy Population
Table A1 Studies investigating the impact of tDCS on language in healthy populations—demographic information
Article Language Participants Mean age (SD)Educational level (SD)
Iyer et al. (2005) English 30 RH (17F; 13M) 38.6 years (12.9 years)
16.2 years (2.6 years)
Sparing et al. (2008)
German 15 RH (5F; 10M) 26.9 years (3.7 years) n.r.
Cerruti and Schlaug (2009)
English 18 RH (13F; 5M) 25.5 years (2.6 years) n.r.
de Vries et al. (2010)
English 44 RH (19F; 25M); 10 RH (5F; 5M)
22.6 years (2.1 years); 23.7 years (2.4 years)
15.6 years (1.5 years); 15.3 years (1.3 years)
Fertonani et al. (2010)
Italian 12 RH (8F; 4M); 12RH (6F; 6M)
24.1 years (3.7 years); 21.8 years (1.0 years)
n.r.
Liuzzi et al. (2010) German 30 RH (18F; 12M) 24.9 years (0.6 years) >12 yearsRoss, McCoy, Wolk, Coslett, and Olson (2010)
English 15 RH (11F; 4M) 25.6 years; range 19–37 years
n.r.
Ross, McCoy, Coslett, Olson, and Wolk (2011)
English 14 RH (7F; 7M) 65 years; range 55–69 years
n.r.
Cattaneo et al. (2011)
Italian 10 RH (6F; 4M) 23.6 years (3.2 years) Undergraduate students
Fiori et al. (2011) Italian 10 RH (3F; 7M) 55 years (7.9 years) 14 years (2.4 years)
Holland et al. (2011)
English 10 RH (3F; 7M) 69 years; range 62–74 years
n.r.
Wirth et al. (2011) German 20 RH (10F; 10M) 23.5 years (3.7 years) 13 years (1.6 years)
(continued)
260
Article Language Participants Mean age (SD)Educational level (SD)
Jeon and Han (2012)
Korean 32 RH (20F; 12M) 37.3 years (13.0 years)
≥12 years
Meinzer, Antonenko et al. (2012)
German 20 RH (10F; 10M) 26.7 years (3.8 years) n.r.
Pisoni et al. (2012) Italian 12 RH (10F; 2M) 22.4 years (2.94 years)
14.7 years (2.1 years)
Vannorsdall et al. (2012)
English 24 RH (13F; 11M) 35.7 years (10.1 years)
>12 years
Meinzer et al. (2013)
German 20 RH (10F; 10M); 20 RH (10F; 10M)
68.0 years (5.7 years); 26.4 years (3.4 years)
15.9 years (1.2 years); 15.6 years (1.9 years)
Penolazzi et al. (2013)
Italian 90 RH (55F; 35M) 21.6 years (0.2 years) University students
Peretz and Lavidor (2013)
Hebrew 17 RH (11F; 6M) 24.4 years (3.0 years) Students
Fertonani et al. (2014)
Italian 20 RH (10F; 10M) 66.5 years (5.5 years) 10.5 years
Henseler, Mädebach, Kotz, and Jescheniak (2014)
German 36 RH (n.r.) 26.2 years (3.0 years) n.r.
Meinzer et al. (2014)
German 18 RH (9F; 8M) 68.4 years (5.2 years) n.r.
Ehlis et al. (2016) German 23 RH (14F; 9M); 23 RH (11F; 12M)
32.1 years (10.5 years); 24.3 years (2.4 years)
n.r.
Manuel and Schnider (2016)
French 13 RH (6F; 7M); 13 RH (9F; 4M)
24 years (5 years); 23 years (3 years)
n.r.
Meinzer, Yetim, McMahon, and de Zubicaray (2016)
English 24 RH (14F; 10M) 24.7 years (4.6 years) n.r.
Habich et al. (2017)
German 43 RH (22F; 21M 24.8 years (2.9 years) >12 years
Vannorsdall et al. (2016)
English 14 RH (8F; 6M) 22.3 years (2.4 years) 15.1 years (1.9 years)
Westwood, Olson, Miall, Nappo, and Romani (2017)
English 18 RH (10F; 8M); 20 RH (12F; 8M); 18 RH (13F; 5M)
21 years (2.8 years); 21 years (2.9 years); 19.8 years (2.8 years)
Undergraduate students
Binney et al. (2018)
English 23 RH, 1 AD (20F; 4M)
21.2 years; range 18–30 years
n.r.
AD ambidextrous, F female, M male, n.r. not reported, RH right-handed, SD standard deviation
Table A1 (continued)
Appendix A: tDCS Studies in a Healthy Population
261
Tabl
e A
2 St
udie
s in
vest
igat
ing
the
impa
ct o
f tD
CS
on la
ngua
ge in
hea
lthy
popu
latio
ns—
met
hodo
logi
cal i
nfor
mat
ion
Art
icle
Act
ive
elec
trod
e lo
catio
n (s
ize)
Ref
eren
ce e
lect
rode
loca
tion
(siz
e)In
tens
ityTy
peN
o. o
f se
ssio
ns (
dura
tion)
Iyer
et a
l. (2
005)
F3 (
25 c
m2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (2
5 cm
2 )2
mA
a/c/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
); 3
gro
ups
of 1
0 pe
ople
Spar
ing
et a
l. (2
008)
Wer
nick
e: C
P5 (
35 c
m2 )
CP6
(35
cm
2 )2
mA
a/c/
s1
sess
ion
(7 m
in)
per
type
, 4-h
in
terv
alC
erru
ti an
d Sc
hlau
g (2
009)
L D
LPF
C (
16 c
m2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (3
0 cm
2 )1
mA
a/c/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe, 3
0-m
in
inte
rval
de V
ries
et a
l. (2
010)
Bro
ca: L
BA
44/
45 (
35 c
m2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n1
mA
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (2
0 m
in)
Fert
onan
i et a
l. (2
010)
L D
LPF
C (
35 c
m2 )
R s
houl
der
(35
cm2 )
2 m
Aa/
c/s
1 se
ssio
n (8
min
); 1
ses
sion
(10
min
)L
iuzz
i et a
l. (2
010)
L M
1 (2
5 cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l reg
ion
(25
cm2 )
1 m
Aa/
c/s
4 da
ily s
essi
ons
(20
min
)R
oss
et a
l. (2
010)
T3;
T4
(35
cm2 )
Con
tral
ater
al c
heek
(35
cm
2 )1.
5 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(15
min
) pe
r m
onta
ge a
nd
type
; 1-d
ay in
terv
alR
oss
et a
l. (2
011)
T3;
T4
(35
cm2 )
Con
tral
ater
al c
heek
(35
cm
2 )1.
5 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(15
min
) pe
r m
onta
ge a
nd
type
, 1-d
ay in
terv
alC
atta
neo
et a
l. (2
011)
Bro
caR
sup
raor
bita
l reg
ion
2 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe, i
nter
val
n.r.
Fior
i et a
l. (2
011)
L S
TG
: CP5
R o
ccip
ito-p
arie
tal r
egio
n1
mA
a/c/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe, 6
-day
in
terv
alH
olla
nd e
t al.
(201
1)L
IFG
: FC
5 (3
5 cm
2 )R
fro
ntop
olar
cor
tex
(35
cm2 )
2 m
Aa/
s2
sess
ions
(20
min
) a/
s an
d s/
a,
5–7
day
inte
rval
Wir
th e
t al.
(201
1)L
DL
PFC
(35
cm
2 )R
sho
ulde
r (4
9 cm
2 )1.
5 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(30
min
)Je
on a
nd H
an (
2012
)L
DL
PFC
, F3;
R D
LPF
C, F
4 (3
5 cm
2 )C
ontr
alat
eral
sup
raor
bita
l are
a (3
5 cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (2
0 m
in)
Mei
nzer
, Ant
onen
ko e
t al.
(201
2)B
roca
: L B
A44
/45
(35
cm2 )
R s
upra
orb
ital r
egio
n (1
00 c
m2 )
1 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe, 1
-wee
k in
terv
alPi
soni
et a
l. (2
012)
L S
TG
(35
cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l reg
ion
(35
cm2 )
2 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe, 1
-wee
ks
inte
rval
Van
nors
dall
et a
l. (2
012)
F3 (
27.0
4 cm
2 )C
z (2
7.04
cm
2 )1
mA
a/c/
s1
sess
ion
(30
min
) pe
r ty
pe, 9
0-m
in
inte
rval
(con
tinue
d)
Appendix A: tDCS Studies in a Healthy Population
262
Art
icle
Act
ive
elec
trod
e lo
catio
n (s
ize)
Ref
eren
ce e
lect
rode
loca
tion
(siz
e)In
tens
ityTy
peN
o. o
f se
ssio
ns (
dura
tion)
Mei
nzer
et a
l. (2
013)
L I
FG (
35 c
m2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (1
00 c
m2 )
1 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(30
min
)Pe
nola
zzi e
t al.
(201
3)T
3-Fz
× F
7-C
z;
T3-
F3 ×
F7-
C3;
T
3-F3
× F
7-C
3;
T3-
F3 ×
F7-
C3
(35
cm2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal a
rea
(35
cm2 )
; R
supr
aorb
ital a
rea
(35
cm2 )
; T
4-F4
× F
8-C
4 (3
5 cm
2 ); R
su
prao
rbita
l are
a (1
00 c
m2 )
2 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
)
Pere
tz a
nd L
avid
or (
2013
)W
erni
cke
(35
cm2 )
R o
rbito
fron
tal c
orte
x (3
5 cm
2 )1
mA
a/c/
s1
sess
ion
(10
min
) pe
r ty
pe, 1
-wee
k in
terv
alFe
rton
ani e
t al.
(201
4)L
DL
PFC
(35
cm
2 )R
sho
ulde
r (3
5 cm
2 )2
mA
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (1
0 m
in)
Hen
sele
r et
al.
(201
4)L
IFG
; L p
MT
G (
25 c
m2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (5
0 cm
2 )2
mA
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (2
5 m
in)
per
mon
tage
, 1-
wee
k in
terv
alM
einz
er e
t al.
(201
4)L
M1
(35
cm2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (1
00 c
m2 )
1 m
Aa/
s1
sess
ion
(20
min
) pe
r ty
peE
hlis
et a
l. (2
016)
Bro
ca: C
3 ×
F3
× F
7 (3
5 cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l reg
ion
(35
cm2 )
1 m
Aa/
c/s
1 se
ssio
n (2
0 m
in)
per
type
(a/
s or
c/
s), 4
8-h
inte
rval
Man
uel a
nd S
chni
der
(201
6)L
PPC
, P3;
R P
PC, P
4; L
D
LPF
C, F
3; R
DL
PFC
, F4
(35
cm2 )
Con
tral
ater
al s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (3
5 cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (2
4 m
in)
per
mon
tage
and
ty
pe (
L, R
, s),
1-w
eek
inte
rval
Mei
nzer
, Yet
im e
t al.
(201
6)L
IFG
; L P
TC
(35
cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l cor
tex
(100
cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (2
0 m
in)
per
mon
tage
and
ty
pe (
IFG
, PT
C, s
), 1
-wee
k in
terv
alH
abic
h et
al.
(201
7)L
DL
PFC
: F3
(35
cm2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (3
5 cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (2
0 m
in)
Van
nors
dall
et a
l. (2
016)
L D
LPF
C (
25 c
m2 )
Ver
tex:
Cz
(25
cm2 )
1 m
Aa/
c1
sess
ion
(30
min
); 2
mat
ched
gr
oups
Wes
twoo
d et
al.
(201
7)L
IFG
, F7
(9 c
m2 )
; L I
FG, F
7 (2
5 cm
2 ); L
pM
TG
(25
cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l are
a (3
5 cm
2 ); R
su
prao
rbita
l are
a (3
5 cm
2 ); R
ch
eek
(35
cm2 )
1 m
A;
1.5
mA
; 1.
5 m
A
a/s
1 se
ssio
n (1
5 m
in; 2
5 m
in; 2
5 m
in)
per
type
(a/
s), 1
-wee
k in
terv
al
Bin
ney
et a
l. (2
018)
T3-
T4;
C3-
C4;
P3-
P4
(2 ×
5 c
m2 )
Fpz;
Fpz
; Iz
(35
cm2 )
2 m
Aa/
c1
sess
ion
(20
min
) pe
r m
onta
ge,
inte
rval
n.r.
a an
odal
; B
A B
rodm
ann
area
; c
cath
odal
; D
LP
FC
dor
sola
tera
l pr
efro
ntal
cor
tex;
h h
our(
s);
IFG
inf
erio
r fr
onta
l gy
rus;
L l
eft;
mA
mill
iam
pere
(s);
n.r.
not
re
port
ed; p
MT
G p
oste
rior
mid
dle
tem
pora
l gyr
us; R
rig
ht; s
sha
m; S
TG
sup
erio
r te
mpo
ral g
yrus
Tabl
e A
2 (c
ontin
ued)
Appendix A: tDCS Studies in a Healthy Population
263© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 G. P. D. Argyropoulos (ed.), Translational Neuroscience of Speech and Language Disorders, Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
264
Tabl
e B
1 St
udie
s in
vest
igat
ing
the
impa
ct o
f tD
CS
on la
ngua
ge in
pat
ient
pop
ulat
ions
—de
mog
raph
ic in
form
atio
n
Art
icle
Lan
guag
e
Patie
nts’
ha
nded
ness
(n
o. o
f F;
no
. of
M)
Mea
n ag
e (S
D)
Mea
n le
vel
of e
duca
tion
(SD
)Ty
pe o
f st
roke
Tim
e si
nce
stro
keTy
pe o
f ap
hasi
a (n
)L
esio
n ar
ea c
orte
x
Hes
se e
t al.
(200
7)E
nglis
h10
n.r.
(3F
; 7M
)63
.3 y
ears
; ra
nge
32–7
6 ye
ars
n.r.
iCV
A4–
8 w
eeks
po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
L M
CA
(10
)
Mon
ti et
al.
(200
8)It
alia
n8
RH
(4F
; 4M
)60
.38
year
s (1
1.99
yea
rs)
10.6
2 ye
ars
(1.7
2 ye
ars)
iCV
A (
7);
hCV
A (
1)24
–96
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
a (B
A
4, G
A 4
)
Fron
tal c
ortic
al o
r su
bcor
tical
da
mag
e +
pos
sibl
e da
mag
e to
pa
riet
al a
nd/o
r te
mpo
ral a
reas
Bak
er e
t al.
(201
0)E
nglis
h10
n.r.
(5F
; 5M
)65
.50
year
s (1
1.44
yea
rs)
14.0
0 ye
ars
(2.3
1 ye
ars)
CV
A12
–240
mon
ths
poFl
uent
(A
A:
6); n
on-fl
uent
(B
A: 4
)
LH
dam
age
You
, Kim
, C
hun,
Jun
g, a
nd
Park
(20
11)
Kor
ean
21 R
H (
9F;
12M
)R
ange
49
–82
year
sR
ange
6–
16 y
ears
iCV
ASu
bacu
teG
loba
l ap
hasi
aL
MC
A
Fior
i et a
l. (2
011)
Ital
ian
3 R
H (
M)
45 y
ears
; 65
yea
rs;
74 y
ears
18 y
ears
; 13
yea
rs;
13 y
ears
iCV
AC
hron
icN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
aSu
pram
argi
nal g
yrus
(2)
; ST
G
(1)
Flöe
l et a
l. (2
011)
Ger
man
12 R
H (
5F;
7M)
52.3
yea
rs;
rang
e 39
–67
year
s
n.r.
iCV
A21
–71
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
aL
fro
ntal
, tem
pora
l, pa
riet
al +
occ
ipita
l les
ions
; no
lesi
on in
RH
Frid
riks
son
et a
l. (2
011)
Eng
lish
8 n.
r. (n
.r.)
68.1
3 ye
ars
(10.
40 y
ears
)n.
r.C
VA
10–1
50 m
onth
s po
Flue
nt
apha
sia
L p
oste
rior
(su
b)co
rtex
Jung
et a
l. (2
011)
Kor
ean
37 n
.r.
(11F
; 26M
)>
65 y
ears
(22
);
<65
yea
rs
(15
year
s)
n.r.
iCV
A
(20)
, hC
VA
(1
6)
1 m
onth
s po
(13
),
1–3
mon
ths
po
(24)
Flue
nt (
10);
no
n-flu
ent
(26)
aph
asia
Bro
ca’s
are
a, W
erni
cke’
s ar
ea,
arcu
ate
fasc
icul
us, i
nsul
a
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
265
Kan
g et
al.
(201
1)K
orea
n10
RH
(2F
; 8M
)61
.9 y
ears
(2
.7 y
ears
)11
.6 y
ears
(1
.5 y
ears
)iC
VA
6–18
1 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
(GA
3, B
A 4
, T
MA
1),
flu
ent (
AA
: 2)
aph
asia
R B
roca
’s h
omol
ogue
are
a (F
8)
Vin
es, N
orto
n,
and
Schl
aug
(201
1)
Eng
lish
(1
Rus
sian
-E
nglis
h)
6 R
H (
M)
56.2
yea
rs;
rang
e 31
.3–8
0.9
year
s
n.r.
iCV
A15
–120
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
aL
fro
ntal
lobe
Said
man
esh
et a
l. (2
012)
Pers
ian
20 R
H (
8F;
12M
)55
.93
year
s (2
.4 y
ears
)n.
r.C
VA
60 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
Ant
erop
oste
rior
(9)
, pos
teri
or
(11)
Che
rney
et a
l. (2
013)
Can
tone
se1
RH
(M
)63
yea
rs15
yea
rsiC
VA
204
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
an.
r.
Fior
i et a
l. (2
013)
Ital
ian
7 R
H (
2F;
5M)
58.4
yea
rs;
rang
e 44
–71
year
s
11.1
yea
rs;
rang
e 5–
18 y
ears
iCV
A9–
84 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
L h
emis
pher
ic s
trok
e
Lee
et a
l. (2
013)
Kor
ean
11 n
.r. (
2F;
9M)
52.6
yea
rs
(13.
4 ye
ars)
n.r.
CV
A8–
180
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
(B
A 4
, TM
A
2), fl
uent
(A
A: 5
)
Infe
rior
L M
CA
(9)
; L b
asal
ga
nglia
(2)
Mar
ango
lo,
Fior
i, C
ipol
lari
et
al.
(201
3)
Ital
ian
8 R
H (
4F;
4M)
rang
e 37
–68
year
sR
ange
5–
18 y
ears
CV
A6–
74 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
Cor
tical
L f
ront
o-te
mpo
ro-
pari
etal
(6)
; L
fron
to-p
arie
tal(
2)M
aran
golo
, Fi
ori,
Di P
aola
et
al.
(201
3)
Ital
ian
7 R
H (
2F;
5M)
62.4
yea
rs;
rang
e 46
–77
year
s
13.2
yea
rs;
rang
e 5–
18 y
ears
CV
A7–
96 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
LH
: fro
ntal
, par
ieta
l, te
mpo
ral
lobe
+ s
ubco
rtic
al a
reas
Mar
ango
lo,
Fior
i, C
alpa
gnan
o,
et a
l. (2
013)
Ital
ian
12 R
H (
4F;
8M)
59.6
yea
rs;
rang
e 44
–71
year
s
12.2
yea
rs;
rang
e 5–
18 y
ears
CV
A5–
84 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
L s
ubco
rtex
(ca
psul
a ex
trem
a,
clau
stru
m, p
utam
en) (c
ontin
ued)
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
266
Sant
os e
t al.
(201
3)B
razi
lian-
Port
ugue
se19
RH
(1
0F; 9
M)
53.3
yea
rs>
6 m
onth
s po
iCV
AC
hron
icN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
a (B
A:
8), fl
uent
(A
A: 7
), a
nd
mix
ed
apha
sia
(4)
LH
: fro
ntal
, par
ieta
l, te
mpo
ral
lobe
+ s
ubco
rtic
al a
reas
Vol
pato
et a
l. (2
013)
Ital
ian
8 n.
r. (2
F;
6M)
58.6
yea
rs;
rang
e 42
–70
year
s
12.3
yea
rs;
rang
e 8–
18 y
ears
CV
A (
6 i;
2 h)
6–12
6 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
(TM
A: 1
);
fluen
t (A
A 2
, C
A 1
; WA
2;
TSA
1)
apha
sia
LH
: tem
poro
-par
ieta
l (2)
, pa
riet
al (
1), f
ront
o-pa
riet
al
(2),
tem
pora
l (1)
; sub
cort
ical
(2
)
Mar
ango
lo,
Fior
i, G
elfo
et
al.
(201
4)
Ital
ian
7 n.
r. (2
F;
5M)
57.6
yea
rs;
rang
e 49
–68
year
s
11.1
yea
rs;
rang
e 5–
18 y
ears
iCV
A10
–72
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
aL
H: f
ront
o-te
mpo
ro-p
arie
to-
occi
pita
l cor
tex
(1);
fro
nto-
tem
poro
-par
ieto
cor
tex
(4);
fr
onto
-par
ieta
l cor
tex
(2)
Ros
so e
t al.
(201
4)Fr
ench
25 R
H
(13F
; 12M
)57
yea
rs
(18
year
s)14
.6 y
ears
(1
.2 y
ears
)iC
VA
>3
mon
ths
po
(mea
n: 1
5 m
onth
s po
)
Non
-flue
ntL
esio
n in
Bro
ca’s
are
a (1
1);
inta
ct B
roca
’s a
rea
(16)
Ves
tito
et a
l. (2
014)
Ital
ian
3 n.
r. (1
F;
2M)
62 y
ears
; 65
yea
rs;
67 y
ears
n.r.
iCV
A (
1);
hCV
A (
2)20
–64
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
(B
A: 2
),
fluen
t (A
A:
1)
Lef
t fro
nto-
tem
pora
l (1)
; lef
t fr
onta
l (1)
; lef
t tem
pora
l (1)
Cam
pana
et a
l. (2
015)
Ital
ian
20 R
H (
9F;
11M
)57
.1 y
ears
; ra
nge
37–7
5 ye
ars
12.5
yea
rs;
rang
e 5–
18 y
ears
iCV
A6–
84 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
L M
CA
Tabl
e B
1 (c
ontin
ued)
Art
icle
Lan
guag
e
Patie
nts’
ha
nded
ness
(n
o. o
f F;
no
. of
M)
Mea
n ag
e (S
D)
Mea
n le
vel
of e
duca
tion
(SD
)Ty
pe o
f st
roke
Tim
e si
nce
stro
keTy
pe o
f ap
hasi
a (n
)L
esio
n ar
ea c
orte
x
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
267
Cip
olla
ri e
t al.
(201
5)It
alia
n6
RH
(3F
; 3M
)59
.1 y
ears
; ra
nge
46–7
5 ye
ars
11.6
yea
rs;
rang
e 7–
16 y
ears
CV
A10
–79
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
aFr
onto
-tem
poro
-par
ieta
l co
rtex
(4)
; tem
pora
l cor
tex
(1);
fro
nto-
pari
etal
cor
tex
(1)
de A
guia
r, B
astia
anse
et a
l. (2
015)
NA
9 R
H (
3F;
6M)
57 y
ears
; ran
ge
45–7
5 ye
ars
> 5
yea
rsC
VA
(7
iCV
A; 2
hC
VA
)
8–92
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
(6
), fl
uent
(3)
LH
Gal
letta
and
V
ogel
-Eyn
y (2
015)
NA
1 R
H (
M)
43 y
ears
16 y
ears
CV
A20
mon
ths
poFl
uent
an
omic
Tem
poro
-par
ieta
l cor
tex
Ric
hard
son,
D
atta
, D
moc
how
ski,
Parr
a, a
nd
Frid
riks
son
(201
5)
Eng
lish
8 R
H (
4F;
4M)
60.6
yea
rs
(ran
ge
48–7
4 ye
ars)
n.r.
CV
A89
mon
ths
po
(ran
ge
9–31
2 m
onth
s po
)
Non
-flue
nt
(BA
: 5),
flu
ent (
AA
: 3)
Fron
to-p
arie
tal c
orte
x
Shah
-Bas
ak
et a
l. (2
015)
Eng
lish
12 R
H (
2F;
10M
)63
.6 y
ears
; ra
nge
53–7
8 ye
ars
n.r.
CV
A7–
111
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
ap
hasi
aL
MC
A
Wu,
Wan
g, a
nd
Yua
n (2
015)
Chi
nese
12 R
H (
2F;
10M
)53
.2 y
ears
; ra
nge
39–5
7 ye
ars
14.8
yea
rs;
rang
e 9–
19 y
ears
CV
A (
5 iC
VA
; 5
hCV
A)
3–6
mon
ths
poN
on-fl
uent
(8
), fl
uent
(2
), m
ixed
(2)
Fron
to-t
empo
ro-p
arie
tal
cort
ex (
9); t
empo
ro-p
arie
tal
(1);
fro
nto-
pari
etal
(2)
Mei
nzer
, D
arko
w e
t al.
(201
6)
Ger
man
26 R
H (
8F;
18M
)59
.9 y
ears
; ra
nge
38–7
8 ye
ars
11.9
yea
rs;
rang
e 7–
18 y
ears
iCV
A
(23)
; hC
VA
(3)
15–1
08 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
(BA
9; G
A
6), fl
uent
(W
A 9
; AA
2)
aph
asia
LH
Dar
kow
, Mar
tin,
Wür
tz, F
löel
, an
d M
einz
er
(201
7)
Ger
man
16 R
H (
6F;
10M
)56
.7 y
ears
(1
0.1)
12.8
yea
rs;
rang
e 8–
18 y
ears
CV
A12
–169
mon
ths
poM
ild a
phas
iaL
H
(con
tinue
d)
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
268
Mar
ango
lo,
Fior
i, C
alta
giro
ne,
Pisa
no, a
nd
Prio
ri (
2017
)
Ital
ian
12 (
6F;
6M)
Ran
ge
46–7
0 ye
ars
Ran
ge
8–18
yea
rsC
VA
14–3
7 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
LH
Nor
ise,
Sa
cche
tti, a
nd
Ham
ilton
(20
17)
Eng
lish
14 R
H (
4F;
10M
)63
.3 y
ears
; ra
nge
50–7
6 ye
ars
n.r.
CV
A (
12
iCV
A; 2
hC
VA
)
8–11
6 m
onth
s po
Non
-flue
nt
apha
sia
LH
AA
ano
mic
aph
asia
; B
A B
roca
aph
asia
; C
A c
ondu
ctio
n ap
hasi
a; F
fem
ale;
GA
glo
bal
apha
sia;
hC
VA
hem
orrh
agic
cer
ebra
l va
scul
ar a
ccid
ent;
iCV
A i
sche
mic
ce
rebr
ovas
cula
r ac
cide
nt;
L l
eft;
LH
lef
t he
mis
pher
e; M
mal
e; M
CA
mid
dle
cere
bral
art
ery;
n n
umbe
r; n
.r. n
ot r
epor
ted;
R r
ight
; po
pos
tons
et;
SD s
tand
ard
devi
atio
n; T
MA
tran
scor
tical
mot
or a
phas
ia; T
SA tr
ansc
ortic
al s
enso
ry a
phas
ia; W
A W
erni
cke
apha
sia
Tabl
e B
1 (c
ontin
ued)
Art
icle
Lan
guag
e
Patie
nts’
ha
nded
ness
(n
o. o
f F;
no
. of
M)
Mea
n ag
e (S
D)
Mea
n le
vel
of e
duca
tion
(SD
)Ty
pe o
f st
roke
Tim
e si
nce
stro
keTy
pe o
f ap
hasi
a (n
)L
esio
n ar
ea c
orte
x
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
269
Tabl
e B
2 St
udie
s in
vest
igat
ing
impa
ct o
f tD
CS
on la
ngua
ge in
pat
ient
pop
ulat
ions
—m
etho
dolo
gica
l inf
orm
atio
n
Art
icle
Act
ive
elec
trod
e lo
catio
n (s
ize)
Ref
eren
ce e
lect
rode
loca
tion
(siz
e)In
tens
ityTy
peN
o of
ses
sion
s (d
urat
ion)
Hes
se e
t al.
(200
7)L
esio
ned
M1:
C3
or C
4 (3
5 cm
2 )C
ontr
alat
eral
orb
ital a
rea
1.5
mA
a30
dai
ly s
essi
ons
(7 m
in)
Mon
ti et
al.
(200
8)T
3-Fz
+ F
7-C
z (1
); o
ccip
ital (
2)
(35
cm2 )
R s
houl
der
(35
cm2 )
2 m
Aa/
c/s
(1);
c/s
(2)
1 se
ssio
n (2
0 m
in)
Bak
er e
t al.
(201
0)L
fro
ntal
cor
tex
(25
cm2 )
R s
houl
der
(25
cm2 )
1 m
Aa/
s5
daily
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
per
type
, 7-d
ay in
terv
alY
ou e
t al.
(201
1)L
ST
G: C
P5 (
1.3)
; R S
TG
: CP6
(2)
(3
5 cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l (1.
3); L
su
prao
rbita
l (2)
2 m
Aa(
1)/c
(2)/
s(3)
10 d
aily
ses
sion
s (3
0 m
in)
Fior
i et a
l. (2
011)
CP5
: Wer
nick
e’s
area
(35
cm
2 )R
occ
ipito
-par
ieta
l1
mA
a/s
5 da
ily s
essi
ons
(20
min
)Fl
öel e
t al.
(201
1)R
tem
poro
-par
ieta
l cor
tex
(35
cm2 )
L s
upra
orbi
tal (
100
cm2 )
1 m
Aa/
c/s
3 se
ssio
ns (
20 m
in)
Frid
riks
son
et a
l. (2
011)
L p
ost c
per
ilesi
onal
are
a (2
5 cm
2 )C
ontr
alat
eral
for
ehea
d (2
5 cm
2 )1
mA
a/c/
s5
daily
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
per
type
, 3-w
eek
inte
rval
Jung
et a
l. (2
011)
Bro
ca’s
are
a: T
4-Fz
→ F
8-C
z (3
6 cm
2 )O
rbita
l (36
cm
2 )1
mA
a-tD
CS
10 s
essi
ons
(20
min
)
Kan
g et
al.
(201
1)R
IFG
(25
cm
2 )L
orb
ital (
25 c
m2 )
2 m
Aa/
s5
daily
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
per
type
, 1-w
eek
inte
rval
Vin
es e
t al.
(201
1)R
pos
teri
or I
FG: 2
.5 c
m p
oste
rior
to
F8 (
16.3
cm
2 )L
sup
raor
bita
l (30
cm
2 )1.
2 m
Aa/
s3
daily
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
per
type
, 7-d
ay in
terv
alSa
idm
anes
h et
al.
(201
2)L
DL
PFC
(35
cm
2 )R
DL
PFC
(35
cm
2 )2
mA
a/c/
s10
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
Che
rney
et a
l. (2
013)
R S
TC
(8/
28 c
m2 )
Con
tral
ater
al o
rbita
l (48
cm
2 )1
mA
c30
ses
sion
s (1
3 m
in)
Fior
i et a
l. (2
013)
L I
FG, L
Wer
nick
e: C
P5 (
35 c
m2 )
Con
tral
ater
al f
ront
opol
ar c
orte
x (3
5 cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
5 se
ssio
ns (
20 m
in)
Lee
et a
l. (2
013)
Sing
le: L
IFG
, F7
(35
cm2 )
; bi
hem
isph
eric
, L a
-IFG
, R c
-IFG
(3
5 cm
2 )
Sing
le: L
buc
cina
tor
mus
cle
(35
cm2 )
; bih
emis
pher
ic, L
(c
atho
de)
and
R (
anod
e)
bucc
inat
or m
uscl
e
2 m
Aa/
bihe
mis
pher
ic1
sess
ion
(30
min
) pe
r ty
pe; 2
4-h
inte
rval (con
tinue
d)
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
270
Mar
ango
lo, F
iori
, C
ipol
lari
et a
l. (2
013)
Ano
de: L
IFG
, F5
(35
cm2 )
Cat
hode
: R I
FG (
35 c
m2 )
2 m
AB
ihem
isph
eric
/s10
dai
ly s
essi
ons
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe; 1
4-da
y in
terv
alM
aran
golo
, Fio
ri, D
i Pa
ola
et a
l. (2
013)
Bro
ca, F
5; W
erni
cke,
CP5
(35
cm
2 )C
ontr
alat
eral
fro
ntop
olar
cor
tex
(35
cm2 )
1 m
Aa/
c/s
15 s
essi
ons
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe; 6
-day
inte
rval
Mar
ango
lo, F
iori
, C
alpa
gnan
o et
al.
(201
3)
Bro
ca, F
5; W
erni
cke,
CP5
(35
cm
2 )C
ontr
alat
eral
fro
ntop
olar
cor
tex
(35
cm2 )
1 m
Aa/
s10
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
per
type
and
mon
tage
; 14-
day
inte
rval
Sant
os e
t al.
(201
3)L
M1
(35
cm2 )
Con
tral
ater
al s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (3
5 cm
2 )2
mA
a10
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
Vol
pato
et a
l. (2
013)
L B
roca
’s a
rea:
T3-
F7 (
35 c
m2 )
Con
tral
ater
al s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (3
5 cm
2 )2
mA
a/s
5 w
eekl
y se
ssio
ns (
20 m
in)
Mar
ango
lo, F
iori
, Gel
fo
et a
l. (2
014)
L I
FG, L
Wer
nick
e’s
area
(35
cm
2 )R
IFG
(35
cm
2 )2
mA
a/s
10 s
essi
ons
(20
min
)
Ros
so e
t al.
(201
4)L
IFG
(35
cm
2 )C
ontr
alat
eral
sup
raor
bita
l reg
ion
(35
cm2 )
1 m
Ac/
s1
sess
ion
(10
min
); 1
-h
inte
rval
; 1 s
essi
on (
10 m
in)
Ves
tito
et a
l. (2
014)
L I
FG (
25 c
m2 )
Con
tral
ater
al s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (2
5 cm
2 )1.
5 m
Aa/
s10
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
Cam
pana
et a
l. (2
015)
L I
FG (
35 c
m2 )
Con
tral
ater
al f
ront
opol
ar c
orte
x (3
5 cm
2 )2
mA
a/s
10 s
essi
ons
(20
min
)
Cip
olla
ri e
t al.
(201
5)R
IFG
(35
cm
2 )C
ontr
alat
eral
fro
ntop
olar
cor
tex
(35
cm2 )
2 m
Aa/
s15
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
de A
guia
r, B
astia
anse
et
al.
(201
5)In
divi
dual
ly d
eter
min
ed (
35 c
m2 )
Indi
vidu
ally
det
erm
ined
(35
cm
2 )1
mA
a/c/
s10
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
Gal
letta
and
Vog
el-E
yny
(201
5)L
Bro
ca/L
Wer
nick
e (3
5 cm
2 )R
Bro
ca/R
Wer
nick
e (3
5 cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
10 s
essi
ons
(20
min
)
Ric
hard
son
et a
l. (2
015)
L p
oste
rior
cor
tex
(35
cm2 )
R s
upra
orbi
tal r
egio
n (3
5 cm
2 )2
mA
a/H
D5
sess
ions
(20
min
)
Tabl
e B
2 (c
ontin
ued)
Art
icle
Act
ive
elec
trod
e lo
catio
n (s
ize)
Ref
eren
ce e
lect
rode
loca
tion
(siz
e)In
tens
ityTy
peN
o of
ses
sion
s (d
urat
ion)
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
271
Shah
-Bas
ak e
t al.
(201
5)L
DL
PFC
, R D
LPF
CC
ontr
alat
eral
mas
toid
2 m
Aa/
c/s
10 s
essi
ons
(20
min
)
Wu
et a
l. (2
015)
L p
oste
rior
per
isyl
vian
reg
ion
(24.
75 c
m2 )
R s
houl
der
(24.
75 c
m2 )
1.2
mA
a/s
20 s
essi
ons
(20
min
)
Mei
nzer
, Dar
kow
et a
l. (2
016)
L M
1: C
3 (3
5 cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l reg
ion
(100
cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
8 se
ssio
ns (
20 m
in)
(2 ×
1.5
h/d
ay)
Dar
kow
et a
l. (2
017)
L M
1 (3
5 cm
2 )R
sup
raor
bita
l reg
ion
(100
cm
2 )1
mA
a/s
2 se
ssio
ns (
20 m
in)
Mar
ango
lo e
t al.
(201
7)R
cer
ebel
lar
cort
ex (
35 c
m2 )
R d
elto
id m
uscl
e (3
5 cm
2 )2
mA
c/s
5 da
ily s
essi
ons
(20
min
) pe
r ty
pe; 6
-day
inte
rval
Nor
ise
et a
l. (2
017)
a-L
IFG
(n
= 3
); c
-L I
FG (
n =
3);
a-
R I
FG (
n =
1);
c-R
IFG
(n
= 1
)C
ontr
alat
eral
mas
toid
2 m
Aa/
c/s
10 d
aily
ses
sion
s (2
0 m
in)
a an
odal
; c c
atho
dal;
DL
PF
C d
orso
late
ral p
refr
onta
l cor
tex;
h h
our(
s); I
FG
infe
rior
fro
ntal
gyr
us; L
left
; M1
prim
ary
mot
or c
orte
x; m
A m
illia
mpe
re(s
); n
num
-be
r; n
.r. n
ot r
epor
ted;
R r
ight
; s s
ham
; ST
G s
uper
ior
tem
pora
l gyr
us
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
272
Tabl
e B
3 St
udie
s in
vest
igat
ing
impa
ct o
f tD
CS
on la
ngua
ge in
pat
ient
pop
ulat
ion—
ther
apeu
tic in
form
atio
n
Art
icle
Inte
rven
tion
Out
com
e m
easu
res
Out
com
eFo
llow
-up
Hes
se e
t al.
(200
7)O
nlin
e na
min
g th
erap
y (n
ouns
)Si
gnifi
cant
impr
ovem
ent a
fter
atD
CS
(n =
3)
Non
e
Mon
ti et
al.
(200
8)N
o be
havi
oral
trea
tmen
tPi
ctur
e na
min
g (a
ccur
acy
+ r
espo
nse
times
)Si
gnifi
cant
impr
ovem
ent a
fter
ctD
CS
(n =
6)
Non
e
Bak
er e
t al.
(201
0)O
nlin
e pi
ctur
e-w
ord
mat
chin
g (n
ouns
)Pi
ctur
e na
min
g (a
ccur
acy)
Acc
urac
y im
prov
ed s
igni
fican
tly f
or tr
eate
d ite
ms
afte
r at
DC
S1
wee
k
You
et a
l. (2
011)
Onl
ine
SLT
(a
(n =
10)
, c
(n =
11)
, s (
n =
12)
)K
orea
n W
AB
Sign
ifica
nt im
prov
emen
t aft
er c
tDC
SN
one
Fior
i et a
l. (2
011)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
(nou
ns)
Pict
ure
nam
ing
(acc
urac
y +
res
pons
e tim
e)at
DC
S m
ight
hav
e an
impo
rtan
t eff
ect o
n re
cove
ry o
f an
omia
Non
e
Flöe
l et a
l. (2
011)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
(nou
ns)
Pict
ure
nam
ing
Sign
ifica
nt im
prov
emen
t on
nam
ing,
esp
ecia
lly
afte
r at
DC
S3
× 2
wee
ks
Frid
riks
son
et a
l. (2
011)
Onl
ine
spok
en w
ord-
pict
ure
mat
chin
g (n
ouns
)Pi
ctur
e na
min
g (a
ccur
acy
+ r
espo
nse
time)
+ p
ictu
re d
escr
iptio
n
atD
CS
> n
amin
g re
actio
n tim
e2
× 3
wee
ks
Jung
et a
l. (2
011)
Onl
ine
SLT
(ac
cord
ing
to
need
s of
PW
A)
Aph
asia
quo
tient
+ K
orea
n W
AB
Mos
t im
port
ant p
rogn
ostic
fac
tor:
initi
al
seve
rity
; mor
e im
prov
emen
t for
hC
VA
; si
gnifi
cant
impr
ovem
ent o
n al
l ite
ms
of
K-W
AB
; bet
ter
resu
lts in
flue
nt P
WA
with
in 1
m
afte
r st
roke
+ s
ever
e ap
hasi
a
Non
e
Kan
g et
al.
(201
1)O
nlin
e na
min
g th
erap
y (n
ouns
) +
wor
d-pi
ctur
e m
atch
ing
Pict
ure
nam
ing
(acc
urac
y +
rea
ctio
n tim
e)Im
prov
emen
t in
nam
ing
accu
racy
Non
e
Vin
es e
t al.
(201
1)O
nlin
e M
IT r
ando
mPi
ctur
e na
min
g, v
erba
l flue
ncy,
an
d pi
ctur
e de
scri
ptio
nA
sig
n>s;
in fl
uenc
y of
spe
ech
Non
e
Said
man
esh
et a
l. (2
012)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
(nou
ns)
Pict
ure
nam
ing,
wor
king
m
emor
y +
aph
asia
quo
tient
atD
CS
enha
nces
WM
+ f
unct
iona
l rec
over
y in
PW
AC
hern
ey e
t al.
(201
3)O
nlin
e or
al r
eadi
ngW
AB
Impr
ovem
ent i
n A
Q +
aud
itory
com
preh
ensi
onN
one
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
273
(con
tinue
d)
Fior
i et a
l. (2
013)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
(nou
ns +
ver
bs)
Pict
ure
nam
ing
Impr
ovem
ent i
n no
un n
amin
g af
ter
atD
CS;
in
verb
nam
ing
afte
r at
DC
S IF
G1
wee
k/4
wee
ks
Lee
et a
l. (2
013)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
(nou
ns)
+ r
eadi
ng
para
grap
hs
Pict
ure
nam
ing
(acc
urac
y +
rea
ctio
n tim
e) +
pic
ture
des
crip
tion
Impr
ovem
ent i
n na
min
g re
spon
se ti
me
for
uni-
and
bip
olar
tDC
SN
one
Mar
ango
lo, F
iori
, C
ipol
lari
et a
l. (2
013)
Onl
ine
rand
om S
LTPi
ctur
e na
min
g (r
eact
ion
time)
A s
ign>
s; 2
× f
ollo
w-u
p2
× 1
wee
k
Mar
ango
lo, F
iori
, Di
Paol
a et
al.
(201
3)O
nlin
e sy
llabl
es/w
ord
repe
titio
nR
epet
ition
Impr
ovem
ent i
n re
petit
ion
accu
racy
aft
er
bihe
mis
pher
ic tD
CS
1 w
eeks
Mar
ango
lo, F
iori
, C
alpa
gnan
o et
al.
(201
3)O
nlin
e co
nver
satio
nal
ther
apy
Spon
tane
ous
spee
chIm
prov
emen
t in
cont
ent u
nits
, ver
bs, a
nd
sent
ence
pro
duct
ion
afte
r at
DC
S1
mon
th
Sant
os e
t al.
(201
3)O
nlin
e la
ngua
ge
prod
uctio
n (n
amin
g +
ver
bal fl
uenc
y)
Com
preh
ensi
onIm
prov
emen
t of
spee
ch a
nd c
ompr
ehen
sion
Non
e
Vol
pato
et a
l. (2
013)
Offl
ine
SLT
Pict
ure
nam
ing
(acc
urac
y +
rea
ctio
n tim
e)Im
prov
emen
t in
accu
racy
and
res
pons
e tim
e fo
r 1
patie
ntN
one
Mar
ango
lo, F
iori
, Gel
fo
et a
l. (2
014)
Onl
ine
conv
ersa
tiona
l th
erap
yIm
prov
emen
t in
cohe
sive
dev
ices
aft
er a
tDC
SN
one
Ros
so e
t al.
(201
4)O
nlin
e na
min
g th
erap
y (n
ouns
)Pi
ctur
e na
min
g (a
ccur
acy)
Hig
h in
teri
ndiv
idua
l var
iabi
lity
in n
amin
g ab
ility
impr
ovem
ent a
fter
ctD
CS
Non
e
Ves
tito
et a
l. (2
014)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
(nou
ns)
Pict
ure
nam
ing
(nou
n +
ver
b ac
cura
cy)
Impr
oved
nam
ing
afte
r at
DC
S16
wee
ks
Cam
pana
et a
l. (2
015)
Onl
ine
conv
ersa
tiona
l th
erap
yPi
ctur
e de
scri
ptio
n +
ver
b/no
un
nam
ing
Impr
ovem
ent i
n pi
ctur
e de
scri
ptio
n, n
oun
+ v
erb
nam
ing
Non
e
Cip
olla
ri e
t al.
(201
5)O
nlin
e M
ITC
ompr
ehen
sive
lang
uage
bat
tery
Impr
ovem
ent i
n re
petit
ion
accu
racy
aft
er a
tDC
S1
wee
kde
Agu
iar,
Bas
tiaan
se
et a
l. (2
015)
Onl
ine
AC
TIO
N th
erap
yL
angu
age
batte
ry +
cog
nitiv
e sc
reen
ing
Impr
ovem
ent i
n ve
rb p
rodu
ctio
nN
one
Gal
letta
and
Vog
el-E
yny
(201
5)O
nlin
e se
nten
ce
com
plet
ion
Sent
ence
com
plet
ion
of n
ouns
an
d ve
rbs
Impr
ovem
ent o
f ve
rb r
etri
eval
aft
er a
tDC
SN
one
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
274
Tabl
e B
3 (c
ontin
ued)
Ric
hard
son
et a
l. (2
015)
Onl
ine
audi
tory
pic
ture
m
atch
ing
task
(n
ouns
) +
nam
ing
ther
apy
Pict
ure
nam
ing
(acc
urac
y +
res
pons
e tim
e)Im
prov
emen
t of
nam
ing
accu
racy
and
res
pons
e tim
e1
wee
k
Shah
-Bas
ak e
t al.
(201
5)O
nlin
e na
min
g th
erap
y (n
ouns
)W
AB
Tre
nd to
war
d im
prov
emen
t aft
er a
tDC
S L
D
LPF
C2
mon
ths
Wu
et a
l. (2
015)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
+ a
udito
ry
com
preh
ensi
on (
noun
s)
BD
AE
—C
hine
se v
ersi
onPA
CA
Impr
ovem
ent a
fter
atD
CS
Non
e
Mei
nzer
, Dar
kow
et a
l. (2
016)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
(nou
ns)
Pict
ure
nam
ing
(60
trai
ned;
284
un
trai
ned
item
s (=
tran
sfer
);
ever
yday
com
mun
icat
ion
(CE
TI
+ P
CQ
) (=
gene
raliz
atio
n)
Post
-int
erve
ntio
n, n
amin
g> a
fter
a/s
tDC
S;
tran
sfer
in b
oth
grou
ps; g
ener
aliz
atio
n> a
fter
at
DC
S; f
ollo
w-u
p, tr
eatm
ent g
ains
m
aint
aine
d →
eff
ectiv
enes
s of
inte
rven
tion;
fo
llow
-up,
eff
ects
for
trai
ned
item
s su
peri
or
afte
r at
DC
S; f
ollo
w-u
p, tr
ansf
er e
ffec
ts o
nly
mai
ntai
ned
afte
r at
DC
S; f
ollo
w-u
p,
gene
raliz
atio
n ef
fect
sup
erio
r af
ter
atD
CS;
all
patie
nts
belie
ved
that
they
had
rec
eive
d at
DC
S
6 m
onth
s
Dar
kow
et a
l. (2
017)
Onl
ine
nam
ing
ther
apy
AA
T +
pic
ture
nam
ing
Enh
ance
d ac
tivity
and
con
nect
ivity
with
in
nam
ing
netw
ork
afte
r a-
tDC
SN
one
Mar
ango
lo e
t al.
(201
7)O
nlin
e ve
rb g
ener
atio
n/ve
rb n
amin
gIm
prov
emen
t in
verb
gen
erat
ion
accu
racy
1 w
eek
Nor
ise
et a
l. (2
017)
Onl
ine
SLT
Pict
ure
nam
ing
Impr
ovem
ent i
n flu
ency
aft
er r
eal t
DC
S at
2-
wee
k fo
llow
-up
only
for
PW
A w
ith s
ever
e ba
selin
e
2 w
eeks
AA
T A
aken
se A
phas
ia T
est,
atD
CS
anod
al tr
ansc
rani
al d
irec
t cur
rent
stim
ulat
ion,
AQ
aph
asia
quo
tient
, BD
AE
Bos
ton
Dia
gnos
tic A
phas
ia E
xam
inat
ion,
CE
TI
com
mun
icat
ive
effe
ctiv
enes
s in
dex,
ctD
CS
cath
odal
tran
scra
nial
dir
ect c
urre
nt s
timul
atio
n, D
LP
FC
dor
sola
tera
l pre
fron
tal c
orte
x, h
CV
A h
emor
rhag
ic c
ereb
ro-
vasc
ular
acc
iden
t, IF
G in
feri
or f
ront
al g
yrus
, L le
ft, M
IT m
elod
ic in
tona
tion
ther
apy,
n n
umbe
r, PA
CA
Psy
chol
ingu
istic
Ass
essm
ent i
n C
hine
se A
phas
ia, P
CQ
pa
rtne
r co
mm
unic
atio
n qu
estio
nnai
re, P
WT
pat
ient
s w
ith a
phas
ia, s
ign
stat
istic
ally
sig
nific
ant,
SLT
spe
ech-
lang
uage
ther
apy,
stD
CS
sham
tran
scra
nial
dir
ect
curr
ent s
timul
atio
n, W
AB
Wes
tern
Aph
asia
Bat
tery
Art
icle
Inte
rven
tion
Out
com
e m
easu
res
Out
com
eFo
llow
-up
Appendix B: tDCS Studies in Aphasic Patient Populations
275
Appendix C: Clinical fMRI Scan History Form
Name: ____________________________________ Date: ___________________
• What language do you speak most in daily life? _______________________________
• What language did you speak most before age 8? _______________________________
• Any complications at your birth/delivery? _______________________________
E.g., anything require a stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care unit
• Have you ever been diagnosed with Reading _______________________________
Disability or Dyslexia?
• At what age was your first seizure? _______________________________
Have you had neurosurgery before? Yes No
Do you know what side of the brain your seizures are coming from?
Left | Right | Both | Don’t Know
Notes
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020G. P. D. Argyropoulos (ed.), Translational Neuroscience of Speech and Language Disorders, Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3
276
Scoring: Edinburgh Handedness Inventory: Short Form
Source: Veale, S. (2014). Edinburgh Handedness Inventory – Short Form: a revised version based on confirmatory factor analysis. Laterality, 19(2), 164–77.
www.jaimieveale.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Edinburgh-Handedness-Inventory-short-form.pdf
Appendix C: Clinical fMRI Scan History Form
277© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 G. P. D. Argyropoulos (ed.), Translational Neuroscience of Speech and Language Disorders, Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3
Appendix D: Example Clinical Report
Patient: PATIENT Handedness: Left
DOB, Age: –.–.– (42 years) Primary language: English
Sz onset: 30 years Years of education: 12 years
Sz focus: Left temporal Research fMRI Date: –.–.–
Report date: –.–.–
Referrer: X MD
Neuropsychologist: Y PhD
Background. PATIENT 1 is a 35 year-old woman who developed seizures aged 30. Her seizures are consistently left temporal per vEEG. MRI was unremarkable with the exception of subcortical white matter hyperintensities. The possibility of a left temporal encephalocele was raised but is uncertain. She has average overall cognitive functioning (FSIQ = 103, VCI = 98, PRI = 105), verbal memory (RAVLT LD Z = −0.5), and naming skill (BNT Z = −0.3). PATIENT is strongly left-handed (Edinburgh Handedness Inventory—Short Form laterality quotient = −100).
Question: Language lateralization.Technical (see also final page):
• Tasks: (1) Object naming [OBJ], (2) verbal naming (VRN), and (3) audi-tory naming [ARN]. Language: English. Speed: typical (3 s/item).
• Movement: Average. Excluding images with >1 mm movement or >3SD of signal variation effectively removes 1% (OBJ), 9% (VRN), and 6% (ARN) of images. In an average scan, < =5% of scans are impacted by motion.
278
• Registration: Average, very slight misalignment in some regions.• Model: Based on the above, reported data use models that are artifact
corrected.
Summary: Overall, this language mapping (Map 1) suggests:
– Broca’s: Left. – Wernicke’s: Left.
This is a good-quality and clearly left-dominant language map.In reviewing individual tasks, PATIENT did not engage Wernicke’s area on the
object naming task. As a result, a conjunction of two tasks—verbal naming (read-ing, eyes open) and auditory naming (listening, with eyes closed)—is reviewed (see images). All areas—Broca’s, Wernicke’s, Exner’s, basal temporal language area, SMA, and the angular gyrus—appear left-dominant.
Note: fMRI activations are arbitrarily discrete. Rather than representing islands of language cortex, they represent cortex where blood flow is most strongly associ-ated with a given task. Cortex surrounding these areas is typically also responsive, though to a lesser extent, and the activation here may be overly inclusive. This map will not show all language areas.
These images are available for review in the epilepsy conference.—Signature—Map 1: Conjunction of verbal responsive naming and auditory naming. Areas
of activity shown were identified separately on each of these two separate tasks. Note: right of image = left of brain. This map was created in two steps: (1) for each task separately, comparing the task with its own control to create contrasts at three thresholds [p < 0.005; p < 0.0005; p < 0.00005] and (2), for each threshold level, taking the overlap of each task contrast. The highest threshold is yellow, the lowest is red.
Comment: This patient completed the practice tasks before scanning without issue. During scanning, she was uncomfortable and moved markedly during the
Appendix D: Example Clinical Report
279
second run (visual responsive naming) with four large readjustments of her head during the last portion of the run. The other two runs included some occasional, minor movements. The tablet indicating the left hemisphere can be seen on the right of the image in the first few slices of the axial image. Skull stripping was adequate (some residual cerebrospinal fluid left around the perimeter of the skull), while a very slight misalignment in some brain areas was evident when registration of the functional and structural runs was reviewed. When the three separate tasks were reviewed, all three yielded clear maps showing all six language regions with the exception that Wernicke’s area was not visible on the object naming task at any threshold, potentially due to a lack of patient engagement during the task. As a result, the latter two tasks were combined in the final conjunction analysis.
Report Addendum
The protocol used is described below after Benjamin et al. (2017), with tasks and parameters modified as follows:
1. Object naming + verb generation > matched baseline (visually scrambled image).
Standard version (English): blocks of eight objects, 3 s each.
2. Visual naming + verb generation > matched baseline (visually scrambled image).
Standard version (English): blocks of eight objects, 3 s each.
3. Auditory naming + verb generation > matched baseline (white noise).
Standard version (English): blocks of eight objects, 3 s each.
The patient was instructed in all tasks in detail pre-scan. They were instructed to sub-vocalize all responses but not talk or move. Instructions were confirmed before and after each run. All tasks used a block design with six pairs of 24 s of task followed by 24 s of rest.
1. Object naming. A black-and-white line drawing of an object was presented. The subject’s task was to name the object and something they could do with it. This is a modified version of, e.g., Rutten et al. (2002). In the matched control, the patient was instructed to attend to and watch the same stimuli with parts randomly shuffled (visual white noise).
2. Visual naming. A brief written description of an item was presented (e.g., “tall pink bird”). The task was again to name the item (e.g., answer—flamingo) and something they could do with it (e.g., look at it). This is a modified version of the comprehension task in Gaillard et al. (2004). The control task included the same visual stimuli, scrambled (visual white noise).
3. Auditory responsive naming. An auditory cue (sentences similar to [2]) was presented. The patient’s task was again to name the object and something they could do with it. This is a modified version of the comprehension task in
Appendix D: Example Clinical Report
280
Gaillard et al. (2004). In the control task, the patient listened to the same stimuli, scrambled (auditory white noise).
Acquisition: All T2∗ sequences were acquired with parameters TR = 984 ms/TE = 30 ms/FA = 62°, 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm × 2.5 mm, 51 slices, and 387 volumes (2 dropped). Standard T2 and MPRage acquisitions were also completed.
Analysis is consistent with norms for the field, with adjustments as followed (Benjamin et al., 2018): Preprocessing: For all runs, the initial two images were dropped (B0 effects). Structural images were skull-stripped. Within SPM12, the three T2∗ runs were realigned. The T2 image was then coregistered with the MPRage. The T2∗ images were then aligned to the MPRage-coregistered T2. Images were smoothed (8 mm). Alignment of all images was evaluated visually. Quality assur-ance: Raw data were reviewed (select images and using a cine loop). Analysis with the artifact detection toolbox (ART) was also completed. T maps were reviewed for indication of motion. Modeling: Data were analyzed using the GLM. Regressors included task and matched baseline; to allow artifact-correction, additional regres-sors were included to remove the impact of each outlier image. Thresholding: Images were initially thresholded at p < 0.05 and then iteratively adjusted to obtain an optimal representation of the language areas noted above. Images were then combined to identify areas of common activation (conjunction analysis). Preference was for a map combining all three images and then for a map with two images from tasks drawing on different modalities.
Appendix D: Example Clinical Report
281© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 G. P. D. Argyropoulos (ed.), Translational Neuroscience of Speech and Language Disorders, Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3
Baker, J. M., Rorden, C., & Fridriksson, J. (2010). Using transcranial direct-current stimula-tion to treat stroke patients with aphasia. Stroke, 41(6), 1229–1236. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.576785
Benjamin, C. F. A., Li, A. X., Blumenfeld, H., Constable, R. T., Alkawadri, R., Bickel, S., … Hirsch, L. J. (2018). Presurgical language fMRI: Clinical practices and patient outcomes in epi-lepsy surgical planning. Human Brain Mapping, 39, 2777. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24039
Benjamin, C. F. A., Walshaw, P. D., Hale, K., Gaillard, W. D., Baxter, L. C., Berl, M. M., … Bookheimer, S. Y. (2017). Presurgical language fMRI: Mapping of six critical regions. Human Brain Mapping, 38, 4239–4255. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23661
Binney, R. J., Zuckerman, B. M., Waller, H. N., Hung, J., Ashaie, S. A., & Reilly, J. (2018). Cathodal tDCS of the bilateral anterior temporal lobes facilitates semantically-driven verbal fluency. Neuropsychologia, 111, 62–71.
Campana, S., Caltagirone, C., & Marangolo, P. (2015). Combining voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) with A-tDCS language treatment: Predicting outcome of recovery in nonflu-ent chronic aphasia. Brain Stimulation, 8(4), 769–776.
Cattaneo, Z., Pisoni, A., & Papagno, C. (2011). Transcranial direct current stimulation over Broca’s region improves phonemic and semantic fluency in healthy individuals. Neuroscience, 183, 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.058
Cerruti, C., & Schlaug, G. (2009). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefron-tal cortex enhances complex verbal associative thought. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 21(10), 1980–1987.
Cherney, L. R., Babbitt, E. M., Hurwitz, R., Rogers, L. M., Stinear, J., Wang, X., … Parrish, T. (2013). Transcranial direct current stimulation and aphasia: The case of Mr. C. Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation, 20(1), 5–21. https://doi.org/10.1310/tsr2001-5
Cipollari, S., Veniero, D., Razzano, C., Caltagirone, C., Koch, G., & Marangolo, P. (2015). Combining TMS-EEG with transcranial direct current stimulation language treatment in apha-sia. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 15(7), 833–845. https://doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2015.1049998
Darkow, R., Martin, A., Würtz, A., Flöel, A., & Meinzer, M. (2017). Transcranial direct current stimulation effects on neural processing in post-stroke aphasia: Neural tDCS effects in aphasia. Human Brain Mapping, 38(3), 1518–1531. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23469
References
282
de Aguiar, V., Bastiaanse, R., Capasso, R., Gandolfi, M., Smania, N., Rossi, G., & Miceli, G. (2015). Can tDCS enhance item-specific effects and generalization after linguistically moti-vated aphasia therapy for verbs? Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 9, 190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00190
De Vries, M. H., Barth, A. C., Maiworm, S., Knecht, S., Zwitserlood, P., & Flöel, A. (2010). Electrical stimulation of Broca’s area enhances implicit learning of an artificial grammar. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22(11), 2427–2436.
Ehlis, A.-C., Haeussinger, F. B., Gastel, A., Fallgatter, A. J., & Plewnia, C. (2016). Task-dependent and polarity-specific effects of prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on corti-cal activation during word fluency. NeuroImage, 140, 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.047
Fertonani, A., Brambilla, M., Cotelli, M., & Miniussi, C. (2014). The timing of cognitive plastic-ity in physiological aging: A tDCS study of naming. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00131
Fertonani, A., Rosini, S., Cotelli, M., Rossini, P. M., & Miniussi, C. (2010). Naming facilita-tion induced by transcranial direct current stimulation. Behavioural Brain Research, 208(2), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.030
Fiori, V., Cipollari, S., Di Paola, M., Razzano, C., Caltagirone, C., & Marangolo, P. (2013). tDCS stimulation segregates words in the brain: Evidence from aphasia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 269. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00269
Fiori, V., Coccia, M., Marinelli, C. V., Vecchi, V., Bonifazi, S., Ceravolo, M. G., … Marangolo, P. (2011). Transcranial direct current stimulation improves word retrieval in healthy and non-fluent aphasic subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(9), 2309–2323. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21579
Flöel, A., Meinzer, M., Kirstein, R., Nijhof, S., Deppe, M., Knecht, S., & Breitenstein, C. (2011). Short-term anomia training and electrical brain stimulation. Stroke, 42(7), 2065–2067. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.609032
Fridriksson, J., Richardson, J. D., Baker, J. M., & Rorden, C. (2011). Transcranial direct current stimulation improves naming reaction time in fluent aphasia: A double-blind, sham-controlled study. Stroke, 42(3), 819–821. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.600288
Gaillard, W. D., Balsamo, L., Xu, B., McKinney, C., Papero, P. H., Weinstein, S., … Theodore, W. H. (2004). fMRI language task panel improves determination of language dominance. Neurology, 63(8), 1403–1408.
Galletta, E. E., & Vogel-Eyny, A. (2015). Translational treatment of aphasia combining neuro-modulation and behavioral intervention for lexical retrieval: Implications from a single case study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 447. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00447
Habich, A., Klöppel, S., Abdulkadir, A., Scheller, E., Nissen, C., & Peter, J. (2017). Anodal tDCS enhances verbal episodic memory in initially low performers. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 542. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00542
Henseler, I., Mädebach, A., Kotz, S. A., & Jescheniak, J. D. (2014). Modulating brain mecha-nisms resolving lexico-semantic interference during word production: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(7), 1403–1417. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00572
Hesse, S., Werner, C., Schonhardt, E. M., Bardeleben, A., Jenrich, W., & Kirker, S. G. B. (2007). Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients: A pilot study. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 25, 9–15.
Holland, R., Leff, A. P., Josephs, O., Galea, J. M., Desikan, M., Price, C. J., … Crinion, J. (2011). Speech facilitation by left inferior frontal cortex stimulation. Current Biology, 21(16), 1403–1407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.021
Iyer, M. B., Mattu, U., Grafman, J., Lomarev, M., Sato, S., & Wassermann, E. M. (2005). Safety and cognitive effect of frontal DC brain polarization in healthy individuals. Neurology, 64, 872–875.
References
283
Jeon, S. Y., & Han, S. J. (2012). Improvement of the working memory and naming by transcra-nial direct current stimulation. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 36(5), 585. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2012.36.5.585
Jung, I.-Y., Lim, J. Y., Kang, E. K., Sohn, H. M., & Paik, N.-J. (2011). The factors associated with good responses to speech therapy combined with transcranial direct current stimulation in post-stroke aphasic patients. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 35(4), 460. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2011.35.4.460
Kang, E. K., Kim, Y. K., Sohn, H. M., Cohen, L., & Paik, N. (2011). Improved picture nam-ing in aphasia patients treated with cathodal tDCS to inhibit the right Broca’s homologue area. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 29(3), 141–152. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-2011-0587
Lee, S. Y., Cheon, H.-J., Yoon, K. J., Chang, W. H., & Kim, Y.-H. (2013). Effects of dual transcra-nial direct current stimulation for aphasia in chronic stroke patients. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, 37(5), 603. https://doi.org/10.5535/arm.2013.37.5.603
Liuzzi, G., Freundlieb, N., Ridder, V., Hoppe, J., Heise, K., Zimerman, M., … Hummel, F. C. (2010). The involvement of the left motor cortex in learning of a novel action word lexicon. Current Biology, 20(19), 1745–1751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.08.034
Manuel, A. L., & Schnider, A. (2016). Effect of prefrontal and parietal tDCS on learning and recognition of verbal and non-verbal material. Clinical Neurophysiology, 127(7), 2592–2598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.04.015
Marangolo, P., Fiori, V., Calpagnano, M. A., Campana, S., Razzano, C., Caltagirone, C., & Marini, A. (2013). tDCS over the left inferior frontal cortex improves speech production in aphasia. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 539. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00539
Marangolo, P., Fiori, V., Caltagirone, C., Pisano, F., & Priori, A. (2017). Transcranial cerebellar direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhances verb generation but not verb naming in poststroke aphasia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 30, 1–12.
Marangolo, P., Fiori, V., Cipollari, S., Campana, S., Razzano, C., Di Paola, M., … Caltagirone, C. (2013). Bihemispheric stimulation over left and right inferior frontal region enhances recovery from apraxia of speech in chronic aphasia. European Journal of Neuroscience, 38(9), 3370–3377. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12332
Marangolo, P., Fiori, V., Di Paola, M., Cipollari, S., Razzano, C., Oliveri, M., & Caltagirone, C. (2013). Differential involvement of the left frontal and temporal regions in verb naming: A tDCS treatment study. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 1, 63–72. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-120268
Marangolo, P., Fiori, V., Gelfo, F., Shofany, J., Razzano, C., Caltagirone, C., & Angelucci, F. (2014). Bihemispheric tDCS enhances language recovery but does not alter BDNF levels in chronic aphasic patients. Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, 2, 367–379. https://doi.org/10.3233/RNN-130323
Meinzer, M., Antonenko, D., Lindenberg, R., Hetzer, S., Ulm, L., Avirame, K., … Floel, A. (2012). Electrical brain stimulation improves cognitive performance by modulating functional con-nectivity and task-specific activation. Journal of Neuroscience, 32(5), 1859–1866. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4812-11.2012
Meinzer, M., Darkow, R., Lindenberg, R., & Flöel, A. (2016). Electrical stimulation of the motor cortex enhances treatment outcome in post-stroke aphasia. Brain, 139(4), 1152–1163. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww002
Meinzer, M., Lindenberg, R., Antonenko, D., Flaisch, T., & Floel, A. (2013). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation temporarily reverses age-associated cognitive decline and functional brain activity changes. Journal of Neuroscience, 33(30), 12470–12478. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5743-12.2013
Meinzer, M., Lindenberg, R., Sieg, M. M., Nachtigall, L., Ulm, L., & Floel, A. (2014). Transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex improves word-retrieval in older adults. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6, 253. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2014.00253
References
284
Monti, A., Cogiamanian, F., Marceglia, S., Ferrucci, R., Mameli, F., Mrakic-Sposta, S., … Priori, A. (2008). Improved naming after transcranial direct current stimulation in aphasia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 79(4), 451–453. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.135277
Norise, C., Sacchetti, D., & Hamilton, R. (2017). Transcranial direct current stimulation in post-stroke chronic aphasia: The impact of baseline severity and task specificity in a pilot sample. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 260. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00260
Penolazzi, B., Pastore, M., & Mondini, S. (2013). Electrode montage dependent effects of tran-scranial direct current stimulation on semantic fluency. Behavioural Brain Research, 248, 129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.007
Peretz, Y., & Lavidor, M. (2013). Enhancing lexical ambiguity resolution by brain polariza-tion of the right posterior superior temporal sulcus. Cortex, 49(4), 1056–1062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2012.03.015
Pisoni, A., Papagno, C., & Cattaneo, Z. (2012). Neural correlates of the semantic interference effect: New evidence from transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuroscience, 223, 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.046
Richardson, J. D., Datta, A., Dmochowski, J., Parra, L. C., & Fridriksson, J. (2015). Feasibility of using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) to enhance treatment outcomes in persons with aphasia. NeuroRehabilitation, 1, 115–126. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-141199
Ross, L. A., McCoy, D., Coslett, H. B., Olson, I. R., & Wolk, D. A. (2011). Improved proper name recall in aging after electrical stimulation of the anterior temporal lobes. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2011.00016
Ross, L. A., McCoy, D., Wolk, D. A., Coslett, H. B., & Olson, I. R. (2010). Improved proper name recall by electrical stimulation of the anterior temporal lobes. Neuropsychologia, 48(12), 3671–3674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.07.024
Rosso, C., Perlbarg, V., Valabregue, R., Arbizu, C., Ferrieux, S., Alshawan, B., … Samson, Y. (2014). Broca’s area damage is necessary but not sufficient to induce after-effects of cathodal tDCS on the unaffected hemisphere in post-stroke aphasia. Brain Stimulation, 7(5), 627–635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2014.06.004
Rutten, G. J. M., Ramsey, N. F., van Rijen, P. C., & van Veelen, C. W. M. (2002). Reproducibility of fMRI-determined language lateralization in individual subjects. Brain and Language, 80, 421–437.
Saidmanesh, M., Pouretemad, H. R., Amini, A., Nillipour, R., & Ekhtian, H. (2012). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory in patients with non-fluent aphasia disorder. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 7(7), 290–296.
Santos, M. D., Gagliardi, R. J., Mac-Kay, A. P. M. G., Boggio, P. S., Lianza, R., & Fregni, F. (2013). Transcranial direct-current stimulation induced in stroke patients with aphasia: A pro-spective experimental cohort study. Sao Paulo Medical Journal, 131(6), 422–426. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2013.1316595
Shah-Basak, P. P., Norise, C., Garcia, G., Torres, J., Faseyitan, O., & Hamilton, R. H. (2015). Individualized treatment with transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia due to stroke. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00201
Sparing, R., Dafotakis, M., Meister, I. G., Thirugnanasambandam, N., & Fink, G. R. (2008). Enhancing language performance with non-invasive brain stimulation—A transcranial direct current stimulation study in healthy humans. Neuropsychologia, 46(1), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.07.009
Vannorsdall, T. D., Schretlen, D. J., Andrejczuk, M., Ledoux, K., Bosley, L. V., Weaver, J. R., … Gordon, B. (2012). Altering automatic verbal processes with transcranial direct current stimu-lation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3, 73. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00073
Vannorsdall, T. D., Van Steenburgh, J. J., Schretlen, D. J., Jayatillake, R., Skolasky, R. L., & Gordon, B. (2016). Reproducibility of tDCS results in a randomized trial: Failure to replicate
References
285
findings of tDCS-induced enhancement of verbal fluency. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 29(1), 11–17.
Veale, S. (2014). Edinburgh Handedness Inventory – Short Form: a revised version based on con-firmatory factor analysis. Laterality, 19(2), 164–177.
Vestito, L., Rosellini, S., Mantero, M., & Bandini, F. (2014). Long-term effects of transcranial direct-current stimulation in chronic post-stroke aphasia: A pilot study. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 785. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2014.00785
Vines, B. W., Norton, A. C., & Schlaug, G. (2011). Non-invasive brain stimulation enhances the effects of melodic intonation therapy. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 230. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00230
Volpato, C., Cavinato, M., Piccione, F., Garzon, M., Meneghello, F., & Birbaumer, N. (2013). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of Broca’s area in chronic aphasia: A con-trolled outcome study. Behavioural Brain Research, 247, 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2013.03.029
Westwood, S. J., Olson, A., Miall, R. C., Nappo, R., & Romani, C. (2017). Limits to tDCS effects in language: Failures to modulate word production in healthy participants with frontal or tem-poral tDCS. Cortex, 86, 64–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.016
Wirth, M., Rahman, R. A., Kuenecke, J., Koenig, T., Horn, H., Sommer, W., & Dierks, T. (2011). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on behaviour and electrophysiology of language production. Neuropsychologia, 49(14), 3989–3998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.015
Wu, D., Wang, J., & Yuan, Y. (2015). Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on naming and cortical excitability in stroke patients with aphasia. Neuroscience Letters, 589, 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.045
You, D. S., Kim, D.-Y., Chun, M. H., Jung, S. E., & Park, S. J. (2011). Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation of the right Wernicke’s area improves comprehension in subacute stroke patients. Brain and Language, 119(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2011.05.002
Software
SPM12: http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/FSL: http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/ART: http://web.mit.edu/swg/
References
287© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020G. P. D. Argyropoulos (ed.), Translational Neuroscience of Speech and Language Disorders, Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35687-3
AActivation, 11, 12, 14, 22, 49, 50, 52, 58, 59,
62, 86, 88, 91, 96–98, 100, 101, 122, 124, 130, 146, 147, 157, 160, 163, 164, 206, 210, 212–220, 223, 228–230, 242, 278, 280
Age, 12, 48, 70, 76, 91, 94, 96, 106, 124, 212, 213, 228, 234, 250
Aging, 21, 22, 24, 96, 122Agrammatic PPA/PPA-G, 27–29, 32, 34Agrammatism, 122, 123, 145, 244Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 2, 22–31, 35Anatomy/anatomical/neuroanatomy/
neuroanatomical, 3, 6, 7, 9, 50, 73, 74, 95, 125, 142, 146, 147, 149, 178–181, 188, 206, 218, 230, 241, 242, 244, 247, 252, 253
Angular gyrus/gyri, 207, 209, 217, 230, 278Animal models, 1, 2, 14, 49, 51–62Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation
(anodal tDCS/atDCS), 33, 34, 84, 88, 90, 92–94, 96, 99, 102, 103, 105, 149, 159, 163, 247
Aphasia, 2, 6–14, 22, 88, 122, 164, 182, 243Apraxia of speech/speech apraxia (AoS), 59,
101–103, 105, 106, 184, 244Articulation/articulatory, 7, 8, 59, 72, 90, 93,
101, 102, 105, 128, 143, 145, 189, 243, 248
Ataxia/ataxic, 93, 104, 143, 163Auditory, 7, 30, 33, 34, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 57,
60–62, 129, 132, 157, 159, 167, 216–219, 229, 230, 243, 245, 277, 279, 280
BBasal temporal language area, 207, 210, 213,
230, 278Bilateral, 34, 87, 90, 96, 131, 143, 183,
208–210, 230, 247Blood flow, 12, 214, 221, 226, 278Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD), 146,
163, 190, 224, 225Broca/Broca’s area, 6, 7, 34, 72, 86, 92, 93,
100, 102, 127, 129–131, 157, 160, 209, 210, 212, 229, 230, 234, 242–245, 278
Brodmann area (BA), 8, 93, 233, 243
CCathodal transcranial direct current
stimulation (cathodal tDCS/ctDCS), 23, 84, 92–95, 98, 149, 158–160
Caudate nucleus, 72–74, 163Cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI), 149, 150,
163, 164Cerebellum, 3, 50, 74, 142Children/childhood, 2, 3, 47–50, 54–59, 61,
62, 69–76, 124, 182Compensation/compensatory, 2, 3, 6, 11, 13,
22, 29, 59, 72–75, 82, 98, 104, 124, 160, 165, 188, 191, 251
Comprehension, 7, 24, 26, 27, 30, 33, 34, 47, 49, 89, 92, 122–124, 127, 129, 132, 157, 167, 208, 209, 228, 243, 245–248, 279
Computerized cognitive training (CCT), 29, 30
Index
288
Connectivity, 9, 23, 50, 85, 96, 146, 165, 166, 188, 214, 251
Consonant, 52Continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS),
126, 131, 148, 156, 158Contralateral, 10, 11, 86, 87, 102, 103, 142,
145, 148, 149Contralesional, 11, 13, 98, 101, 104,
124–127, 129Cortex/cortical, 4, 6, 23, 49, 71, 82, 125, 142,
178, 251
DDeclarative learning/declarative memory,
3, 71–76Developmental language disorder (DLD), 1, 2,
70, 72–74, 76Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), 8, 146, 181,
182, 186, 188, 191, 251Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), 181Direct cortical stimulation (DCS), 179–181,
184, 187, 188, 190, 191Dominance/dominant, 11, 124, 132, 178, 182,
187, 188, 190, 191, 206, 208–210, 215, 217, 218, 228–230, 234, 278
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), 31, 34, 86, 90, 91, 95, 146, 163
Dysarthria, 93, 101–104, 106, 143, 163–165, 184
Dyslexia/developmental dyslexia (DD), 1, 2, 47–62, 70, 71, 74, 144
EElectrical cortical stimulation (ECS), 208,
210–213, 229Electroencephalography (EEG), 49, 86,
183, 208Epilepsy, 1, 4, 23, 187, 188, 206–227,
230–233, 278Excitation, 90, 104, 125Executive functions (EF), 23–26, 29,
30, 69, 242Exner’s area, 210, 230
FFacilitation/facilitatory, 31, 85, 125, 127, 128,
148, 149, 158, 159, 164, 165Fiber/fiber tracking (FT), 7, 8, 149, 181, 182,
186, 188, 191, 251Fluency, 7, 24–26, 29–32, 34, 47–49, 54, 71,
89, 91, 96, 128, 130, 143, 145, 146,
150, 156, 158, 159, 163, 215–217, 220, 245, 247
Fractional anisotropy (FA), 146, 181Fronto-temporal dementia (FTD), 22, 34Functional connectivity (FC), 8–10, 23, 98,
103, 105, 127, 146, 149, 159, 163, 165, 252
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 1, 8, 49, 103, 129, 157, 190, 206–227, 275–276, 278
GGene/genetics, 1, 2, 47–62, 97Gray matter (GM), 145, 247
HHemodynamic response function (HRF), 222Hippocampus, 75, 207, 210
IInferior frontal gyrus (IFG), 11, 22, 34, 73, 86,
91, 92, 100, 102, 103, 105, 126, 127, 129, 131, 146, 160, 209, 243, 247
Inhibition, 23, 85, 89, 90, 101, 104, 105, 129, 148, 149
Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), 126, 130, 131, 148, 163, 164
Interventions, 2, 21–36, 49, 70, 98, 122, 158, 247
Ipsilateral, 9, 10, 103, 146, 150, 185, 208Ipsilesional, 101, 125, 129
LLanguages, 1, 6, 21, 48, 70, 122, 142,
206, 241Lateralization, 96, 144, 146, 187, 190, 191,
208–211, 213, 234, 277Learning, 2, 10, 23, 52, 70, 84, 123, 159, 250Left hemisphere (LH), 11, 22, 30, 31, 34, 98,
100–102, 122, 124, 126, 130–132, 166, 208, 210, 243, 245
Lesion, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 98, 99, 101, 102, 124, 143–145, 148, 158, 160, 166, 180, 183, 185, 188, 210, 211, 241–253
Lesion-symptom mapping (LSM), 4, 241–253
Lexical, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31–33, 75, 86, 89, 91, 92, 122, 150, 156, 157, 159
Logopenic PPA/PPA-L, 27, 28, 32–35
Index
289
MMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 105,
145–147, 178, 180–183, 186, 190, 221, 225, 227, 243, 248, 251, 252, 277
Magnetoencephalography (MEG), 49, 190, 191
Memory, 2, 3, 23–25, 27–30, 54, 55, 59, 69–76, 94, 131, 145, 156–158, 164, 206, 208, 210, 215, 242, 243, 250, 277
Middle temporal gyrus (MTG), 209, 210, 245
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 2, 24–31MilliAmpères (mA), 85, 148, 189Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), 225,
230, 246, 250
NNaming, 11, 23, 73, 86, 145, 179, 207, 243Navigated repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (nrTMS), 179–183, 185–192
Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS), 180–184, 187–189, 191, 192
Neuron/neurons, 9, 10, 13, 23, 50, 51, 54, 57, 59, 60, 73, 82, 84–85, 87, 88, 95–97, 125, 147, 149, 160, 166, 179, 180, 191
Neuronavigation/neuronavigational/neuronavigated, 4, 178, 180, 182, 186, 188
Noun/nouns, 26–28, 32, 123, 157
OOccipital, 94, 207
PParietal, 7, 8, 50, 92, 96, 105, 163, 207, 217,
230, 243Patient/patients, 1, 7, 22, 83, 122, 143, 178,
206, 241Perception, 30, 52, 58, 60, 165, 167Perilesional, 11, 12, 22, 88, 98, 100, 104, 105,
124–126, 166Perisylvian, 7, 11, 12, 50, 86, 163, 187,
188, 249Phonology/phonological, 27, 31, 33, 47–50,
72, 89–92, 94, 98, 122, 143–146, 184
Plastic/plasticity, 9, 10, 13, 14, 23, 30, 31, 35, 54–56, 61, 62, 75, 82, 84, 124, 125, 131, 147, 149, 178, 251
Positron emission tomography (PET), 11, 50, 129, 160, 218, 225
Postoperative, 178, 188, 189, 207, 212, 213, 217
Post-stroke, 2, 6–13, 22, 34, 98, 99, 127, 129–131, 248, 251
Prefrontal, 8, 24, 91, 96, 148, 159, 164Preoperative/presurgical, 4, 178–192,
206–227, 230, 233Primary progressive aphasia (PPA), 2, 8,
22–29, 31–35Priming, 25, 87, 88, 123, 127, 156, 157, 159Procedural deficit hypothesis (PDH), 72–76Production, 9, 26–28, 31–34, 59, 60, 86, 89,
91–93, 102, 104–106, 123, 124, 128, 157, 209, 243, 245–247
RReading, 26, 47, 70, 86, 122, 144, 211, 248Recovery, 2, 6, 22, 75, 97, 122, 186, 208, 248Rehabilitation/rehabilitatory, 2, 3, 6–14, 95,
99, 103, 105, 122–133, 165, 253Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
(rTMS), 1, 3, 4, 23, 29–31, 33, 34, 122, 125–133, 148, 157, 158, 160, 163, 178–192
Right hemisphere (RH), 2, 11, 12, 22, 31, 86, 100, 101, 124, 126, 127, 129, 131, 156, 166, 208, 209
SSemantic PPA/PPA-S, 27–29, 32, 34, 35Semantic/semantics, 25–35, 71, 76, 89–92, 94,
96, 104, 122, 130, 131, 143, 144, 156, 159, 163, 178, 184, 185, 191, 207, 215–218, 220, 247
Sentence/sentences, 27, 30, 32, 34, 59, 122–124, 128, 157, 159, 167, 247, 279
Sham, 31, 34, 84, 93, 102, 103, 126–132, 164, 166, 167
Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 52, 57–60
Skull, 85, 95, 97, 147, 149, 167, 223, 228, 279
Speech, 1, 23, 49, 70, 122, 142, 184, 206, 242
Statistical, 73, 206, 216–217, 222–226, 228, 229, 234, 245, 246, 249, 252
Index
290
Stroke, 6, 9, 12, 13, 22, 98, 100–102, 104, 122, 126, 127, 130, 165, 166, 244, 245, 247–249, 251
Subcortical, 4, 7, 10, 142, 178, 188, 189, 252Superior temporal gyrus (STG), 73, 90, 91,
125, 129, 146, 160, 207, 217, 230, 244, 247, 248
Supramarginal gyrus/gyri, 59Surgery, 1, 4, 150, 179, 181, 187–189, 192,
206–213, 218Synapsis/synapses, 10, 12Synaptic, 10, 23, 30, 55, 82, 88, 125Syntax/syntactic, 8, 24–26, 32, 34, 89, 92,
104, 123, 144
TTasks, 3, 8, 24, 48, 73, 123, 143, 179, 206, 243Temporal cortex/temporal gyrus, 49, 52, 91,
92, 210, 213, 230, 245Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), 207, 209,
210, 212Therapy, 2, 3, 14, 30–35, 61, 83, 87–89, 92,
97–101, 103, 105, 106, 122, 125, 127–132, 165, 250
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS), 130, 148Training, 4, 10, 12–14, 24, 30, 32, 33, 35, 49,
55, 56, 61, 88, 93, 94, 97, 102, 105, 123, 124, 127, 129, 164, 192, 214, 217, 222, 230
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), 1, 23, 89, 103, 147, 242, 259, 263, 269–274
Tumors, 1, 4, 8, 150, 178, 181, 187–190, 192, 207, 211, 212, 216–217, 234, 247, 248, 251
UUnilateral, 10, 87, 100, 101
VVerb/verbs, 25–28, 31–34, 75, 157, 164, 165,
219, 220, 279Visual, 49, 61, 62, 74, 91, 94, 122, 144, 156,
158, 159, 183, 189, 208, 211, 216–219, 228, 246, 279, 280
Vowel, 102Voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping
(VLBM), 247, 249–253Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping
(VLSM), 145, 245–247Voxel-based morphometry (VBM),
145, 247Voxels, 181, 208, 211, 213, 217, 220–226,
228, 245–247, 249, 250, 252
WWada test, 190, 191, 206, 207Wernicke/wernicke’s area, 7, 86, 160, 209,
212, 213, 229, 230, 234, 243, 278, 279
White matter (WM), 6, 58, 59, 96, 98, 125, 146, 178, 181, 188, 189, 191, 221, 243, 247, 251, 277
Word/words, 7, 25, 48, 72, 86, 122, 144, 215
Working memory, 24, 25, 27, 59, 73, 89, 95, 150, 165, 215, 242, 243, 250
Writing, 26, 70, 86, 102, 122, 129, 144, 242
Index
