303© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 Z. Eyadat et al. (eds.), Islam, State, and Modernity, Middle East Today, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59760-1

• 27 December 1935: the birth of Mohammed Abed al-Jabri in the city of Figuig, east of Morocco, where he completed his elementary schooling.

• June 1965: acquiring a Baccalaureate Degree, and first contact with the Moroccan Leftist Mahdi ben Barka.

• June 1958: spends his first year of the university in Damascus; acquires “General Knowledge” certificate.

• October 1958: studies in the Philosophy Department (School of Arts and Social Sciences in Rabat), from which he receives B.A. degree in June, 1961.

• 16 July 1963: arrested with the rest of his comrades in the Socialist Union Party, where he remained in detention for 2 months.

• March 1964: contributed to the publications of “aqlām” magazine, which played an important cultural role in Morocco during 20 years of continuous publications.

• March 1965: arrested another time with a group of teachers and then released.

• November 1966: published the highly accredited philosophy school book in Morocco, “Courses in Philosophy”, jointly with Professor Ahmad Al Satati and Professor Mustafa Al Omari. The book played a pioneering role in spreading philosophical awareness among stu-dents in Morocco.

Appendix: Al-JAbri’s biogrAphicAl sketch

304 APPENDIx: AL-JABRI’S BIOGRAPhICAL SKETCh

• 1970: acquired the first PhD in philosophy in modern Morocco, on Ibn Khaldun; the defence committee comprised two French Orientalists and researchers, henry Laust and Roger Arnaldez, and Arab researchers Najeed Baladi, Amjad Tarablusi and Ibrahim Boutaleb.

• October 1971: promoted as a higher education professor, after hav-ing been as assistant professor since 1967.

• 1971: the publication of his first book, which is originally his PhD thesis: al-‘asabiyya wa dawla: ma‘alem nakhariyya khalduniyya fī attārikh al-islāmi [Group Feeling and the State: Manifestations of a Khaldunian Theory of History of Arab-Islamic Societie].

• 1973: the publication of al-Jabri’s second book aḍwāʼ ʻalā mushkil attaʻlīm bi-l-maghrib [Problems of Education in Morocco].

• Fall of 1974: was elected as a member of the political office of the Socialist Union party.

• 1976: publication of the book “An Introduction to the Philosophy of Sciences” in two parts. It is the book that gave rise to epistemologi-cal studies in Morocco.

• 1977: publication of his book “Towards a Progressive Vision of Some of Our Intellectual and Educational Issues”, which outlined al-Jabri’s project of reading the tradition.

• 1980: publications of his book “naḥnu wa-al-turāth” [Us and the Tradition], which is considered in the east as the true beginning to al-Jabri’s examination of the tradition (translated in Spanish).

• 5 April 1981: resigned from the political office of the Socialist Union. It was the third and final resignation after he first resigned in 8 October 1978 and then in 6 October 1980, both of which were rejected. This resignation marked his complete departure (except for keeping good relations with the party’s leadership, and keeping in writing with its gazette) towards intellectual and aca-demic work.

• 1982: the publication of the book al-khitāb al-‘arabī al-mu‘āṣir [Contemporary Arab Discourse].

• 1984: publication of the first volume of his project Critique of Arab Reason takwīn al-‘aql al-‘arabī [Formation of Arab Reason], trans-lated into Turkish fully, and to Farsi partially.

• 1986: Publication of the second volume of Critique of Arab Reason, binyat al-‘aql al-’arabī [Structure of Arab Reason].

APPENDIx: AL-JABRI’S BIOGRAPhICAL SKETCh 305

• 1988: the publication of ishkāliyyāt al-fikr al-’arabī al-mu‘āṣir [Problems of Arab Contemporary Thought] (partially translated to English).

• June 1988: received the Baghdad Award for Culture from UNESCO; in the late 1980s, he apologized for not accepting Saddam hussein Award, which amounts to 100 thousand dollars.

• 1990: publications of the third volume of Critique of Arab Reason, al-‘aql al-siyyāsī al-‘arabī [Arab Political Reason]; engaged in a notable dialogue with the Arab-Egyptian philosopher hassan hanafi on the pages of “al yawm as-sābi’” magazine.

• 1991: the publication of al-turāth wal-ḥadātha: dirāsāt wa munāqashāt [Tradition and Modernity: Studies and Discussions].

• The publication of a collection of essays and chapters in French titled An Introduction to Critique of Arab Reason (translated to Italian, English, Portuguese, Spanish, Japanese and Indonesian).

• 1994: publication of al-mas‘ala athaqāfiyya [The Question of Culture].

• 1995: publication of two books, al-muṭaqqafūn fil ḥadāra al-‘arabiyya [The Intellectuals in Arab Civilization] and mas’alat al-hawiyya [The Question of Identity].

• 1996: the publication of addīn wa ddawla wa taṭbīq asharī‘a [Religion, the state and the Application of Shari’a] and al-mashrū‘ annahḍawī al-‘arabī [Arabic Renaissance Project].

• September 1997: publication of fikr wa naqd [Thought and Critique] magazine (with Mohammad Ibrahim Bou’lou and Abdessalam ben Abdel Ali) and in the same year, he published addīmuqratiyya wa ḥuqūq al-insān [Democracy and human Rights], qadāya fī al-fikr al-mu‘āṣir [Issues in Contemporary Thought], attanmiyya al-bashariyya wa al-ḥuṣuṣiyya asūsyū-thaqāfiyya [human Development and Socio-Cultural Specificity] (published by UN-ESCWA, and translated to English), [A Point of View: Towards Rebuilding Contemporary Arab Thought]; he also published the first part of his autobiography: ḥafriyyāt fī a-ḏākira min ba‘īd [Excavations in Memory from Distance], followed later by a trilogy entitled fī ghimār assiyyāsa [Amidst Politics] about Morocco modern history and politics and his involvement in it.

• 1997–1998: supervised the republication of Ibn Rushd origi-nal works (faṣl al-maqāl, al-kashf ‘an manāhij al-adilla, tahāfut al-tahāfut, al-kuliyyāt fī-aṭib; aḍarūrī fī assiyyāsa) as well as the

306 APPENDIx: AL-JABRI’S BIOGRAPhICAL SKETCh

publication of the book Ibn Rushd: sīra wa fiqr [Averroes: Life and Thought].

• May 1999: earned the Magharibiyya Cultural Award (Tunisia).• 2001: the publication of the fourth volume of Critique of Arab

Reason, al-‘aql al-akhlāqī al-‘arabī [Arabic Ethical Reason].• October 2002: retirement after a career that extended over 45 years

in education, in which he moved from teach to professor; in this year, he apologizes for not accepting Al-Gaddafi Award for human Rights, which amounts to 25 thousand dollars.

• First of March 2002: publishing a series of Position Papers, mawāqif, including a collection of al-Jabri’s articles and dialogues, amounting to 79 handbooks.

• 2005: received two awards, the Award for Intellectual Studies in the Arab World (November) and the Pioneer’s Award by the Institute of Arab Thought (December).

• 2006: received UNESCO’s medal on the occasion of World Philosophy day (November).

• September 2005: publication of fī al-hāja ilā naqd al-iṣlāḥ [Criticizing the Need for Reform].

• September 2006: Publication of madkhal ilā al-qur’ān al-karīm [An Introduction to the Qur’ān]; October 2008, received the Averroes Award for Free Thought; the publication of fahm al-qur’ān al-ḥakīm: attafsīr al-wādiḥ ḥasaba tartīb annuzūl [Understanding the Judicious Qur’ān: A Clear Exegesis According to the Sequence of Revelation], in three volumes; until 2013, this work has been re-published every year except for 2011.

• 3 May 2010: al-Jabri passes away in Casablanca.

307© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 Z. Eyadat et al. (eds.), Islam, State, and Modernity, Middle East Today, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-59760-1

Achmad Siddiq, 151Affaya, 194Aflaq, 275, 276, 294Ahkām, 179, 180Ahl al-kitāb, 116Ahl al-sunna, 149–151, 157Ahl al-sunna wal-jamāʿa, 151Ahlussunah wal Jama’ah throughout

history, 152Ahmad Ali Riyadi, 156Ahmad Baso, 153–159Ahmad ibn hanbal, 157Ahmad Riyadi, 157Ahmed Mahfoud, 6, 141Al-‘adl, 275Al-ʿalam newspaper, 83Al-Andalus, 10, 48, 212Al-‘aql al-akhlāqī al-‘arabī. See

Critique of Arab Reason, and Critique

Al-bayān, 9, 67, 68, 239Albert hourani, 3, 273Al-burhān, 9, 67, 211Al-Dhahabi, 44ALESCO, 84À l’Européenne, 271

AAbbasid, 28, 35, 92, 94, 157, 175,

177, 206, 210, 235, 238, 239, 255, 260

Abdallah Laroui. See LarouiAbd al-hamid Ibn Badis, 209Abd al-Malik, 29Abd al-Rahmane al-Kawakibi, 275Abd al-Salam ibn ‘Abd al-‘Ali, 18, 190Abdelilah Belkeziz, 277, 278Abdelilah Belqeziz, 18, 190Abdelkader Al Ghouz, 190Abdel Karim Lahlou, 130Abdellilah Benkirane, 190Abdel-Nour, 198Abdelwahab al-Massiri, 276Abdolkarim Sorouch, 171Abdou Filali-Ansari, 176Abdullah. See Amin AbdullahAbdullahi an-Na’im, 160Abdullah R. Lux, 18, 183, 190Abdulrahman Badawi, 98Abdurrahman Wahid, 151, 152, 158,

159Abu hanifa, 57Abyssinia, 116

index

308 INDEx

Al-Farabi, 49, 86, 212, 261, 289Al-Fassi, 83Al-Ghazali, 10, 12, 35, 49, 58, 92, 94,

112, 135, 151, 154, 157, 207, 232, 235, 236, 263

Al Ghouz, 190Al-hadith, 47, 92Al-hallaj, 42Al-harith Ibn Usaid al-Muhasibi, 235Al-husri, 276Ali Abdel-Raziq, 138Ali Abderrazeq, 275, 277Ali harb, 7, 12, 85, 86Ali Ibn Abi Talib, 177, 226Ali Khalifah al-Kuwari, 194Al-ʿiqd al-farīd, 233Al-‘irfān, 67, 211Al-Isfahani, 235, 236Al-Iz Ibn Abd Assalam, 236, 239,

263, 283Al-Jabri five value systems, 10Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi, 151Al-Kawakibi, 275Al-khitāb al-ʿarabī al-muʿāṣir, 86, 304Al-kutla at-tārīkhiyya. See historical

blockAllal al-Fassi, 83Al-maghrib. See MaghrebAl-manzila bayna al-manzilatayn, 227Al-mashriq. See MashreqAl-maslaḥa al-‘āma, 10, 282Al-Mawardi, 34, 235, 263Al-Muhasibi, 57, 58, 235Al-mustaqbal al-ʿarabī, 196Al-muthaqafūn al-ʿarab wa al-turāth,

89Al-nabī al-ummī, 116Al-nubuwwa, 117Al-Qaeda, 2Al-Qaradawi, 277Al-Rashid, 28

Al-Samraʾi, 87Al-Sayyid Abul A‘la Maududi, 209Al-Shafi‘ī, 151Al-Shahrastani, 45Al-Shatibi, 11, 49, 150, 156, 283Al-shūrā, 177, 214, 287Al-Sisi, 209Al-Tahtawi, 19, 274Althusserian, 254Al-tajdid, 25, 37, 93, 145Al-tajriba al-rūḥiyya, 117Al-tawassuṭ wa ‘l-i‘tidāl, 152Althusser, 154, 223, 253, 254, 256Al-waḥda al-wataniyya wa-l-qawmiyya,

196Al-yawm al-sābiʿ, 95Al-ẓaḥira al-‘arabiyya, 118Al-ẓāhira al-qur’āniyya, 117Amidst Politics, 15, 305Amin Abdullah. See AbdullahAnak muda NY, 152, 153, 156, 164Andalusian, 94, 112, 135, 156, 188,

215Anderson, 144Anna Lindh foundation, 137An-nukhba al-ʿaṣriyya, 196An-nukhba at-taqlīdiyya, 196Aqīda, 33, 34ʿaql, 43. See also reasonAql (reason, ʻaql), 46, 152, 211, 257Aqlām journal, 83Arab awakenings, 2Arab bayān, 110Arab Cursor, 278Arab Ethical Reason, 6, 10, 11, 18,

19, 115, 220, 221, 224, 225, 237–240, 249, 250, 258–260, 264, 265, 281, 282

Arabhood, 14Arabian Peninsula, 115Arabic-Islamic culture, 66

INDEx 309

Arab influence, 282Arab intellectuals and cultural herit-

age: Psychoanalysis of a collective neurosis, 89

Arab intelligentsia, 80Arab liberalism, 96, 100, 119Arab-Islamic civilization, 41–43, 47,

49, 50, 54, 56, 57, 112, 172, 264Arab-Islamic culture, 25, 47, 66, 68,

69, 109, 116, 117, 224, 225, 232, 234, 237, 240, 255, 257, 258, 260, 261

Arab-Islamic philosophy, 42, 50, 54–57, 112

Arab-Islamic reason, 57, 58, 112, 236, 258

Arab-Islamic sciences, 110Arab-Islamic theory of ethics, 240Arabization, 14, 83, 191Arab Mind. See Arab reasonArab modernity, 13, 97, 98, 132, 256,

286Arab Nahḍa, 3, 96Arab Naksa, 87Arab nationalism, 133, 275Arab nationalists or unionists

(al-qawmiyyūn al-ʻarab), 287Arabophone, 83Arab phenomenon, 118Arab Political Reason, 6, 9, 173, 281,

286Arab Reader, 16, 69–72, 119Arab Reason, 5, 6, 9, 11–13, 16,

17, 19, 25, 35, 42, 43, 48, 53, 54, 58, 66–69, 71, 82, 86–88, 94, 109, 110, 127, 133, 134, 139–141, 149, 152–155, 173, 184, 187, 220–223, 225, 249, 252–258, 263, 264, 272, 281–283, 286, 288–291, 304–306

Arab renaissance, 80, 81, 83, 87, 91, 94, 205, 273, 274. See also nahḍa

Arab revivalists, 3, 220The Arab Right to Philosophical

Difference, 9Arab Spring, 2, 6, 7, 18, 19, 100, 186,

189–192, 194–197, 199, 271, 272, 274, 277–280, 291

Arab Unity, 10, 13, 92, 95, 133, 190, 196, 273, 275, 276, 284, 287, 290

Arab value systems, 10Arab world, 2, 3, 5–8, 10–16, 18, 19,

25, 80–84, 88, 92, 94–96, 99, 100, 109, 111, 120, 127–129, 131–134, 137–139, 142, 171, 175, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 196, 198, 199, 205, 210, 211, 219, 249, 250, 252, 253, 256, 265, 272–274, 276, 278–280, 288, 290, 291, 306

Ardashir, 237, 240, 260, 261, 264. See also Chosroes

Aristocracy, 233Aristotelianism, 156, 188Aristotelian philosophy, 94Aristotle, 26, 45, 47, 51, 53–56, 188,

230, 261, 284Armando Salvatore, 90, 92Aṣabiyya, 105Asbāb al-nuzūl, 180Asef Bayat, 7Ashā’iriyya, 33Ash‘ari, 114, 151, 157, 158Ash‘arism, 158Aṣl, 115Aṣr al-tadwīn, 154, 157Assef Bayat, 4Aswaja, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159,

164Aufklärer, 185Averroes, 10, 25, 127, 134, 135, 156,

179, 188, 211, 212, 256, 257, 261, 286, 306. See also Ibn Rushd

310 INDEx

Averroest, 10, 284, 289Averroistic, 25, 36Avicenna, 10, 26, 135, 155, 212, 259.

See also Ibn SinaAziz al-Azmeh, 153, 194Azmi Bishara, 277, 280

BBachelard, 112, 173, 223, 254, 272Badawi, 26, 31, 33, 98Balāgha, 68, 110Barghouti, 16, 211Barlamane, 192, 193Barthes, Roland, 154Bashar al-Assad, 190Bashir al-Dauq, 88Bāṭin, 114Bayānī, 93, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162,

256, 263Belqeziz, 18, 190, 191, 194, 198Ben Ali, 190, 195Benbarka, 82, 131Berber, 12, 14, 129, 130, 210, 212Booty (ġanīma), 33, 173Bourdieu, Pierre, 81, 101, 128, 129,

143, 153, 156Boyd, 144Braudel, 145Brisson, 146Burhān, 110, 112, 256, 265Burhan Ghalioun, 194, 279, 280Burhānī, 155, 158, 160, 162, 164

CCaliph, 28, 175, 177, 206, 229, 255,

264, 282, 283Caliph al-Mansur, 255Caliph al-Mutawakkil, 206Caliphate, 4, 27–29, 32–35, 157, 172,

173, 177, 190, 206, 207, 209, 226, 271, 275

Caliph Omar, 283

Casanova, 145Castoriadis, 156Cautious optimism, 277Center for Arab Unity Studies, 10, 59,

60, 61, 190, 290Center/periphery, 136Central value (qīma markaziyya), 260Charisma of Muhammad, 284Chosroes, 230, 231. See also ArdashirChristian Philosophy, 55–57Christians, 56, 116, 120Clash of civilizations, 289, 291Classical Arabic, 129–131, 210Classical Arab political thought and

practices, 281Clear Arabic language, 118Cold War, 4, 13Companions, 58, 174, 176, 227, 275,

282Comprehending the Judicious Qur’ān,

11Comprehension of the World, 66Comprehensive secularism, 276Conduct (sulūk) and ethics (akhlāq),

258Congress of the MB, 275Conservative, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 19,

83, 90, 91, 93, 94, 205, 207, 209–211, 213, 252

Constituent power, 26, 30–32, 36Contemporary Arab-Islamic thought,

4, 12Contemporary Arab Thought, 5, 7, 69,

92, 119, 136, 184, 250Cordoba, 42, 51Corm, Georges, 85Costantin Zureiq, 275Coup d’états, 7Coup in values, 226A Critic of Arab Reason, 5Critique of Arab Political Reason, 173Critique of Arab Reason, 6, 12, 16,

17, 19, 25, 35, 42, 43, 53, 82, 86–88, 127, 133, 139

INDEx 311

Critique of European reason, 286, 288Critique of Religious Thought, 84Critique of the Critique of Arab

Reason, 12, 42, 43, 53, 63Cultural implantation, 276Culture of perception, 194Cultural penetration, 191

DDāʻish, 279Dar al-ṭalīʿa, 85, 88Darwinism, 276Darwinist-materialist, 276Da‘wa, 34, 116Da‘wa muhammadiyya, 34Dawla, 9, 13, 15, 33, 34, 114, 172,

179Deconstruction, 9, 53, 156, 157, 175,

239, 240Deductive reasoning, 10, 67Democracy, 6, 10, 13, 35, 36, 98,

134, 172, 173, 185, 187, 192–194, 213, 214, 257, 277, 278, 280, 286, 288, 289, 305

Democracy, human Rights, and Law in Islamic Thought, 6

Demonstrative reason, 9, 46, 47, 50, 55, 112, 162

Derrida, 153, 154Despotic East, 6Dialogue between the Mashreq and

Maghreb, 13Ḏikr, 116Dīn, dawla and dunyā, 114Dirāsāt ʿArabiyya, 82, 85–88Disjunctive-conjunctive, 119Doctrine/belief (‘aqīda), 33Dogmatic theology, 68Double critique, 5, 286Drisse Jandari, 18, 183, 195Dualisms of West and East, 250

EEast/West binary of Islamic scholar-

ship, 240Einstein, 97Ella habiba, 5Emerging reason, 241Enlightenment philosophers, 54, 135Episteme, 57, 155, 158, 160, 282Epistemological break, 284Epistemological categories, 239Epistemological critique, 100, 109,

223, 250Epistemological rupture, 49, 92, 94,

100, 173, 254Epistemological structures, 9Established orthodoxy, 241Eternal dimension, 118, 120Ethical genealogyof Arab-Islamic

Tradition, 224Ethics to Nicomachean, 52Etika Tauhidik, 163Eurocentric, 9, 11, 265European Age of Enlightenment, 134European colonialism, 287European enlightenment, 139European renaissance, 10, 54Excavations in Memory from Distance,

12, 305Exceptionalism, 273, 278, 291Exceptionalism of the Middle East, 6The explicative system (al-bayān), 255

FFabula, 67, 73–75Fahm al-Qur’ān al-ḥakīm: al-tafsīr al-

wāḍiḥ ḥasab tartīb al-nuzūl, 122Fahmi huweidi, 277Failure of political Islam, 2Fanā’, 231, 282Farah Antun, 275Farid Abdel-Nour, 18, 183, 198, 199

312 INDEx

Fatima al-Fihri, 207Fatima Mernissi, 153, 186, 187, 238Fazlur Rahman, 162Fī naqd al- ḥāǧa ilā al-islāh, 286Fiqh, 44, 57, 68, 110, 158, 159, 164,

175, 206, 237, 239, 285Fitna, 34, 156, 175, 176, 225, 226,

238, 264Fondation du Roi Abdel Aziz, 186The Formation of Arab Reason, 5, 6,

110Fouad Zakarya, 138Foucault, Michel, 112, 154The four rashidun, 226Francois Burgat, 2Frankfurt School, 153French Cultural Mission, 138French Revolution, 95Freud, 90Furqān, 116Future of the Left in Morocco, 196

GGabriel, 114, 118Galinos, 230Gamal Abdel Nasser, 132, 190Gaston Bachelard, 112, 173, 223, 272Genealogy, 6, 224, 249, 259, 260Genealogy of Morals, 259Generation, 5, 7, 32, 83, 85, 90, 99,

115, 152, 153, 158, 176–178, 180, 189, 209, 215, 221, 252, 281, 284

Genesis, 115–117, 135, 249The Genesis of Arab Thought, 135Geoffroy, Marc, 6, 141Geuss, Raymond, 259Ghali Shukri, 85Ghassan Finianos, 7Ghazalian, 158, 164Global injustice, 1

Globalization, 10, 14, 142, 289Global Justice, 1Global mufti, 276Gnosticism, 10, 67, 110, 111, 284Gnosticism and Demonstration, 67The gnostic system (al-ʿirfān), 255Good deeds, 236, 239Gospel, 113, 115–117Gramsci, Antonio, 13, 15, 32, 33, 35,

36, 173, 196, 213, 288The Great sedition, 175Greek heritage, 224, 236, 255, 261Greek influence, 212, 230, 282Group feeling, 9, 15, 26, 27, 29,

31–33, 83, 172, 281, 304

Hhaḍārat al-falsafa, 160haḍārat al-fiqh, 159, 160Ḥaḍārat al-ʽilm, 160Ḥaḍārat al-naṣ, 160Ḥaḍari, 26, 27hadd, 120Ḥadīth, 47, 57, 92, 116, 174, 176,

206, 212, 225, 237–240, 263hadj Mohamad Faraj, 130hafez al-Assad, 209hallaq, 279hanafi, 5, 8, 12, 13, 15, 17, 42, 82,

91, 95–99, 150, 171, 238, 251, 265

hani Fahs, 280harb, 85, 86harṭaqāt, 8hassan al-Banna, 209, 275hassan hanafi, 42, 150, 276, 290,

305Ḥatmiyyāt, 33hegel, 97heilbron, 146hellenistic, 56, 89, 112

INDEx 313

hellenistic Islamic heritage, 89"heritage and the Challenge

of the Age in the Arab homeland: Authenticity and Contemporaneity", 134

hermeneutical, 32, 33, 90, 152, 159, 160, 162, 197

hichem Djaït, 85, 153hijra, 226, 228hirschkind, Charles, 265historical bloc, 13, 19, 97, 196, 197,

273, 287, 288, 290. See also Al-kutla at-tārīkhiyya

historical genesis (taḥlīl takwīnī), 249historical materialists, 95historical phenomenon, 286Ḥiwār al-mashriq wal maghrib, 13hodgson, Marshall, 189holocaust, 3Ḥudūd, 120, 174, 237humanistic education, 215Ḥunafā, 116husayn Muruwwa, 90hussain Muruwwa, 85hussein Amin, 138

IIbn ʿAbd Rabbih, 233Ibn Abi Usaybi’a, 45Ibn al-Muqaffa, 212, 260, 261Ibn Baja, 51Ibn Bajja, 256, 261Ibn hanbal, 157, 206Ibn hazm, 49, 112, 150, 156, 212,

256Ibn Khaldun, 9, 15, 17, 25–33, 35,

36, 54, 83, 86, 150, 154, 171–173, 213, 281, 282, 288, 304

Ibn Qutaiba, 233Ibn Qutayba, 212, 260, 261

Ibn Rushd, 10, 11, 15, 25, 26, 42, 49–52, 54, 58, 94, 97, 113, 139, 150, 156, 179, 188, 211, 239, 275, 284, 305

Ibn Rushd: Biography and Thought, 36, 181, 284, 295

Ibn Sina, 10, 49, 50, 89, 92, 97, 112, 241

Ibn Sinna, 12, 15Ibrahim Abu Rabi, 5, 80Ideational-cognitive behavior, 222Ijmā‘, 157Ijtihād, 120, 152, 179, 180, 208, 284,

285Ikhtilāf al-umma raḥma, 152Illiterate Prophet, 116Illumination, 110, 111Ilm al-kalām, 110, 121Imaginaire social, 153Imagined community, 131Imān, 115Immanuel Kant, 8The Impossible State: Islam, Politics

and Modernity’s Predicament. See hallaq

Imre Lakatos, 161Include The Deconstruction of

Tradition, 156Independent Arab Self, 288Indonesian Muslims, 150, 155, 166Inferential walks, 74, 75Informer, 279International Union of Muslim

Scholars, 276Intertextual frames, 74Intracultural, 116, 139Introduction à la critique de la raison

arabe, 6, 185Introduction to the Critique of Arab

Reason, 140An Introduction to the Qur’ān, 11

314 INDEx

An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science-, 15

I/Other binaries, 239Irfān, 9, 110–112, 155, 211, 255,

256, 262–264Irfānī, 155, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164ISIS, 2, 6, 279Islam and the Foundations of

Governance, 275Islam between Science and Civility,

274Islam et société, 138Islamic Awakening, 208Islamic empire, 28, 229Islamic fundamentalism, 165Islamic influence, 282Islamic jurisprudence, 206Islamic left, 97, 276Islamic Left Magazine, 276Islamic nuẓum, 36Islamico-traditionalist, 276Islamic philosophy, 8, 36, 51Islamic Philosophy I, II, III, 8Islamic Post-Traditionalism, 153,

156–159Islamic secularism, 276, 277Islamic spirit’ (rūḥ Islāmiyya), 262Islamic state, 2, 4, 26–29, 32, 34, 35,

172The Islamic State in Syria and Iraq,

279Islamism, 133Islamists, 7, 11, 90, 186, 209, 290The Islamists, the Apologetics, and the

Intellectuals, 7Islamists, apologists and free think-

ers, 7Islamization of radicalism, 2Islamophobic, 2Israel, 3, 4, 13, 90Isrā’īliyyāt, 118Istiqlal party, 83I‘tiqād, 34

JJacquemond, 138Jāhiliyya, 110, 233Jalan tengah, 152Jaloul Faysal, 95Jaringan Intelektual Muhammadiyah

Muda, 164Jawhar, 207Jesus Christ, 117Jewish philosophy, 57Jews, 56, 116, 120Jurij Michajlovič Lotman, 66Jurisprudential civilization, 46, 47,

49, 50Jurisprudential reason, 44, 47

KKalām, 68, 158, 261Kalīla wa dimna, 233, 261Kant, 185Kassab, 92Kawn, 115Kemal Ataturk, 172Kepel, Gilles, 2Khalil Ahmad Khalil, 85Kharijites, 156, 157Khawarij, 238Khittah 1926, 151Khoury, 99, 100King of the cosmic city, 33King of the human city, 33Kugelgen, 144Kuhn, Thomas, 161Kuntowijoyo, 163

LLacan, Jacques, 154La Découverte, 138Lahoud, Nelly, 7, 289Laïc à la France, 271Lakatos, 161, 163

INDEx 315

Laroui, 33, 85, 153, 194, 238, 251, 253, 280, 281

La Semiosfera, 66Lector in Fabula, (Umberto Eco), 66Lenin, 191Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 154Lewis, Bernard, 291Liberal, 9, 98, 130, 190, 196, 197,

253, 256, 265, 277, 290Linguistic analysis, 9, 67Lisān al-‘arab, 44Lockman, 146Logic of narration, 233

MMachiavelli, 30, 32Madhbaḥat al-turāth fī al-thaqqāfa

al-ʿarabiyya al-muʿāṣira, 89Madkhal ilā al-Qur’ān al-karīm, 11Madkhal ilā al-qur’ān al-karīm I: taʻrīf

al-qur’ān, 11Maghreb, 10, 11, 14, 16, 42, 50, 51,

54, 80, 82, 85–87, 95, 96, 99, 112, 132, 156, 212, 239, 253, 256

Magnanimity, 10, 213, 233, 234, 282, 283

Mahdi ʿAmil, 84Maliki, 172Manhaj, 150, 152Manhaj al-fikr, 159Manichaeism, 110Manifesto for Democracy, 280Mannheim, Karl, 163Mao, 191Markaz dirāsāt al-waḥda al-ʿarabiyya,

190Marwān (Caliph), 29Marxist, 9, 85, 89, 90, 93, 96, 97, 99,

133, 134, 173, 196, 210, 254, 256

Marx, Karl, 11, 90, 97, 154, 173Mashreq, 10, 16, 49, 50, 54, 55, 82,

86, 87, 92, 95–97, 112, 212Maṣlaḥa mawdūʿiyya, 196The Massacre of Heritage in

Contemporary Arab Culture, 53, 89

The Massacre of Heritage in Modern Arab Culture, 53

Massad, 144Maturidi, 151Mazdaism, 110Meccan Emigrants, 27Medina school of thought, 206Medinan helpers, 27Medinese community, 34Mehdi Ben Barka, 14Michel Aflaq, 275Mobile injustice, 2Modern Arab thought, 86Modern elite, 196Modernity, 8, 13, 15, 17, 26, 33, 36,

55, 56, 80, 81, 92, 93, 99, 100, 113, 114, 133, 139, 180, 185, 187, 188, 208, 210, 211, 220, 221, 223, 225, 241, 250, 284, 286

Modernization, 91, 185, 192, 211, 250, 252, 257, 265

Mohamed Bouazizi, 2Mohammed Abed al-Jabri, 5, 17, 25,

79, 127, 150, 160, 171, 185, 189, 194, 195, 272. See also Al-Jabri

Mohammed Al-Amrani Alaoui, 18, 183, 192

Mohammed Arkoun, 5, 85, 150, 160, 162, 171, 207

Mohammed Aziz Lahbabi, 12Mohammed hashas, 8, 19Mohammed Mahmoud Taha, 5Mohammed Mursi, 190

316 INDEx

Mohammed Mzali, 84Mohammed Noureddine Affaya, 18,

183, 194Mohammed V University in Rabat,

14, 194Monotheism, 111, 231Moroccan Socialist Party, 14, 82, 98,

283Mosque of al-Qarawiyyin, 207Motaz Alkhatib, 280Mu‘āwiya, 28Mu‘awiyya Ibn Abi Sufyan, 177Mubarak, 190, 195, 290Muhammad Abduh, 208, 214, 274Muhammad Amara, 277Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, 4,

208Muhammadiyaa School, 130Muhammadiyah, 150, 159, 163Muhammadiyah intellectuals, 163Muhammad Shahrur, 160Muʿin Sirry, 158Mulk, 28, 34, 35Muṣḥaf, 117Muslim Brotherhood, 275, 277Muslim Brothers, 209Muslim intelligentsia, 150Mutakallimūn’, 110Mu‘tazila, 18, 157, 205Muʿtazilites, 49, 57, 158The Muqqadima, 172

NNaguib Mahfoud, 138Nahḍa, 96, 205, 208, 251, 253Nahdlatul Ulama, 150Naḥnu wa al-Turāth, 6, 9, 85, 119Naḥw, 68, 110Naji Allush, 85Naksa, 90, 252Napoleonic campaign, 272

Naqd al-‘aql al-‘arabī, 12, 60, 61, 86, 140, 184, 201, 223, 245, 266, 267, 281, 286, 295, 296, 306

Naql, 152Nasr hamid Abu Zayd, 5, 114, 150,

160, 211Nasser, 133, 191, 209Nasserism, 13, 95, 96Nazi, 3Neo-colonialism, 199Neo-Platonic, 155, 188, 262Network of Young Muhammadiyah

Intellectuals, 163Newton, 97New ulama, 164Nietzsche, 259Nietzsches deconstruction of Christian

morality, 265Nizamiyyah, 207Niẓām al-Mulk, 207Nobel Peace Prize, 278NU’s raison d’être, 158NU Studies, 156

OObedience, 212, 214, 224, 228–230,

238, 240, 264Obedience (ṭā‘a), 260Occidental, 296The Old Regime and the Revolution,

202Olivier Carré, 84Olivier Roy, 2Omar Ibn al-Khattab, 233On Being Arab in Present Day, 280Oneness of God, 284Ontology of modernity, 26Oriental Studies, 117Orientalist, 11, 117, 138, 139, 154,

173, 258, 265, 273Original thinker, 272

INDEx 317

Othman Ibn ‘Affan, 177Ottoman, 4, 207, 209, 275Ottoman Empire, 207, 208

PPalajaran, 160Pan-Arab, 82, 85, 86, 132, 189, 196,

234The Parliament, 192Partial secularism, 276Partner, 97, 111Pendidikan, 160Peradaban falsafa, 160Peradaban ilmuan, 160Peradaban teks, 160Persian authoritarian kingship, 10Persian heritage, 224, 228, 233,

261–263Persian influence, 261, 262, 282Persian literature, 228Pesantren, 151Philosophical tendency (an-nazʿa al-

falsafiyya), 261Piaget, Jean, 154Plato, 230, 261, 284Platonic, 10Plato’s Republic, 51, 261Politeia, 34Political Islam, 190, 279, 287The politics, 45, 51, 173Polytheism, 111Popper, Karl, 161Positions (mawāqif), 15Possible worlds structures, 74Post-anti-colonial critique, 5Post-Aristotelian, 284Post-colonial, 3, 5, 184, 189, 191,

274Postcolonial theory, 150, 153Post-Islamic rational activity, 49Post-post-colonial, 18, 189

Postmodern philosophy, 150, 153Post-Tradisionalisme Islam, 153Pragmatic devices, 71Pre-Islamic Arabs, 41, 43, 45, 49Pre-Islamic era, 110, 232Problematique of authenticity, 198Process of orthodoxy, 158Prologues, 186Prophetic mission, 117Provincialization, 80Pure Arab heritage, 262Pure Islamic heritage, 263

QQabīla, 33, 34, 213Qadhafi, 190, 191, 195Qatīʿa doctrine, 221, 237Qatīʿa with turāth (heritage), 221Qiṣaṣ, 115, 118The Question of Identity: Arabhood,

Islam and the West, 13Qur’ān, 11, 16, 17, 47, 56, 58,

109–111, 113–120, 130, 155, 157, 176, 179, 180, 184, 186, 187, 206, 211–214, 234–238, 241, 262, 263, 283, 285, 288

Qur’ānic exegesis, 113Qur’ānic phenomenon, 118Qur’ānic punishments, 120

RRachid al-Ghannouchi, 279Rachid Rida, 275Radicalization, 2Rashidun Caliphate, 177Rationalist premise, 253, 256, 258Read-object, 70, 73Reasoning with the text, 68Reform, 3, 97, 164, 175, 180, 207,

208, 232, 254

318 INDEx

Reformists, 5, 291Religion, State, and the Application of

Sharia, 13Religion, State and the

Implementation of Shari‘a, 173Religion, State and World, 114Renaissance, 3, 36, 55, 90, 185, 276Renan, Ernest, 274Rentier state, 10, 282Revelation, 113, 115, 116, 118, 120,

174–176, 180, 262, 275, 285, 288, 306

Revival, 3, 5, 11, 154, 220Rhetoric, 9, 67, 68, 93, 109, 110,

213, 255Ridwan al-Sayyid, 12, 280Rifaa al-Tahtawi, 274Right wing populism, 2Righteous Caliphate, 176Risāla, 117The Role of the Reader, 66Royal Moroccan Academy, 185Rūḥ rushdīya, 156Rumadi, 158, 159Rusul, 118

SSaad Eddine El-Othmani, 280Sadiq Jalal al-Azm, 84Sa’id al-‘Alawi, 190Said al-Ashmawy, 138Said Aqil Siradj, 151, 159Said, Edward, 90Salafi, 11, 13, 17, 83, 91, 154, 164,

207, 209Salamé, Ghassan, 194Santini, 145Sartre, 90Sassanid Empire, 240Sati‘al-husri, 275Saḥāba, 176Saussure, Ferdinand, 154

Ṣawt al-‘arab, 132Scheler, Max, 163Science of ethics, 52The science of law/canon law, 68Scientific education, 214Sectarianism and the Problem of

Minorities, 280Semitic, 115Shāfi‛ī School of Law, 155Shahab Ahmed, 4Shakir Mustafa, 84Sharī‘a, 174, 175Sharī‘a corpus, 174, 175Shaykh al-Tahtawi, 208Shi‘ite, 135, 156, 158, 238Shirk, 111Sīra, 113Siradj, 151, 152Six Days War, 5, 133, 221, 251, 253,

281Slogans of enlightenment, 188Social conduct (as-sulūk al-ijtimāʿī),

260Socio-genesis, 172Socio-religious dimension, 118Sorbonne, 98Spiritual dimension, 118Spiritual experience, 117The Spring of Fools (rabī‘al-

mughaffalīn, 2014), 278Standard Arabic, 130Stanley, 143State Predicament, 280State of trust, 291The station between two stations, 227Structural analysis (taḥlīl binyawī),

249, 255Structuralism, 9, 253The structure of Arab reason, 10, 65,

67, 110, 281A Study in Intellectual Boundaries, 7,

297Subject-reader, 73

INDEx 319

Successor of God, 229Sufi, 10, 112, 135, 207, 211, 225,

231, 232, 240, 241, 249, 256, 261–263, 265, 282

Sufi ethics, 232Sufi heritage, 224, 262, 263Sufi/Mystic influence, 282Sufi sheikhs, 231Sufism, 12, 112, 120, 151, 154, 158,

164, 231, 235Suhayl Idriss, 88Sulaṭ mutasalliṭa, 273, 287Sultanic political thought, 273, 274Sulṭanate heritage, 174Sunna, 17, 110, 157, 174, 179, 180,

186, 234, 285Sunni, 28, 35, 56, 114, 172, 173,

175, 177, 262, 265, 282Suzane Kassab, Elizabeth, 5Syria, 2, 14, 90, 96, 131, 133, 177,

191, 195, 208, 209, 219, 271, 280, 290, 291

Syrian National Council, 280Systems of knowledge, 155, 221, 223

TTadwīn age, 44Taha Abderrahmane, 8, 12, 238, 240,

265, 289Taha hussein, 132Tahrir Square, 201Takwīn, 115Tarabishi, George, 7, 8, 12, 16, 17,

41, 42–45, 53–62, 87–91, 95, 99, 103, 144, 145, 223, 238, 239, 245, 247, 265, 272, 276, 289, 291, 292

Tariq al-Bishri, 12, 280Taqlīd, 93, 152, 157, 205, 206, 208Taqlīd manhaj, 152

Tartīb al-muṣḥaf, 113Tartīb al-nuzūl, 113, 122Tartīb al-tilāwa, 113Tashwirul Afkar, 152, 153Tasāmuḥ, 152Tawāzun, 152Taṣawwuf, 158Tawḥīd, 111Tayyeb Baiti, 278Tayyeb Tizini, 278, 289Tayyib Tizini, 90, 265Textualized culture, 66Textualizing, 67Thawiza Association, 278Threefold predicament, 273Tipologia della cultura, 66Torah, 113, 115–117Toshihiko, 45Total epistemological break with the

tradition, 281Towards a Contemporary reading of

Our Philosophical heritage, 6Towards Rebuilding Arab Nationhood

Intellect, 13The tradition, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13,

15–19, 47, 65, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75, 86, 91, 112, 119, 134, 151, 152, 154, 157, 206, 207, 210, 230, 232, 272, 274, 279, 281, 283, 286, 291, 304

Traditional elite, 196, 197Traditional Islamic religious sciences,

162The Tradition and Modernity, 6, 276The Tradition and Us: Contemporary

Readings of Our Philosophical Tradition, 75, 281

Tribe (qabīla), 33, 213True Spirit, 118Trump, Donald, 2

320 INDEx

Tunisia National Dialogue Quartet, 278

Turāth, 25, 81, 82, 84–87, 90–92, 99, 109, 113, 118, 154, 155, 188, 191, 220, 250–254, 261

Turāth sultānī, 174

UUlamā, 118, 151, 152, 164, 175, 196Ulūm al-awā’il, 155Ulūm al-dīn, 162Ulūm al-Qur’ān, 118, 121, 216Umayyad, 28, 34, 35, 156, 157, 175,

177, 212, 227, 233, 238, 239, 260, 264, 283

Umberto Eco, 16, 66, 71Umma, 116, 151, 174, 179, 274Umm al-Qura University, 151Ummayyads, 226–229, 231, 233, 282Ummiyūn, 116Ummiyya, 116Umrans, 31Understanding the Judicious Qur’ān,

113UNESCO, 15, 305, 306Union Nationale des Forces

Populaires, 184The Unique Necklace, 233United Arab Republic, 14, 90, 133Unity by way of a historical bloc, 196University of Damascus, 132University of Rabat, 127, 141Us and the Tradition, 9, 47, 50, 60,

65, 85, 119, 184, 281, 295, 304Us, Tradition and Modernity, 6, 65Uyūn al-akhbār, 233, 261

VValue crisis, 221, 224, 225, 227, 232,

228, 238

Verbal trappings, 229Voice of the Arabs, 132

WWael hallaq, 279Waḥy, 118Wallerstein, 145Wasil Ibn Ata, 227Weltanschauung, 30, 36Western Enlightenment, 135Western hegemony, 13, 19, 288What is Enlightenment, 8What Went Wrong: Western Impact

and Middle Eastern Response, 291, 297

Where is the Arab World heading? Views of Thirty Arab Thinkers on the Future of the Arab Revolutions, 278

Xxenophobic, 2

YYogyakarta’s State Institute of Islamic

Studies, 159Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 276Yves Lacoste, 154

ZẒāhir, 114Zaki Najib Mahmud, 84Zetkin, 191Zureiq, 276