Appendix A. RF Signals Simulink Models

Appendix A. RF Signals Simulink Models

RF Signals for Indoor GRFS Systems

RF Signals for Wireless Networks

Figure A.1 includes a description of a baseband model of an IEEE® 802.11a

physical layer WLAN [1]. The model supports all mandatory and optional data

rates: 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, and 54 Mb/s. The demo also illustrates adaptive

modulation and coding over a dispersive multipath fading channel, whereby the

simulation varies the data rate dynamically. Note that the model uses an artificially

high channel fading rate to make the data rate change more quickly and thus make

the visualization more animated and instructive [1].

The demonstration contains components that model the essential features of the

WLAN 802.11a standard. The top row of block contains the WLAN 802.11

transmitter components as illustrated in Fig. A.2; while the bottom row contains

the receiver components as depicted in Fig. A.2 [1]. Further details about this block

can be obtained in [1].

Figure A.4 illustrates Simulink simulation results of the Simulink Block diagram

of Fig. A.1. Starting from top to bottom and from left to right we have:

1. TX Data: the transmitter binary data stream.

2. Un-equalized signal: the I and Q of the unequalized received signal.

3. RX power spectrum (dB): the double sided RX power spectrum in (dB).

4. SNR (dB): the signal-to-noise ratio at the input of the receiver in (dB).

5. Equalized signal: equalized I and Q symbols. Current plot in Fig. A.4 shows 64

QAM modulation. (Other forms of modulation are BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM, 64

QAM as shown in Fig. A.3).

6. Equalized power spectrum: equalized power spectrum after the equalization on

the receiver side.

7. Bit rate (Mb/s): variable bit rate of theWLAN. Current plot in Fig. A.4 shows bit

rates on 24, 36, 48 Mb/s.

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301

Figure A.5 provides a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of

IEEE® 802.11b WLAN Physical Layer.

Figure A.6 shows a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of

IEEE® 802.11b WLAN Physical Layer Transmitter (Top) and Receiver (Bottom).

Figure A.7 presents a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of

IEEE® 802.11b WLAN Physical Layer instrumentation (left) and instruments

Fig. A.1 A description of the Simulink block diagram of IEEE® 802.11a WLAN Physical Layer.

Reprinted with permission copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [1]

Fig. A.2 A description of the Simulink block diagram of IEEE® 802.11a WLAN Physical Layer

Transmitter and Receiver. Reprinted with permission copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks,

Inc. [1]

302 Appendix A. RF Signals Simulink Models

Fig. A.4 A description of Simulink simulation of the IEEE® 802.11a WLAN Physical Layer.


Fig. A.3 A description of the Simulink block diagram of IEEE® 802.11a WLAN Physical Layer

Receiver Demodulator showing BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM demodulation. Reprinted

with permission copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [1]

RF Signals for Indoor GRFS Systems 303

(right). Figure A.8 offers a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of

IEEE® 802.11b WLAN Physical Layer BER meters and Fig. A.9 summarizes a

description of Simulink simulation results of the baseband IEEE® 802.11b

Fig. A.5 A description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of IEEE® 802.11b WLAN

Physical Layer. Reprinted with permission copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [2]


Physical Layer Transmitter (top) and Receiver (bottom). Reprinted with permission copyright

# 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [2]


WLAN Physical Layer. Other WLAN Simulink forms of the IEEE 802.11 are

very similar with 802.11a and 802.11b; therefore, we leave them as an exercise for

the reader.


Physical Layer instrumentation (left) and instruments (right). Reprinted with permission copyright



Physical Layer BER meters. Reprinted with permission copyright# 2006–2009 The MathWorks,

Inc. [2]


Figure A.10 shows a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of

IEEE® 802.15.3 UWB Multiband OFDM Physical Layer. Figure A.11 illustrates a

description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of IEEE® 802.15.3 UWB

Multiband OFDM Physical Layer Transmitter (top) and Receiver (bottom). And

Fig. A.12 depicts a description of Simulink simulation results of the baseband

IEEE® 802.15.3 UWB Multiband OFDM Physical Layer.

The Simulink design shown in Fig. A.10 only considers the QPSK modulation.

One can redesign the Simulink to take into consideration other forms of modulation

such as trellis coded QPSK and 16/32/64-QAM which will result in a very similar

Simulink implementation as the one shown in Fig. A.3. We will leave this as an

exercise for the reader. Again, I would like to stress that my main objective in this

book is to provide a broad and detailed description of the RF signals and workable

Simulink demos that an experienced designer can go ahead and build more

Fig. A.9 A description of Simulink simulation results of the baseband IEEE® 802.11b WLAN

Physical Layer. Reprinted with permission copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [2]


Fig. A.10 A description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of IEEE® 802.15.3 UWB

Multiband OFDM Physical Layer. Reprinted with permission copyright# 2006–2009 The Math-

Works, Inc. [3]

Fig. A.11 A description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of IEEE® 802.15.3 UWB

Multiband OFDM Physical Layer Transmitter (top) and Receiver (bottom). Reprinted with

permission copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [3]


Fig. A.12 A description of Simulink simulation results of the baseband IEEE® 802.15.3 UWB

Multiband OFDM Physical Layer. Reprinted with permission copyright# 2006–2009 The Math-

Works, Inc. [3]


sophisticated and more realistic Simulink models and run more accurate simulation

results which are as close to the real life as possible.

RF Signals for Urban GRFS Systems

RF signals for urban GRFS systems include: (1) RF signals for mobile systems and

metropolitan area networks (MAN) in Sect. A.2.1.

RF Signals for Mobile Systems and Metropolitan Area Networks

Figure A.13 depicts a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of

CDMA2000 Physical Layer. Figure A.14 shows a description of the baseband

Simulink block diagram of CDMA2000 Physical Layer Transmitter (first two top

plots) and Receiver (bottom two top plots). Figure A.15 illustrates a description of

the baseband Simulink simulation results block diagram of CDMA2000 Physical

Layer [4].

Figure A.16 indicates a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of

IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM Physical Layer Including Space–Time Block Coding.

Figure A.17 presents a description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of IEEE

802.16-2004 OFDM Physical Layer Including Space–Time Block Coding Trans-

mitter (top) and Receiver (bottom). And Fig. A.18 shows a description of the

Fig. A.13 A description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of CDMA2000 Physical Layer.


RF Signals for Urban GRFS Systems 309

baseband Simulink simulation results of IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM Physical Layer

Including Space–Time Block Coding [5].

RF Signals for Satellite GRFS Systems

For the purpose of this book and for the purpose of this chapter, the satellite signals

of interests are those used as part of RF signals for Global Navigation Satellite

Systems (GNSS); (2) communications connectivity for voice, data, video, and

Fig. A.14 A description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of CDMA2000 Physical Layer

Transmitter (first two top plots) and Receiver (bottom two top plots). Reprinted with permission

copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [4]


picture as treated in Sect. A.3.1 and part of the RF signals for satellite television

technology (STT).

RF Signals for Satellite Television Technology

Figure A.19 depicts a description of a baseband Simulink block diagram of the RF

Satellite Link [6] which starts with: (1) a satellite downlink transmitter (see

Fig. A.20 (top)); (2) the downlink path (free space path loss) and Doppler and

Fig. A.15 A description of the baseband Simulink simulation results block diagram of

CDMA2000 Physical Layer. Reprinted with permission copyright# 2006–2009 The MathWorks,

Inc. [4]

RF Signals for Satellite GRFS Systems 311

Fig. A.16 A description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM

Physical Layer Including Space–Time Block Coding. Reprinted with permission copyright


Fig. A.17 A description of the baseband Simulink block diagram of IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM

Physical Layer Including Space–Time Block Coding Transmitter (top) and Receiver (bottom).Reprinted with permission copyright # 2006–2009 The MathWorks, Inc. [5]


phase error (phase and frequency offset); (3) Ground station downlink receiver (see

Fig. A.20 (bottom)). Figure A.20 shows a description of a baseband Simulink block

diagram of the RF satellite link transmitter (top) and receiver (bottom) [6]. As

shown in Fig. A.20 (top), the Satellite downlink transmitter block diagram contains

a random integer generator, a rectangular 16-QAM modulator, a square root raised

cosine filter, a high power amplifier, and Tx dish antenna. In Fig. A.20 (bottom),

the ground station downlink receiver shows the Rx dish antenna gain, the phase

noise, the I/Q imbalance, DC removal, magnitude AGC, Doppler and phase com-

pensation, raised cosine receive filter, and the rectangular 16-QAM. Figure A.21

presents simulation results of a baseband Simulink block diagram of the RF

Satellite Link [6]. The top plot shows the Tx and Rx spectrum in (dB) versus

the frequency (Hz). In the pass-band, (40 kHz double side band centered at the

0 Hz line) both the Tx and Rx spectrum overlap with each other; however, in the

stop-band, the Tx spectrum is below the Rx spectrum due to noise and other channel

impairments such as Doppler and Phase rotation, I/Q imbalance etc. in the Rx

signal. Next, we have the constellations before and after high power amplifier in

Fig. A.18 A description of the baseband Simulink simulation results of IEEE 802.16-2004

OFDM Physical Layer Including Space–Time Block Coding. Reprinted with permission copyright



Fig. A.21 (plots 2 and 3 from the top). The last two plots of Fig. A.21 are the end-to-

end constellation scatter plot which clearly indicates that the 16-symbol-signals as

shown in Ref [6]. This concludes the example of a voice satellite radio RF link

Simulink demo and all the other Simulink demos in the book.

Fig. A.19 A description of a baseband Simulink block diagram of the RF Satellite Link.


Fig. A.20 A description of a baseband Simulink block diagram of the RF Satellite Link Trans-

mitter (top) and Receiver (bottom). Reprinted with permission copyright # 2006–2009 The

MathWorks, Inc. [6]


This concludes the Simulink demo case studies of this first edition because we

have provided enough case studies to illustrate some of the hottest signal designs in

the communications world. Other signal designs such as Satellite TV, Video

Broadcasting, GPS etc. can be illustrated in the same manner as these which we

might include them either in separate publications or in future editions of this book.

References

1. Demo of an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of a wireless local area network

(WLAN) according to the IEEE® 802.11a standard. The MathWorks, Inc., Copyright

2006–2009, MATLAB and Simulink 2009b.

Fig. A.21 A description of a baseband Simulink simulation results of IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM

Physical Layer Including Space–Time Block Coding. Reprinted with permission copyright



2. Demo of an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of a wireless local area network

(WLAN) according to the IEEE® 802.11b standard. The MathWorks, Inc., Copyright


3. Demo of an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of a Ultra Wide Band (UWB)

Multiband OFDM according to the IEEE® 802.15.3a standard The MathWorks, Inc., Copyright


4. Demo of an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of the CDMA2000 standard. The

MathWorks, Inc., Copyright 2006–2009, MATLAB and Simulink 2009b.

5. Demo of an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of the IEEE 802.16-2004 OFDM

including Space-Time Block Coding. The MathWorks, Inc., Copyright 2006–2009, MATLAB

and Simulink 2009b.

6. Demo of an end-to-end baseband model of the physical layer of the RF Satellite Link. The

MathWorks, Inc., Copyright 2006–2009, MATLAB and Simulink 2009b.

References 317

Appendix A. RF Signals Simulink Models

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