APPENDIX 4.8-1 Wildlife Baseline Study · herptiles) and species of management concern to occur in...
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APPENDIX 4.8-1 Wildlife Baseline Study
Transcript of APPENDIX 4.8-1 Wildlife Baseline Study · herptiles) and species of management concern to occur in...
APPENDIX 4.8-1
Wildlife Baseline Study
REPORT
WESPAC TILBURY MARINE JETTY PROJECT Wildlife Baseline Study
Submitted to:
Westpac Midstream LLC
Submitted by:
Golder Associates Ltd.
Suite 200 - 2920 Virtual Way Vancouver, BC, V5M 0C4 Canada
+1 604 296 4200
1314220049-053-R-Rev2
20 March 2019
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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Purpose and Scope .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Study Areas .......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Local Assessment Area .................................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2 Regional Assessment Area ............................................................................................................. 2
2.0 METHODS ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Review of existing information ............................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Field Surveys ....................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.1 General Wildlife Survey .................................................................................................................. 3
2.2.2 Aquatic Bird Surveys ....................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.3 Incidental Wildlife Observations ...................................................................................................... 4
3.0 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.1 Physiographic Setting .......................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Herptiles ............................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2.1 Amphibians ..................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2.2 Reptiles ........................................................................................................................................... 7
3.2.3 Herptiles Species at Risk ................................................................................................................ 7
3.3 Birds ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3.1 Important Bird Area and Wildlife Management Areas..................................................................... 8
3.3.2 Small Birds ...................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3.3 Raptors ............................................................................................................................................ 9
3.3.4 Waterfowl and other Water Birds .................................................................................................. 10
3.3.4.1 Dabbling Ducks .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.3.4.2 Diving Ducks .............................................................................................................................. 12
3.3.4.3 Geese and Swans ...................................................................................................................... 13
3.3.4.4 Gulls ........................................................................................................................................... 13
3.3.4.5 Piscivorous Aquatic Birds .......................................................................................................... 14
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3.3.5 Herons, Wading Birds, and Shorebirds ........................................................................................ 14
3.3.6 Upland Game Birds ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.7 Bird Species at Risk ...................................................................................................................... 16
3.3.7.1 Great Blue Heron ....................................................................................................................... 17
3.3.7.2 Green Heron .............................................................................................................................. 18
3.3.7.3 Double-Crested Cormorant ........................................................................................................ 19
3.3.7.4 Barn Owl .................................................................................................................................... 20
3.3.7.5 Common Nighthawk ................................................................................................................... 21
3.3.7.6 Barn Swallow ............................................................................................................................. 22
3.4 Mammals ............................................................................................................................................ 23
3.4.1 Rodents, Insectivores, and Lagomorphs ...................................................................................... 23
3.4.2 Small and Medium Carnivores ...................................................................................................... 23
3.4.3 Large Carnivores........................................................................................................................... 23
3.4.4 Ungulates ...................................................................................................................................... 23
3.4.5 Bats ............................................................................................................................................... 24
3.4.6 Mammal Species at Risk .............................................................................................................. 24
3.4.6.1 Little Brown Myotis ..................................................................................................................... 25
3.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates ..................................................................................................................... 26
3.5.1 Invertebrate Species at Risk ......................................................................................................... 26
3.5.1.1 Dun Skipper ............................................................................................................................... 26
3.5.1.2 Silver-Spotted Skipper ............................................................................................................... 27
4.0 SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................... 28
5.0 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 30
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TABLES
Table 1: Regional Herptile SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA ......................................................................... 7
Table 2: Small birds observed in the LAA ................................................................................................................ 9
Table 3: Aquatic Bird Survey Results ..................................................................................................................... 11
Table 4: Regional Bird SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA ............................................................................. 16
Table 5: Regionally Occurring Mammal SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA .................................................. 24
Table 6: Regionally Occurring Invertebrate SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA ............................................ 26
FIGURES
Figure 1: Wildlife Habitat and Vegetation
Figure 2: Aquatic Bird Surveys
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
WesPac Midstream–Vancouver LLC (“WesPac”) proposes to construct and operate a marine jetty for loading
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) onto LNG carriers and barges (the “Project”) on Tilbury Island along the South Arm
of the Fraser River, in Delta, British Columbia (BC). The Project is situated adjacent to the existing FortisBC
Tilbury LNG Liquefaction Plant (Tilbury LNG Plant) and Varsteel / Dominion Pipe (Varsteel), approximately 21 km
from the mouth of the Fraser River (Sand Heads), and 300 m downriver from Seaspan Ferries’ Tilbury terminal
(Figure 1; the “Project Site”). The onshore portion of the Project Site is situated on private land, while the offshore
portion of the Project Site is situated on crown lands (i.e., water lots) on the South Arm of the Fraser River, which
have recently come under the jurisdiction of the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations
(FLNRO). The purpose of the Project is to provide berthing and loading facilities to LNG carriers up to 90,000 m3
of LNG capacity to serve offshore markets, and LNG barges up 4,000 m3 to serve regional markets.
The Project is comprised of the following components:
Removal of existing abandoned marine infrastructure currently occupying a portion of the water lots and
shoreline
Dredging a maximum area of 18.7 ha and an initial dredge area of approximately 12.0 ha
Construction of a new marine jetty, including a vessel loading platform, access trestle and berthing dolphins,
mooring dolphins and associated infrastructure
Construction of associated Onshore Facilities (e.g., pipe rack, transfer pump, transfer pipe, access road,
parking area and utilities)
1.1 Purpose and Scope
The purpose of the wildlife and wildlife habitat baseline report is to describe the wildlife species and important
wildlife habitats present near the Project. This information will be used to facilitate completion of an environmental
assessment (EA) and identification of site-specific and regional mitigation actions to support responsible
development by WesPac. The wildlife and wildlife habitat baseline report describes the wildlife resources that may
be affected by the Project by integrating available background information with information collected during field
investigations.
The wildlife and wildlife habitat baseline report addresses terrestrial wildlife species and their habitats. Terrestrial
wildlife includes herptiles, birds, mammals, and invertebrates. The scope of the wildlife and wildlife habitat
baseline report was as follows:
Review background and historic information to identify the completeness of existing information for the
purposes of planning field surveys and preparing the environmental assessment.
Implementation of the field studies.
Describing baseline conditions based on background and field data to inform an environmental assessment of
the potential effects from the Project.
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1.2 Study Areas
1.2.1 Local Assessment Area
The proposed Local Assessment Area (LAA) for wildlife and wildlife habitat consists of the aquatic and terrestrial
habitat within the Project Site and a 100 m wide buffer around the Project Site (Figure 2). The rationale for
selecting the LAA is described in the EA Wildlife and Wildlife Habitat chapter (Part B, Section 4.8).
1.2.2 Regional Assessment Area
The proposed Regional Assessment Area (RAA) for wildlife and wildlife habitat consists of the LAA and South
Arm of the Fraser River from the Project Site. Site downstream to Sand Heads, including a 50 m buffer from the
high water mark on either side (Figure 1). The RAA also includes the Alaksen National Wildlife Area and the
George C. Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary. The rationale for selecting the RAA is described in the EA Wildlife and
Wildlife Habitat chapter (Part B, Section 4.8).
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2.0 METHODS
The characterization of baseline wildlife and wildlife habitat in the LAA and RAA was conducted by reviewing
existing information and undertaking field studies.
2.1 Review of existing information
Historical and current studies and relevant scientific literature were used to characterize the existing condition of
wildlife and wildlife habitat. Information was gathered and compiled to inform the field studies. The following
sources were reviewed:
BC Conservation Data Centre (CDC) BC Species and Ecosystem Explorer and Internet Mapping Service
Ministry of Environment (MOE) Ecocat catalogue
MOE Approved Wildlife Habitat Areas
Government of BC iMapBC web-based mapping service
Species at Risk Act Public Registry
Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) Status Reports
Existing reports and mapping pertaining to the LAA and broader region
Scientific journals and reports pertaining to the biology, ecology, range and known occurrence of species at
risk (SAR) and species of management concern
2.2 Field Surveys
Field surveys were conducted within the LAA to supplement existing information and support information
requirements for the EA. Based on the information obtained through the review of existing information, information
gaps identified were wildlife habitat availability in the LAA and aquatic avian diversity. Field surveys and collected
information consisted of the following in addressing these data gaps and are further described in the following
subsections:
General Wildlife Habitat and Encounter Survey
Aquatic Bird Survey
Incidental wildlife observations
2.2.1 General Wildlife Survey
A general wildlife survey was conducted to characterize the type and extent of wildlife habitat in the terrestrial
portion of the LAA. The data collected during this survey was used to assess the potential for species groups (i.e.
herptiles) and species of management concern to occur in the LAA.
The general wildlife survey was conducted on 7 May 2014 based on methods for ground inspections provided in
the “Field Manual for Describing Terrestrial Ecosystems” (BC MOFR and BC MOE, 2010). Meander transects
were walked through the terrestrial portion of the LAA and habitat data was recorded at each ecosystem type
encountered. The general wildlife survey also included an ‘encounter’ survey with wildlife observations (visual and
auditory detections), wildlife sign (e.g., tracks, scat, skeletal remains), and wildlife habitat features (e.g., nesting
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sites) recorded within the Project Site. Where possible, information recorded for each observation included the
date, time, species, number, age and sex, general habitat description, and location (UTM coordinates). Digital
photographs were also taken.
2.2.2 Aquatic Bird Surveys
Baseline aquatic bird surveys were conducted to assess the species richness and abundance of aquatic birds in
the aquatic portion of the LAA during migration (spring). The data collected during this survey were used to
assess the potential for species groups (i.e. dabbling ducks) and species of management concern to occur in the
LAA and to characterize habitat use within the LAA.
Baseline surveys for aquatic birds were conducted on 17 February, 17 March and 14 April 2015. Methods were
adapted from the boat transect methods in “Inventory Methods for Waterfowl and Allied Species: Loons, Grebes,
Swans, Geese, Ducks, American Coot and Sandhill Crane” (RISC, 1999). Surveys were conducted over the
spring migration period because birds are likely to be more conspicuous outside of the breeding period and
species richness within the LAA is greatest during the migratory period (Blood 1978).
Three 2,000 m-long transects (6,000 m total, 40,000 m2 total) were established parallel to the shoreline (Figure 2).
Transects were spaced approximately 200 m apart at approximately 200 m, 400 m and 600 m from the left
downstream bank of the Fraser River. The transect spacing was selected to reduce potential re-counting of birds
while adequately surveying the entire width of the Fraser River and to avoid visual obstacles (i.e., moving and
anchored boats). Spacing was based on the assumption that survey crews could observe and identify birds up to
100 m from the transect line (RISC, 1999).
Transects were surveyed within two hours of low tide using a 7 m- long motorized vessel (Campion Explorer with
an outboard motor). Surveys on Transects 1 and 3 were conducted from downstream to upstream while Transect
2 was surveyed from upstream to downstream. Transects were surveyed at a maximum speed of 10 km/hour.
The aquatic bird surveys were conducted by a three person crew consisting of two biologists and a boat operator.
Biologists scanned the transect area continuously (100 m wide band on each side of the vessel for a total transect
width of 200 m), looking over the area ranging from directly ahead of the vessel to a 90° angle to the direction of
movement. The biologists were positioned on each side of the boat and recorded birds observed, both on, and
flying over the water.
For each transect, data were collected on weather and tide conditions, crew names, transect start and end time
and locations, visibility, and species observed. For each species observed, the number of individuals, location on
transect, behaviour, age, plumage, sex, and whether the bird was observed on- or off-transect were also
recorded. Although the focus was on aquatic birds, observers recorded all birds encountered during surveys.
Observations of marine mammals or other species were also recorded.
2.2.3 Incidental Wildlife Observations
Wildlife, wildlife calls, sign and/or scat observations collected outside of structured survey periods or of species
other than focal species for each survey were recorded as incidental observations. A focus was placed on
recording observations of provincially and federally listed SAR and species of management concern. Where
possible, information recorded for each incidental observation included the date, time, species, number, age and
sex, general habitat description, and location (UTM coordinates), and digital photographs were taken.
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3.0 RESULTS
3.1 Physiographic Setting
The LAA is located within the moist maritime (mm) subzone of the Coastal Douglas Fir (CDF) Biogeoclimatic
Zone (Pojar, Klinka, & Meidinger, 1987). The CDFmm biogeoclimatic zone experiences warm, dry summers and
mild, wet winters which lends to a long growing season (Meidinger & Pojar, 1991). Common tree species in zonal
sites of the CDFmm include coast Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii), grand fir (Abies grandis)
and western red cedar (Thuja plicata) (Green & Klinka, 1994). Dominant understory species include salal
(Gaultheria shallon), dull Oregon grape (Mahonia nervosa), ocean-spray (Holodiscus discolor), and lesser
amounts of baldhip rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.),
and vanilla leaf (Achlys triphylla) (Green & Klinka, 1994).
Wetland and riparian habitat in the LAA comprises: estuarine marsh, shallow water, inter-tidal and shallow
subtidal mudflats, riparian mudflats, riparian fringe and the Fraser river (see Figure 5 of the “WesPac Tilbury:
Tilbury Vegetation Baseline Report 2015” [Golder 2015]). Terrestrial habitat in the LAA (Figure 1) is dominated by
anthropogenic habitat (i.e., flat paved areas - currently used for industrial purposes), followed by upland terrestrial
habitat. The paved area extends from the edge of the upland terrestrial habitat to where the proposed Project
would connect to the Fortis Gas Project. Upland terrestrial habitat exists between the paved area and estuarine
marsh habitat, and varies in width from 20 m to 40 m. Upland terrestrial habitat comprises: a mature treeline,
dominated by red alder (Alnus rubra) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa); shrubs, including red-osier
dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) and willow (Salix sp.); and, a single, dense patch of Himalayan blackberry (Rubus
armeniacus), a non-native invasive plant species. Descriptions and figures depicting the vegetation communities
in the LAA are provided in the “WesPac Tilbury: Tilbury Vegetation Baseline Report 2018” (Golder 2018).
The eastern extent of the proposed jetty bisects an estuarine marsh and mudflat complex (herein referred to as
the marsh/mudflat complex). Estuarine marsh habitat located directly adjacent to the Fraser River and the upland
terrestrial vegetation is dominated by grasses and sedges (Carex sp.), interspersed with herbs such as silverweed
(Potentilla sp) and angelica (Angelica sp.), and lesser amounts of common cattail (Typha latifolia). Estuarine
marshes are flooded during most high tides (Meidinger et al., 2014). Driftwood is scattered throughout the shrubs.
(See “Tilbury Vegetation Baseline Report 2015” for further descriptions).
Riparian mudflat habitat is located west of the estuarine marsh habitat, and north of the Project Site. This habitat
is characterized as a freshwater tidal mudflat along a river, stream, creek, or fringe of a lake (Meidinger et al.,
2014). Riparian mudflats are influenced by factors such as erosion, sedimentation and flooding (Meidinger et al.,
2014). Intertidal and shallow sub-tidal mudflat is located along the edge of the Fraser River south of the Project
Site, and west of the estuarine marsh habitat. Intertidal and sub-tidal ecosystems differ from estuarine
ecosystems in that freshwater input is generally limited to runoff from rainfall (Meidinger et al., 2014). Mudflats in
the intertidal and sub-tidal zone may have algae, but otherwise have no vegetation (Meidinger et al.,
2014). Riparian fringe habitat occurs along the edge of the Fraser River (accounting for 0. 4 ha of the LAA).
The Project Site extends beyond the marsh/mudflat complex into the Fraser River South Arm Main Channel. The
aquatic portion of the LAA is tidally influenced and saltwater intrusion in the Fraser River South Arm extends to
Annacis Island and into adjacent groundwater (Neilson-welch, 1999). Additional details on the substrate and
bathymetry in the LAA is presented in “WesPac Tilbury: Fish and Fish Habitat Baseline” and “WesPac Tilbury:
River Processes Baseline Report”. The LAA is located in an industrial portion of the Fraser River and is influenced
by shipping and other boat traffic.
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The Fraser River Estuary Management Program (FREMP) classified the Fraser River estuary foreshore as red,
yellow or green based on productivity. The portion of the Fraser River shoreline in the LAA is classified as red,
which suggests that it is a high productivity area (FREMP, 2015). The FREMP classification system is based on
habitat classification of intertidal, near-shore and riparian habitat along the Fraser River (FREMP, 2015). These
areas contain diverse habitat types that provide fish and wildlife features or are sites of previous habitat
compensation.
3.2 Herptiles
3.2.1 Amphibians
Ten native amphibian species occur in the CDF biogeoclimatic zone (Stevens, 1995), eight of which have ranges
overlapping the LAA (Corkran & Thoms, 1996), including four salamander, one newt, one toad, and two native
frog species. Two of these species are provincially/ federally listed SAR and are discussed in Section 3.2.3. One
introduced species, American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), has a range that overlaps the LAA.
Amphibian species occurring in south coastal BC can be grouped into aquatic breeding obligates (i.e., frogs,
toads, newts and mole salamanders/Ambystomatidae) and terrestrial breeding obligates (i.e., lungless
salamanders/Plethodontidae). Aquatic breeding obligates in the CDF breed in slow moving freshwater aquatic
habitat such as wetlands, beaver impoundments, ponds, ditches and sloughs (Corkran & Thoms, 1996).
Terrestrial breeding obligates breed in moist, sheltered terrestrial habitat such as decaying logs, burrows and rock
piles (Corkran & Thoms, 1996). Adults of both aquatic and terrestrial breeding amphibians spend variable
amounts of time in terrestrial habitat outside of the breeding season (Corkran & Thoms, 1996). Suitable adult
terrestrial habitat varies between species and seasonal use, but generally consists of forested habitat, open clear
cuts, riparian habitat, and meadows (Corkran & Thoms, 1996; COSEWIC, 2004, 2012a). Upland habitats are
typically moist and provide shelter and thermoregulatory microhabitat features such as decaying logs, shrub
cover, moist hollows and debris or rock piles (Matsuda, Green, & Gregory, 2006). Adult amphibians also require
access to hibernation sites such as talus slopes, debris piles, burrows and holes, and wetland or pond habitats.
Potentially suitable aquatic breeding habitat within the LAA is limited to a maintained manmade roadside ditch
located between the paved area and the Fortis Gas facility, and a swamp (1.0 ha) and shallow waterbody (0.3 ha)
complex located southeast of Tilbury Road. The ditch is regularly maintained and is poorly connected to suitable
upland habitat; therefore, expected to be of low suitability for breeding habitat limited to species adapted to urban
environments (e.g., northwestern salamander [Ambystoma gracile]). Otherwise, the roadside ditch is surrounded
by hard anthropogenic surfaces and isolated from suitable terrestrial habitat beyond the Project Site boundary. No
suitable upland terrestrial habitat exists adjacent to the ditch except for at the northern most extent where the
ditch abuts riparian habitat. The marsh/mudflat complex habitat along the Fraser River is tidally influenced and is
not expected to provide highly suitable aquatic amphibian breeding habitat. Depressions that retain freshwater
and are not significantly tidally influenced could support breeding by species adapted to urban environments.
Swamp and shallow water habitat exists south of the Project area and is fragmented from the Project by Tilbury
Road. As such, amphibians occurring in this habitat are not expected to access the Project area.
Upland riparian habitat between the paved area and marsh habitat may provide low quality terrestrial habitat for
terrestrial breeding amphibians and adult aquatic breeding amphibians. Woody debris and vegetation provide
suitable cover and thermoregulatory features for amphibians. No amphibians were observed in the ditch or
elsewhere within the LAA during the field studies.
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3.2.2 Reptiles
Of the seven native reptile species that occur in the CDF biogeoclimatic zone (Stevens 1995), five of have ranges
overlapping the LAA; one turtle, one lizard, and three snakes (Matsuda et al. 2006). Painted turtle (Chrysemys
pica pop. 1) is a provincially and federally listed species at risk, but is not likely to occur in the LAA (Section 3.2.3;
Appendix A). Common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) is the one introduced species that has a range that overlaps
the LAA.
Northern alligator lizard (Elgaria coerulea) occurs in a variety of habitat types but is generally associated with dry
or rocky terrain near forest clearings (Matsuda et al., 2006). It is a fairly secretive species that forages on
invertebrates such as insects and spiders. Northern alligator lizard has not been recorded within the LAA.
Three garter snake species occur regionally: common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), northwestern garter
snake (T. ordinoides) and western garter snake (T. elegans) (Matsuda et al., 2006). All three species can be
found in a variety of habitat types such as forests, meadows, forest clearings, and along thickets (Matsuda et al.,
2006). Thermoregulation and shelter features such as woody debris, dense brush and rock outcrops/ talus slopes/
piles are required for suitable habitat. These species can hibernate communally or singly in rock crevices or talus
slopes. The northwestern garter snake primarily occurs within terrestrial habitat while common and western
garter snakes are frequently associated with aquatic habitat such as marshes, estuaries, river valleys, and marine
habitat (Matsuda et al. 2006; Tuttle 2015a, 2015b, 2015c). Garter snakes have not been observed in the LAA.
It is expected that the riparian and estuarine marsh portions of the LAA provide foraging habitat for common
reptiles, such as northern alligator lizard and garter snake. Riparian habitat in the LAA provides adequate
thermoregulation and shelter sites for reptiles and is situated near wetted habitat that may be used by common
and western garter snakes. No potential hibernation sites were recorded within the LAA.
3.2.3 Herptiles Species at Risk
The BC CDC lists four provincially or federally listed herptile species with potential to occur in the CDF
biogeoclimatic zone, Chilliwack Forest District and Lower Mainland District (BC CDC, 2018); Attachment 4.8-A).
Two of the listed herptile species are could potentially occur within the LAA based on known species range and
their general habitat requirements: western toad (Anaxyrus boreas) and red-legged frog (Rana aurora). These
species could occur in the swamp and waterbody habitat adjacent to Tilbury Road; however, are not predicted to
occur in the Project area. A complete list of regionally occurring herptile listed species, as compiled from a CDC
Species Explorer web-based search, and their potential to occur in the LAA is provided in Appendix A.
Table 1: Regional Herptile SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA
Common name /
Scientific name
SARA Listing1
/ COSEWIC
Listing2
Provincial
Listing3
Potential to Occur in the LAA
western toad /
Anaxyrus boreas
1-SC / SC Yellow Possible: potentially suitable breeding habitat in the swamp and
freshwater shallow waterbodies in the far southeast portion of
LAA.
red-legged frog /
Rana aurora
1-SC / SC Blue Possible: potentially suitable breeding habitat in the swamp and
freshwater shallow waterbodies in the far southeast portion of
LAA.
1. E = Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, XX = Extinct (Government of Canada, 2018) 2. E = Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, XT = Extirpated (COSEWIC, 2014). 3. (BC CDC, 2018).
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3.3 Birds
3.3.1 Important Bird Area and Wildlife Management Areas
The LAA is situated within the Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank Important Bird Area (IBA), which
consists of a complex of marine, estuarine, freshwater and agricultural areas (IBA, 2015). This IBA extends from
Boundary Bay to the City of Surrey, west to the Fraser River estuary (Figure 1). The IBA excludes the industrial
lands surrounding the Project Site; although agricultural lands east and south of the Project Site are within the
IBA. The IBA covers the aquatic portion of the Project Site including the loading jetty and intertidal, estuarine and
riparian habitats (e.g., inter-tidal and shallow sub-tidal mudflats, riparian mudflats, and estuarine marshes [IBA
2018]).
The Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank IBA was designated due to it its importance as a stop-over
and overwintering location for migratory species along the Pacific Flyway as well as habitat for designated bird
species, such as great blue heron (Ardea herodias fannini). Significant global populations of fifteen bird species
use the IBA, including species of waterfowl, sandpiper, wading birds, aquatic birds and gulls (IBA, 2015).
A portion of the IBA (45%) occurs within various conservation management areas such as parks and wildlife
management areas. The majority of these areas are situated around inter- and sub-tidal areas. Two provincial
Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs; South Arm Marshes WMA and Roberts Bank WMA), one national wildlife
area (Alaksen National Wildlife Area), and one national migratory bird sanctuary (George C. Reifel Migratory Bird
Sanctuary) occur in the RAA. These management areas are situated west (downstream) of the LAA from Gunn
Island west to Roberts Bank (Figure 2). The management areas do not extend into the LAA.
The South Marsh WMA encompasses Kirkland, Rose, Williamson and Gunn Islands as well as intertidal areas
around Woodward, Duck, and Barber Islands (MFLNRO, 2015). The WMA is composed of tidal wetlands,
mudflats, drainage channels and uplands that provide nesting, feeding, resting and winter/ staging habitat for
waterfowl and other water birds (MFLNRO, 2015). The Roberts Bank WMA extends from the south arm of the
Fraser River southeast to near the Tsawwasenn ferry terminal (Figure 2). The Roberts Bank WMA encompasses
intertidal and nearshore subtidal habitat that provide important habitat for overwintering and migratory species
(MFLNRO, 2015). The Roberts Bank WMA supports 8% of the North American dunlin (Calidris alpina) population,
4% of the North American trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator) population, and 3% of the North American black-
bellied plover (Pluvailis squatarola) population (MFLNRO, 2015). These WMAs, along with adjacent WMAs
support more wintering waterfowl than the rest of Canada combined (MFLNRO, 2015).
The Alaksen National Wildlife Area and George C. Reifel Migratory Bird Sanctuary incorporate upland, intertidal
and sub-tidal habitat on the north end of Westham Island in the Fraser River delta (Figure 2). These two federally
protected areas were established to provide habitat for migrating and overwintering bird species and are of
particular importance to migrating snow goose (Chen caerulescens) and dabbling ducks (i.e., American wigeon
[Mareca americana], northern pintail [Anas acuta]) (Environment Canada, 2015).
3.3.2 Small Birds
Small birds are taxa under the orders Passeriformes (perching birds), Piciformes (woodpeckers), Columbiformes
(pigeons and doves) and Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds). More than 130 species of small birds occur
within the CDF biogeoclimatic zone (Stevens 1995) and may be present within this zone year round, seasonally
(i.e., during breeding) or transiently (i.e., during migration). Small birds use a wide range of habitat types.
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Tolerance to human activity, human presence, and habitat alteration is variable, with some species dependent on
mature forests (e.g., Townsend warbler [Setophaga townsendi]), while others are closely linked to anthropogenic
features (e.g., barn swallow [Hirundo rustica]), or are abundant in urban areas (e.g., northwestern crow [Corvus
caurinus]). Variation in landscape and vegetation communities provide the diversity of habitat and microhabitat
features that may be required for various activities such as singing and breeding displays, nesting, chick rearing,
foraging, and overwintering for multiple species.
Habitat within the LAA is expected to support small bird species common in urban and suburban environments,
such as American robin (Turdus migratorius), song sparrow (Melospiza melodia), and northwestern crow. Small
birds may nest in riparian habitat in the LAA and forage in the marsh/mudflat complex, riparian, and ditch areas.
Seven species of small bird, of which two species are introduced, were observed in the LAA during field studies
(Table 2). These species are common to urban and suburban environments.
Table 2: Small birds observed in the LAA
Common name Scientific name SARA
Listing (1)
Provincial
Listing (2)
Observations
Violet-green
swallow
Tachycineta
thalassina
NA Yellow Foraging near old jetty pilings
Tree swallow Tachycineta
bicolor
NA Yellow Flying over the marsh/ mudflat
complex
Rock pigeon Columba livia NA Exotic Flying over the marsh/ mudflat
complex
Northwestern
crow
Corvus caurinus NA Yellow Flying over the Fraser river,
perched on a barge
Song sparrow Melospiza melodia NA Yellow Foraging in riparian habitat
American
goldfinch
Spinus tristis NA Yellow Foraging in riparian habitat
European starling Sturnus vulgaris NA Exotic Flying over the LAA
1 (Government of Canada, 2018) 2 (BC CDC, 2018)
3.3.3 Raptors
The CDF biogeoclimatic zone supports approximately 30 species of diurnal and nocturnal raptors, such as eagles,
hawks, falcons, and owls (Stevens, 1995). Diurnal raptor species may be present within this zone year round,
seasonally (i.e., during breeding or winter) or transiently (i.e., during migration), while the majority of nocturnal
raptor (owl) species are resident within the CDF biogeoclimatic zone.
Raptors use a range of habitats from mature forest to open wetland. Raptor species adapted to urban and
suburban environments, such as bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and
barred owl (Strix varia), may occasionally occur in the LAA. Surveys conducted by Blood (1978) showed that
raptor populations along the Fraser River and estuary tended to be concentrated in areas of high waterfowl
density, particularly outside of the breeding season. Higher abundance of raptors was recorded by Blood (1978)
near wetlands in the Woodward-Duck-Barber Island complex, shorelines of Westham Island, and Ladner Marsh.
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Riparian habitat and marsh/ mudflat complex in the LAA may provide suitable foraging habitat for raptors with
potential to occur in the region. Waterfowl do not occur in high concentrations in the LAA (See Section 3.3.4);
however, waterfowl that do occur in the LAA and small mammals, (e.g., rats) within terrestrial portions of the LAA
may provide a prey source for raptors. Trees in the riparian habitat are young and are not expected to support
larger stick nests such as those built by bald eagle and red-tailed hawk. Bald eagles were observed during field
surveys flying over the Fraser River and perched in trees on the opposite bank of the Fraser River. No other
raptors or raptor nests were observed during the field surveys.
3.3.4 Waterfowl and other Water Birds
More than 60 species of waterfowl and other water birds, such as gulls, cormorants, and alcids, occur within the
CDF biogeoclimatic zone (Stevens, 1995). These species groups are associated with freshwater waterbodies
such as lakes, ponds, wetlands, streams and rivers, as well as marine habitat such as estuary, intertidal, near-
shore, and off-shore habitat. The Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank IBA as well as provincial and
national wildlife management areas in the RAA were designated, in part, due to the large number of waterfowl and
water birds that use the Fraser River estuary and adjacent tidal areas (Section 3.3.1). Surveys were conducted to
assess the species richness and abundance of waterfowl and other water birds in the LAA.
There is little recent data regarding waterfowl and water bird richness and abundance in the Fraser River South
Arm. Boat-based surveys were undertaken by the Canadian Wildlife Service in 1976 and 1977 to assess the
effects of navigational channel improvements on aquatic birds (Blood, 1978). The British Columbia Coastal
Waterbird Survey collects yearly waterbird richness and abundance data from Lulu Island, Reifel Bird Sanctuary,
and Roberts Bank around the Fraser River estuary. The survey does not extend up the Fraser River to the LAA.
In 2009, boat-based waterbird surveys were conducted on behalf of Vancouver Airport Fuel Facilities Corporation,
from Annacis Island west to Sand Heads as part of the baseline surveys for the Vancouver Airport Fuel Delivery
Project (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012).
Aquatic surveys in the LAA were conducted in February, March, and April 2015 to document waterfowl and water
associated bird occurrence. Twenty-two aquatic and incidental non-aquatic bird species, were observed during
the surveys (Table 3). The greatest bird species diversity was observed on the nearshore transect (Transect 1,
n= 9 aquatic bird species), while the lowest diversity was observed on the middle transect (Transect 2, n=3
species). Dabbling and diving ducks were more common on the nearshore transect, while larids (gulls) were more
common on the middle and far-shore transects (Transects 2 and 3). The greatest abundance of aquatic birds was
recorded on transect 2 (n=1044) followed by transect 3 (n=700) and transect 1 (n=408). Table 2 provides the total
number of aquatic birds observed by species during transects.
Two SAR were recorded during the aquatic bird surveys, double crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) and
great blue heron. These species are discussed in Section 3.3.7.
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Table 3: Aquatic Bird Survey Results
Common Name Scientific Name Transect Total
Number
Recorded
SARA
Rank1
COSEWIC
Rank2
BC CDC
Rank3 1 2 3 Off
transect
American wigeon Mareca americana X 77 NA NA Yellow
Mallard Anas platyrhynchos X 93 NA NA Yellow
Gadwall Mareca strepera X 11 NA NA Yellow
Green-winged teal Anas crecca X 290 NA NA Yellow
Common
goldeneye
Bucephala clangula X 28 NA NA Yellow
Bufflehead Bucephala albeola X X 4 NA NA Yellow
Common
merganser
Mergus merganser X X 3 NA NA Yellow
Canada goose Branta canadensis X 28 NA NA Yellow
Double-crested
cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus X X 28 NA NAR Blue
Great blue heron Ardea herodias fannini X 1 1-SC SC Blue
Greater yellowlegs Tringa melanoleuca X 1 NA NA Yellow
Glaucous-winged
gull
Larus glaucescens X X X 2,733 NA NA Yellow
Herring gull Larus argentatus X X 11 NA NA Yellow
Mew gull Larus canus X 3 NA NA Yellow
Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis X 1 NA NA Yellow
Thayer’s gull (now
Iceland gull)
Larus thayeri (now
Larus glaucoides)
X 2 NA NA Yellow
Unknown gull
species
Larus species X 54 NA NA NA
Incidental observations
Bald eagle Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
X X X 14 NA NAR Yellow
European starling Sturnus vulgaris X 21 NA NA Exotic
Rock pigeon Columba livia X 17 NA NA Exotic
Northwestern crow Corvus caurinus X 32 NA NA Yellow
Tree swallow Tachycineta bicolor X 4 NA NA Yellow
1 SC = Special Concern, NA = Not Assessed (Government of Canada, 2018) 2. SC = Special Concern, NAR = Not at Risk NA = Not assessed (COSEWIC, 2014). 3. (BC CDC, 2018).
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3.3.4.1 Dabbling Ducks
Dabbling ducks include those duck species that feed primarily on the water surface as opposed to diving.
American wigeon, mallard, and green-winged teal are examples of dabbling duck species. In addition to foraging
on the water surface, dabbling ducks frequently forage terrestrially on grains and seeds.
The most common dabbling duck species in the Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank IBA are
American wigeon (up to 51,000 daily count), northern pintail (up to 44,000 daily count), mallard (up to 27,000 daily
count), and green-winged teal (daily count data not available) (IBA, 2015). Blood (1978) recorded nine species of
dabbling duck in the Fraser River South Arm (15% of individuals counted) while surveys conducted in 2009
recorded five species (31% of individuals recorded) (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser
Port Authority, 2012). Blood (1978) recorded the highest numbers of dabbling ducks near the Woodward-Duck-
Barber-Gunn Island complex and Ladner Marsh (86% of all dabbling ducks recorded), particularly along the
western edge of the complex. Dabbling ducks were also recorded in Tilbury Slough. However, the main channel
of the Fraser River did not appear to be preferred by dabbling ducks, as the area made up 70% of the area
surveyed by Blood (1978), but contained only 10% of the total dabbling ducks observed.
Aquatic bird surveys conducted as part of the 2015 surveys for the Project recorded four species of dabbling duck
(American wigeon, mallard, green-winged teal, and gadwall), which made up 18% of all species counted and 14%
of the individuals counted. Dabbling duck species were only recorded on Transect 1 during the 2015 aquatic bird
surveys for the Project (Figure 2). This is likely because dabbling species are restricted to foraging in shallow
water along the margins of the Fraser River.
3.3.4.2 Diving Ducks
Diving ducks are duck species that feed primarily by diving below the water surface, such as. scoters,
goldeneyes, mergansers, and bufflehead. The foraging methods employed by diving ducks allow them to exploit
deeper water than dabbling ducks.
Blood (1978) recorded 12 diving duck species in the Fraser River South Arm, with merganser as the species
group most commonly observed in the main channel (Blood, 1978). Blood (1978) noted that diving ducks occurred
in different habitat from dabbling species and were concentrated in larger sloughs, secondary river channels and
main channel backwaters. The highest number of diving ducks was generally recorded in the marine habitat from
Boundary Bay to the mouth of the Fraser River. Important areas for diving ducks are Deas Slough, Cannery
Channel, and Ladner Reach (Blood, 1978). Blood (1978) recorded small concentrations of diving duck on the
upstream (eastern) end of Tilbury Island and moderate numbers along the northern and western edges.
One common merganser was observed in the 2009 surveys conducted on behalf of Vancouver Airport Fuel
Facilities Corporation (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012).
Aquatic bird surveys conducted for the Project in 2015 recorded three species of diving duck (bufflehead,
common goldeneye, and common merganser) comprising 15% of all species counted and 1% individuals
counted. Diving ducks were recorded on Transect 1 and 2 during the aquatic bird surveys. Because of their
foraging techniques, diving ducks can exploit deeper areas of the LAA than dabbling species. Marsh/ mudflat
complex and deeper lentic habitat in the LAA are expected to provide foraging habitat for diving species.
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3.3.4.3 Geese and Swans
The Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank IBA, Alaksen National Wildlife Area and George C. Reifel
Migratory Bird Sanctuary support substantial populations of overwintering snow goose, trumpeter swan, and Brant
(Branta bernicla). In addition, the region supports year-round populations of Canada goose (Branta canadensis)
(EC 2015).
Blood (1978) recorded Canada geese in the Fraser River South Arm Main Channel adjacent to Tilbury Island and
north of the LAA, as well as one tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus). In addition, 1,650 snow geese were
recorded in the Lower Fraser River marshes around the Woodward-Duck-Barber-Gunn Island complex (Blood
1978). Canada goose was the only goose/swan species recorded in the Fraser River South Arm in 2009 and
during the 2015 aquatic bird surveys conducted for the Project. Canada goose comprised 5% of the species
counted, 2% of the individuals counted and was only recorded on Transect 1 during the 2015 aquatic bird
surveys. This is likely because Canada goose grazes on submerged aquatic vegetation that can be reached from
the surface, similar to dabbling duck species. Near-shore habitat in the LAA provides geese access to suitable
foraging habitat.
3.3.4.4 Gulls
The Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank IBA supports large numbers of glaucous-winged gulls year
round while substantial numbers of mew gulls arrive in the fall and Iceland gull (Larus glaucoides) in the winter
(IBA, 2015). Large numbers of glaucous-winged gulls forage in the Vancouver Landfill and roost on fields
surrounding Burns Bog (IBA, 2015).
Gulls comprised 72% of all birds counted by Blood (1978). Blood (1978) identified seven gull species, of which
glaucous-winged gulls represented 75%. Gulls were one of only two species groups (cormorants being the other)
that were more abundant in the Fraser River South Arm Main Channel than in the western wetland and marsh
complexes and sloughs (Blood, 1978). Three species of gull were observed in 2009: glaucous-winged gull, mew
gull, and ring-billed gull. (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012). Surveys
conducted in 2009 identified gull roosts on barges moored adjacent to Tilbury Island as well as buildings along the
Fraser River shoreline and Steveston Harbour (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port
Authority, 2012). Blood (1978) reported that gulls appeared to rest between Kirkland Island and Tilbury Island.
Gulls were the most abundant aquatic bird recorded during the 2015 aquatic bird surveys conducted for the
Project. Five species of gulls were recorded during the surveys (Table 3), comprising 27% of all species counted
and 80% individuals counted. Glaucous-winged gull was the most common gull species recorded, comprising
97% of all gulls observed. Results of the 2015 surveys were similar to those reported in Blood (1978) and
Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (2012). During the 2015 surveys, the
highest number of gulls were recorded on Transect 2 (n=1044) followed by Transect 3 (n=699). No gulls were
recorded on Transect 1. This is consistent with the observation made during previous surveys that suggest that
gulls use the Fraser River Main Channel between Tilbury Island and Kirkland Island for resting (Blood 1978). In
addition, gulls were observed foraging in the landfill located on the north bank of the Fraser River across from the
LAA. It is expected that gulls are attracted to this food source and rest in the adjacent aquatic and terrestrial
areas.
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3.3.4.5 Piscivorous Aquatic Birds
Piscivorous aquatic birds include groups such as loons, cormorants, grebes and alcids. These species forage on
fish by diving below the water surface.
Blood (1978) reported low densities of loons in the Fraser River South Arm. The majority of loons were observed
at the western end of the Fraser River at the outlet to the marine environment. No loons were observed in surveys
conducted in 2009 (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012) or 2015.
Western grebe and red-necked grebe occur in the Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank IBA, although
the number of western grebes appears to be in decline (IBA 2015). Grebes were recorded by Blood (1978) in the
western extent of the Fraser River South Arm. High concentrations of grebes were observed in Sea Reach, west
of Woodward Island, while moderate concentrations were observed west of Reifel Island, adjacent to Steveston,
and in Lander Reach. Grebes were not observed during the 2009 study (Environmental Assessment Office and
Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012) or during 2015 baseline surveys.
Cormorants were one of two species groups (the other being gulls) that were more abundant in the Fraser River
Main Channel than other areas surveyed by Blood (1978). The majority (76%) of cormorants observed by Blood
(1978) were recorded from the Fraser River Main Channel. Studies conducted in 2009 reported occurrences of
three cormorant species (double-crested cormorant, pelagic cormorant [P. pelagicus], and Brandt’s cormorant
[P. penicillatus]). Cormorant observations were from the mouth of the Fraser River between Garry Point and Sand
Heads (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012). Double-crested
cormorants were the only cormorant species observed during the 2015 surveys and made up 5% of species
counted and <1% of individuals counted. Double-crested cormorants are provincially blue-listed and are
discussed in further detail in Section 3.3.7.
3.3.5 Herons, Wading Birds, and Shorebirds
The CDF biogeoclimatic zone supports approximately 50 species of wading birds (i.e., herons, egret, and bittern)
and shorebirds (i.e., sandpipers and plovers) (Stevens, 1995). These species are associated with aquatic habitat
such as ponds, lakes, wetlands and marine habitat. Some species may also forage in upland habitat, such as
agricultural fields. The marsh/ mudflat complex along the Fraser River foreshore provides suitable foraging habitat
for wading birds.
Surveys conducted in 1976 to 1977 on the Fraser South Arm reported that, of the 1,936 herons observed, 1,931
(99%) were great blue herons and 5 (0.3%) were green herons (Butorides virescens). No other heron species or
bittern were observed. Great blue heron observations were made across the study area; however, greater
numbers were observed near the South Arm Marshes and Annacis Channel (Blood, 1978). Green heron were
observed from Tilbury Slough, Westham Island, and Lander Marsh. Great blue heron was the only wading bird
recorded in the 2009 surveys (Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012) and
in the LAA during the 2014/2015 field studies; one great blue heron was observed flying over the LAA during
aquatic bird surveys. No nesting herons, egrets or bitterns were observed during the 2015 field studies. Great
blue heron is provincially and federally listed and is discussed in further detail in Section 3.3.7.
Heron, egret, and bittern species may forage on fish and other aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates in the marsh/
mudflat complex adjacent to the Fraser River. No suitable upland foraging habitats (i.e., agricultural lands) are
available within the LAA although they do exist elsewhere in the RAA. Trees in the riparian area are young and
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small in diameter, and are therefore not likely to be preferred for canopy nesting by larger herons and egrets, but
could support smaller species. Herons, egrets and bittern may be migratory or non-migratory.
The Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank IBA supports large populations of migratory and
overwintering shorebirds (Section 3.3.1). In particular, large numbers of western sandpiper (Calidris mauri,
approximately 180,000 individuals), dunlin (approximately 100,000 individuals), and black-bellied plover
(approximately 85,000 individuals) occur in the IBA (IBA 2015). Dunlin was the most common shorebird recorded
by Blood (1978). Surveys conducted in 2009 also recorded high numbers of Dunlin with fewer numbers of
sanderling (Calidris alba), black turnstones (Arenaria melanocephala), and black-bellied plover (Environmental
Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012). Blood (1978) recorded concentrations of
shorebirds on mud flats in the Woodward-Duck-Rose Island area and adjacent breakwaters and bars. Shorebirds
observed in 2009 were recorded from piers and jetties near Steveston and Westham Island. There is a lack of
shorebird foraging habitat along the majority of the Fraser River South Arm (Environmental Assessment Office
and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority 2012).
Historic shorebird surveys around the Fraser River estuary have focused on Sturgeon Bank, Roberts Bank, and
Boundary Bay, which encompass most of the Fraser River Estuary’s intertidal mudflats and host the highest
concentrations of shorebirds (Butler, 1992; Butler & Cannings, 1989; Butler, Sheperd, & Lemon, 2002; Butler &
Vermeer, 1994; Hemmera, 2014). There is limited available information from upstream areas within the Fraser
River. Hemmera (2014) conducted shorebird surveys in the South Arm Marshes of the Fraser River,
approximately 7 km downstream of Tilbury Island, during the spring northbound migration (April to May) and
autumn southbound migration (July to September) of 2013. Five shorebird species and 2,381 individuals (black-
bellied plover, n=20; greater yellowlegs, n=40; dowitcher spp., n=19; dunlin, n=1,061; peep sandpiper, n=1,241)
were detected during three spring surveys, and four shorebird species and 34 individuals were detected during
five fall surveys (Killdeer, n=13; greater yellowlegs, n=5; spotted sandpiper, n=7; peep sandpiper, n=9). The
relative abundance of shorebirds at South Arm Marshes was lower than at other sites at Sturgeon Bank, Roberts
Bank and Boundary Bay sampled during the same study.
In general, shorebird foraging use of an area depends primarily on food availability, including abundance
(i.e., biomass) and accessibility, species’ dietary preference, and predation risk (Pomeroy 2008; Jiminez et al.
2015). Diet studies of western sandpiper within the Fraser River estuary during northward migration suggest that
biofilm comprises a large proportion of their diet (Kuwae et al. 2008; Jardine et al. 2015). Biofilm consists of a thin
(0.01 to 2 mm) layer of microphytobenthos, bacteria, and organic detritus bound together and stuck to the
sediment surface by copious amounts of extracellular polymeric substances secreted by microorganisms living
within the biofilm (Kuwae et al. 2008; Jiminez et al. 2015; Jardine et al. 2015). The density and quality of biofilm
vary spatially and temporally (Jardine et al. 2015). Biofilm develops most richly over muddy intertidal and
estuarine areas, without intensive sediment resuspension by hydrodynamic forcing (Kuwae et al. 2008). As
intertidal exposure time increases, biofilm builds up as a result of vertical migration of motile diatoms positioning
themselves in the photic zone (Jiminez et al. 2015). Shorebird grazing on biofilm may also be facilitated by high
water content in the sediment, as compared to sandy substrates in which both biofilm and water contents are low
(Kuwae et al. 2008).
The 2015 aquatic bird studies were conducted in late winter/ early spring when Blood (1978) reported peak
observations of shorebirds. However, only greater yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) was recorded within the LAA
in 2015, where two individuals were observed foraging in marsh/ mudflat complex. No nesting shorebirds were
observed during the field studies.
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Suitable foraging habitat for sandpipers, plovers, and other shorebirds exists in marsh/ mudflat complex adjacent
to the Fraser River in the LAA. However, there is generally less tidal influence further upstream within the Fraser
River compared to Sturgeon Bank, Roberts Bank and Boundary bay, such that the extent and duration of exposed
mudflats during low tide is lower. It is anticipated that shorebird use of the Fraser River near Tilbury Island will be
low due to limited habitat availability (i.e., extent of mudflats during low tide) and accessibility (i.e., longer periods
of inundation) for shorebirds. Hemmera (2014) found that shorebird foraging use of tidal mudflats declined in
areas at great distances from shore where tidal inundation more often made mudflats inaccessible. Although data
on the quantity and quality of biofilm within the Fraser River near Tilbury Island is not available, it may be low
compared to key areas such as Roberts Bank due to lower intertidal exposure time, which promotes biofilm
development (Jiminez et al. 2015). Ground nesting species, such spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularius), may nest
above the intertidal area in the riparian zone. However, minimal exposed ground is available for species that nest
in exposed area, such as killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). The majority of sandpipers, plovers, and small
shorebirds are migratory, occurring regionally during migration or overwinter. Although small numbers of
shorebirds may use the area in the vicinity of Tilbury Island, it is not expected to support large numbers or
concentrations of shorebirds like some other areas of the Fraser River Estuary which have earned it its
designation as a key shorebird migratory stopover site.
3.3.6 Upland Game Birds
Two species of endemic upland game birds (grouse) and four species of introduced upland game birds (pheasant,
turkey and quail) occur in the CDF biogeoclimatic zone (Stevens 1995). Coastal grouse species are generally
associated with forested habitat with access to forest openings or clearings that provide shelter from predation
and access to food sources.
The LAA does not provide typical habitat requisites such as suitable nesting or foraging habitat for grouse species
and these therefore these species are not likely to occur. No upland game birds were observed during field
studies.
3.3.7 Bird Species at Risk
The BC CDC lists 20 provincial or federal listed avian species with potential to occur in the CDF biogeoclimatic
zone, Chilliwack Forest District, and Lower Mainland District (Table 3; BC CDC, 2018). A complete list of
regionally occurring SAR, as compiled from a CDC Species Explorer web-based search, is provided in
Appendix A.
Table 4: Regional Bird SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA
Common name
Scientific name
SARA Listing1
COSEWIC Listing2
Provincial
Listing3
Potential to Occur in the LAA
Great blue heron
Ardea herodias fannini
1-SC
SC
Blue Confirmed during 2015 surveys.
Green heron
Butorides virescens
NA
NA
Blue Potential – recorded in Tilbury slough (Blood
1978).
Double-crested cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus
NA
NA
Blue Confirmed during 2015 surveys.
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Common name
Scientific name
SARA Listing1
COSEWIC Listing2
Provincial
Listing3
Potential to Occur in the LAA
Barn owl
Tyto alba
1-T
T
Red Potential – may forage in green spaces in the LAA
and nest or roost in old or abandoned buildings.
Common nighthawk
Chordeiles minor
1-T
SC
Yellow Potential – may forage over the LAA and nest in
open gravel areas.
Barn swallow
Hirundo rustica
1-T
T
Blue Potential – may forage over the Fraser River in the
LAA and nest on old or abandoned buildings.
1. T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, NA = Not Assessed (Government of Canada, 2018) 2. E = Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, NA = Not assessed, NAR = Not at Risk (COSEWIC, 2014). 3. (BC CDC, 2018).
3.3.7.1 Great Blue Heron
Great blue heron, fannini subspecies, is a non-migratory resident along the Pacific coast from southeastern
Alaska to Puget Sound, Washington (Butler & Baudin, 2000). The highest concentration of the fannini subspecies
is found in the Georgia Depression due to the presence of several large nesting colonies. The Fraser River delta
provides a large wintering ground within the Georgia Depression (Vennesland, 2004).
Both subspecies of the great blue heron are blue-listed in British Columbia; the fannini subspecies is provincially
ranked as S2S3B- a duel rank of imperilled and vulnerable to extirpation (BC CDC, 2018). The species is federally
listed as Special Concern under Schedule 1 of SARA and by COSEWIC (Government of Canada, 2018), and
globally listed as G5, Apparently Secure (BC CDC, 2018). Heron nests are protected under the provincial Wildlife
Act and are included in the Identified Wildlife Management Strategy of the FRPA (BC MOE, 1998; COSEWIC,
2008). Threats to the fannini subspecies are predominantly associated with habitat loss and degradation,
particularly those associated with nesting colonies (COSEWIC, 2008). Major threats are disturbance and
destruction of nesting and foraging habitat and predation by bald eagles (COSEWIC, 2008; Jones et. al. 2012).
Urban development, particularly in the Georgia Depression, has steadily encroached on heron nesting habitat, by
reducing the number of suitable tall tree stands used for breeding (COSEWIC, 2008).
Great blue heron require access to foraging and nesting habitat. Foraging occurs in aquatic environments such as
fresh and saltwater marshes, tidal mudflats, river banks, lakeshores and wetlands (Vennesland, 2004). Areas that
support dense eelgrass growth draw the largest concentration of herons, which are also known to feed in kelp
forests and on shallow beaches (Butler & Baudin, 2000). Herons require abundant and accessible food sources.
Nest colonies are typically located within 10 km of a foraging location, although some have been identified up to
30 km away (COSEWIC, 2008).
Great blue heron fannini are colonial nesting birds, preferring to colonize in trees 20 to 50 m above ground (BC
MOE, 1998). Breeding may occur in a wide variety of tree species; and while sites which are free from human
disturbance are preferentially selected, recent colonial nesting has occurred adjacent to and within urban areas
(Butler & Baudin, 2000, Jones et. al., 2012). Some colonies reuse nest sites for many years, but smaller colonies
are typically more dynamic and will relocate breeding locations every few years (COSEWIC, 2008).
Breeding is initiated between February and April and monogamous pairs form for the season (Vennesland, 2004).
The initiation period, including courtship and nest repair, can take from a week to two months (COSEWIC, 2008).
Clutch size ranges from one to eight eggs with incubation periods lasting a minimum of 30 days, and rearing
lasting for 60 days (Vennesland, 2004). Pairs will re-nest if clutches are lost due to predation, which then extends
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the breeding period (COSEWIC, 2008; Vennesland, 2004). While some nest defence has been recorded by
herons generally they tend to leave their nest unguarded when they are disturbed and so predation from eagles
and other raptors, or noise disturbances, are considered a threat to heron populations (Butler & Baudin, 2000;
Jones, 2009; Jones, Butler, & Ydenberg, 2012).
Great blue heron fannini was recorded in the Fraser River South arm in 1976-1977 and 2009 surveys (Blood,
1978; Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012). Great blue heron was
recorded flying over the LAA during the 2015 aquatic bird surveys and foraging in the mudflat during the 2015
vegetation baseline surveys. In the 1976-1977 surveys, great blue heron observations were relatively evenly
distributed across the Fraser River main channel and mouth (Blood, 1978).
The locations of great blue heron nesting colonies are typically away from human activity, and are often buffered
from human activity by a river or woodland (Vennesland & Butler, 2011). A great blue heron colony was recorded
in the south end of Tilbury Slough, approximately 670 m southwest of the LAA (GBHMT, 2015). The colony was
recorded as active between 1998 and 2006 (GBHMT, 2015). The riparian area in the LAA is thin, limited to young
trees, and not buffered from adjacent industrial activities, and while great blue heron nesting may occur, it is
considered unlikely within the LAA. However, suitable foraging habitat exists in the intertidal area in the LAA.
3.3.7.2 Green Heron
Green heron occurs across the eastern United States and along the Pacific coast (Fenneman, 2015). In BC, this
species’ range is limited to southeast Vancouver Island and the lower mainland (Fenneman, 2015). It is
predominantly a summer resident in BC, although some individuals remain overwinter (Fenneman, 2015).
Green heron is blue-listed in British Columbia and provincially ranked as S3S4B- a duel rank of vulnerable to
extirpation and apparently secure (BC CDC, 2018). The species is not listed under SARA or by
COSEWIC(Government of Canada, 2018), and is globally listed as G5, Apparently Secure (BC CDC, 2018).
Heron nests are protected under the provincial Wildlife Act. The coastal range of this species has recently
expanded north and was first recorded in BC in 1953 (Fenneman, 2015). As such, it is considered an uncommon
and localized species in BC (Fenneman, 2015). In addition to its scarcity, the green heron is threatened by
development throughout its range (Fenneman, 2015).
Green heron require access to foraging and nesting habitat. Foraging occurs in a variety of fresh and saltwater
aquatic systems such as swamps, creeks and streams, human-made waterbodies, ponds, lakes, marshes,
harbours and salt marshes (J. W. E. Davis & Kushlan, 1994). Generally foraging habitat with thick vegetation is
selected. Green heron typically forage by wading into shallow waters to hunt fish and invertebrates (J. W. E. Davis
& Kushlan, 1994).
Green heron nests solitarily, forming loose aggregations in areas where population densities are high
(Fenneman, 2015). Nests are typically constructed in deciduous trees 1-10 m above the ground, while shrubs and
coniferous trees are less commonly used (Fenneman, 2015). Nests are placed at the end of branches with thick
overhead cover for nest concealment, and are frequently suspended over water (J. W. E. Davis & Kushlan, 1994).
Courtship is initiated during migration, with breeding commencing once a pair has reached the breeding grounds
(J. W. E. Davis & Kushlan, 1994). In BC, four to five eggs are typically laid in mid-May to early June and are
incubated by both parents (Fenneman, 2015).
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Green heron were recorded in Tilbury Slough, approximately 600 m southeast of the LAA, in 1976-1977 (Blood,
1978). The species was not recorded during surveys conducted in 2009 and 2015 (Environmental Assessment
Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012). Green heron likely forage and possibly breed in Tilbury
Slough. The species could nest in the riparian zone and forage in marsh/ mudflat complex in the LAA. However,
preferred foraging microhabitat only occurs at high tide in the LAA.
3.3.7.3 Double-Crested Cormorant
Double-crested cormorant is generally a migratory species that breeds in central North America and Atlantic
coasts and overwinters on the Pacific coast and Gulf of Mexico (Moul & Gebouer, 2002). However, the Lower
Mainland population is non-migratory. The Pacific population (P. a. albociliatus) breeds between Mexico and BC.
In BC, breeding occurs in protected waters around the Strait of Georgia and Juan de Fuca Strait (Moul &
Gebouer, 2002).
Double-crested cormorant are blue-listed in British Columbia and provincially ranked as S3S4B- a duel rank of
vulnerable to extirpation and apparently secure (BC CDC, 2018). The species is not federally listed under SARA,
is listed as Not-At-Risk by COSEWIC (Government of Canada, 2018), and is globally listed as G5, Apparently
Secure (BC CDC, 2018). Active cormorant nests are protected under the provincial Wildlife Act. Threats to
double-crested cormorant are predominantly associated with disturbance to nest sites and predation from bald
eagles and other bird species (Adkins & Roby, 2010). Other threats include disease, oil pollution and
environmental contaminants (Adkins & Roby, 2010). Access to suitable foraging habitat and nesting sites do not
appear to be limiting factors (Adkins & Roby, 2010; Moul & Gebouer, 2002).
Double-crested cormorant foraging occurs predominately in marine habitat, although freshwater habitats such as
lakes are occasionally used (Moul & Gebouer, 2002). Suitable marine foraging habitat includes shallow (<10 m
deep) estuaries, bays, and harbours. Foraging typically occurs within 2.5 km of shore and less than 30 km from
nesting colonies (Dorr, Hatch, & Weseloh, 2014).
Double-crested cormorants are colonial nesting birds. Nest sites are typically on the ground on islands or cliff
ledges, although trees are occasionally used (Dorr et al., 2014; Moul & Gebouer, 2002). Double-crested
cormorant also nest on anthropogenic structures such as navigational beacons, piers, and bridges (Adkins &
Roby, 2010; Moul & Gebouer, 2002).
Breeding is initiated between May and June for migratory birds and likely earlier for resident populations (Dorr et
al., 2014). Courtship occurs upon arrival to the nesting site and pair formation typically occurs within two weeks of
initiation. In British Columbia, egg laying can occur from April to September, although eggs are typically laid within
two to three weeks of pair formation. Eggs are incubated for approximately 25 days and young fledge from the
nest four weeks after hatching (Dorr et al., 2014).
Double-crested cormorant were recorded in the Fraser River South Arm in 1976-1977 and 2009 surveys (Blood,
1978; Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012). Blood (1978) reported that
double-crested cormorants were most abundant in the Fraser River South Arm Main Channel; however,
expanded surveys of the Delta region report that they are most abundant in Boundary Bay, Point Roberts and
Tsawwassen and that most (91%) occur in the marine habitat, compared to the estuary habitat (9%) (Butler &
Campbell, 1987). Double-crested cormorants nest on pilings and navigational markers near Sand Heads
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Lighthouse (Butler and Campbell 1987). They have also been known to breed between Roberts Bank and the
Tsawwassen jetty (Butler & Campbell, 1987).
Double-crested cormorant were observed in the LAA on the near-shore and off-shore transects during the 2015
surveys for the Project (See Section 3.3.4). Near-shore this species was observed roosting on pilings of the old
jetty structure in the LAA. Off-shore, cormorants were observed flying over the LAA and swimming in the Fraser
River. No double-crested cormorant nest sites were observed during the field visit; although old piling structures
could provide suitable nesting substrate. Double-crested cormorant are expected to forage throughout the aquatic
portion of the LAA.
3.3.7.4 Barn Owl
Barn owl is a non-migratory species that occurs across most of the United States and Central/ South America. In
BC, the species is limited to three known areas: southeast Vancouver Island, the lower Mainland, and the
southern Okanagan Valley (COSEWIC, 2010). A fourth breeding location in the Kootenay Valley has not been
confirmed (COSEWIC, 2010).
Barn owls are red-listed in British Columbia and provincially ranked as S2? (Imperiled, rank is inexact or
uncertain) (BC CDC, 2018). The species is federally listed as Threatened under Schedule 1 of SARA, Threatened
by COSEWIC (Government of Canada, 2018), and globally listed as G5, Apparently Secure (BC CDC, 2018).
Active barn owl nests are protected under the provincial Wildlife Act. Threats to barn owl populations are
predominately associated with loss of nesting and foraging habitat (COSEWIC, 2010). Land development and
conversion of grassland to berry crops in the Delta-Surrey region of BC has resulted in a loss of suitable nest sites
and degradation and loss of foraging spaces (COSEWIC, 2010). The upgrading of old barn structures to new
metal structures and removal of obsolete barns and silos have further removed suitable nest locations
(COSEWIC, 2010). Other threats to barn owl include road mortality, contamination and disease (COSEWIC,
2010).
Barn owls forage in open areas with abundant small mammal populations (BC MOE, 2014; COSEWIC, 2010).
Natural grasslands, old agricultural fields, road side strips and other leave spaces, marshes, marine foreshore,
hay fields, and pasture provide suitable barn owl foraging habitat. Townsend’s vole (Microtus townsendii)
accounts for a large portion (75%) of the barn owl’s diet in the lower mainland, but also includes rats, shrews, and
mice ((Butler & Campbell, 1987); BC MOE, 2014).
Barn owls nest in a variety of natural and anthropogenic structures. Examples of natural nest sites are cavities in
live and dead trees, cliff faces, river banks, caves and rock outcrops (Marti, Poole, & Bevier, 2005); BC MOE,
2014). Human structures, such as barns, silos, nest boxes, bridges, warehouses, hangers, attics and stacked hay
bales, are also readily used for nesting (COSEWIC, 2010; Marti et al., 2005). Barn owls have also been shown to
readily nest in constructed nest boxes (BC MOE, 2014). Adults do not construct nests although the female will
build soft substrate from shredded pellets (Marti et al., 2005). In BC, barn owls primarily nest and roost in
anthropogenic structures (BC MOE, 2014).
Barn owls can breed throughout the year when prey is available and climatic conditions are favorable (COSEWIC,
2010). A pair may have multiple broods in a single year when conditions are optimal. Two to eight eggs are laid
and incubated for 29 – 34 days (Marti et al., 2005). Fledging occurs around 50-55 days after hatching (Marti et al.,
2005).
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Barn owls were first recorded in BC in 1909 and are most common in the Surrey-Delta region (Butler & Campbell,
1987; COSEWIC, 2010). Surveys conducted in the 1970s estimated the Lower Mainland population at around
1000 individuals with the highest density occurring on Reifel and Westham Islands (Butler & Campbell, 1987).
Barn owl was not recorded during previous surveys of the Fraser River (Blood, 1978; Environmental Assessment
Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012) and was not observed in surveys conducted in 2015, although
these surveys were not structured to survey for barn owl. Critical habitat for barn owl has not been published;
however, it is understood from correspondence with Barry Smith (Canadian Wildlife Services) that the LAA
overlaps unpublished proposed critical habitat (Barry Smith pers comm, 2016). Warehouse and other buildings in
the LAA could provide suitable nesting habitat if accessible by owls. The LAA does not contain highly suitable
habitat for barn owl, for example, unmanaged rough, open grassland, extensive ditch systems, agricultural fields,
and woodland edge (Shawyer, 1998). Vegetated habitat within the Project area is limited and predominately
consists of estuarine marine habitat that is unlikely to support substantial foraging by barn owls. Within the LAA,
barn owls may forage in adjacent maintained lawn, east of the Project Area. The LAA is isolated from larger areas
of suitable foraging habitat (Burns Bog and agricultural fields surrounding Tilbury Island); therefore, is unlikely to
provide highly suitable foraging habitat for barn owl.
3.3.7.5 Common Nighthawk
Common nighthawk is a nightjar that breeds throughout most of North America and portions of Central America
(COSEWIC, 2007) and overwinters in South America (Brigham, Ng, Poulin, & Grindall, 2011). In BC, this species
breeds throughout most of the province, with the exception of the Coast Mountains and Haida Gwaii (Brigham et
al., 2011; Campbell, Dawe, & McTaggart-Cowan, 1990).
Common nighthawk is provincially yellow-listed (S4B - breeding population is Apparently Secure), globally listed
as G5 (Secure) (BC CDC, 2018) and has been designated Threatened on Schedule 1 of SARA and Special
Concern by COSEWIC (Government of Canada, 2018). Annual breeding bird survey results for British Columbia
indicate common nighthawk populations have declined since 1970 (Environment Canada 2014. Reasons for the
decline have not been confirmed, but threats may include reductions in insect prey due to pesticide-use, loss and
alteration of open habitat (i.e., reforestation of cutblocks and old agricultural fields), and reduction of buildings with
flat gravel-covered roofs (COSEWIC, 2007). Collisions with vehicles are a substantial source of mortality for
common nighthawks roosting on roadsides and foraging low over highways (Campbell, McNicholl, Bringham, &
Ng, 2006).
Common nighthawks are generally associated with a variety of open or semi-open habitats, including forest
clearings, burned areas, grassy meadows, rocky outcrops, sandy areas, grasslands, pastures, peat bogs,
marshes, lake shores, quarries and mines (Brigham et al., 2011; Government of Canada, 2018; Peck & James,
1983). Forested areas with low canopy closure may also provide suitable habitat for the common nighthawk
(Hagar, Howlin, & Ganio, 2004). Common nighthawks breed in open habitats from sea level to 1,500 m elevation
(Campbell et al., 2006). Eggs are laid directly on bare ground, which may be soil, gravel, sand or rock
(COSEWIC, 2007). Roosting occurs singly or in groups of over 50 individuals, in open areas, on buildings, poles
and lines, on rock outcrops and in small stands of trees (Campbell et al., 2006). Males are territorial, and
generally avoid adjacent territories (Campbell et al., 2006). Territory size ranges from 4 to 23 ha in urban areas
with territories of 28 ha observed in natural field habitat (Campbell et al., 2006).
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The common nighthawk is nocturnal and insectivorous, feeding primarily on flying ants and Coleoptera between
dusk and dawn in open habitats (COSEWIC, 2007). Occasionally foraging occurs in the daytime, but this is
thought to be associated with energy shortages (Campbell et al., 2006). Most foraging activities occur over water,
and other open or semi-open habitats that have populations of flying insects (Campbell et al., 2006).
Common nighthawk breeds in the Fraser River delta during the summer (June to September; Butler & Campbell,
1987). Common nighthawk has been reported roosting on fence posts, beach logs, jetties, snags and buildings on
Iona Island (Butler & Campbell, 1987). Common nighthawk was not reported during previous studies (Blood,
1978; Environmental Assessment Office and Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012) or during the 2015 studies,
but these studies were not designed to identify common nighthawk presence. Small gravel areas and patches of
low vegetation cover may provide locations for common nighthawk nesting. The continuous industrial use of the
Project Site has reduced the suitability of the terrestrial area for nesting and likely results in constant disturbance
of nesting birds. Buildings in the Project Site have metal roofs and are not expected to provide suitable nesting
sites, although common nighthawk may nest in adjacent properties such as agricultural fields. Common nighthawk
may forage over the terrestrial and aquatic portions of the LAA.
3.3.7.6 Barn Swallow
Barn swallow is the most widely distributed swallow species in the world, and is found on every continent (BC
CDC, 2018). It breeds in southeastern Alaska and all Canadian provinces and territories, along with the majority
of the United States and into northern and central Mexico (COSEWIC, 2011). Winter range extends throughout
southern Mexico, Central America and the lowlands across South America (C. R. Brown & Bomberger Brown,
2015).
Barn swallow is provincially blue-listed (S3S4B - Threatened/ Apparently Secure) and globally listed as G5
(Secure; BC CDC, 2018). It is designated as Threatened on Schedule 1 of SARA and by COSEWIC (Government
of Canada, 2018). In Canada, barn swallow populations have undergone substantial declines since the 1980’s
(COSEWIC, 2011). The cause of population decline is not well understood, although it may be partly attributed to
loss of nesting sites and foraging habitat through the removal of artificial nest structures and conversion of
agricultural land to other land uses (COSEWIC, 2011).
Barn swallows are found from sea-level to 3,000 m, mainly in fields, pastures, shorelines, wetlands and subarctic
tundra (M. Brown, 2015). Barn swallows are commonly found in human landscapes such as farmyards, right-of-
ways, and agricultural cropland (BirdWeb, 2015), and seem to avoid areas of continuous forest or extremely dry
regions (BirdWeb, 2015). Breeding habitat typically includes areas with access to open foraging sites, nest sites
that include a natural or anthropomorphic vertical or horizontal substrate, and access to a source of mud for nest
building (M. Brown, 2015).
Barn swallows are social throughout the year and may nest in proximity to each other, but they do not form dense
colonies (BirdWeb, 2015). Pair bonds form in the spring and typically remain monogamous during the breeding
season, but polygamy can occur (C. R. Brown & Bomberger Brown, 2015). Barn swallows have two broods per
breeding season, which, depending on the latitude, lasts from April to July (COSEWIC, 2011). Migration south to
central and south America may begin as early as June, with birds congregating in open areas prior to southern
migrations (BirdWeb, 2015; M. Brown, 2015).
Barn swallows breed widely across the Fraser River delta (Butler & Campbell, 1987). In spring, birds are
frequently observed near brackish water, and in fall barn swallows congregate in cattail marshes along the
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regional dike system (Butler & Campbell, 1987). Barn swallows were recorded during 2009 studies predominately
in agricultural habitat between the Fraser River South and North Arms (Environmental Assessment Office and
Vancouver Fraser Port Authority, 2012). Barn swallows were not recorded in the 2015 studies in the LAA. Barn
swallows may nest on buildings in the LAA and could forage over aquatic areas in the LAA and agricultural habitat
adjacent to the LAA.
3.4 Mammals
3.4.1 Rodents, Insectivores, and Lagomorphs
The CDF biogeoclimatic zone supports approximately 16 species of endemic rodents (i.e., mice, voles),
insectivores (i.e., shrew, mole) and lagomorphs (i.e., rabbit) (Stevens, 1995). In addition, five exotic species occur
within this biogeoclimatic zone. Rodents, insectivores, and lagomorphs can occur in a variety of habitat types with
some species groups, such as squirrels, mice, and rats, occurring readily in urban and suburban environments.
Vegetated habitat within the LAA, including the riparian area, marsh, and ditch, provides suitable foraging and
living habitat for species adapted to urban environments and it is expected that shrew, mice, and rats occur
readily across vegetated portions of the Project Site. Semiaquatic small mammal species, such as beaver (Castor
canadensis) and muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), are expected to occur in riparian habitat and the marsh/ mudflat
complex in the LAA. Riparian habitat is expected to provide suitable forage habitat for semiaquatic mammal
species, which will likely access the Project Site via the Fraser River.
Exotic rodent species may live in buildings and other anthropogenic structures. No small mammals were observed
during the field studies.
3.4.2 Small and Medium Carnivores
The CDF biogeoclimatic zone supports eight endemic species of small predatory mammals (Stevens, 1995). Only
those species adapted to fragmented and disturbed urban and suburban environments, such as Northern river
otter (Lontra canadensis), weasels (Mustela spp.), coyote (Canis latrans), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and mink
(Neovison vison), are likely to occur in the LAA. The riparian and marsh/ mudflat complex provide suitable
foraging habitat for these species. Species, such as raccoon, may also use buildings for denning and rearing
young. No small and medium carnivores were observed in the LAA during the field study.
3.4.3 Large Carnivores
Large carnivores occurring in the CDF biogeoclimatic zone are black bear (Ursus americanus) and cougar (Puma
concolor). Although these species are able to occur in suburban environments, the LAA is isolated from larger
tracks of forested and natural habitat that these species require for denning, hibernation, rearing young and
foraging. Habitat within the LAA does not provide a substantial food source. Therefore, large carnivores are not
expected to occur within the LAA beyond rare events when they may use the riparian area as a travel corridor.
3.4.4 Ungulates
The CDF biogeoclimatic zone supports two native species of ungulate, of which only black-tailed deer
(columbianus) may occur in the LAA. However, the LAA is isolated from natural habitat required to support
populations of black-tailed deer. Burns bog, which is the closest natural track of land, is located approximately
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2 km southeast of the LAA. Burns bog supports black-tailed deer that may occasionally access the LAA to forage
and move through the riparian and marsh/ mudflat complex.
3.4.5 Bats
The CDF biogeoclimatic zone supports 11 bat species. Roosting sites and air temperature are the most important
factors in determining the distribution and abundance of bats in the province (Nagorsen & Brigham, 1993). Flying
insects are rare during cold nights in BC, thereby limiting the availability of food for bats. During the winter months
many bat species migrate to warmer climates but some hibernate in the bark of western redcedar or Douglas fir,
or in caves, tree hollows, abandoned mines, rock crevices or buildings (Nagorsen & Brigham, 1993). The
availability of winter hibernacula is a limiting factor for bat populations. Bat roosts are found in close proximity to
water and insect populations. Forest clearing removes potential roosting sites for bats and this effect is most
pronounced for hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) and silver-haired bats (Lasionycteris noctivagans; Nagorsen &
Brigham, 1993).
No potential bat hibernaculum were recorded in the LAA. Bat roost sites may exist in suitable mature trees,
structures and buildings in and adjacent to the LAA. Bat species adapted to urban and suburban environments
may forage and commute over the aquatic and terrestrial portions of the LAA. Lighting around existing industrial
facilities and buildings may entice bats as they forage for insects attracted to the light. Bats are nocturnal and
were therefore not observed foraging or commuting during daytime field surveys. A bat roost assessment of
potentially suitable trees and structures within the LAA was not undertaken as part of the daytime field surveys.
3.4.6 Mammal Species at Risk
The BC CDC lists ten provincially or federally listed mammal species with potential to occur in the CDF
biogeoclimatic zone, Chilliwack Forest District and Lower Mainland District (BC CDC, 2018), one of which, little
brown myotis (Myotis lucifugus), has potential to occur within the LAA based on known species range and general
habitat requirements (Table 5). Three listed species, southern red-backed vole (Myodes gapperi occidentalis),
Pacific water shrew (Sorex bendirii), and Olympic shrew (Sorex rohweri), are known to occur within 2 km of the
LAA (Table 5). A complete list of regionally occurring mammal listed species, as compiled from a CDC Species
Explorer web-based search, is provided in Appendix A.
Table 5: Regionally Occurring Mammal SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA
Common name
Scientific name
SARA Rank1/
COSEWIC Rank2
Provincial Rank3 Potential to Occur in the LAA
Little brown myotis
Myotis lucifugus
1-E
E
Yellow Little brown myotis may occur in Burns bog and
forage, commute and roost in the LAA.
1 E = Endangered (Government of Canada, 2018). 2. E = Endangered (COSEWIC, 2014). 3. (BC CDC, 2018).
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3.4.6.1 Little Brown Myotis
The little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) occurs throughout most of Canada and the United States (COSEWIC,
2012b). In Canada, it is believed to be the most common bat species, occurring in all provinces and territories
(COSEWIC, 2012b). This species is found throughout mainland BC as well as Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii,
from sea level on the coast to 2,288 m in the Rocky Mountains (Efauna, 2012).
The little brown myotis is provincially yellow-listed (S5 - Secure) (BC CDC, 2018). Federally, little brown myotis is
listed as Endangered under Schedule 1 of SARA and by COSEWIC (Government of Canada, 2018). Recently,
populations in northeastern US have been found to have White-nose Syndrome (WNS), a white fungus that grows
on ears, muzzles and/or wing membranes of affected bats, resulting in catastrophic population declines (Blehert
et al., 2009; COSEWIC, 2012b; Frick, Pollock, & Hicks, 2010). The little brown myotis may become regionally
extinct in the northeastern US within the next 16 years (Frick et al., 2010). Widespread mortality events have been
recorded in New Brunswick in 2011, and large declines are being seen in populations in Quebec and Ontario
(COSEWIC, 2012b).
In BC, little brown myotis occurs in a range of habitats, such as coastal and boreal forest, arid grasslands, and
ponderosa pine forests (Efauna, 2012). They are often associated with old-growth mixedwood forests and edge
habitats, such as those adjacent to water and clear-cuts (Crampton & Barclay, 1998; Furlonger, Dewar, & Fenton,
2010; Kalcounis & Hecker, 1995; Patriquin, 2001; Thomas, 1988). Old-growth forests are thought to contain a
combination of habitat features used for roosting and foraging that are not found in younger forested habitats
(Crampton & Barclay, 1998; Thomas, 1988). Little brown myotis can also occur in urban areas.
Little brown myotis feeds at dusk, with feeding activities concentrated in forest openings and over water
(Crampton & Barclay, 1998; Krusic, Yamasaki, Neefus, & Pekins, 1996). Still water is an important resource that
draws bats from a large area to drink and feed (Krusic et al., 1996). In Douglas fir forests in Washington and
Oregon, bats roosting in forests stands left the stands in the evenings to feed at distant streams and ponds
(Thomas, 1988). Prey varies with geographic location, and includes aquatic insects such as midges and
caddisflies, as well as moths, spiders, beetles and flies (Anthony & Kunz, 1977; Whitaker & Lawhead, 1992).
Little brown myotis roosts in crevices and cavities in trees, as well as in caves, and buildings, which remain
warmer than ambient temperature at night (Barclay, 1982; Kalcounis & Hecker, 1995). In summer, males and
females generally roost separately. Females congregate in maternity colonies in April and early May (Barclay,
1982; W. H. Davis & Hitchcock, 1965). In Alberta’s boreal forest, females are known to select tall trees of the
genus Populus (i.e., balsam poplar, trembling aspen, cottonwood) with early stages of decay in old stands with
moderate canopy cover as maternity roosts (Crampton & Barclay, 1998). Hibernation begins in September or
October, and bats emerge around April or early May in the interior of BC, and as early as March on the coast
(Efauna, 2012; Fenton & Barclay, 1980). Caves and abandoned mines with high humidity (i.e., 70 to 95%) and
temperatures that remain above freezing (i.e., 1 to 5°C) are used for winter hibernacula (Fenton & Barclay, 1980).
Hibernacula are generally different from summer roosts. Females are known to move several hundred kilometers
between summer roosts and winter hibernacula (W. H. Davis & Hitchcock, 1965; Fenton, 1970). Locations of
hibernacula for most BC populations are unknown, though the few hibernacula that have been identified in BC are
located in old mines in the interior, and contain a few individuals each (Efauna, 2012).
The LAA is not expected to provide suitable hibernacula sites for little brown myotis. Buildings in the LAA may
provide roost sites and it is expected that suitable roost sites are available in Burns Bog. Little brown myotis could
forage over aquatic habitat in the LAA during their active period (i.e., outside of hibernation).
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3.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates
Terrestrial invertebrates are expected to occur in natural habitat (riparian and marsh/ mudflat complex) in the LAA.
Species adapted to urban and suburban environments and aquatic habitat may occur in the marsh/ mudflat
complex, riparian and ditch habitat in the LAA. The number of terrestrial invertebrate species that may occur in the
LAA is extensive but poorly studied. Only SAR likely present in the LAA and species observed during baseline
surveys are included in this baseline report (See Section 3.5.1).
3.5.1 Invertebrate Species at Risk
The BC CDC lists 18 provincially or federally listed invertebrate species with potential to occur in the CDF
biogeoclimatic zone, Chilliwack Forest District and Lower Mainland District (BC CDC, 2018), two of which have
potential to occur within the LAA based on known species range and general habitat requirements (Table 6). A
complete list of regionally occurring invertebrate listed species, as compiled from a CDC Species Explorer web-
based search, is provided in Appendix A.
Table 6: Regionally Occurring Invertebrate SAR with Potential to Occur in the LAA
Common name
Scientific name
SARA Rank/
COSEWIC Rank
Provincial Rank Potential to Occur in the LAA
Dun skipper
Euphyes vestris
1-T
T
Red Potential to occur in the marsh/ mudflat complex.
Silver-spotted skipper
Epargyreus clarus
californicus
NA
NA
Red May occur in riparian and marsh/ mudflat complex if its
larval food plant is available.
1 SARA: Federal Species at Risk Act Schedule number (1-3) for this species. See the SARA website for more information. E = Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, DD =Data Deficient, NA = Not Assessed (Government of Canada, 2018).
2 BC CDC List: The provincial list to which the species or ecological community is assigned. Possible values: Extinct, Red (Any indigenous species, subspecies or plant community that is extirpated, endangered, or threatened in BC.), Blue (Any indigenous species, subspecies or community considered to be of special concern in BC. Blue-listed elements are at risk, but are not extirpated, endangered or threatened), Yellow (Any indigenous species, subspecies or community considered to be secure in BC –encompasses all those not listed as red or blue), Accidental, Unknown and No Status (BC CDC, 2018).
3.5.1.1 Dun Skipper
Dun skipper is a butterfly that (Guppy & Shepard, 2015) occurs in two populations in North America, the western
population extends from southwestern BC to California (Guppy & Shepard, 2015). In BC, dun skipper is known
from southern Vancouver Island, the Lower Mainland, and the Fraser River canyon to Lillooet.
Dun skipper is provincially red-listed (S2 – Threatened) and globally listed as G5 (Secure: BC CDC, 2018). It is
designated as Threatened listed under Schedule 1 of SARA and by COSEWIC (Government of Canada, 2018).
The dominant threat to dun skipper is access to sedges, which are its larval food source (COSEWIC, 2013).
Natural forest succession, introduction of invasive plant species and the effects of fire suppression reduce the
availability of habitats that support sedges (COSEWIC, 2013). Urbanization and development of agricultural areas
likely also reduce suitable larval habitat (COSEWIC, 2013).
Dun skipper occur in open habitat such as forest openings, roadside ditches, Garry oak meadows, railway and
powerline right-of-ways, and bogs. It requires access to sedges (Carex sp) and grasses (Poa sp) for larval
20 March 2019 1314220049-053-R-Rev2
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development, while adult butterflies require nectar plants such as spreading dogbane (Apocynum
androsaemifolium) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) (COSEWIC, 2013).
Dun skipper has not been observed within the LAA; however, it was recorded in Burns Bog in 2004 (BC CDC
2018). Suitable habitat for dun skipper may exist in the transition area between the marsh and riparian zones, as
well as along unmanaged ditches and Tilbury Slough.
3.5.1.2 Silver-Spotted Skipper
Silver-spotted skipper is a butterfly species that occurs across North America. Two subspecies occur in BC,
californicus occurs in the Lower Mainland and southeast Vancouver Island and clarus occurs in southeastern BC.
Silver-spotted skipper californicus is provincially red-listed (SH – Possibly Extirpated) and globally listed as
G5TNR (species is secure, the subspecies has not yet been ranked (BC CDC, 2018). Silver-spotted skipper is not
listed under SARA or by COSEWIC (Government of Canada, 2018). Information regarding the rationale for the
provincial ranking of this species is not available; however, the restricted range of this species in BC suggests that
it may be naturally rare.
Silver-spotted skipper occur in a variety of habitats including recently disturbed sites with black locust trees
(Robinia pseudoacacia), which are not native to BC. It requires access to larval foodplants from the genera
Robinia and Amorpha.
Suitable habitat for silver-spotted skipper could occur in the riparian portion of the LAA if appropriate larval
foodplants are present. Robinia and Amorpha species were not recorded during the 2015 surveys and are unlikely
to occur in the LAA.
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4.0 SUMMARY
The purpose of the wildlife and wildlife habitat baseline report was to describe the wildlife species and wildlife
habitats present in the LAA. This information will be used to facilitate completion of the Environmental
Assessment and identification of potential site-specific and regional mitigation actions to reduce the potential
adverse effects of the Project. The data presented in this report describe existing conditions before Project
construction.
Baseline information was collected to establish the presence and distribution of wildlife species in the LAA. Two
field surveys were completed:
General Wildlife Survey
Aquatic Bird Survey
Ten amphibian and seven reptile species occur in the CDF biogeoclimatic zone, four of which are SAR.
Amphibian breeding habitat in the LAA is limited to the ditch that runs parallel to the Project Site. Species adapted
to urban environments (i.e., northwestern salamander) may use this ditch. Reptiles adapted to urban
environments (i.e., garter snakes) may forage in the riparian habitat in the LAA. Herptile SAR are not expected to
occur in the LAA.
Over 270 bird species occur in the CDF biogeoclimatic zone, 19 of which are SAR. The LAA is expected to
support small bird and raptor species common in urban and suburban environments. These species may forage in
marsh, riparian and upland habitat in the LAA. The marsh and aquatic portions of the LAA are expected to support
a variety of waterfowl and water associated birds including dabbling and diving ducks, geese, gulls, cormorants,
herons, and shorebirds. Upland game birds are not expected to occur in the LAA. The LAA has potential to
support some habitat requisites of six bird SAR, two of which, great blue heron and double-crested cormorant,
have been recorded in the LAA.
The LAA is situated within the Boundary Bay – Roberts Bank – Sturgeon Bank Important Bird Area (IBA), which
consists of a complex of marine, estuarine, freshwater and agricultural areas. The IBA was designated due it its
importance as a stop-over and overwintering location for migratory species along the Pacific Flyway as well as
habitat for designated bird species, such as great blue heron. Significant global populations of fifteen bird species
including waterfowl, sandpiper, wading birds, aquatic birds and gulls use the IBA.
Twenty-three mammalian species occur in the CDF biogeoclimatic zone, ten of which are SAR. The LAA is
expected to support small and medium-sized mammals adapted to urban environments, such as mice, rats,
raccoons and coyotes. These species may forage and move through the riparian and marsh habitat. Buildings in
the LAA may support urbanized species such as rats. Black-tailed deer is the only ungulate species that may
occasionally use the LAA. Large carnivores are not likely to occur in the LAA. Bat species may forage over the
terrestrial and aquatic portions of the LAA. Trees in the riparian habitat and buildings in the LAA may be used as
summer roosts. Little brown myotis is the only mammal SAR likely to occur in the LAA.
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Numerous invertebrate species may occur in the LAA. Only SAR and species observed during baseline surveys were identified in this report. The CDF biogeoclimatic zone supports 20 invertebrate SAR, three of which may occur in the LAA.
Golder Associates Ltd.
Kate Moss, RPBio Iain Jones, MSc, RPBio Terrestrial Biologist Associate, Senior Biologist
KM/IJ/asd
Golder and the G logo are trademarks of Golder Associates Corporation
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20 March 2019 1314220049-053-R-Rev2
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WILDLIFE AND WILDLIFE HABITAT LOCAL AND REGIONALASSESSMENT AREAS
TILBURY MARINE JETTYDELTA, B.C.
1. WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS, INDIAN RESERVES, TSAWWASSEN FIRST NATIONLANDS AND MUNICIPAL BOUNDARIES OBTAINED BY B.C. MINISTRY OF FORESTS,LANDS AND NATURAL RESOURCE OPERATIONS.2. RAILWAY, WATER, FOREST, PARKS, WATERCOURSE, WATERBODY, WILDLIFE AREAAND MIGRATORY BIRD SANCTUARY AND RESIDENTIAL AREA DATA OBTAINED FROMCANVEC ' DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.3. IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS FROM IBA CANADA.4. IMAGERY ' 20170903 ESRI AND ITS LICENSORS. SOURCE: DIGITALGLOBE, VIVIDWV02. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PROJECTION: UTM ZONE 10; DATUM: NAD 83
WESPAC MIDSTREAM - VANCOUVER LLC
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Hopcott Road
MacDonald Road
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River Road
Tilbury Road
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Fraser River
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AQUATIC BIRD SURVEYS
TILBURY MARINE JETTYDELTA, B.C.
1. RAILWAY, ROAD, FOREST, PARKS, WETLAND, WATERCOURSE AND WATERBODY DATAOBTAINED FROM CANVEC © DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES CANADA. ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.2. IMAGERY © 20170903 ESRI AND ITS LICENSORS. SOURCE: DIGITALGLOBE, VIVIDWV02. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.PROJECTION: UTM ZONE 10; DATUM: NAD 83
WESPAC MIDSTREAM - VANCOUVER LLC
20 March 2019 1314220049-053-R-Rev2
APPENDIX A
Regionally Occurring Wildlife
Species at Risk
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
1314220049-053-R-Rev220 March 2019
1
Table 1: Provincially and Federally Listed Wildlife Species with the Potential to Occur in the Study Area1.
Common Name Scientific Name SARA2 COSEWIC3 BC List4
Provincial Status5
Range and Habitat Summary6 Potential to Occur in the LAA
Amphibian
Western toad Anaxyrus boreas 1-SC SC Yellow S4 Breed in shallow littoral zones of lakes, temporary and permanent pools, ditches and slow-moving streams, and wetlands. Adults use terrestrial habitats, including forest and woodland, with ample cover such as shrubs, woody debris and rocks.
Possible: potentially suitable breeding habitat in the swamp and freshwater shallow waterbodies in the far southeast portion of the LAA.
Red-legged frog Rana aurora 1-SC SC Blue S3 Occurs in permanent waters of stream pools, marshes, ponds, and other quiet bodies of water. Adults can occur in adjacent moist terrestrial habitat.
Possible: potentially suitable breeding habitat in the swamp and freshwater shallow waterbodies in the far southeast portion of the LAA.
Reptiles
Painted turtle – Pacific coast population
Chrysemys picta pop 1
1-E T Red S2 Occurs in ponds, lakes, sloughs and slow-moving streams in shallow water with emergent vegetation, muddy substrates and suitable basking sites.
Unlikely: no suitable pond habitat available in the LAA.
Gopher snake catenifer
Pituophis catenifer catenifer
1-XX XT Red SX Found mainly in dry grasslands, although sometimes associated with wetlands. Most common in semi-arid, brushy areas and adjacent to farms. May enter forested areas to hibernate. Often share communal dens with other snake species in winter.
Not expected: presumed extirpated.
Birds
Great blue heron, fannini subspecies
Ardea herodias fannini
1-SC SC Blue S2S3B, S4N
Forages along water margins such as marine habitat and slow-moving freshwater. On the Pacific coast, typically nests in colonies in tall Sitka spruce, western red cedar, western hemlock, pine, red alder and black cottonwood.
Confirmed: observed flying over the Project area.
1 Search Criteria: BC CDC Species and Ecosystem Explorer search completed on 7 May 2018. Search Type: Plant & Animal AND Forest Districts: Chilliwack Forest District - (Restricted to Red, Blue, and Legally designated species) AND MOE Regions:2 – Lower Mainland AND BGC Zone: CDF. 2 SARA: Federal Species at Risk Act Schedule number (1-3) for this species. XX = Extinct, E = Endangered, T = Threatened, SC = Special Concern, DD = Data Deficient, NA = Not Assessed. Source: Government of Canada (2018). 3 COSEWIC: Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, rank is followed by the date that the rank was last reviewed. Ranks have the following meanings: E = ENDANGERED: A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction, T = THREATENED: A species that is likely to become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed, SC = SPECIAL CONCERN: A species of special concern because of characteristics that make it is particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events, NAR = NOT AT RISK: A species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk, DD = DATA DEFICIENT: A species for which there is insufficient scientific information to support status designation. NA = Not assessed. Source: Government of Canada (2018). 4 BC List: The provincial list to which the species or ecological community is assigned. Possible values: Extinct, Red (Any indigenous species, subspecies or plant community that is extirpated, endangered, or threatened in BC.), Blue (Any indigenous species, subspecies or community considered to be of special concern in BC. Blue-listed elements are at risk, but are not extirpated, endangered or threatened), Yellow (Any indigenous species, subspecies or community considered to be secure in British Columbia –encompasses all those not listed as red or blue), Accidental, Unknown and No Status. Source: BC CDC (2018). 5 Provincial Status = Provincial Ranks apply to a species' or ecological community's conservation status in British Columbia. The number in parenthesis is the year the rank was last reviewed. The ranks have the following meaning: X = presumed extirpated, H = possibly extirpated, 1 = critically imperilled, 2 = imperilled, 3 = special concern, vulnerable to extirpation or extinction, 4 = apparently secure, 5 = demonstrably widespread, abundant, and secure, NA = not applicable, NR = unranked, U = unrankable. N= non-breeding; B= breeding, ? = inexact or uncertain. Source: BC CDC (2018).
6 Habitat information sources: Government of Canada (2018), Klinkenberg (2018), Cornel Lab of Ornithology (2018).
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
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Common Name Scientific Name SARA2 COSEWIC3 BC List4
Provincial Status5
Range and Habitat Summary6 Potential to Occur in the LAA
American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus
NA NA Blue S3B Occurs primarily in large freshwater wetlands, including lake and pond edges where cattails, sedges, or bulrushes are plentiful and marshes where there are patches of open water and tall emergent and aquatic-bed vegetation. Also occurs in other areas with dense herbaceous cover, such as shrubby marshes, bogs, and wet meadows. Readily uses wetlands created by impoundments. Overwinters in areas where temperatures tend to stay above freezing. Eats mainly fish, crayfish, amphibians, mice and shrews, insects, and other animals. May nest in grassy uplands surrounding wetland basin.
Unlikely: suitable marsh habitat is not available within the LAA.
Green heron Butorides virescens
NA NA Blue S3S4B The range in North America extends from southeastern Canada and south to Florida, where it breeds throughout the United States. In the west it is found from southern BC, south to Baja California and Mexico where it occurs in coastal habitats. In BC, this species occurs along the south coast and is restricted to the Lower Mainland, as far east as Hope and Vancouver Island from Sooke north to Campbell River. The green heron is a resident along the south coast. Green heron occurs in swamps, mangroves, marshes and riparian zones along creeks and streams. Nests are in trees, thickets or bushes over water, dry woodlands and orchards.
Potential: recorded in Tilbury slough.
Black-crowned night-heron
Nycticorax nycticorax
NA NA Red S1 Occurs in wetlands, mangroves, streams and lakes. Nest in a variety of habitats such as wetlands, orchards, and on marine islands.
Unlikely: no suitable habitat in the LAA
Double-crested cormorant
Phalacrocorax auritus
NA NA Blue S3S4B Nests on protected offshore islands and rocks. Forages mainly in marine habitats but may also visit inland lakes and the estuaries of large rivers.
Confirmed: observed in the LAA.
Northern goshawk, laingi subspecies
Accipiter gentilis laingi
1-T T Red S2B Occurs in extensive, mature forests with dense canopies, an open understory, and tree limbs large enough to provide nesting platforms.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Rough-legged hawk
Buteo lagopus NA NA Blue S3N Non-breeding: grasslands, field, marshes, sagebrush flats, and open cultivated areas; sometimes rat-infested garbage dumps. Nests on cliffs (typically) or in trees in arctic and subarctic, in tundra, mountain sides, and forests with plenty of open ground. Sometimes nests on the ground or on man-made structures. Apparently nests more commonly along coasts and on marine islands.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia
NA NA Blue S3B Nests on sandy or gravelly beaches along coasts or lakes. Foraging habitat includes beaches, mudflats and sheltered bays.
Unlikely: no suitable breeding habitat in the LAA.
Marbled murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus
1-T T Blue S3B, S3N Occurs in coastal areas, mainly in salt water within 5 km of shore. Nests in mature to old growth coastal coniferous forests with large limbs for nesting platforms. Forages and overwinters in calm coastal marine sites.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Band-tailed pigeon Patagioenas fasciata
1-SC SC Blue S3S4B Occurs in lower elevation (0 to 300 m) coniferous forest with varying mixtures of Sitka spruce, western redcedar, western hemlock, and Douglas-fir. Generally occurs in habitat where fruit bearing shrubs are available and also forages in cultivated areas. Prefers open sites with adjacent conifers. Breeds in temperate and mountain forests and woodlands.
Unlikely: no suitable breeding or foraging habitat in the LAA. Suitable foraging habitat may occur in adjacent agricultural fields.
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
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Common Name Scientific Name SARA2 COSEWIC3 BC List4
Provincial Status5
Range and Habitat Summary6 Potential to Occur in the LAA
Barn owl Tyto alba 1-SC T Red S2? Open and partly open grassland, marsh and field habitats, often around human habitation. Nests in caves, buildings, hollow trees and crevices on cliffs.
Potential: may nest in buildings in the LAA, and forage over adjacent agricultural fields.
Short-eared owl Asio flammeus 1-SC SC Blue S3B, S2N Breeds and forages in a large number of open habitats with low vegetation including grasslands, arctic tundra, taiga, bogs, marshes, old pastures, sand-sage, and occasionally agricultural fields. Preferred nesting sites are areas of dense grassland, as well as tundra with areas of small willows. The primary factor determining nest site choice is likely proximity to a reliable food source of small mammal prey.
Unlikely: no suitable breeding or foraging habitat available in the LAA.
Western screech-owl, kennicottii subspecies
Megascops kennicottii kennicottii
1-T T Blue S2S3 Typically occurs at low elevations in mature deciduous riparian habitat with available cavities, and wetland and forested habitat.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Common nighthawk
Chordeiles minor 1-T SC Yellow S4B Inhabits open and semi-open habitat including grasslands, coniferous forests, logged or slash-burned forests, prairies and plains, farm fields, rock outcrops, sand dunes and beaches, and urban/suburban areas. Nests on the ground in open habitat such as short grasslands and gravel areas.
Potential: may nest on buildings and gravel areas in the LAA and forage over the LAA.
Peregrine falcon, anatum subspecies
Falco peregrinus anatum
1-SC NA Red S2?B Occurs in a variety of terrestrial (including tundra) and coastal habitats. Nests on cliffs generally over forest or water. Nest sites are frequently associated with water bodies including lakes, marine and river ecosystems. When not breeding, found in areas where prey concentrate including farmland.
Unlikely: no suitable breeding habitat in the LAA. May occasionally forage on waterfowl in the LAA.
Black swift Cypseloides niger NA E Blue S5 Occurs across much of BC including Vancouver Island, but does not occur on Haida Gwaii. Forages over forests or open habitats and breeds in rock crevice sites behind waterfalls, on sea cliffs, or in caves. Limited to a small number of known breeding sites in BC.
Unlikely: no suitable breeding habitat in the LAA. May occasionally forage on insects in the LAA.
Evening grosbeak Coccothraustes vespertinus
NA NA Yellow S5 Breeds mainly throughout the southern and central interior of BC at mid-elevations. Coniferous and mixed forests are preferred for nesting and breeding is frequently associated with outbreaks of forest-defoliating insects such as spruce budworm (Martell 2015).
Unlikely: may nest in coniferous trees within the LAA and forage in suitable habitat within the LAA. May forage and nest in the coniferous woodland and agricultural fields adjacent to the LAA.
Olive-sided flycatcher
Contopus cooperi 1-T SC Blue S3S4B Primarily inhabits montane and northern coniferous forests from sea-level to timberline, but usually mid- to high-elevation forests. Most often associated with forest openings, forest edges near natural openings (i.e., streams, lakes, rivers, bogs, wetlands, swamps, meadows, canyons, etc.), human-made openings (i.e., logged areas), burned forest, and open to semi-open forest stands. This species will use early successional forest, although the presence of tall snags and residual live trees for foraging, singing and nesting is essential. Breeding in mid-elevation montane and northern coniferous forests.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
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Common Name Scientific Name SARA2 COSEWIC3 BC List4
Provincial Status5
Range and Habitat Summary6 Potential to Occur in the LAA
Barn swallow Hirundo rustica 1-T T Blue S3S4B Inhabits a variety of low to high elevation habitats, including agricultural areas, cities, and along highways. Breeding and nesting habitat typically contains open areas with low vegetation (i.e., pasture, fields, meadows, farmland) for foraging, preferably with nearby water. This species avoids heavily forested and built-up areas. The presence of nearby perching locations (i.e., bare branches, roof ridges, wires) is also an important nesting requirement. Nesting typically occurs on a horizontal surface including natural substrates such as crevices, cavities, and caves as well as anthropogenic structures such as rafters, ceilings, roofs, bridges, and buildings. Nests are generally located near waterbodies where birds have access to mud to construct their nest. Non-breeding habitat is open areas, including fields and meadows.
Potential: may nest on buildings in the LAA and forage over the terrestrial and aquatic portions of the LAA.
Purple martin Progne subis NA NA Blue S3B Occurs in a wide variety of open and partly open situations, frequently near water or around towns.
Not expected: no suitable breeding habitat in the LAA.
Mammals
Meadow rams-horn Planorbula campestris
NA NA Blue S3S4 Occurs frequently around water with suitable vegetation including swamps, vernal ponds and flooded areas of waterbodies.
Not expected: no suitable breeding habitat in the LAA.
Mountain goat Oreamnos americanus
NA NA Blue S3 Occur in mountainous regions throughout BC. Primarily associated with steep, rocky areas with cliffs or bluffs in alpine or sub-alpine regions. They prefer areas with sufficient escape terrain (steep rocky areas) for predator avoidance and are usually reluctant to venture more than 400 to 500 m from escape terrain, often less distance during winter. Coastal mountain goats typically winter at moderate to lower elevations in forested habitats.
Not expected: no suitable breeding habitat in the LAA.
Mountain beaver Aplodontia rufa 1-SC SC Yellow S4 Occurs in areas with woody debris on the forest floor, deep soil and dense understory vegetation such as coniferous forests or coastal scrub. Often near small streams or seepage areas.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Southern red-backed vole, occidentalis subspecies
Myodes gapperi occidentalis
NA NA Red S1 Generally most abundant in mature coniferous forests with abundant shrub and ground cover, but has been found in all successional stages.
Not expected: the LAA does not provide suitable mature coniferous forest required by this species.
Snowshoe hare, washingtonii subspecies
Lepus americanus washingtonii
NA NA Red S1 Occurs in coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests with dense canopy cover, abundant understory vegetation which provides shelter, and thicket openings.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
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Common Name Scientific Name SARA2 COSEWIC3 BC List4
Provincial Status5
Range and Habitat Summary6 Potential to Occur in the LAA
Olympic shrew Sorex rohweri NA NA Red S2? Limited information regarding habitat requirements for this species is available; however, the species appears to be associated with coniferous and mixed forested habitat of varying ages. Known to occur in Burns Bog.
Not expected: Burns Bog is the only known recent record of Olympic shrew (2004). Historical occurrences of the species (1977-1992) of Olympic shrew were recorded in the Fraser Valley. The LAA does not provide suitable habitat for this species because there is only one drainage ditch and this has limited vegetative cover - insufficient to support a population’s requirements for food and refuge
Trowbridge's shrew
Sorex trowbridgii NA NA Blue S3 Occurs in mixed forests with rich deep soils and abundant woody debris and leaf litter. Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Keen's myotis Myotis keenii 3 DD Blue S3? Limited information exists regarding habitat requirements for this species. Maternity colonies have been observed in small caves, hydrothermally heated caves and rocks, and tree crevices. Summer roosts have been documented in houses and other anthropogenic structures. Species’ morphology suggests that it is adapted to forage in complex old-growth habitat, though it is not restricted to old-growth.
Not expected: species is not typically associated with urban environments.
Little brown myotis Myotis lucifugus 1-E E Yellow S4 In BC, little brown myotis occurs in a range of habitats, such as coastal and boreal forest, arid grasslands, and ponderosa pine forests. They are often associated with old-growth mixed-wood forests and edge habitats, such as those adjacent to water and clear-cuts
Potential: may occur in Burns Bog, and forage, commute and roost within the LAA.
Long-tailed weasel, altifrontalis subspecies
Mustela frenata altifrontalis
NA NA Red SH Occupies a variety of habitat types from marshes, grasslands and low-elevation forests to alpine tundra. May den in hollow trees, logs, rock or slash piles, and pre-existing nests and burrows.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Invertebrates
Audouin's night-stalking tiger beetle
Omus audouini NA T Red S1 Found in open sunny locations such as stream banks, trails, lake shores, beaches, and forest edges.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Autumn meadowhawk
Sympetrum vicinum
NA NA Blue S3S4 Occurs around marshes, ponds, sloughs and slow-moving streams, and is common near woodlands.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Clodius parnassian, claudianus subspecies
Parnassius clodius claudianus
NA NA Blue S3S4 Occurs in moist riparian habitats near streams at low elevations and wet subalpine meadows and subalpine riparian habitat at higher elevations. In BC, this subspecies occurs on Vancouver Island. Larval foodplant in BC is bleeding heart, in the family Fumariaceae. Steer's head (Dicentra uniflora) is the larval foodplant for this species in California, and possibly in Oregon, Washington and the interior of BC.
Unlikely: suitable larval foodplants were not recorded and are unlikely to occur in the LAA.
Common wood-nymph, incana subspecies
Cercyonis pegala incana
NA NA Red S2 Found in Garry oak ecosystems. Larvae use grasses and sedges, while adults can be found on wildflowers.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
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Common Name Scientific Name SARA2 COSEWIC3 BC List4
Provincial Status5
Range and Habitat Summary6 Potential to Occur in the LAA
Dun skipper Euphyes vestris 1-T T Red S2 Associated with open, moist habitat including roadside ditches, “leave strips”, and right-of-ways. Also found in fairly dry areas where spring floods or permanent springs that provide moist conditions.
Potential: may occur in riparian and marsh habitat in the LAA.
Johnson's hairstreak
Callophrys johnsoni
NA NA Red S1S2 Occurs in the canopy of mature forests where hemlock dwarf mistletoe is available. In the lower mainland, the species is only known to occur in Lynn Canyon Regional Park and Stanley Park.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Monarch Danaus plexippus 1-SC E Blue S3B Occurs in open habitat, including agricultural fields, roadside ditches, where milkweed and wildflowers including goldenrod, asters and purple loosestrife is available. Breeds in patches of milkweed host plant. Overwinters in coastal California.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Northern abalone Haliotis kamtschatkana
1-E E Red S2 A marine species occurring in coastal waters, typically in the subtidal zone on rock or other hard surfaces.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Oregon forestsnail Allogona townsendiana
1-E E Red S2 Occurs in mixed-wood and deciduous forests, typically dominated by Bigleaf maple. Requires large amounts of leaf litter for cover, and is typically associated with stinging nettle.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Propertius duskywing
Erynnis propertius NA NA Red S2 Found in Garry oak and associated ecosystems. This species depends on oak as the larval foodplant. Substrate under trees is important for overwintering purposes.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Puget oregonian Cryptomastix devia
1-XX Red Red SX Found in moist old-growth and late successional stage forests and riparian areas. Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Rocky mountain physa
Physella propinqua
NA NA Blue S3S4 Occurs in central and southern BC. May also occur in northern BC and on Vancouver Island. Little habitat information is available from the sources referenced in this document. This species has been found in lakes and rivers.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Silver-spotted skipper, californicus subspecies
Epargyreus clarus californicus
NA NA Red S1 The subspecies californicus occurs on Vancouver Island and the Lower Mainland. The larval foodplant is Lotus crassifolius. Suitable habitat occurs in disturbed areas and habitats with black locust trees.
Possible: may occur in riparian and marsh/mudflat complex if it’s larval foodplant is available.
Striated fingernailclam
Sphaerium striatinum
NA NA Blue S3S4 There are three records in BC, from north of Prince George, Little Lake in the Cariboo, and Sumas Lake. The last record is from 1997. Occurs in permanent watercourses and waterbodies, in depths up to 12 m.
Unlikely: suitable habitat is found adjacent to the LAA but the species range is unknown in the region.
Western pine elfin, sheltonensis subspecies
Callophrys eryphon sheltonensis
NA NA Blue S3 Associated with pine-dominated forests. Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Western pondhawk Erythemis collocata
NA NA Blue S3S4 Members of this family are most commonly found around ponds, marshy lake shores and slow-flowing streams.
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
APPENDIX A Regionally Occurring Wildlife Species at Risk
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Common Name Scientific Name SARA2 COSEWIC3 BC List4
Provincial Status5
Range and Habitat Summary6 Potential to Occur in the LAA
Western thorn Carychium occidentale
NA NA Blue S3 Occurs in the leaf litter in low elevation forests dominated by Bigleaf maple. Five known occurrences from Tynehead Regional Park (Surrey), Chilliwack River and Magic Lake (Pender Island).
Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
Zerene fritillary, bremnerii subspecies
Speyeria zerene bremnerii
NA NA Red S2 Occurs in open habitat where larval foodplant, violets, are available. Not expected: no suitable habitat in the LAA.
REFERENCES BC CDC (British Columbia Conservation Data Centre). (2018). BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer. http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/. Accessed: 7 May 2018.
Government of Canada. (2018). Species at Risk Public Registry. Available at: http://www.sararegistry.gc.ca/species/default_e.cfm. Accessed: 7 May 2018.
Klinkenberg, B. (Editor). (2018). E-Fauna BC: Electronic Atlas of the Wildlife of British Columbia. Department of Geography, University of British Columbia. Vancouver, BC. Available at: http://www.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/efauna/. Accessed: 7 May 2018.
Cornell Lab of Ornithology. (2018). The Birds of North America Online, Species Search. Available at http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species. Accessed: 7 May 2018.
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