Appendix 1: Invasive Species Lists and Fact Sheets · Galium verum Yellow bedstraw MS 3 Geranium...

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Appendix 1: Invasive Species Lists and Fact Sheets

Found in this Appendix:

• Top10invasiveplantsintheCreditRiverwatershed(Flyer)

• CVClistofinvasiveplantspecies(directlybelow).Thislistratesthespeciesin5categoriesfromthemostinvasive(Category

1)topotentiallyinvasiveplants(Category5)andawatchlistofspecies.Youwillalsofindacolumninthislistthatgivesa

PlantAggressiveness(PA)scorewhichreflectshowdifficulttheplantistocontrol(thelowerthenumber,themoreaggressive

theplant).Youwillneedthisnumberinsection4.2ofthemanualwhendevelopingyourprioritiesforimplementingcontrol

ofthesespeciesonyourproperty.

• OtherresourcesinsertedintothisAppendix:

o InvasiveplantIDbook

o GardeningWiselybrochure

o NativewoodlandplantIDbook

CVC Priority Invasive Plants

LegendUtilizedHabitats

UF- Uplandforest,tablelandforesttypeswithmostlydrytofreshsoils

FF- Floodplainforest,generallylowlandforesttypeswithfreshtomoistsoils

W- Wetland,includesswamp,marsh,andaquaticcommunities

MS-MeadowandSuccessional,includesmeadow,woodland,savannahandprairie

*PlantAggressiveness(PA)scoreratestheaggressivenessofthespeciesintermsofcontrollingitsspread.Thismaydiffer

insomecaseswithitscategoryratingwhichencompassesanumberofevaluationcriteria.

*Notethatscientificnomenclatureandcommonnamesmayvaryacrossliterature.Tocompoundthissituationmanyspecieslisted

belowhavehorticulturalvariantswhichcausefurtherconfusionforreadersofthislist.Forthisreasonreadersshouldbeawareof

thesecautionsandspeaktoaknowledgeableprofessionalorCVCstaffwhendealingwithanyspeciesthatshareseitherthesame

generaasaspecieslistedhereorasimilarcommonname.

ListbasedontheoriginalSEROntarioInvasivespecieslist.InvasiveExoticSpeciesRankingforSouthernOntario

©UrbanForestAssociatesInc.

January2002

Appendix 1

2

Scientific name common nameUtilized Habitats PA score

PriMAry SecondAry TerTiAry

category 1-Transformers-Speciesthatexcludeallotherspeciesanddominatesitesindefinitely.Plantsinthiscategoryareathreattonaturalareaswherevertheyoccurbecausetheytendtodispersewidely(forexample,throughtransportbybirdsorwater).Theyarethetoppriorityforcontrolbutcontrolmaybedifficult.Upondetectionimmediateremovalisrecommendedandcontrolofspreadintootherareas.

Acer negundo Manitobamaple FF UF MS 2

Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed FF UF MS 1

Alliaria petiolata Garlicmustard UF FF MS 1

Alnus glutinosa Blackalder W FF 2

Butomus umbellatus Floweringrush W 2

Celastrus orbiculatus Orientalbittersweet MS FF UF 1

Cynanchum nigrum Blackswallow-wort MS UF FF 1

Cynanchum rossicum Paleswallow-wort MS UF FF 1

Glyceria maxima Roughmannagrass W FF 2

Heracleum mantegazzianum Gianthogweed W FF 1

Hesperis matronalis Damesrocket FF MS 2

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Europeanfrog-bit W 1

Impatiens glandulifera Himalayanbalsam W FF 2

Lonicera japonica Japanesehoneysuckle UF FF MS 2

Lonicera maackii Amurhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1

Lonicera morrowi Morrow’shoneysuckle UF FF MS 1

Lonicera tatarica Tartarianhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1

Lonicera x bella Hybridhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1

Lonicera xylosteum Europeanflyhoneysuckle UF FF MS 1

Lythrum salicaria Purpleloosestrife W 1

Morus alba Whitemulberry UF FF MS 2

Myriophyllum spicatum Eurasianwatermilfoil W 1

Nymphoides peltata Floatingheart W 1

Phragmites australis Commonreed W 1

Polygonum cuspidatum Japaneseknotweed W FF 1

Potamogeton crispus Curlypondweed W 1

Rhamnus cathartica Commonbuckthorn UF FF MS 1

Vinca minor Periwinkle UF FF MS 1

category 2-Highlyinvasive-Speciesthatarehighlyinvasivebuttendtodominateonlycertainnichesordonotspreadrapidlyfrommajorconcentrations.Manyspreadbyvegetativemeansorseedsthatdropclosetotheparentplant.Mostpersistindensepopulationsforlongperiods.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadintootherareas.

Acer platanoides Norwaymaple UF FF MS 2

Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamoremaple UF FF MS 2

Appendix 1

3



Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven UF FF MS 2

Cirsium arvense Canadathistle MS 2

Convallaria majalis Lily-of-the-valley UF FF 2

Coronilla varia Crownvetch MS 2

Elaeagnus umbellata Autumnolive MS 2

Hedera helix Englishivy UF FF 2

Lysimachia nummularia Moneywort FF 2

Miscanthus sacchariflorus Eulalia W 2

Miscanthus sinensis Eulalia W 2

Populus alba Whitepoplar MS FF 3

Rhamnus frangula Glossybuckthorn W FF UF 1

Robinia pseudo-acacia Blacklocust MS FF UF 3

Rosa multiflora Multiflorarose MS FF UF 3

Scilla siberica Scilla FF UF 3

Typha angustifolia Narrow-leavedcattail W 2

Typha x glauca Hybridcattail W 2

Ulmus pumila Siberianelm UF FF MS 2

category 3-Moderatelyinvasive-Speciesthataremoderatelyinvasivebutcanbecomelocallydominantgivencertainconditionse.g.soils,recreationalimpactsordisturbances.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadintootherareas.

Abutilon theophrasti Velvet-leaf MS 3

Acer ginnala Amurmaple MS FF UF 3

Acinos arvensis Mother-of-thyme MS 3

Artemisia absinthum Absinthsage MS 3

Barbarea vulgaris Yellowrocket MS 3

Berberis thunbergii Japanesebarberry UF FF 3

Berberis vulgaris Commonbarberry UF FF 3

Berteroa incana Hoary-alyssum MS 3

Betula pendula Europeanbirch W MS 3

Bromus inermis Smoothbrome MS 3

Carduus nutans Noddingthistle MS 3

Centaurea maculosa Spottedknapweed MS 3

Convolvulus arvensis Fieldbindweed MS 3

Crataegus monogyna Singleseedhawthorn MS 3

Dactylis glomerata Orchardgrass MS 3

Dipsacus sylvestris Teasel MS 3

Appendix 1

4



Elaeagnus angustifolia Russianolive MS 3

Eleutherococcus sieboldianus Five-leavedaralia UF FF 3

Elymus repens Quackgrass MS 3

Euonymus alata Wingedeuonymus UF FF 2

Euonymus europaeus Spindle-tree UF FF 3

Euonymus fortunei Wintercreepereuonymus UF FF 3

Euphorbia cyparissias Cypressspurge MS 3

Festuca arundinacea Tallfescue MS 3

Forsythia suspensa Weepingforsythia UF FF 3

Forsythia viridissima Forsythia UF FF 3

Galium mollugo Whitebedstraw UF FF MS 3

Galium verum Yellowbedstraw MS 3

Geranium robertianum Herbrobert UF FF 3

Glechoma hederacea Groundivy FF MS 3

Humulus japonicus Japanesehop FF MS W 3

Iris pseudoacorus Yellowflag W 3

Kochia scoparia Summercypress MS 3

Ligustrum vulgare Privet MS UF FF 3

Lotus corniculatus Bird-foottrefoil MS 3

Lycopus europeaus Bugleweed W 3

Lysimachia nummularia CreepingJennie FF 3

Melilotus alba Whitesweetclover MS 3

Melilotus officinalis Yellowsweetclover MS 3

Pastinaca sativa Wildparsnip MS 3

Pinus sylvestris Scotspine MS 3

Poa pratensis Kentuckybluegrass MS 3

Ranunculus repens Creepingbuttercup MS 3

Rhodotypos scandens Jetbead UF FF MS 3

Rorippa amphibia Marshcress W 3

Salix alba Whitewillow FF 3

Salix fragilis Crackwillow FF 3

Salix x rubens Hybridwillow FF 3

Saponaria officinalis Bouncing-bet MS 3

Solanum dulcamara Bittersweetnightshade FF W 3

Sorbaria sorbifolia Falsespiraea UF FF MS 3

Appendix 1

5



Syringa vulgaris Lilac MS 3

Tanacetum vulgare Tansy MS 3

Thymus praecox Creepingthyme MS 3

Urtica dioica ssp. dioica Europeanstinging-nettle FF UF MS 3

Vicia cracca Cowvetch MS 3

Vicia sativa ssp. nigra Commonvetch MS 3

Vicia tetrasperma Slendervetch MS 3

category 4-MinimallyInvasive-Speciesthatdonotposeanimmediatethreattonaturalareasbutdocompetewithmoredesirablenativespecies.Onceestablished,manycanreproduceaggressivelyandbecomedifficulttoeradicate.Somearesimilartonativespeciesandareoftensubstitutedbynurseries.Controlwherenecessaryandlimittheirspreadtootherareas.

Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut UF FF 4

Ajuga reptans Creepingbugleweed FF UF MS 4

Alnus incana ssp. incana Europeanwhitealder W FF 4

Campanula rapunculoides Creepingbellflower FF UF MS 4

Euphorbia esula Leafyspurge MS 4

Hemerocallis ssp. Daylily MS 4

Hieracium aurantiacum Orangehawkweed MS 4

Hieracium caespitosum Yellowhawkweed MS 4

Hieracium lachenalii Commonhawkweed MS 4

Hieracium x floribundum Palehawkweed MS 4

Hypericum perforatum St.John’s-wort MS 4

Inula helenium Elecampane MS 4

Linaria vulgaris Butter-and-eggs MS 4

Lolium perenne Perennialryegrass MS 4

Malva moschata Muskmallow MS 4

Medicago lupulina Blackmedick MS 4

Medicago sativa Alfalfa MS 4

Mentha x piperita Peppermint MS 4

Myosotis scorpioides Trueforget-me-not W 4

Nepeta cataria Catnip MS 4

Origanum vulgare Wildmarjoram MS 4

Pachysandra terminalis Japanesespurge UF FF MS 4

Phalaris arundinacea Reedcanarygrass W 4

Populus x canadensis Carolinapoplar UF FF 4

Rumex acetosella Sheepsorrel MS 4

Appendix 1

6



Salix caprea Goatwillow W FF 4

Salix purpurea Purplewillow W 4

Senecio jacobaea Tansy MS 4

Setaria spp. Foxtail MS 4

Sorbus aucuparia Europeanmountainash UF FF 4

Symphoricarpus albus var.laevigatus Westernsnowberry UF FF 4

Trifolium arvense Rabbit-foot MS 4

Trifolium pratense Redclover MS 4

Trifolium repens Whiteclover MS 4

Tussilago farfara Sweetcoltsfoot W MS 4

Viburnum opulus sp. opulus Guelderrose FF UF W 4

category 5-PotentiallyInvasive-SpeciestoMonitor-SomeofthesespecieshavethepotentialtobecomeinvasiveinOntario.TheycanreproduceaggressivelyonoccasionbuthavenotyetbeenshowntobeaseriousthreattonaturalareasinOntario.Someareverysimilartoindigenousspeciesandmaythereforebedifficulttoidentify.Wheretheearlystagesofinvasionaredetected,removalisrecommended.Monitoringofoccurrencesstronglysuggested.

Anthiscussylvestris WildChervil MS FF W 4

Artemisiavulgaris Commonmugwort MS 4

Cornusalba Tatariandogwood W FF 4

Daphnemezereum Mezer’sDaphne FF 4

Fraxinusexcelsior Europeanash FF UF 4

Humuluslupulus Commonhop MS 4

Isatistinctoria Dyer’swoad MS 4

Lapsanacommunis Nipplewort MS 4

Najasminor Minornaiad W 4

Populustremula Europeanaspen UF FF MS 4

Prunusavium Birdcherry MS UF FF 4

Prunusmahaleb Perfumedcherry MS UF FF 4

Sambucusracemosassp.racemosa Europeanredelder FF UF MS 4

Tiliacordata Europeanlinden UF FF 4

Torilisarvensis Hedgeparsley FF MS UF 4

Ulmusglabra Scotchelm UF FF 4

Violaodorata Sweetviolet UF FF 4

category 6-Watchlist-Theseareinvasivespeciesknowntohavesignificanteconomic,healthorenvironmentalimpactsinadjacentjurisdictionsandarenotyetknowntobepresentintheCreditRiverwatershed,butareatriskofbeingintroduced.Awarenessandmonitoringofthesespeciesandimmediateremovalupondetectionisthereccommendedaction.

Ampelopsisbrevipedunculata Porcelainberry UF FF 1

Cabombacaroliniana Fanwort W 1

Appendix 1

7



Egeriadensa Waterweed W 1

Hydrillaverticillata Hydrilla W 1

Microstegiumvimineum Japanesestiltgrass UF FF 1

Myriophyllumaquaticum Parrotfeather W 1

Persicariaperfoliata Mile-a-minuteweed MS FF W 1

Phellodendronamurense Amurcork-tree UF 1

Pistiastratiotes WaterLettuce W 1

Puerarialobata Kudzu MS FF UF 1

Stratiotesaloides Watersoldier W 1

Trapanatans Water-chestnut W 1

Polygonumxbohemicum BohemianKnotweed W FF 1

Polygonumsachalinense GiantKnotweed W FF 1

Polygonumpolystachyum HimalayanKnotweed W FF 1

Appendix 1

8

Appendix 2: Mapping and Data Forms

mapping Data form - tranSect Sampling metHoD

Transect number occurrence id number

invasive species name

numbers (population) extent comments

Appendix 2

9Appendix 2

mapping Data form - polygon Sampling metHoD

Polygon number invasive species name

numbers (population) extent comments

10 Appendix 2

Determ

inin

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ethod A

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Sum

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assig

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(1) Hig

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(5) Low

123456789101112131415161 71819

11Appendix 2

Pro

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4. H

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

det

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?1point-Therearemanyrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea

2points-Thereareafewrareplantsorcommunitytypesinthearea

3points-TheinvasionishappeningneardisturbededgesorareasIdon’treally

careabout

3. W

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1point-Itissoaggressiveanditchangestheareasomuchthatfewother

speciessurvive.PA=1

2points-Itinvadesundisturbedareasandoutcompetesnativespecies.PA=2

3points- Itdoesn’tout-competenativespeciesbutnativesdon’tregenerate.PA=3

4points-Itonlyinvadesdisturbedareassuchasedges.PA=norankassigned

4. H

ow

har

d is

it t

o c

ont

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1point-Fairyeasy,onetreatmentandit’sprettymuchgone

2points-Takesmultipletreatments,buteventuallyit’sgoneandnativespecies

willreplaceit

3points-Takesmultipletreatments,butnativeplantswon’tregenerate,andwill

needreplanting

4points-Noeffectivetreatmenthasbeenfoundforthisspecies.

*Totalallscores.Thelowerthescore,thehigherthepriorityratingtheprojectshouldreceive.

12 Appendix 3

Appendix 3: Rare Vegetation Communities of Ontario

ThisappendixprovidesalookatsomeoftherarecommunitytypesinOntariobrokendownbetweensouthernOntario(southof

theCanadianShield,page14)andnorthernOntario(CanadianShieldandnorth,page24)andadescriptionofeach.Ashortlistis

providedattheendonpg.29

In thedescriptionofsomeof the rareplantcommunities in thisdocument youmayseesoilmoisture regime isoften included

withinthedescriptionasitcansometimesdifferentiatebetweenararecommunitytypeandasimilaronethatismorecommon.Soil

moistureregimeidentifiestheamountofmoisturetypicallypresentwithinthesoil.Asoil’smoistureregimeisaproductofthephysical

propertiesandarrangementofitssoilparticles,whichinturndefinethecapacityofittoretainordrainwater.

Youwillalsoseeinthisdocument“ProvincialRanks”associatedwitheachrareplantcommunitytype.Belowisadescriptionof

theseranks.

S1 critically imperiled—Critically imperiled in the nation or state/province because of extreme rarity (often 5 or fewer

occurrences)orbecauseofsomefactor(s)suchasverysteepdeclinesmakingitespeciallyvulnerabletoextirpationfromthe

state/province.

S2 imperiled—Imperiledinthenationorstate/provincebecauseofrarityduetoveryrestrictedrange,veryfewpopulations(often

20orfewer),steepdeclines,orotherfactorsmakingitveryvulnerabletoextirpationfromthenationorstate/province.

S3 Vulnerable—Vulnerable in thenationorstate/provincedue toa restricted range, relatively fewpopulations (often80or

fewer),recentandwidespreaddeclines,orotherfactorsmakingitvulnerabletoextirpation.

S? not ranked yet; or if following a ranking, rank Uncertain (e.g. S3?).

S#S# range rank—Anumeric range rank (e.g.,S2S3) isused to indicateany rangeofuncertaintyabout thestatusof the

speciesorcommunity.Rangescannotskipmorethanonerank(e.g.,SUisusedratherthanS1S4).

(NHIC,2012http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/mnr/nhic/glossary/srank.cfm)

13Appendix 3

Quick Look-up Table of Contents

Aquatic communities (p. 15) Marshes (p. 15) Treed Swamps (p. 16)

Thicket Swamps (p. 16) Bogs (p. 17) Shorelines/Beaches (p. 17)

Sand dunes (p. 18) cliffs (p. 18) Talus (p. 19)

crevices and caves (p. 19) rock Barrens (p. 20) Sand Barrens (p. 20)

14 Appendix 3

Alvars (p. 21) Tallgrass Prairies (p. 22) Tallgrass Savannahs (p. 22)

Credit:BillMcIlveen Credit:BillMcIlveen

Tallgrass Woodlands (p. 23) Forest (p. 23)

Credit:BillMcIlveen

15Appendix 3

SOUTHERN ONTARIO

I) AQUATIC

Definition:Shallowtodeepopenwater(>2metres)withoutemergentvegetationdominance(standingwateralwayspresent)

Rare Aquatic Community Types Provincial Rank

A) Shallow Aquatic containing American Lotus S1

II) WETLANDS

Definition: Communities that are seasonally or permanently flooded by shallow water, or the water table is close to the surface; The

resulting wet soils favour the dominance of plants that grow wholly or partially in water (NHIC, 2009 http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/

Mnr/nhic/communities/comm_list_wetland.cfm)

Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andare

providedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.

1) MARSHES

Definition: Frequently or continually flooded wetlands characterized by emergent herbaceous vegetation adapted to wet soil

conditions and changing water flows. Tree and shrub cover less than or equal to 25%; dominated by emergent wetland plants;

Water depth <2m.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR1998ELCGuide).

rare Marshes

TheonlyraretypesofmarshesidentifiedinsouthernOntarioareclassifiedasMeadow Marshes.Thesemarshesaregenerallyonly

floodedinthespring,butaremoisttodrybysummer.Thevegetationthatoccurswithinthesemarshesislesstolerantofprolonged

flooding.MeadowMarshesaredescribedastheareawhereaquaticandterrestrialecosystemsmeet.

A) Great Lakes coast Meadow Marsh:

Occursinnear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;containssandy,gravellyorcobblysurfacematerials

a) dominated by grasses S2

b) dominated by Shrubby cinquefoi S1

B) Tallgrass Meadow Marsh:

AcommunitytypedominatedbytypicalprairiegrassesincludingIndianGrass,LittleBluestem,BigBluestemetcetera.

a) dominated by Bluejoint and Prairie Slough Grass S3

c) Mineral Meadow Marsh

Usuallydominatedbygrassesorsedges;richerareasaredominatedbycolonialspecies;waveswept, icescouredareasare

sparselyvegetated,containmineralsurfacematerialsofsand,gravelorcobble.Theseareoftenareasexposedbyshoreline

energiesanddisturbance,suchaswindandwaveaction.

a) dominated by Prairie Slough Grass S3

d) organic Meadow Marsh

Areasdominatedbygrassesandsedgesandothercolonialspecies.Organicsoils(>40cmdepthoforganic/peatymaterial)

whereshorelineenergiesanddisturbanceislow.

a) dominated by Prairie Slough Grass S3

16 Appendix 3

2) SWAMPS

Definition: Often confused with marshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover, most growing wholly or partly in water.

Swamps occur on wet soils and are flooded for most, if not all the growing season; >2m standing water or vernal pooling comprising

>20% of ground coverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).

Rare Types Provincial Rank

A) Thicket Swamp

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%withgreaterthan25%shrubsgrowingwhollyorpartiallyinwater

a) Mineral Thicket Swamp

Wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.

i) dominated by Buttonbush S3

ii) dominated by Southern Arrow-wood S3

iii) dominated by Paw-paw S3

b) organic Thicket Swamp

Organicsoilmaterials>40cm

i) dominated by Buttonbush S3

ii) dominated by Spicebush S3

iii) dominated by Poison Sumac S3

iv) dominated by Huckleberry S1

B) oak deciduous Mineral Swamp

Treeorshrubcover>25%withtreesthatare>5minheight.Deciduoustreespecies>75%ofcanopycover;Typicallyfernand

sedgerich;wetsoilswith<40cmoforganic/peatysoil.

a) dominated by Swamp White oak S2S3

b) dominated by Bur oak S3

c) dominated by Pin oak S2S3

3) FENS

Definition: A type of peatland resembling a bog with saturated peat/organic soils >40cm, rarely flooded, dominated by sedges,

grasses and low shrubs (<2m in height), contain less than or equal to 25% tree cover (>2m in height).(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,

http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) open Fen

Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%andshrubcoverlessthanorequalto20%.

a) Graminoid Fen ecosite

i) dominated by Twig-rush S3?

ii) Perched Mineral Prairie Fen S1

Dominatedbyfenandprairiegrasses

b) Shrub Fen dominated by Highbush Blueberry-Leatherleaf S2S3

B) Treed Fen

Treecoverbetween10%and25%

a) dominated by Gray Birch S2S3

17Appendix 3

4) BOgS

Definition: Characterized by >40 cm organic peat accumulation, high water table (saturated soils) with acidic-loving vegetation, trees

(>2m high) are less than or equal to 25% of cover, rarely flooded; stagnant, nutrient poor environments(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,



A) Shrub Kettle Peatland

Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover

a) dominated by Leatherleaf S3

b) dominated by Highbush Blueberry S1S2B

B) Treed Kettle Peatland

Treecoverbetween10%and25%withcontinuousSphagnum mosscover

a) dominated by Tamarack and Leatherleaf S3

III) TERRESTRIAL

1) SHORELINE


A) Beach / Bar

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecover lessthanorequalto60%;subjectto

activeshorelineprocesses:icescour,waveenergy,erosionanddeposition;coarseparentsurfacematerialsuchasrock,sand

orbedrockabovetheseasonalhigh-watermark;subjecttoextremesinmoistureandtemperature.

a) open Sand Beach / Bar

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;opennessmaintainedbyactiveshoreline

processes;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;sandysurfacematerial.

i) dominated by Sea rocket S2S3

b) Gravel / Shingle / cobble Beach / Bar

i) Gravel Beach dominated by Wormwood S2S3

ii) Shingle Beach dominated by red cedar – common Juniper S1

c) Limestone Bedrock Beach / Bar

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm;exposed

bedrocksurfacescover>50%ofarea.

i) dominated by Shrubby cinquefoil S2

d) Sandstone Bedrock Beach / Bar

Covervaries frompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;carbonatebedrock;averagesoildepth<15cm,exposed

sandstonesurfacescover>50%ofarea.

18 Appendix 3

B) Sand dune

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerolling

sandhills formedbywave andwindprocesses; restricted to the near-shore areas of theGreat Lakes; stability of surface

materialsarevariablewith little tonoaccumulationoforganicmaterialsand lownutrientavailability;subject todroughtand

temperatureextremes.

a) Grassland Sand dune

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousmeadow;dominatedbygrasses;restrictedtomostactive,leaststable

sand.

i) dominated by Little Bluestem, Switchgrass S2

ii) dominated by Little Bluestem, Long-leaved reed Grass,

Great Lakes Wheat Grass S2

b) Shrubland Sand dune

Treecover lessthanorequal to25%;shrubcover lessthanorequal to25%;covervaries frompatchyandbarrento

continuousthicket.Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodenseshrubcover;morestable,lessdisturbedsand.

i) dominated by Sand cherry S2

ii) dominated by Juniper S2

iii) dominated by Hop-tree S1

c) Savannah (Treed) Sand dune

Treecover>25%but less thanorequal to60%;covervaries fromsavannahtowoodland,usuallyvariably treedwith

understorydominatedbygrasses;relativelystablesand.

i) dominated by cottonwood S1

ii) dominated by red cedar S1

iii) dominated by Balsam Poplar S1

2) CLIFF

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;Treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-

verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesandrims;averagesoildepth<15cm,highlyexposed

andsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.


A) open Limestone / dolostone cliff

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;typicallyfoundonverticalornear-verticalbare

bedrockfaces;coverpatchyandbarren;carbonaterock.

a) Unshaded cliff face dominated by cliffbrake, Lichen S3

b) Shaded cliff face dominated by Bulblet Fern, Herb robert S3

c) Unshaded cliff face dominated by canada Bluegrass S3

d) open Limestone/dolostone Seepage cliff S3

Excessmoistureduetowaterseepage

e) open Limestone/dolostone cliff rim S2

B) Shrubland Limestone / dolostone cliff

a) cliff rim dominated by common Juniper S2S3

b) cliff rim dominated by round-leaved dogwood S3

19Appendix 3

c) Treed Limestone / dolostone cliff

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;typicallyrestrictedtonarrowcliffrim,dependentonhowbrokenandfractured

thecliffrimandfaceare;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).

a) dominated by White cedar S3

b) dominated by Sugar Maple, ironwood, White Ash S3

3) TALUS

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Slopesofrock

rubbleatthebaseofcliffs;coarserockydebris>50%ofgroundsurface;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrocktypeimportant.


A) open Limestone / dolostone Talus

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;barerocksurfacespredominate;soilavailability

limited;carbonaterock.

a) dry Herbaceous Limestone / dolostone Talus S2

HerbRobert,PoisonIvy,CanadaBluegrassandMaidenhairSpleenwort;drytofreshsoilmoistureregimes

b) Wet Herbaceous Limestone / dolostone Talus S2

HerbRobert,SpottedTouch-me-notandWhiteSnakeroot,moisttofreshsoilmoistureregimes.

B) Shrubland Limestone / dolostone Talus

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcover>25%;bouldersstrewnwithpocketsofsoil.

a) dominated by round-leaved dogwood S2S3

b) dominated by Mountain Maple S3

c) Treed Limestone / dolostone Talus

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahor

woodland);greateravailabilityofsoilaccumulatedbetweenrocks;carbonaterock.

a) dry Talus dominated by White Birch S3

b) dry Talus dominated by White cedar S3

c) Moist Talus dominated by Sugar Maples S3

d) Basswood, White Ash, Butternut Moist Tree Limestone Talus S2

e) Hemlock, Sugar Maple Moist Limestone Talus S2

d) open Sandstone Talus S1

e) Shrubland Sandstone Talus S1

F) Treed Sandstone Talus S1

4) CREVICE AND CAVE

Vegetationcoverpatchyandbarren,influencedbyextremeshading;treesandshrubsabsent;sheltered,mostlyenclosedcavities

andcrevicesinbedrock;extremeshadingandcooltemperatures;rocktypeimportant.


A) Limestone / dolostone Solution cave S1

Cavesformedbyachemicalprocesswherebythecalciumcarbonateinlimestoneorcalciummagnesiumcarbonateindolomite

isdissolvedbyrainwatertoformchambersandexcavationpassages;tube-likeformationareformedbycompletelyflooded

conditions,andcanyon-likeformationsarearesultofanundergroundstreaminanair-filledpassage.

B) Limestone / dolostone crevice cave S1

Formedinareaswherethebedrockhassplitandpulledaway,suchasontheedgeofacliff,creatingacrackorcrevice

20 Appendix 3

5) ROCk BARREN

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;variablebedrock

fromundulatingbarerockwithmoundsandpits,tobrokenrockwithfissures;rocktypeimportant;patchysoildevelopment;soil

depth<15cmandvariable;extremesinmoistureandtemperatures;possibleunderstoreyspeciesincludeHarebell,EarlySaxifrage,

Bristle-leavedSedge,PovertyGrass,andEbonySpleenwort


A) Limestone / dolostone Barren

a) open Limestone / dolostone Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;

barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.

i) dry Limestone / dolostone Barren S2S3

Coverpatchyandbarren;carbonaterock.

b) Shrubland Limestone / dolostone Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorEqualto25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,

whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.

i) dominated by common Juniper S3

ii) dominated by round-leaved dogwood S3

c) Treed Limestone / dolostone Barren

Treecover>25%but less thanorequal to60%; foundwherebedrock isbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoils

haveaccumulated;carbonateBedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahor

woodland).

i) dominated by red cedar S1

ii) dominated by Hackberry S1

iii) dominated by oak trees S1

B) Sandstone Barren

a) open Sandstone Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;foundwhereconditionsaremostextreme;

Barerocksurfacesorsmallpatchesofveryshallowsoil.

i) dry Sandstone Barren S1

Coverpatchyandbarren;Sandstonerock.

b) Shrubland Sandstone Barren S1

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorEqualto25%;foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextreme,

whererockisbrokenandcrackedorwherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated.

c) Treed Sandstone Barren S1

Treecover>25%but less thanorequal to60%; foundwherebedrock isbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoils

haveaccumulated;sandstonebedrock;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahor

woodland).

21Appendix 3

c) Granite Barren

a) Shrubland Granite Barren

Treecover<25%,shrubcover<25%Foundwhereconditionsmaybelessextremewhererockisbrokenandcrackedor

wherelimitedsoilshaveaccumulated;coverpatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket.

i) dominated by chokeberry S2

b) Treed Granite Barren

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;foundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshave

accumulated;covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland).

i) dominated by red cedar S1

ii) dominated by Pitch Pine S1

6) ALVAR

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed,treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%.Level,unfractured

limestone(carbonate)bedrock,patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock,soildepth15cmmseasonal

alternationbetweeninundationanddrought


A) open Alvar

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%,typicallyrestrictedtobarerockpavementand

patchyshallowsoils

a) Pavement Type

Vegetationpatchyandbarren;drymoistureregime.

i) dominated by Shrubby cinquefoil, creeping Juniper,

Scirpus-like Sedge (carex scirpoidea) S2

ii) dominated by Philadelphia Panic Grass, False Pennyroyal S1

b) Grassland Type

Vegetationmorecontinuousmeadow;drytofreshmoistureregime.

i) dominated by northern dropseed, Little Bluestem, Scirpus-like Sedge S2S3

ii) dominated by Tufted Hairgrass, canada Bluegrass,

Philadelphia Panic Grass S2S3

iii) dominated by canada Bluegrass, nodding onion S1

B) Shrub Alvar

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcover>25%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures.

a) dominated by common Juniper, creeping Juniper, Shrubby cinquefoil S2

b) dominated by common Juniper, Fragrant Sumac, Hairy Beardtongue S2

c) Treed Alvar

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto60%;onveryshallowsoilsorinrockfractures;covervariesfrompatchyandbarren

tomoreclosedinnature(i.e.savannahorwoodland);bedrockmorefracturedorgreatersoilaccumulation.

a) dominated by White cedar, Jack Pine, Shrubby cinquefoil S1

b) dominated by Jack Pine, White cedar, Low calamint S1

c) dominated by White cedar, White Spruce, Philadelphia Panic Grass S3

d) dominated by red cedar, early Buttercup S2

e) dominated by chinquapin oak, nodding onion S1

f) dominated by Shagbark Hickory, Prickly Ash, Philadelphia Panic Grass S1

g) dominated by Jack Pine, White cedar, common Juniper S2

22 Appendix 3

7) SAND BARREN

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresand

surfacematerialsnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtand

disturbances(e.g.fire).


A) open Sand Barren

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuous

meadow;extremelydry;disturbedsands.

a) dominated by Bracken Fern S2

b) dominated by Sedge S1

c) dominated by Wheat-grass S1

8) TALLgRASS PRAIRIE, SAVANNAH AND WOODLAND

GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass;variablecoveroropen-

grown trees; treecover less thanorequal to60%;onunconsolidatedmineral soil, soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands,

loamsandsometimesclay;subjecttoseasonalextremesinmoistureconditions;springfloodingandsummerdrought;frequent

disturbancebyfire.


A) open Tallgrass Prairie

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.

a) dry Tallgrass Prairie S1

Dominatedbyprairiegrasses,prolongedperiodsofdrought.Associatespecies includeCylindricAnemone,Rock

Sandwort,Pinweed,Scribner’sPanicGrassandBluets.

b) Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie S1

Dominatedbyprairiegrassesandforbs(herbaceousfloweringplants);seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought;

AssociatespeciesincludeDenseBlazingStar,GrayConeflower,OhioSpiderwort,PrairieDockandIronweed;freshto

moistsoilmoistureregimes.

B) Tallgrass Savannah

Treecover>25%butlessthanorequalto25%;seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation.

a) dry Tallgrass Savannah

Widelyspaced,open-growntreeswithanunderstoryofprairiegrassesandforbs;prolongedperiodsofdrought.

i) dominated by Black oak S1

ii) dominated by Black oak and Pine S1

b) Moist Tallgrass Savannah

Widely spaced, open-grown treeswith anunderstory of prairie grasses and forbs; seasonal flooding followedby

summerdrought.

i) dominated by Pin oak and Bur oak S1

ii) dominated by Black oak S1

23Appendix 3

c) Tallgrass Woodland

Treecover>35%butlessthanorequalto60%;(seeOpenTallgrassPrairievegetationtypesforcharacteristicvegetation).

a) dry Tallgrass Woodland

Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;PennsylvaniaSedgecommon;drytofreshmoisture

regimes;prolongedperiodsofdrought.

i) dominated by Black oak, White oak S1

ii) dominated by Bur oak, Shagbark Hickory S1

Shallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock.

b) Moist Tallgrass Woodland

Open-growntreeswithanunderstoreyofprairiegrassesandforbs;seasonalfloodingfollowedbysummerdrought.

i) dominated by Black oak, White oak S1

ii) dominated by Pin oak S1

9) FOREST

Treecover>60%,siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.


A) deciduous Forest

Deciduous tree species >75% of canopy cover.

a) dry oak deciduous Forest

RedOak,WhiteOakandBlackOakseparatelydominantorinvariablemixtureswithRedMaple,WhitePineandBlack

Cherryascommonassociates;canopycovervariable;oftenrelativelyopen(60to80%canopyclosure);subjectto

someextremesinconditionsordisturbance(e.g.fire,historicallanduse).

i) dominated by Black oak S3

BrackenFernpresent.

b) dry-Fresh deciduous Forest

Treespeciesassociationsthatareeitherrelativelyuncommonoraresultofdisturbanceormanagement;SugarMapleis

absentorcompriseslessthan10%ofcanopycover;sandsandloams;uppertomiddleslopesortablelandtopographic

positions.

i) dominated by Hackberry S2

AssociatedwithRedOak,Basswood,ChinquapinOak,WhiteAshandGreenAsh;long-styledSweet-cicely,

HerbRobert,Jumpseed;usuallyoncarbonatesandsorshallowsoilsovercarbonatebedrock;onlyfoundin

extremesouthwesternOntario.

c) Moist-Fresh Sugar Maple deciduous Forest

SugarMaplewithGreenAsh,BlackAsh,RedMaple,WhiteElm,YellowBirch,BasswoodandBeechassociates;

dominantspeciesvary;occursonmiddletolowerslopeswithpotentiallypoordrainage;mixofterrestrialandwetland

species.

i) dominated by Sugar Maple and Black Maple Mix S3

Moistyetwelldrainedsites,oftenalongfloodplains

24 Appendix 3

d) Moist-Fresh Lowland deciduous Forest

White Elm,Willow, BlackWalnut, BlackMaple, Basswood,Green Ash andBlack Ash dominate separately or in

variablemixtureswithotherhardwoodassociates; typicallymoreopencanopies,maybe<60%treecover;some

shrubswithgreaterpresenceofvinesandamixofherbaceousspeciescommontowetsites.

i) dominated by Black Walnut S2S3

Typicallyassociatedwithriparianzonesandterraces;streamandriverbanksandfloodplains.

e) Moist-Fresh Hackberry deciduous Forest S2

B) Mixed Forest

Conifertreespecies>25%anddeciduoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover.

a) dry oak-Pine Mixed Forest

RedOak,WhiteOak,ChinquapinOak,PitchPine,WhitePineandRedPineinvariablemixtures;Canopytypicallyopen

innature;LowSweetBlueberry,BuffaloBerryandCommonJuniper.BrackenFern.

i) dominated by oak and Pitch Pine S1

PitchPine,RedOakand,toalesserextent,WhiteOakinvariablemixtures;Restrictedtoshallowsoilsandbare

rocksurfacesassociatedwithrockoutcrops(knobsandridges)ontheCanadianShield(FrontenacCounty).

ii) dominated by chinquapin oak and Pine S2

ChinquapinOakwithRedPineandWhitePine;AssociatesofPricklyAshandFragrantSumac;BrackenFern;On

droughty,well-drainedsandsandshallowsoilsovercarbonate,basicoracidicbedrock.

NORTHERN ONTARIO

I) Wetlands

Definition: Wetlands are lands that are seasonally or permanently flooded by shallow water as well as lands where the water table is

close to the surface; in either case the presence of abundant water has caused the formation of wet soils that favour the dominance

of plants that grow wholly or partially in water (NHIC, 2009 http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/Mnr/nhic/communities/comm_list_

wetland.cfm)

Wetlandsareclassifiedhereinto4differenttypes:Marshes,Swamps,FensandBogs.Thesearefurtherdefinedbelow,andare

providedwithabriefdescriptionoftheraretypesofeach.

1) MARSHES

Definition: Frequently or continually flooded wetlands characterized by emergent herbaceous vegetation adapted to wet soil

conditions, and changing water flows. Tree and shrub cover less than or equal to 25%, dominated by emergent wetland plants,

water depth <2m.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR1998ELCGuide).


A) Atlantic coastal Plain Shallow Marsh S3

These communities occur inland but exemplify characteristics of communities found along the Atlantic coast. The types

of species thatcomprise thesecoastalmarshes include the following (pleasenote that itmay takeanexpert foraccurate

identification):Small-headedBeaked-rush(Rhynchospora capitellata),CommonMeadow-beauty(Rhexia virginica),Longbeak

Beaksedge(Rhynchospora scirpoides),Hall’sbulrush(Scirpus hallii).Alsocontainsotherherbaceousvegetation.

B) Bulrush - Stiff Arrowhead - Pondweed Shallow Marsh S4

DominatedbyHard-stemmedBulrush(Scirpusacutus),RiverBulrush(Scirpusfluviatilis),StiffArrowhead(Sagittariarigida),and

Pondweed(Potamogetonspp.)

25Appendix 3

2) SWAMPS

Definition: Often confused with marshes but distinguished by >25% tree and shrub cover, most growing wholly or partly in

water. Swamps occur on wet soils and are flooded for most, if not all the growing season; >2m standing water or vernal pooling

comprising >20% of ground coverage.(2002CyberNaturalSoftware,http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/andOMNR,1998,

ELCGuide).


A) White Pine - White Birch Mineral Mixed Swamp S3

Treecover>25%(oftrees>5minheight);Deciduoustreespecies>25%andconiferoustreespecies>25%ofcanopycover;

vegetationisamixtureofconiferswampanddeciduousswampspecies;typicallyfernrichanddominatedbyEasternWhite

Pine(Pinus strobus),Alderspecies(Alnus spp.)andRoyalFern(Osmunda regalis).

3) FENS

Definition: A type of peatland resembling a bog with saturated peat/organic soils >40cm, rarely flooded, dominated by sedges,

grasses and low shrubs (>2m), contain less than or equal to 25% tree cover (of trees>2m) (2002 CyberNatural Software,

http://www.aquatic.uoguelph.ca/ andOMNR,1998,ELCGuide).


A) Boreal open Seepage Fen S2S3

Treecover lessthanorequal to10%;shrubcover lessthanorequal to25%.Contains:SlenderSedge(Carex lasiocarpa),

Cespitose Bulrush (Scirpus cespitosus), Capillary Beaked-rush (Rhynchospora capillacea), Bog Rosemary (Andromeda

glaucophylla).

B) Grassy open Poor Fen S5

Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.contains:RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma),

SlenderSedge(Carex lasiocarpa),Peatmossspecies(Sphagnumspp),Mossspecies(Polytrichum spp).

c) Black Spruce - Tamarack - Leatherleaf Patterned Fen S5

Between 10-25% tree cover. Dominated by Swamp Birch (Betula pumila), Leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata), Bog

Rosemary(Andromeda glaucophylla),RunningBogSedge(Carex oligosperma).

4) BOgS

Definition: Characterized by >40 cm organic peat accumulation, high water table (saturated soils) with acidic-loving vegetation,

tree cover (>2m) less than or equal to 25%, rarely flooded; stagnant, nutrient poor environments (2002CyberNaturalSoftware,



A) Virginia chain Fern open Bog S3

Treecoverlessthanorequalto10%,shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%;groundcoverdominatedbySphagnumspecies

andsedges;dominatedbyVirginiaChainFern(Woodwardia virginica).

26 Appendix 3

ii) Terrestrial

1) SHORELINE


A) Bedrock Shoreline

a) Acidic open Bedrock Shoreline S5

GreatLakesGranite/MetamorphicLakeshore

b) Great Lakes Arctic-Alpine Basic open Bedrock Shoreline S3

Basalt(Conglomerate)BedrockLakeshoreSparseVegetation

B) Sand dune

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto50%;activerollingsand

hillsformedbyshorelineandwindprocesses;restrictedtothenear-shoreareasoftheGreatLakes;stabilityofsoilvariable;littleto

noaccumulationoforganicmaterials,lownutrientavailability,subjectedtodroughtandtemperatureextremes.

a) Sand cherry - Wormwood - canada Wild rye Shrub dune S1

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodense

shrubcover;DominatedbySandCherryandWormwood.

b) American dune Grass - Beach Pea - Sand cherry dune Grassland S2

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentocontinuousthicket;Usuallydominatedbygrasseswithscatteredtodense

shrubcover;DominatedbyBeachPea(Strophostyles helvola),SandCherry(Prunus pumila)andcontainsAmerican

BeachGrass(Ammophila breviligulata).

2) CLIFF

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;verticalornear-

verticalexposedbedrock>3mheight;bedrocktypeimportant;sharptovariablybrokenedges,facesadrims;averagesoildepth

<15cm,highlyexposedandsubjecttoextremesintemperatureandmoisture.

rare cliffs

TheonlyraretypesofcliffsidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasopen cliffs.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatisless

thanorequalto25%.Thevegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren,andtheyaretypicallyfoundontheverticalornear-vertical

barebedrockfaces.Therearefourdifferenttypes,eachwithdifferentgroundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.


A) Basic open cliff S3S4

Diabase/Basalt

B) Boreal carbonate open cliff S1S2

Limestone

c) Boreal Acidic Sandstone open cliff S2

Sandstone

d) Acidic Granite open cliff Type S3S4

Granite/Metamorphic

27Appendix 3

3) TALUS

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecover lessthanorequalto60%;slopesofrock

rubbleatthebaseofcliffs;coarserockydebrisgreaterthan50%ofsurfacegroundmaterials;averagesoildepth<15cm;bedrock

typeimportant.

rare Talus

TheonlyraretypesoftalusidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasopen Talus.Theseareaspossesstreecoverthatisless

thanorequalto25%.Vegetationcoverissparse,patchyandbarren.Therearethreedifferenttypesoftalus,eachwithdifferent

groundmaterialproperties,asidentifiedbelow.


A) Basic open Talus S3S4

Diabase/Basalt

B) Acidic open Granite Talus S3S4

Granite/Metamorphic

c) Basic open Glacier Talus S1

GlacierTalus.Containsmoreherbaceousvegetation.

4) ROCk BARREN

rare rock Barren

TheonlyraretypesofRockBarrenidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareTreed rock Barrencommunities.Thesepossessbetween

25-60%treecoverage,andarefoundwherebedrockisbrokenandcrackedorwhereshallowsoilshaveaccumulated.


A) Hill’s oak - White Pine - Poplar Acidic Treed Rock Barren S3

DominatedbyEasternWhitePine(Pinus strobus),RedPine(Pinus resinosa),NorthernPinOak(Quercus ellipsoidalis),Northern

RedOak(Quercus rubra),andEasternRedCedar(Juniperus communis).

B Bur oak Acidic Treed rock Barren Type S2S3

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),andNorthernPinOak(Quercus ellipsoidalis)

5) ALVAR

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecovergreaterthanorequalto60%;level,unfractured

limestone(carbonate)bedrock;patchymosaicofbarerockpavementandshallowsoilsoverbedrock;soildepth<15cm;seasonal

alternationbetweeninundationbywateranddrought.


A) Bur oak Treed Alvar S1S2

Covervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedinnature(ie.savannahorwoodland);bedrockismorefracturedorthereis

agreateraccumulationofsoilthanopenandshrubalvarcommunities;dominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),Poverty

OatGrass(Danthonia spicata),PrairieSmoke(Geum triflorum).

28 Appendix 3

6) SAND BARREN

Vegetationcovervariesfrompatchyandbarrentomoreclosedandtreed;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%;baresandy

groundmaterialnotassociatedwithdistincttopographicfeatures(i.e.sanddune);subjecttoperiodsofprolongeddroughtand

disturbances(e.g.fire).


A) dry Hay Sedge Sand Barren S1

DominatedbyHaySedge(Carexfoenea),BrackenFern.(Pteridium aquilinum),Kalm’sBrome(Bromus kalmii)

B) dry Sweet Fern - carex lucorum Sand Barren S1

DominatedbySweetFern(Comptoniaperegrine),BrackenFern.(Pteridium aquilinum),andKalm’sBrome(Bromus kalmii).

7) TALLgRASS PRAIRIE, SAVANNAH AND WOODLAND

GroundlayerdominatedbyprairiegrassesincludingBigBluestem,LittleBluestemandIndianGrass.Variablecoveroropen-

growntrees;treecoverlessthanorequalto60%.Onunconsolidatedmineralsoils,soildepth>15cm,well-drainedsands,

loamsandsometimesclay.Subjecttoseasonalextremesinmoistureconditions;springfloodingandsummerdrought;frequent

disturbancebyfire.


A) open Tallgrass Prairie

Treecoverlessthanorequalto25%;shrubcoverlessthanorequalto25%.

a) dry Fescue Mixed-grass Prairie S1

Contains:RoughFescue(Festucascabrella),Stipa(grass)species

b) northern Moist-Fresh Tallgrass Prairie S1

Contains:BigBluestem(Andropogon gerardii),PorcupineBunchgrass/Needlegrass(Stipa spartea),NorthernDropseed

(Sporobolus heterolepis)

B) Tallgrass Savannah

Tree cover greater than 25% but less than or equal to 25%; (see Open Tallgrass Prairie vegetation types for understory

vegetation).

a) northern Fresh – Moist Bur oak Tallgrass Savannah S1

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercusmacrocarpa)

8) FOREST

Treecover>60%;siteconditionsandsoiltypesvariable.

rare Forests

TheonlyrareforesttypesidentifiedinnorthernOntarioareclassifiedasdeciduous Forestcommunities.Greaterthan75%ofthe

canopyoftheseforestsiscomprisedofdeciduousspecies.


A) Moist -Fresh Bur oak-Green Ash-Trembling Aspen deciduous Forest S2S3

DominatedbyBurOak(Quercus macrocarpa),GreenAsh(Fraxinus pennsylvanica),TremblingAspen(Populus tremuloides);

ContainsSaskatoonBerry(Amelanchier alnifolia),WildSarsaparilla(Aralia nudicaulis),AssiniboiaSedge(Carex assiniboinensis)

B) Bur oak - Saskatoon Berry dry deciduous Woodland S2

Dominated by Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and Saskatoon Berry (Amelanchier alnifolia). Contains Hazelnut (Corylus

americana).

29Appendix 3

SUMMARY OF RARE PLANT COMMUNITIES:

description (from nHic) Prov. rank eLc *

SOUTHERN

AquaticFloating-leavedShallowAquaticEcosite S1

AmericanLotusFloating-leavedShallowAquaticType SAF1-2

Wetland

Marsh

MeadowMarsh

GreatLakesCoastalMeadowMarshEcosite

GraminoidCoastalMeadowMarshType S2 MAM4-1

ShrubbyCinquefoilCoastalMeadowMarshType S1 MAM4-2

Wet-MoistTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshEcosite

WetBluejoint-PrairieSloughGrassTallgrassPrairieMeadowMarshType S3 MAM6-1

MineralMeadowMarshEcosite

PrairieSloughGrassMineralMeadowMarshType S3 MAM2-8

OrganicMeadowMarshEcosite

PrairieSloughGrassOrganicMeadowMarshType S3 MAM3-7

Swamp

ThicketSwamp

MineralThicketSwampEcosite

ButtonbushMineralThicketSwampType S3 SWT2-4

SouthernArrow-woodMineralThicketSwamp S3 SWT2-11

Paw-pawMineralThicketSwampType S1 SWT2-12

OrganicThicketSwampEcosite

ButtonbushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-4

SpicebushOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-11

PoisonSumacOrganicThicketSwampType S3 SWT3-13

HuckleberryOrganicThicketSwampType S1 SWT3-14

DeciduousMineralSwamp

OakDeciduousMineralSwampEcosite

SwampWhiteOakMineralDeciduousSwamp S2S3 SWD1-1

BurOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S3 SWD1-2

PinOakMineralDeciduousSwampType S2S3 SWD1-3

*ELCisanacronynfortheEcologicalLandsClassificationSystemforSouthernOntario.1998.

HaroldLee,WasylBakowsky,JohnRiley,JaneBowles,MikePuddister,PeterUhlig,SeanMcMurray.

30 Appendix 3

Fen

OpenFen

GraminoidFenEcosite

Twig-rushGraminoidFenType S3? FEO1-1

PerchedMineralPrairieFenType S1

ShrubFen

ShrubFenEcosite

HighbushBlueberry-LeatherleafShrubFenType S2S3

TreedFen

TreedFenEcosite

GrayBirchTreenFedType S2S3

Bog

OpenKettlePeatland

ShrubKettlePeatlandEcosite

LeatherleafShrubKettlePeatlandType S3

HighbushBlueberryShrubKettlePeatlandType S1S2

TreedKettlePeatland

TreedKettlePeatlandEcosite

Tamarack-LeatherleafTreedKettlePeatlandType S3

Terrestrial

Shoreline

Beach/Bar

OpenSandBeach/BarEcosite

SeaRocketSandBeachType S2S3 BBO1-1

Gravel/Shingle/CobbleBeach/BarEcosite

WormwoodGravelBeachType S2S3 BBO1-2

RedCedar-CommonJuniperShingleBeachType S1 BBS1-1

LimestoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite

ShrubbyCinquefoilLimestoneBeachType S2 BBO2-1

SandstoneBedrockBeach/BarEcosite

SandDune

DuneGrasslandEcosite

LittleBluestem-Switchgrass-BeachgrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-1

LittleBluestem-Long-leavedReedGrass-GreatLakes

WheatGrassDuneGrassland S2 SDO1-2

DuneShrublandEcosite

SandCherryDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-1

JuniperDuneShrublandType S2 SDS1-3

Hop-treeDuneShrublandType S1 SDS1-2

31Appendix 3

DuneSavannahEcosite

CottonwoodDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-1

RedCedarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-3

BalsalmPoplarDuneSavannahType S1 SDT1-2

cliff

OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite

Cliffbrake-LichenOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-1

BulbletFern-HerbRobertOpenShadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-2

CanadaBluegrassOpenUnshadedLimestone/DolostoneCliffFaceType S3 CLO1-3

OpenLimestone/DolostoneSeepageCliffType S3 CLO1-4

OpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimType S2 CLO1-5

Limestone/DolostoneCliffShrublandEcosite

CommonJuniperOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S2S3 CLS1-1

Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneCliffRimShrublandType S3 CLS1-2

TreedLimestone/DolostoneCliffEcosite

WhiteCedarTreedLimestoneCliffType S3 CLT1-1

SugarMaple-Ironwood-WhiteAshTreedLimestoneCliff S3 CLT1-2

OpenSandstoneCliffEcosite S1

SandstoneCliffShrublandEcosite S1

TreedSandstoneCliffEcosite

Talus

OpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite

DryHerbaceousLimestone/DolostoneTalus S2

WetHerbaceousLimesone/DolostoneTalus S2

Limestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandEcosite

Round-leavedDogwoodOpenLimestone/DolostoneTalusShrublandType S2S3 TAS1-1

MountainMapleOpenLimestoneTalusShrublandType S3 TAS1-2

TreedLimestone/DolostoneTalusEcosite

WhiteBirchDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-2

WhiteCedarDryTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-3

SugarMapleMoistTreedLimestoneTalusType S3 TAT1-4

Basswood-WhiteAsh-ButternutMoistTreedLimestoneTalus S2

Hemlock-SugarMapleMoistLimestoneTalusType S2 TAT1-6

OpenSandstoneTalusEcosite S1

SandstoneTalusShrublandEcosite S1

TreedSandstoneTalusEcosite S1

crevice and cave

Limestone/DolostoneSolutionCaveEcosite S1

Limestone/DolostoneCreviceCaveEcosite S1

32 Appendix 3

rock Barren

OpenandTreedRockBarren

OpenLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite

DryLimestone/DolostoneBarrenType S2S3 RBO1-1

Limestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenEcosite

CommonJuniperLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS1-1

Round-leavedDogwoodLimestone/DolostoneShrublandBarren S3 RBS1-2

TreedLimestone/DolostoneBarrenEcosite

RedCedarTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-1

HackberryTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-2

OakTreedLimestoneBarrenType S1 RBT1-3

OpenSandstoneBarrenEcosite

DrySandstoneBarrenType S1

SandstoneBarrenShrublandEcosite S1

TreedSandstoneBarrenEcosite S1

GraniteShrublandBarrenEcosite

ChokeberryGraniteShrublandBarrenType S3 RBS2-1

TreedGraniteBarrenEcosite

RedCedarTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT2-2

PitchPineTreedGraniteBarrenType S1 RBT3-1

Alvar

OpenAlvarEcosite

ShrubbyCinquefoil-CreepingJuniper-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarPavementType S2

PhiladelphiaPanicGrass-FalsePennyroyalAlvarPavementType S1

NorthernDropseed-LittleBluestem-Scirpus-likeSedgeAlvarGrasslandType S2S3

TuftedHairgrass-CanadaBluegrass-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassAlvarGrasslandType S2S3

CanadaBluegrass-NoddingOnionAlvarGrasslandType S1

AlvarShrublandEcosite

CommonJuniper-CreepingJuniper-ShrubbyCinquefoilAlvarShrublandType S2

CommonJuniper-FragrantSuman-HairyBeardtongueAlvarShrublandType S2

TreedAlvarEcosite

WhiteCedar-JackPine-ShrubbyCinquefoilTreedAlvarShrublandType S1

JackPine-WhiteCedar-LowCalamintTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1

WhiteCedar-WhiteSpruce-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S3

RedCedar-EarlyButtercupTreedAlvarGrasslandType S2 ALT1-5

ChinquapinOak-NoddingOnionTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-1

ShagbarkHickory-PricklyAsh-PhiladelphiaPanicGrassTreedAlvarGrasslandType S1 ALT1-2

JackPine-WhiteCedar-CommonJuniperTreedAlvarShrublandType S2

33Appendix 3

Sand Barren

SandBarrenEcosite

BrackenFernSandBarrenType S2 SBO1-1

HaySedgeSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-2

SlenderWheat-grassSandBarrenType S1 SBO1-3

Tallgrass Prairie, Savannah and Woodland

DryTallgrassPrairieEcosite

DryTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO1-1

Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieEcosite

Moist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType S1 TPO2-1

DryTallgrassSavannahEcosite

DryBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS1-1

DryBlackOak-PineTallgrassSaannahType S1 TPS1-2

Moist-FreshTallgrassSavannahEcosite

Moist-FreshPinOak-BurOakTallgrassSavannahType S1 TPS2-1

Moist-FreshBlackOakTallgrassSavannahType S1

DryTallgrassWoodlandEcosite

DryBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-1

DryButOak-ShagbarkHickoryTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW1-2

Moist-FreshOakTallgrassWoodlandEcosite

Moist-FreshBlackOak-WhiteOakTallgrassWoodland S1 TPW2-1

Moist-FreshPinoakTallgrassWoodlandType S1 TPW2-2

Forest

DeciduousForest

DryDeciduousForestEcosite

DryBlackoakDeciduousForestType FOD1-3

Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite

Dry-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2 FOD4-3

Moist-FreshSugarmaple-MixedDeciduousForestEcosite

Moist-FreshSugarmaple-BlackmapleDeciduousForest S3 FOD6-2

Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestEcosite

Moist-FreshBlackWalnutDeciduousForestType S2S3 FOD7-4

Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestEcosite

Moist-FreshHackberryDeciduousForestType S2

MixedForest

DryOak-PineMixedForestEcosite

DryOak-PitchPineMixedForestType S1 FOM1-1

DryChinquapinOak-PineMixedForestType S2 FOM1-2

34 Appendix 3

NORTHERNWetland

Marsh

AtlanticCoastalPlainShallowMarshType

Bulrush-StiffArrowhead-PondweedShallowMarshType

Swamp

WhitePine-WhiteBirchMineralMixedSwampType

Fen

BorealOpenSeepageFenType

GraminoidOpenPoorFenType

BlackSpruce-Tamarack-LeatherleafPatternedFenType

Bog

VirginiaChainFernOpenBogType

Terrestrial

Shoreline

GreatLakesArctic-AlpineBasicOpenBedrockShorelineType

AcidicOpenBedrockShorelineType

Sand dune

AmericanDuneGrass-BeachPea-SandCherryDuneGrasslandType

SandCherry-Wormwood-CanadaWildRyeShrubDuneType

cliff

BasicOpenCliffType

AcidicGraniteOpenCliffType

BorealCarbonateOpenCliffType

BorealAcidicSandstoneOpenCliffType

Talus

BasicOpenGlaciereTalusType

BasicOpenTalusType

AcidicOpenGraniteTalusType

rock Barren

Hill’sOak-WhitePine-PoplarAcidicTreedRockBarrenType

BurOakAcidicTreedRockBarrenType

Alvar

BurOakTreedAlvarType

Sand Barren

DrySweetFern-CarexlucorumSandBarrenType

DryHaySedgeSandBarrenType

35Appendix 3

Tallgrass paririe, Savannah and Woodland

NorthernMoist-FreshTallgrassPrairieType

DryFescueMixedgrassPrairieType

NorthernMoist-FreshBurOakTallgrassSavannah

Forest

BurOak-SaskatoonBerryDryDeciduousWoodlandType

Moist-FreshBurOak-GreenAsh-TremblingAspenDeciduousForestType

36 Appendix 4

Appendix 4: Control Methods

document below reproduced from cVc control methods document

The following is a list of themost current prescriptivemethods of control for a select number of invasive plant species. The

recommendationsareacombinationofmethodssuppliedbyToveChristensenandSilviaStrobloftheMNR,theCityofToronto

Parks,ForestryandRecreationdepartment(CaraWebsterpers.comm.),GregBalesoftheMNRandCVCstaff (RodKrickand

FreyjaForsyth).Othersourcesusedare listedthroughout thetext.This listwillberefinedbyCVCover timeasnew information

becomesavailable.SpeciesareorganizedbyUplandShrubs,UplandFlora,WetlandFloraandtheappendixconcludeswithTrees.

Choiceofmethodsmayvarydependingonanumberofcriteria,e.g.whetheryouareoptingfornon-chemical(pesticide)methods,

thesizeandintensityoftheinfestationyouaredealingwith,andwhethertherearenon-targetplantsinthevicinitythatyoumust

preserve,adjacencyofwaterorpublicsafetyconcerns.Thetablesbelowattempttoprovidesomeguidanceinthisregard.

diScLAiMer:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiled frommanysources.Beforeusinganypesticidethe

readermustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPestControlProductsAct

registrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthepesticidecanbe

used,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.Itisanoffenceto

useanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.Licencesandadditional

requirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.

infestation Level definitions:

Light Apatchorpatchesofplantsthatissmall.Isolatedclustersofplantscanbeeasilycountedordistinguished

acrossanareaofhabitat.Patchesgenerallydonotexceedmorethan5metresindiameterandareremote

fromotherpatchesoftheinvasiveplant.

Moderate Isolatedsmallpatchesarebeginningtoblend intoeachother,butarenotyetonecohesive ‘infestation’.

Patchescanbeanywherefrom5metresto50metres(e.g.thesizeoftwotenniscourtsplacedendtoend)

indiameterandmaybeassociatedwithothernodesofinfestation.Theplantsinquestionarenotyetapart

ofthedominantcommunityform;whetherintheground,shrub,orcanopylayer.

Heavy Theplant species inquestionarealmostconsistently found inabundanceacross thehabitat.Theplant

speciesformsadominantorco-dominantcomponentofthehabitateitherintheground,shruborcanopy

layer.

Upland Shrubs

Autumn olive• Seemethodsforbuckthornandhoneysuckles

other notes:Handwrenchingnotrecommendedasthisshrubwillheavilysuckerfromun-removedrootsfragments.

Buckthorns, common and glossy (Rhamnus cathartica, R. frangula)

Habitat

• Openareas,disturbedforestedges,ravines,forests,thickets,wetlands.

• Willgerminateinfullsunorshade.

• Shadetolerantunderforestcanopy.

37Appendix 4

reproduction and dispersal

• Prolificseedproduction,seeddispersedbybirds.

• Producesseedatveryyoungage.

• Rootsuckers,resproutsvigorouslyfromcutstumps.

• Formsapersistentseedbank.Seedcanremainviablefor2-3years(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

Suggested Method of control

• 4-5yearsofcontrolcanberequiredtocontrolseedbank.

• Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.

infestation level Method/Management

Light (pioneer) non-herbicide Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimizedasthismaybringtheseedbanktothesurface.Girdlingalonenoteffective.

Light to heavy and large areas chemical Itissuggestedthatanover-the-counteraceticacid(vinegar)product(amixtureofaceticacidandcitrusoils)(e.g.EcoSenseorEcoClear)couldbeeffectiveatsmallerscales.Thestumpiscutabout2or3inchesabovethegroundandthenmashedupwithanaxe.Stumpisthenthoroughlysoakedwiththesolution.Anearlysummerapplicationfollowedbyasecondapplication(stumpmustbere-woundedagain)3or4weekslatercanbehighlyeffective.

Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrieris the most effective.Coata5cmorsobandonbarktotallyaroundeachstem,orusea5%foliarsprayinlatesummer,earlyfall.Asalessexpensivebutalsoslightlylesseffectivealternative,apply100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withapaintbrushafterpeakflowering(May-July)tocut/girdledstems.Bothmethodswillrequirefollow-uptreatmentsasnomethodis100%effective.

other notes: Whilebuckthorndoesnotresproutfromundergroundroots,itcanresproutfrombudsatthebaseofthetreestemand

herbicidetreatmentofthestumpisstronglyrecommended.Roundupisnon-selectiveandsurroundingdesirablevegetationcanbe

damaged.Autumnisthepreferredtimetocutandstump-treatbuckthorn,because1)buckthornsretaingreenleaveslateintothe

fall,makingiteasytofindallplantsand2)mostnativevegetationisdormant,minimizingthepotentialharmtonon-targetplants.To

beeffective,theherbicidementionedabovemustbeappliedimmediatelyaftercutting.Herbicidechemicalscanbeappliedeitherby

sprayingindividualcutstumpswithalowpressurehandsprayerorelsebywipingtheherbicideoneachcutstumpwithasponge

applicator(sponge-typepaintapplicatorscanbeused).

Buckthornleaflitterincreasesthesoilnitrogencontent,whichcreatesconditionsfavourableforbuckthorngrowthandwhichmay

harmnativeplantsadaptedtooriginalsoilconditions(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

Triclopyrapplicationduringthedormantseasonreducesthepotentialfordriftinjury.UseofTriclopyrisbestdoneinthedormant

seasontolessendamagetonon-targetspecies.Greatcareshouldbeexercisedtoavoidgettinganyofthemixturesontheground

nearthetargetplantsincesomenon-targetspeciesmaybeharmed.AvoidusingTriclopyrifrainisforecastforthefollowing1-4

days;otherwiserunoffwillharmnon-targetspecies(Heidorn,1990)

38 Appendix 4

Honeysuckles (Non-native) (Lonicera tartarica, L. mackii, L. morrowii, L. bella)

Habitat

• Disturbedsuccessionalcommunities,wetlands,woodlandedges,woodlands.

• Moderatelyshadetolerant,canopygaps.


• Prolificseedproductionberrieshighlyattractivetobirds,whichdisseminateseedswidelyacrossthelandscape.

• Seedsremainviablefor4-5ormoreyears.

• Sproutingoccursinestablishedpopulations.


•Burningeffectiveifrepeatedoverseveralyears.


Light to moderate non-herbicide Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.

Handwrenchingifshrubsarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Repeatedyearlycuttingtogroundlevelinshadedforestcanresultinhighmortality.

Light to heavy chemicalGirdling/cuttingtogroundandapplicationof100%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting).Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)inanoilcarrierisalsoveryeffectiveifdoneinearlyorlatespring.Laterseasonapplicationsoftriclopyrhavehadmixedsuccess

other notes:Winterclippingshouldbeavoidedasitencouragesvigorousre-sproutingofthenon-nativehoneysuckles.Recent

studieshaveshownthatsomehoneysucklescanhaveallelopathiceffectssimilartothoseofgarlicmustard(Dorningetal.,2007)

Upland Flora

canada thistle (Cirsium arvense)

Habitat

• Cultivatedfields,pastures,roadsides,disturbedsites,forestopenings,shorelines,savannahs,prairies.

• Growsbestinopen,disturbedsunnysitesonwell-drained,deepmoistloamyclaysoils.


• Reproducesprimarilybyvegetativegrowthofrootsystem.

• Verticalrootscangrowasdeepas6.8m,horizontalrootscanspreadasmuchas6minoneseason,patchescanspread1-2

m/year.Readilypropagatesfromstemandrootfragments.

• Producesseed,almostexclusivelyinsectpollinated.


•Beststrategyistoshadethisspeciesoutbyestablishingtrees.

•Latespringburningcanbehighlyeffective,althoughitmaybenecessarytocontinueforseveralyears.

•Stemweevil,budweevilandstemgallflyarecommerciallyavailablebiologicalcontrols.

39Appendix 4


Light to heavy non-herbicide Deeprootsystemmakeshandpullingdifficult.Repeatedmowing,justasflowersareabouttoopencontinuedoverseveralyearscanbeeffective.

chemical SpotapplicationwithGlyphosateorwithselectiveherbicideClopyralid,orMetsulfuron.Sprayingatfloweringtime(mid-JunetoearlyJuly)withGlyphosatecanbequiteeffective.

dog-strangling vines (dSV) (or Swallow-worts) (Cynanchum rossicum, C. nigrum)

Habitat

• Fields,hydrocorridors,disturbedforestedges,ravines.

• Nottolerantofheavyshade,butiscapableoftransforminghealthyforestovertimeintomoreopenwoodlands.


• Prolificseedproduction,seedwind-dispersedoverlong-distances.

• Abletoregeneratefromrootcrownpieces.


• Burningineffectiveandcanencouragepopulations.


Light non- herbicide Canbecontrolledbyremovingplants,includingrootsystems.Onlyeffectiveinloosesoilswhenplantsarestillyoung.Solarisationforupto2yearsanoptioninsmallmonoculturepatches.

chemical Wickwithglove(carwashmitt)–spray22%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)(mixedwithdye)–carefullywipeontoleavestoavoiddamagetootherplants;2treatmentsperseason,follow-uprequired.

Heavy infestations in isolated colonies or woodlot edges

non-herbicide Solarisationforupto2years,followedbyreplantingofnativeaggressivespecies.MowingandcuttingisineffectivebutcanreducebiomassandcontainpopulationbypreventingseedproductionMowatleasttwotimesperseasonandtargetthefirsttimejustastheseedpodsareforming.

chemical Spraywith3-5%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup),appliedbybackpacksprayeratonsetofflowering(mid-June);minimum2treatmentsperseasonfor2-3years.Secondtreatment2to3weekslater.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)andimazapyr(e.g.Arsenal)alsoeffective.Dichlorpropalsoshowssomepromiseinefficacytrials.

Heavy infestations in linked corridors

chemical Pesticideapplicationcannotbejustifiedonthisbasis–toomuchlabourandherbicideproductwouldberequired–notsustainable;possiblestrategy-introducingcompetitivevegetationingradualphasesovertimeandcuttingDSVmanuallytoallowvegetationtoestablish&eventuallyshadeoutDSV.

other notes:SomerecentinformationhasshownthatDSVtreatedinshadedareaswithglyphosphatedoesnotrespondwell.May

needtoconsideralternativesorhigherconcentrationsthanthoselistedabove.Dog-stranglingvineisaplantthatisdifficulttocontrol

withnosinglemethodorcombinationofmethodsabletoeradicatethisforestinvader.Cooperationwithsurroundinglandownersis

requiredtopreventestablishedDog-stranglingvinecoloniesfromspreadingintonewareas.Limityourtravelthroughareasinfested

40 Appendix 4

withDog-stranglingvineduringseeddispersaltopreventseedspreadingintonewareas.Takethetroubletoremoveseedsfrom

yourbootsandclothes,pets,bicycleandotherequipmentwhencomingoutofinfestedareas.

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata)

Habitat

• Riverfloodplains,forests,roadsides,woodededgesandforestopenings.

• Toleratesfullsuntofullshade,preferspartialcanopy.

• Oneofafewnon-nativeherbsthatdominatetheunderstoryofforestedareas.


• Biennial,arosetteofleavesformedduringfirsthalfofatwo-yearcycle.

• Insecondspring,rosettesdeveloprapidlyintomatureplantsthatflower,produceseedanddiebylateJune.

• Asingleplantcanproducethousandsofseedsthatscatterasmuchasseveralmetersfromtheparentplant.

• Long-distancedispersalismostlikelyaidedbyhumansandwildlife(e.g.,deer).

• Spreadsrapidly,candisplacenativeplantswithin10yearsofbecomingestablished.


• There are twobasicmonitor/controlmeasures that are effective for garlicmustard. The first is to focuson identifying and

eradicatingnew(orsatellite) infestationsbeforeaseedbankisestablished,andthemoredifficulttaskoferadicating longer,

established‘invasionfronts’.Garlicmustardcaneasilyinvadedisturbedsitesthereforereducedisturbancestosoilandvegetation

foundneartheseinvasionfronts.

• 2-5yearsoftreatmentswillbenecessarytodepleteseedbanks.

• Burningstimulatesgerminationof storedseedsandseedlinggrowth,andmustbeconductedannually for3 to5years to

achieveeffectivecontrol.

• Fourbeetlesarecurrentlybeinginvestigatedasbiocontrols,maybeavailableinthenearfuture.

41Appendix 4

infestation level Method/ Management

Light non-herbicide Pulloutplantsattimeoffloweringpriortoseedpoddevelopment(earlyMay);pullingmaynotbefeasibleonerosion-pronesites.Soilsdisturbancemustbeminimized.Inlongestablishedpopulations,pullingmaysimplyunearthburiedseeds.Pullingcanonlybeeffectiveifsitecanberevisitedanumberoftimesayearoveranextendednumberofyearssufficienttoexhausttheseedbank.

Moderate-heavy in large patches/ woodlot edges etc. ; monocultures

non-herbicide Goodcontrolrequiresremovalofthisplantbeforeitsetsseed.Cutatthetimeoffloweringwithweedwhippertypeequipmentandensuretheplantsarecutdowntogroundlevel.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Whereascuttingto10cmabovethegroundallowssomeoftheplantstosurviveandreleaseseed.

Cuttingwithbrushcuttersormanuallyattimeofflowering(earlytomid-June)iseffectiveonlyifrepeatcuttingperformed2-4weekslater;plantshavetobecutasclosetobaseaspossibleotherwisetheywillresprout.Useachoppingmethodwiththeweedwhippertocuttheplantintoshortsegmentsandthiswillpreventthecutgarlicmustardplantfromproducingseed(perscomm.–CaraWebster).Takecarenottodamagenearbynativespeciesandinsteadpullthegarlicmustardfoundneardesirableplantspecies.Mustrepeatoverseveralyears.

Solarisation-placementoftarp/plasticoverselectareas.Replantingwithaggressivenativespeciesandmulchingaroundplantingstocounterdisturbanceofseedbed.Proceedinaphasedapproach.

chemicalGlyphosate(amitroleortriclopyrmaybemoreeffective)provideseffectivecontrolofheavyinfestationswhenappliedinmid-spring;inthefallandearlyspringGlyphosate(3%solution)canbeappliedtorosettes(firstyearplants).

WherelackofsnowcoverprovidestheopportunitysprayingthreetimesbetweenNovemberandMarchcanbeveryeffectiveprovidedtemperatureisabove10°C.

Moderate-heavy in large patches in highly significant areas

chemical DuetothewidespreaddistributionofGarlicmustard–controlwithherbicideisnotrecommendedonalargescale;selectivepatchescouldbesprayedwith3%glyphosphate(e.g.Roundup)inlatefallwhileplantsareintherosettestage–shouldonlybeconsideredafterothermethodshavebeenattempted.

other notes:Garlicmustardhasknownallelopathiceffectsthatpreventthesuccessfulgerminationandgrowthofnativespecies.

Considerthisinrestoration.Pulledflowerstemscanstillformviableseedsifleftlyingonthegroundandthereforemustberemoved

fromthesiteandproperlydisposedof.

42

Giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum)

Habitat

• Commonlyfoundalongriverbanks,streamsandwetplaceswithsoildeepenoughfortaprootdevelopment.

• Targetpopulationsalongriversandstreamsandurbanstormwatersystems.Coordinatethroughouttheentiredrainagesystem.

Sitesupstreamshouldbecontrolledfirst,sinceseedswillbedisperseddownstream.

• Germinationofseedsrequiresmoisture.

• Gianthogweedthrivesonavarietyofsitesandcantoleratewelldrainedandsaturatedsiteswithsiltyandsandysoils.


• Oneplantcanproducebetween27000-50000seeds.

• Seedsdispersalmayoccurshortdistancesbywindorbywatercourse.

• Seedlongevityisabout3-5years.

• Inadditiontoreproductionbyseedsindividualscanreproducebybudgrowthonbothcrownandstalk.


• Managementprogramsshouldspanbetween3-5yearstoaccount fortheplantscapabilityofstoringcarbohydratesbelow

groundaswellastheplantsabilitytoproducethousandsofseeds.Non-herbicide,chemicalandbiocontrolmethodsmayall

beimplementedingianthogweedcontrol.


Light non-Herbicide Pullingmaybeeffectiveaslongasitisensuredthatallrootsareremoved.Itisalsoeffectivetocutroots3-4inchesbeneathsoilsurfaceinearlyspring.Greatcareandprecautionmustbetakentoavoidskincontactwithclearsapwhichcausesphotodermititis.Follow-uprequiredinmid-seasontodealwithresproutsandoversubsequentyears.

Solarisationwithablacktarporplasticcanbeeffectiveoverseveralyearsofapplication.

chemical Earlyapplicationof2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeappliedtoplantsleavesduringbuddingandtheperiodofactiveplantgrowth.EarlyMay-Juneisthebesttimebeforetheplantbecomestootall.Cuttingthestem(oruseofaninjectiontool)andinjecting5-6mlofglyphosphateintothehollowstemalsoeffective.

Follow-upateachapplicationsitenecessarytodealwithanyresproutsormissedplants.

Moderate-Heavy non-herbicide Consistentmowingmaydepleteenergystoresintheroots.

chemical Seeasabove,howevercutandinjectmaynotbepracticalatthislevel,ratheruseafoliar/sprayapplication.Foliarsprayapplicationgenerallythefasteractingandmosteffectiveapproach.

other notes:Thisspeciescausesphototoxicburnswhenskincomesintocontactwithanysap.Itmayevencauseblindnessifsap

enterstheeye.Whenworkingaroundthisspecieswearallappropriateprotectiveequipment[gloves,non-absorbentclothing(e.g.

PVCsuit),andeyeprotection]andwashdownallequipmentandclothingwhenworkiscompleted.

Appendix 4

43

Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria)

Habitat

• Commonlyfoundalongroadsides,forestunderstoriesandforestedges.

• Moistsoilsandshadedareasareeasilyinvadedbygoutweed.

• Goutweedisknowntocarpettheforestgroundcoverwhereitoutcompetesnativewildflowers(Kaufmanetal.,2007).


• Whenshadedgoutweedcanspreadviaundergroundstems.Seedsdonotgerminateintheshade.

• Seedsaregenerallynotlonglivedandgerminatewithintheirfirstyear(PlantConservationAlliance,2009).

• Populationscommonlyescapegardenboundariesintonaturalareas.

• Seedshavenospecialadaptationtofacilitatedispersalthroughanimalsorwind.


• Whenpulling,careshouldbetakentoensurethatrhizomeshavebeenremoved.

• ThereisnoknownbiologicalcontrolinNorthAmerica(Kaufmanetal.,2007).


Light non-herbicide Maybepulledwiththeremovalofallrhizomes.Pullingmaydisturbthesoilinawaythatencouragesseedrecruitment.Willneedtorevisitinsubsequentyearstodealwithresprouts.

Solarisation Patchescanbecoveredwithadarkplasticsheetinthespring(Kaufmanetal.,2007).Leaveplasticdownforupto2years.

Moderate-heavy chemical SprayingwithGlyphosateherbicidesmosteffectiveinearlyspring.Repeatedapplicationswillbenecessaryoverthecourseofoneseason.Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)ina1-2%solutioncanalsobehighlyeffective

Contactherbicidesareineffectivesincegoutweedreadilyrecoversfromdefoliation.

non-herbicide Maybemowedfrequentlyormowedandthencoveredwithlandscapefabricandheavymulch(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

other notes:Seedlingsneedstronglighttoestablish,inwoodyareaspopulationgrowthismainlyduetorhizomes(PlantConservation

Alliance,2009).Mosttypesofeasterndeciduousforestsarevulnerabletogoutweedinvasion.Infestationscanusuallybetracedto

abandonedorill-keptgardens.

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis)

Habitat

•Meadows,openwoodlands,disturbedsites.

•Favoursmoistconditions,avoidsacidsoilsandheavyshade.


•Reproducesbyseedandrhizomes.

•Germinationprimarilyoccursinearlyspring,butcanalsooccurinearlyautumnifsoilmoistureisadequate.

•Readilyexpandspopulationbasevegetativelyandaggressively;sod-forming.

Appendix 4

44


•Springburningisthemostwidelyusedtooltocontrolcoolseasongrasses.However,itmaybenecessarytoburnannuallyfor

severalyears.Burningmostlikelytobeeffectiveat“boot”stage,whenfloweringheadstillenclosedinsheath.


Lighttoheavy non-herbicide Difficulttoeradicatewithnonchemicalcontrols.Smallpatchescanbehandgrubbed,makingsureallrootsareremoved.

chemical Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)hasbeeneffectivelyusedtoshiftdominancefromnon-nativetonativegrasses.Applyinearlyspringwhilenativespeciesaredormant.

Periwinkle (Vinca minor)

Habitat

• Richmoistsoils

• Doesnottoleratefullsunlight,isshadetolerantandoftenfoundinopenforests(Kaufmanetal.,2007).


• Undergroundrunnersandrootletsthatformatleafnodesallowperiwinkletoquicklyspread(Kaufmanetal.,2007).

• Periwinkleproducesseedbutprimarilyspreadsthroughrunners.


IthasbeenfoundthattheeffectivenessofGlyphosatehasbeencompromisedduetotheplantswaxyleaves.Thereisnoknown

biocontrolmethodforperiwinklecontrol.


Light non-herbicide Ifpulledbyhandensurethatrootfragmentsarecompletelyremoved.Sinceperiwinklehardlyspreadsthroughseeds,recruitmentofnewseedsthroughpullingisnotanissue(Kaufman et al., 2007).

Moderate-Heavy chemical Becauseoftheplantswaxycuticleherbicideuptakeisachallenge.Suggestwoundingorcuttingtheplantwithaweedwhipperfirst.Aftercutting/wounding,plantsmaybesprayedwitha3%solutionofglyphosphate(e.g.Roundup).

Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)hasbeenfoundtobelesseffectivethenGlyphosate.

other notes:Nobiologicalcontrolsareknown.Periwinkleisaveryrobustplantandmanyoftheherbicidesthatareusedtocontrol

itmayhaveimpactsonsurroundingnativeplants.

Appendix 4

45

Wetland FloraHimalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera)

Habitat

•Moistriverbanks,dampwoods.


•Annual,singleplantcanproduceupto800seeds,whichareexplosivelyreleasedseveralmetresfromadultplant.

•Seedscansurvivelongperiodsinwater,andcanfloatdownstreamtoinvadenewareas.



Light to heavy and small/large patches

non-herbicide CutonceinfullflowerJulytoAugusttodepleteseedbank;interplantwithtreesandshrubsandslowlyoutshadeovertime.Repeatinsuccessiveyearstoaddressresprouts.Solarisationanoptioninsmallpatches.

chemical Foliartreatmentwith2-3%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup).

Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum)

Habitat

•Damptodrysoils,alongstreamsandrivers,inlow-lyingareas,wasteplaces,oldhomesteads.

•Foundprimarilyinmoist,unshadedhabitats.

•Doesnotappeartoinvadeforestunderstories.


•InNorthAmerica,seedsdonotappeartobeasignificantmodeofreproduction.

•Mainlyreproducethroughextensiverhizomesthatreach15-20minlength.

•Rhizomefragmentsarewasheddownstreamortransportedinfill.

•Rhizomescanregeneratefromsmallfragmentsandwhenburiedupto1mdeep.



Light to moderate - small patches

non-herbicide Mowingandcuttingmaybeeffectiveifdoneclosetotheground,twicepermonthbetweenAprilandAugust,thenmonthlyuntilthefirstfrost.Repeatthistreatmentforatleast5yearstoexhaustrootreserves.

Mechanicallycontrolledareasshouldbemonitoredthroughoutthegrowingseasontoensurenewinfestationsdonotdevelopfromrootfragments.

Light to heavy and small/large patches

Solarisationcanalsobeused,beawarethattarpmustextendateast3or4metresbeyondouterboundarytopreventrhizomesescapingunderthetarp.Leaveinplace2years.

chemical Effectiveherbicidesinclude:imazapyr,Glyphosate,andtriclopyr.

Cut1-2timesoverseason;sprayresproutinearlyfallandfollowingspringwith1.34%glyphosphate.Willneedtotreatinsubsequentyears.

Steminjections/cutsurfacetreatmentsaremosteffectiveinthesummerorfall,whilefoliarapplicationsaremosteffectiveatthelatebudstage.

Appendix 4

46

other notes:Recentstudieshaveshownthatiftreatedandtopkilled,therhizomescanpersistforupto2yearsbeforeresprouting.

Thisstressestheneedformonitoringandlongtermcontrol(Holmenetal.,2007).

Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)

Habitat

• Wetlands,streamandriverbanks,lakeshores,ditchesandotherdisturbedwetareas.


• Perennial, singleplantcanproducehundredsof thousandsof seeds,seedshavehighviability; rapidbuildupof seedlings

possible.

• Dispersalmainlybywind,butseedsalsotransportedonfeetofwaterfowlandotherwetlandanimals,alsodispersedbywater

currents.

• Canspreadvegetativelybyresproutingfromcutstemsandregenerationfrompiecesofrootstock.


• UniversityofGuelphstudiedandpiloted theuseofseveralEuropeanbeetlesasacontrolagent.Resultsweresuccessful.

Beetlescanbepurchasedasaveryeffectivecontrolagentwhendealingwithlargepopulations.


Light non-herbicide Canberemovedbyhand;entirerootstockmustbepulledout.

Light to heavy non-herbicide Biologicalcontrol:Commerciallyavailable(Galerucellaspp.)beetles.

chemical MostcommonlycontrolledwithGlyphosateinareaswithnostandingwater);treatmentshouldoccurafterpeakbloomingperiod(July-August).

common reed (Phragmites australis)

Habitat

• Readilyinvadesopenwetlands,especiallythosewithdisturbance.


• Produceswindbornseeds,butmovesmostrapidlythroughastoloniferousrootsystem.

Appendix 4

47Appendix 4



Light non-herbicide Handwrenchingmakingsureallportionsoftherhizomeareremoved.Disposeofplantpartsoffsite.Willneedtomonitorrepeatoverseveralyears.

Moderate to heavy non-herbicide Solarisationover1yearwheninmonocultures.Methodworksbestindirectsunlight.Mayneedtocombinewithtouchupsprayswithaherbicidetocontrolanyplantsthathavemanagedtopokethroughthetarpingmaterialoratedges.

*Mowing2timesaseasonwithfollowupspotsprayingisthebestintegratedapproach.

chemical Anticipatehavingtodotwoapplicationsinoneseasontogainhighlevelsofcontrol.Latespringapplicationfollowedbylatesummerorearlyfall(nolaterthanmid-September.)Apply2%Glyphosate(e.g.Round-upUltra2orWeathermax).ImazapyratsimilarconcentrationsmoreeffectivethanGlyphosphatebutalsoamoreexpensiveproduct.After2or3weeksfollowingapplicationofGlyphosate,cutormowdownthestalkstostimulatetheemergenceandgrowthofotherplantspreviouslysuppressed.

Inareaswithsensitivespecies:Afoliarspraycanbeappliedorinjectedwithahandheldorbackpacksprayerwithanozzleintothecutstem.StemscanalsobewickedwithawashglovesoakedinGlyphosphate

other notes:Hasknownallelopathiceffectsonotherwetlandplants. OntarioMinistryofNaturalResourceshascompleteda

PhragmitesBestManagementPracticesdocumentwhichcanbeconsultedforgreaterdetail.

reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea)

• Seemethodsforcommonreed.

other notes:Posttreatmentrestorationrecommendations–somesuccessintheUnitedStateshasbeenhadwithlivestaking

areas treatedbyGlyphosate withaggressivenativewillowspecies2 to3 feetaparte.g.Salixexigua,S.discolor.Thismethod

reducedreedcanarygrassbiomassby56to68%respectively(Kimetal.2007).

rough manna grass (Glyceria maxima)

Habitat

• Nutrientrich,moistsoils.

• Glyceriamaxima isawetlandplantanddoesbestalongriverbanksand in freshwater (Global InvasiveSpeciesDatabase,

2009).


• Flowingwateristhemainseeddispersalmethodbutlivestockalsoplayalesserrole.

• Densepopulationsusevegetativereproductiontospreadintoadjacentareas.

• Seedproductionoccursinsummerandautumn.

• Most seeds tend to germinate immediately but some remain dormant for a few years (Global InvasiveSpeciesDatabase,

2009).


• SinceGlyceriamaximagrowsinandaroundwaterherbicidesshouldbeusedwithprecautiontoensurethatimpactonnon

targetplantsandorganismsisminimal.Differentsurfactantsinmanydifferentherbicideproductshavebeenshowntocause

damagetofishandamphibians.

48 Appendix 4

infestation Level Method/Management

Light non-herbicide Ifremovalisdonebyhandensurethattherootsareremovedtoavoidresprouting.Revisittodealwithresprouts.

Moderate-Heavy Solarisation Darkplastictarpsorsheetingmaybeplacedoverpatches.Leaveinplacefor2seasons.

non-herbicide Cuttingmaybedoneinthefalltodepletecarbohydratestoresutilizedinspringgrowth.Cutareasmayalsobefloodedtodiscourageregrowth(NatureConservancy,2009b)

HerbicideslikeGlyphosate(e.g.Round-up)maybeusedwithcareata2%concentration.

other notes:Grazingisnotencouragedsinceyoungshootshavehighconcentrationsofcyanide(NatureConservancy,2009b).

Mostmethodscallforimmediaterevegetationwithnativespeciesuponremovalofglyceriamaxima.

Trees

Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila)

Habitat

• Disturbedwoods,roadsides,pastures,alongsidestreams.

• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandlowmoisture.


• Produces1-seededsamarasthatarewinddispersed.

• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formsthicketsofhundredsofseedlingsinbareground.



Light to heavy non-herbicide Smallseedlingcanberemovedbyhandorwithweedwrench.Girdlinginlatespringtomidsummereffectiveiffollowupoccurstodealwithresprouting.

chemical Canalsobecontrolledusingcutstemapplicationsof20%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)inthefall.

Manitoba maple (Acer negundo)

Habitat

• Disturbedwoods(moreoftenfloodplains),roadsides,pastures.

• Tolerantofpoorsoils.


• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.

• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidly,formingmonoculturewoodlands.


49Appendix 4


Light to heavy non-herbicide Handwrenchingiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.Girdlingmostlyineffectiveasitresproutsheavily,followupoverseveralyearsneededtodealwithresprouts.

chemical Girdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate9E.g.Roundup)withpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.

norway maple (Acer platanoides)

Habitat

• Disturbedforestsoftenassociatedinareasofdevelopment.

• Tolerantofpoorsoilsandformsadensecanopy.


• Produceswingedseedsthatarewinddispersed.

• Seedsgerminatereadilyandseedlingsgrowrapidlyoftenreplacingnativemaplesasthedominanttreespecies.



Light to heavy non-herbicide Handwrenchingoruseofaweedwrenchhighlyeffectiveiftreesarestillsmallandsoildisturbancecanbeminimized.

Girdlingcanbeeffectiveonlargetrees(>25cmDBH).Treesmaytakeseveralyearstodie.Monitoroverthisperiodandre-girdleifneeded.

chemical Girdling/cuttingandapplicationof100%Glyphosate(e.g.Roundup)atthestumpwithpaintbrush(willrequirefollow-uptreatmentstocontrolresprouting)infall.Basalbarkapplicationof30%Triclopyr(e.g.Garlon)alsoeffective.Withlargetreesasecondapplicationmaybeneeded.

Tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima)

• SeemethodsforNorwaymaple.

other notes:Posttreatmentrestorationrecommendations-studieshaveshownthatinlowlightconditionsshadetolerantspecies

suchasredmaplecanout-competethisspecies.Similarlyinopenconditionsstaghornsumachasproventoout-competetree-of-

heaven(Huebner,2007).Thisspeciesisalsoknownforitsabilitytosuckerfromrootstock.Anymethodthatallowsforthecutting

ofthetrunkseemstoencouragerootsuckering.TheCityofTorontoisnowexperimentingwithnickingthebarkandapplyinga

herbicidethroughthesecutstokillboththetreeandsuppressthebiologicaltriggersforrootsuckering.

notes when using a basal bark application for Triclopyr (e.g. Garlon)

Basalbarktreatmentswithtriclopyr(e.g.Garlon)shouldnotbeusedintemperaturesover80°Faschemicalwillvolatizeanddrift.

Stem diameter Species Treatment

<15 mm Buckthorn,Norwaymaple,Tree-ofheaven Paint10inchesofstem,oneside

15mm-50mm Paint10inchesofstem,bothsides

>50 mm Paintfullcircumferenceofstem

Any Thickerbarkedspecies:Honeysuckle,Multiflorarose,Barberry,Orientalbittersweet

Cutstumpandpaint

(Table.NatureConservancy.2007)

50 Appendix 4

Her

bic

ide

tim

ing

cha

rt-

Tric

lop

yr a

nd G

lyp

hosp

hate

Sp

ecie

sJ

FM

AM

JJ

AS

on

dc

om

men

tsB

uckt

horn

Glyphosphate(cutstump)

Triclopyr(basal)

Triclopyrtrialsrequiredovercorewintermonths

Gar

lic m

usta

rd

Glyphosphate(spray)

Wherenosnowcoverandtemperaturesreachabove

10°Capplicationscanbeeffective

dS

V

Glyphosphate(spray)

2applicationsspacedapartoverseason

Bus

h ho

neys

uckl

es


Triclopyr(basal)

WinterapplicationnotevaluatedasyetwithTriclopyr.

Suspectitmaynotbeeffective

J. k

notw

eed

Glyphosphate(spray/inject)

Man

ito

ba

map

le


Triclopyr(basal)

Awaitingresultsof2011trialswithTriclopyr.

no

rway

map

le


Triclopyr(basal)

Mayneed2ndapplicationinyear2withTriclopyr.Late

fallandwinterbasalapplicationresultsunknownasyet

(2012)

co

mm

on

reed

Glyphosphate(spray/hand-

wicking)

2applicationsrequiredinoneseason.Needfurthertrials

withinthesuggestedwindow

Win

ged

euo

nym

us

Triclopyr(basal)

Wintertrialsrequired

Go

utw

eed

Glyphosphate(spray)

Triclopyr(spray)

2applicationswithintimingwindowforGlyphosphate.

nWinterapplications(seecomments)nOptimaltimingnPartlyeffective,butnotoptimaltimingnNotenoughdata,trialsrequired

51

References

Dorning,M.andD.Cipollini.Leaf and root extracts of the invasive shrub, lonicera maackii, inhibit seed germination of three herbs

with no autotoxic effects.EcologicalRestoration.Vol.25#3,September2007.

GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase.Availableonline:http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?fr=1&si=891&sts=

(AccessedAugust8th,2009).

Heidorn,Randy.1990.Vegetation Management Guideline, Exotic Buckthorns, Common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica L.), Glossy

buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula L.) and Dahurian buckthorn (Rhamnus davurica Pall.), Vol. 1, No. 5.Approved02/06/90byIllinois

DepartmentofConservation,110JamesRoad,SpringGrove,Illinois60081

Holman,M.L.,Dunwiddie,P.W.andR.G.Carey.Investigating the rapid spread of invasive knotweed in a riparian setting. Ecological

Restoration.Vol.25#2,June2007.

Huebner,C.D.2007.Competitive ability of ailanthus altissima and an overview of other RWU-4557 invasive plant studies.Ecological


Kaufman,S.R.andW.Kaufman.2007. Invasive plants: a guide to identification and the impacts and control of common North

American Species.Mechanicsburg,PA.Stackpolebooks.

Kim, K.D., and K. Ewing.Controlling phalaris arundinacea with live willow stakes: a density dependent response. Ecological


NatureConservancy.2007.http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/tools/painter.html.(AccessedDecember18,2007).

The Nature Conservancy. 2009b. Available online: http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/alert/alrtglyc.html (Accessed August 7th,

2009)

PlantConservationAlliance’sAlienPlantWorkingGroup. Availableonline:http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/fact/aepo1.htm

(AccessedAugust7th,2009).

Appendix 4

52 Appendix 5

APPENDIX 5: Tools and Equipment for Invasive Species Removal

Unlessotherwisenotedthisappendix(textandphotos)drawsuponthefollowingresource:

Miller,JamesH.2003.Nonnative invasiveplantsofsouthernforests:afieldguidefor identificationandcontrol.Gen.Tech.Rep.

SRS-62.Asheville,NC:U.S.DepartmentofAgriculture,ForestService,SouthernResearchStation.93p.<http://www.invasive.

org/eastern/srs/control.html>

diScLAiMer:Thebelowsuggestedcontrolmethodshavebeencompiledfrommanysources.

BeforeusinganypesticideyoumustensurethatthepesticideisregisteredbythePestManagementRegulatoryAgency(hasaPest

ControlProductsActregistrationnumber)andisclassifiedforuseinOntario.Thepesticidelabelwillprovideinstructionsonhowthe

pesticidecanbeused,whatpestsitmaybeusedtocontrolandsafetyequipmentrequired.Alllabeldirectionsmustbefollowed.It

isanoffencetouseanunregisteredorunclassifiedpesticideortouseapesticideincontraventionofthelabeldirections.Licences

andadditionalrequirementsunderthePesticidesActandRegulation63/09mayalsoapplytotheuseofcertainpesticides.

ToolsshownbelowareprovidedwithbriefdescriptionsandexamplesofsomesupplierinOntario/Canada.Thismanualisinnoway

endorsingspecificproducts;theyarelistedasexamplesonly.

Herbicide application

Althoughtreatingextensiveinaccessibleinfestationsmayrequirebroadcasttreatmentsofherbicidespraysorpelletsbyhelicopteror

tractormountedapplicationsystems,thebestapproachisusuallyselectiveapplicationsofherbicidestotargetinvasiveplantswhile

avoidingorminimizingapplicationtodesirableplants.

Theselectivemethodsdescribedare

• directedfoliarsprays,

• steminjection,

• cut-treat,

• basalsprays,and

directed Foliar Sprays

Directed foliar sprays are herbicide-water sprays aimed at target plant foliage to

coverallleavestothepointofrunoff,usuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayer(use

lowpressure,driftretardants,andsprayshieldstoavoiddrift).Herbicideapplication

bydirectedfoliarspray isthemostcosteffectivemethodfortreatingmosttypesof

invasiveplantspecies.With thismethod,herbicidesare thoroughlymixed inwater,

oftenwithanon-ionicsurfactant,andappliedtothefoliageandgrowingtipsofwoody

plantsor tocompletelycoverherbaceousplants.Foliarspraysareusuallymosteffectivewhenapplied frommidsummerto late

fall,althoughspringandwinterapplicationshaveuseonspecificplantsandsituations.Selectivetreatmentispossiblebecausethe

applicatordirectsthespraytowardstargetplantsandawayfromdesirableplants.Theadditionofawater-solubledyecanassistin

trackingtreatmentanddetectingspraydriftondesirableplants.Althoughdyesaremessyandshort-livedasavisiblemarker,theyare

helpfulintrainingandtrackingcriticalapplications.Anothersafeguardistoonlyusefoliaractiveherbicides,becausedirectedsprays

ofsoil-activeherbicidescandamageorkillsurroundingplantswhentheirrootsarewithinthetreatmentzone.Neveruseherbicides

withsoilactivitytotreatinvasiveplantsunderdesirabletreesorshrubs.

Directedspraysareusuallyappliedwithabackpacksprayerandaspraywandequippedwithafullcone,flatfan,oradjustablecone

spraytip.Thesetipsandsprayingpressuresof20to30poundspersquareinchcanensureproductivitywithonlyafewfinedroplets

thatmaydrifttosurroundingplants.Tosafeguardsurroundingplantsfromdamagebyspraydrift,suspendapplicationsduringwindy

conditions.Asprayshieldthatattachestotheendofthewandcanfurtherminimizedrift.Addingadriftretardanttothespraymixture

caneliminatedriftalthougheffectivenessmaybediminished.

53Appendix 5

Plantsupto6feettallcanbetreatedwiththisequipment,whiletheadditionofacommerciallyavailablewandextensioncanslightly

increaseheightcapabilities.Totreatplantsuptoabout18feettall,usehigherspraypressureswithastraight-streamornarrowflat

fantip.

Directedfoliarspraysarealsoappliedusingwandsonhosesattachedtosprayingsystemsmountedonall-terrainvehicles,trucks,

ortractors.Also,aspraygunwithanarrowflat fantipcanreplaceawandforsomeapplications.Anotherusefulalternativefor

treatingdifferentsizedwoodyplantsisaspraygunwithaswivelthatholdstwotips—narrowandwide-angled—thatcanbequickly

changedduringapplication.

Stem injection

Steminjection(includinghack-and-squirt)involvesherbicideconcentrateorherbicide-

watermixtures applied into downward incision cuts spaced aroundwoody stems

made by an axe, hatchet, machete,

brushax,ortreeinjector.Treeinjection,

includingthehack-and-squirttechnique,

isaselectivemethodofcontrollinglarger

treesandshrubs(morethan2inchesin

diameter) with minimum damage to

surrounding plants. It requires cuplike

downwardincisionsspacedaroundthe

stem with a measured amount of

herbicide applied into each of the

incisions. Special tree injectors are

availabletoperformthisoperation,ora

narrow-bitaxe,hatchet,ormachetealongwithaspraybottlecanbeusedinsequence

toperformthehack-and-squirtmethod.Completelyfillingthestemwithedge-to-edge

cutsor injections isrequiredforvery largestemsordifficult-tocontrolspecies.The

herbicideshouldremainintheinjectioncuttoavoidwastingherbicideonthebarkand

to prevent damage of surrounding plants. Avoid injection treatments if rainfall is

predictedwithin48hours.

Treeinjectiontreatmentsaremosteffectivewhenappliedinlatewinterandthroughout

thesummer.Heavyspringsapflowinspringcanwashherbicidefromincisioncuts,

makingthisanineffectivetimetousethismethod.

cut-Treat

Cut-treat involves herbicide concentrates or herbicide-water mixtures applied to

the outer circumference of freshly cut

stumps or the entire top surface of

cut stems, applied with a backpack

sprayer, spray bottle, wick, or paint

brush. Freshly cut stems and stumps

of woody stems, including canes and

bamboo,canbetreatedwithherbicide

mixtures toprevent resproutingand to

killroots.Cuttingisusuallybychainsaw

orbrushsaw,butcanbeaccomplished

by handsaws or cutting blades. To

54 Appendix 5

minimizedeactivation of the herbicide, remove sawdust from stumpsbefore treatment. Treat stems and stumps asquickly as

possibleaftercuttingwithabackpacksprayerorutilityspraybottleforsprayapplicationsorawickapplicator,labwashbottle,or

paintbrushforsmallstems.

Forstumpsover3inchesindiameter,completelywettheouteredgewiththeherbicideorherbicidemixture.Completelywetthe

topsofsmallerstumpsandallcutstemsinaclump.

Themosteffectivetimeforthestumpspraymethodislatewinterandsummer.Althoughwintertreatmentsareslightlylesseffective

thangrowingseasonapplications,theabsenceoffoliageoncutstemsandbranchesproducessomeoffsettinggainsinapplication

efficiency.

Basal Sprays

Basalspraysareherbicide-oil-penetrantmixturessprayedordaubedontothelowerportionofwoodystems,usuallyappliedwitha

backpacksprayerorwickapplicator.Fullbasaltreatmentsrequirethatthelower12to20inchesoftargetwoodystemsbecompletely

wettedonallsideswithanoil-basedspraymixture.Applicationistosmoothjuvenilebark.Fullbasalspraysareusuallyeffectivein

controllingwoodystemslessthanabout6inchesindiameterorlargerdiametersofsusceptiblespecies,beforebarkbecomesthick,

corky,andfurrowed.Theappropriateequipmentforthistreatmentisabackpacksprayerwithawandorspraygunfittedwitha

narrow-angleflatfan,cone,oradjustabletip.Awickapplicatorcanalsobeused.

Herbicidesthataresolubleinoil(e.g.Garlon4)aremixedwithacommerciallyavailable

basaloil,vegetableoilorcropoil(avoiddieselfuel,orkerosene)Someherbicidesare

soldreadytousewiththeseingredients.

Amodifiedmethod,streamlinebasalsprays,iseffectiveformanywoodyspeciesup

to2inchesindiameter,aswellastreesandshrubsupto6inchesindiameterifthe

species is susceptible. Equipment for this treatment is abackpack sprayerwith a

spraygunandalow-flowstraight-streamornarrow-anglespraytip.Topreventwaste,

maintain pressure below30pounds per square inchwith a pressure regulator. At

thispressure,aneffectivereachof9feetispossiblewhilebarksplashisminimized.

Fortreatingstemslessthan2inchesindiameter,applythestreamofsprayup-and

downsinglestemsforabout6to8inches,orapplyacrossmultiplestemscreating

2-to3-inch-widebands.Thissamemultiplebandtreatmentcanbeeffectiveonlarger

stems.Directthespraystreamtosmoothjuvenilebarkatapointabout4to18inches

fromtheground.Stemsthatarethickbarkedornear3inchesindiameterrequiretreatmentonallsides.

Avoidesterherbicideformulationsonhotdaystopreventvapordriftinjurytonon-targetplants.

Streamline basal spray (CVC)

55Appendix 5

Weed-wickers/Applicators

This is a great tool for herbicide application in situationswhere you need to avoid

herbicidedriftorareworkingaroundsensitivenon-targetplants.Mostmodelshave

ballvalvestocontrolherbicideflowandvarioussizedandshapedapplicationsponges

orfabricsleeves.

RittenhouseisthesupplieroftheWickweeder

1402FourthAve.,R.R.#3

St.Catharines,ON,CanadaL2R6P9

1-877-488-1914,email:[email protected]

Mechanical Removal

Weed Wrenches

Thesetoolsaregreatforpullingoutlargeshrubsupto2to21/2inchesindiameter.

Thereareavarietyof themout there.Beloware listedacoupleofcompaniesthat

supplysuchtoolsinCanada.

TheExtractigator-http://www.extractigator.com/

ThePullerbear-http://www.pullerbear.com/

Tree girdlers

Thesetoolsremoveastripofbarkaway

fromatreeorshrub.Thecutmustbe

deep enough to remove the vascular

cambium of the tree/shrub (a spongy

inner layerofthebark).Dependingon

thespeciesthiswilleventuallystarveit

ofnutrientsanditwilldieoveraperiod

ofayearortwo.Thistypeofwounding

may allow also for the uptake of a

herbicide through the wound that

wouldnotpenetrate thebarksuchas

aGlyphosphateproduct.

CommercialSolutions-www.csinet.ca/field-forestry-mining-supply.php

TrueNorthSpecialtyProducts-www.truenorthspecialty.com/english/equipment/barkblaster.htm

Basal bark application with a weed-wicker (CVC)

Various weed wrenches (CVC)Tree girdlers (CVC)

56 Appendix 6

Appendix 6: Resources and Contacts

InformationCategories: 1.Restorationadviceandassistance

2.Potentialfunding

3.Informationonprovinciallyorregionallyrarespecies

4.Invasivespeciesinformation

5.Reportinginvasivespecies

6.Nativeplantspeciesinformation(plantidentification,specieslists,specieshabitatconditions,etc)

7.Potentialremovalassistance

*ResourcesthathaveinformationspecifictotheCreditValleywatershed

information category

organization contact information description and Website information (if applicable)

conSULTAnTS/nUrSerieS

1,6 Acorus restoration

7226thConc.Rd RR#1 Walsingham,ONN0E1X0 Tel:519-586-2603 Email:[email protected]

Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice: http://www.ecologyart.com/

1 ecological outlook and

ontario Parks Association

Authors:D.HavingaandJ.M.Daigle

Publishers:EcologicalOutlookandOntarioParksAssociation

Restoring Natures Place -AguidetonaturalizingOntarioparksandgreenspace.

1,6 Grow Wild 3784Hwy#7 Omemee,ONK0L2W0

NurseryAddress: 4735Durham/York30 Claremont,ONL1Y1A3

Phone:705-799-2619 Cell:416-735-7490

Noemail–onlinecontactform:

http://www.grow-wild.com/contact.php

Nativeplantsource,informationandadvice: http://www.grow-wild.com/

7 Lands & Forests

consulting

HeadOffice-Hanover DaveTaylor 421608Con6NDR.R.R.#1, Elmwood,ON.N0G1S0

Tel:1-519-364-tree(8733) Tollfree:1-888-923-9995 Fax:1-519-364-8736

Email:[email protected]

Forestryandprofessionalprescribedburncontractor: http://www.landsandforests.com/

57Appendix 6



non-GoVernMenT orGAniZATionS

4,6 canadian Wildlife

Federation (cWF)

350MichaelCowplandDrive Kanata,ONK2M2W1

Tel:1-800-563-9453 Fax:613-599-4428

Noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.cwf-fcf.org/en/contact-us/contact-us.html

Invasivespeciesencyclopaediawhichprovidesinformationaboutnativeandinvasiveranges,invasionpathway,status,impactsandcontrolmeasures: www.cwf-fcf.org/en/resources/encyclopedias/invasive-species/

WildAboutGardening-AlistofnativeplantsuppliersforOntario: www.wildaboutgardening.org/en/gab/section3/ontario/index.htm

ListofplantsnativetoeachregionofCanada: old.wildaboutgardening.org/en/growing/section4/encyclopedia/index.asp

1,3 eastern ontario Model

Forest

P.O.Bag2111 KemptvilleONK0G1J0

Tel.:(613)258-8241 Fax.:(613)258-8363


TheEnhancingSpeciesatRiskHabitatinYourEasternOntarioWoodlotbookletisintendedasatooltoassistlandownersinenhancingspeciesatriskhabitat:

http://www.eomf.on.ca/en/information-reports/publications/information-reports/page-2-10

(Scrolldownthepageandclickon“Clickheretoview”)

1,4,6 evergreen 355AdelaideStreetWest,5thFloor Toronto,ONM5V1S2

Tel:416-596-1495 Tollfree:1-888-426-3138 Fax:416-596-1443

email:[email protected]

Nativeplantdatabase: nativeplants.evergreen.ca/

Invasivespeciesfactsheetsandprofiles: www.evergreen.ca/en/resources/native-plants/fact-sheets.sn

1,3,4,6 Federation of ontario naturalists

(Fon)

HeadOffice 366AdelaideStreetWest,Suite201 Toronto,ONM5V1R9

Tel:416-444-8419 Tollfree:1-800-440-2366 Fax:416-444-9866


OntarioNature-Anorganizationthatprotectswildspeciesandwildspacesthroughconservation,educationandpublicengagement: www.ontarionature.org/index.php

Avarietyofdownloadablefactsheetsarealsoavailable: www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/publications.php

HabitatCreationwithNativePlants www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/misc/habitat_creation.pdf

BackyardHabitats www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/id_guides/backyard.pdf

WetlandRestorationandRehabilitation www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/misc/wetland_restoration.pdf

NaturalInvaders www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/id_guides/natural_invaders.pdf

SpeciesatRiskinOntario www.ontarionature.org/discover/resources/PdFs/id_guides/SAr_brochure.pdf

58 Appendix 6




4,6 Lake Huron centre for

coastal conservation

P.O.Box178, Blyth,ONN0M1H0

Phone:(519)523-4478

Email: [email protected]

Informationoninvasivespecies,withafocusonspeciesthatarehavingseriousimpactonLakeHuron’secology: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=invasive-species

Importanceofnativeplants: http://lakehuron.ca/index.php?page=importance-of-native-plants

1 Landscape ontario*

7856FifthLineSouth Milton,ONL9T2X8

Tel:(905)875-1805 Fax:(905)875-3942

ListslandscapingcompaniesinOntariowhoprovideprofessionalserviceandwhoseprinciplesincludetorespectandimprovetheenvironment: www.landscapeontario.com

3,4 nature canada Tel:1-800-267-4088


DiscussesendangeredspeciesandspeciesatriskinCanada,withselectprofilesonsomespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/endangered.asp

Briefgeneralinformationaboutinvasivespeciesmentionedasathreattoparksandnaturalareas.Doeshighlightafewinvasivespecies: http://www.naturecanada.ca/parks_cons_invasive.asp

4 natureServe N/A Invasivespeciesdatabase–Asearchengineforinvasivespecies: www.natureserve.org/explorer/servlet/natureServe

1,6 north American

native Plant Society (nAnPS)

POBox84,StationD Etobicoke,ONM9A4X1

Voicemail:(416)631-4438


Informationaboutwhynativeplantsshouldbeusedandhowtostartgardeningwithnativeplants: www.nanps.org

Avarietyoffactsheetsaboutnativeplantspeciesandgardening: www.nanps.org/index.php/resources/publications

ButterflyGardening:AttractingButterfliestoGardensintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/butterfact.pdf

NativePlantGardening:AnIntroductiontotheBenefitsofLandscapingwithNature www.nanps.org/pdfs/nativefact.pdf

NativeTrees:ForGardenersintheGreatLakesWatershed www.nanps.org/pdfs/treefact.pdf

59Appendix 5Appendix 6




4,6 ontario invasive Plant council (oiPc)

P.O.Box2800 4601GuthrieDrive Peterborough,ONK9J8L5

Tel:705-748-6324ext243 Fax:1-705-748-9577

Anon-profit,multi-agencyorganizationinresponsetothethreatofinvasiveplantsprovidinginformationregardinginvasiveplantsandlinkstootherwebsitesrelatedtoinvasiveplantsandnativeplants: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca

Avarietyoffactsheetsregardinginvasivespecies: www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/index.php/publications

QuickreferenceGuidetoInvasivePlantSpecies-Aselectionofcommoninvasiveplants,withdetailsonhowtoidentifythem.ThisisalsoavailablefromCreditValleyConservation’sinvasivewebsite. www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/invasive speciespeciescards_cVc_Hr_sm.pdf

ALandowner’sGuidetoControllingInvasiveWoodlandPlants-Aguidedetailinghowtodealwithaselectiononinvasivespecies(inpartnershipwith:OntarioFederationofAngler’sandHunters,OakRidgesMoraineFoundation,VictoriaLandandWaterStewardshipCouncilandtheGovernmentofOntario): www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/files/LandownerGuideinvasive species_web.pdf

1,4,6 ontario Society for ecological restoration

(Sero)

N/A NativePlantResourceGuidesavailableforpurchase: www.serontario.org/publications.htm

ArankedlistofinvasivespeciesinsouthernOntariobasedonthedegreeofinvasiveness: serontario.org/pdfs/exotics.pdf

1 Society for ecological

restoration international

Authors:S.PackardandC.F.Mutel

Publisher:IslandPress

TheTallgrassRestorationHandbookforPrairies,Savannas,andWoodlands. -Providespracticalandcomprehensiveinformationonrestorationofprairies,savannasandwoodlands.

PUBLic inSTiTUTionS

4,6 canadian Biodiversity

Web Site

N/A Providesgeneralinformationonnativeandinvasivespecies: http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/species/index.htm

4 canadian Botanical

conservation network, royal

Botanical Gardens

RoyalBotanicalGardens Attention:Dr.DavidGalbraith P.O.Box399 Hamilton,ONL8N3H8

Tel:1-905-527-1158,ext.309 Fax:1-905-577-0375

HaslistsofinvasiveplantsinCanada,providinginformationonsuchthingsasspeciesdescription,habitat,provinciallocations,controlmethods: http://www.rbg.ca/cbcn/en/projects/invasive species/i_list.html

4,6 canadian Museum of

nature

240McLeodStreet Ottawa,ONK1P6P4

(613)566-4700 Tel:613.566.47001.800.263.4433


OntheirNativePlantCrossroadswebsitethereisinformationnativeandinvasiveplants: http://nature.ca/plnt/index_e.cfm

60 Appendix 6



PUBLic inSTiTUTionS

1,6 centre for Land and Water

Stewardship, University of

Guelph

RichardsBuilding,UniversityofGuelph Guelph,ONN1G2W1

Tel:519-824-4120ext.58329


Publicationsfortheidentificationandmanagementofwoodlandplants: www.uoguelph.ca/~claws/newsite/publications.html

4 University of Georgia, center for invasive

Species and ecosystem

Health

TheUniversityofGeorgia P.O.Box748 4601ResearchWayCPES 113AdministrationBuilding Tifton,Georgia31793

Phone:229-386-3298 Fax:229-386-3352

Therearemanyemailslistedonline,thereforecheckthislinkforcontacts:http://www.bugwood.org/contactUs.html

Informationonhowtoidentify,controlandreportinvasivespecies(althoughreportingisfortheUS),aswellasvideosanddistributionmaps(alsooftheUSonly): http://www.invasive.org/

BooKS/MAnUALS/FAcT SHeeTS

1,4 dcnr invasive exotic Plant Tutorial for

natural Land Managers,

Mid-Atlantic exotic Pest

Plant council

SteveYoung 56175thSt.S. Arlington,VA22204

Email:steveyoung[at]aol.com

Providesfactsheets,managementandcontrolinformationonlistedinvasivespecies: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/forestry/invasivetutorial/List.htm

6 N/A Authors:D.BennetandT.Tiner Publisher:McClelland&StewartLtd.

Wild City: A guide to nature in urban Ontario, from termites to coyotes-ProvidesnaturalhistoriesofmostofthecommonplantsandwildlifefoundinOntario’scities.

6 N/A Authors:J.DiekelmannandR.Schuster. Publisher:TheUniversityofWisconsinPress

Natural Landscaping: Designing with Native Plant Communities-Providesbasicguidanceinusingnativeplantsinlandscaping,fromplanningandlandscapingtoplanting.

6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:WhitecapBooks

100 Easy-to-grow Native Plants for Canadian Gardeners-Nativespeciesinformationandlistofnativenurseries.

6 N/A Author:L.Johnson Publisher:RandomHouseofCanada

Grow Wild-Providesinformationonlow-maintenanceandsure-successgardeningwithnativeplants

6 N/A Author:D.W.Tallamy Publisher:TimberPress

Bringing Nature Home-Providesinformationonhowtosustainwildlifewithnativeplants.Italsoincludeslistsofnativeplantsforregionhabitats.

4 N/A Authors:S.R.KaufmanandW.Kaufman Publisher:StackpoleBooks

Invasive Plants-AguidetoidentificationandtheimpactsandcontrolofcommonNorthAmericanspecies.

4 N/A Authors:R.K.Kohli,H.P.SinghandD.R.Batish

Publisher:CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup

Invasive Plants and Forest Ecosystem -Providesafoundationininvasiveecology,discussestheimpactsoninvasivespeciesonnaturalsystemsandmanagementtoolsforcontrollinginvasivespecies.

61Appendix 6



MUniciPAL LeVeL orGAniZATionS

1,4,6,7 city of Toronto – Urban Forestry Services

Tel(Torontocitylimits):311 Tel(outsidecitylimits): 416-392-2489 Fax:416-338-0685


UrbanForestryServicessiteprovidesinformationonnative,invasiveandendangeredspecies,treeplanting,bi-lawsandpolicies:http://www.toronto.ca/trees/

Factsheetoncontrollinginvasiveplants: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_3_controlling_invasive_Plants.pdf

Factsheetonhowtoselectandbuynativeplants,aswellasplantsoilandlightrequirements: www.toronto.ca/trees/pdfs/Fact_2_How_to_Select_and_Buy_native_Plants.pdf

1,3,4,5,6

conservation Halton

2596BritanniaRoadWest Burlington,ONL7P0G3

Tel:905-336-1158 Fax:905-336-7014

Lands and Forestry -Providesinformationontheirtreeplantingprogram,aswellasinformationonEmeraldAshBorerandGypsyMoth: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/Showcategory.cfm?subcatid=787

Species at Risk-Informationonspeciesatrisk,includingaspecieslistandreportingform: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/Showcategory.cfm?subcatid=1328

Invasive Exotics-Informationoninvasivespecies,includingnativeandinvasivespecieslistsandagianthogweedfactsheet: http://www.conservationhalton.on.ca/Showcategory.cfm?subcatid=1114

1,4,5,6,7

credit Valley conservation

(cVc)*

1255OldDerryRoad Mississauga,ONL5N6R4

Tel:905-670-1615or 1-800-668-5557

Fax:905-670-2210

Stewardship programs and service-Informationonthedifferentprogramsandservicesprovided,includingtreeplanting,ecologicallandscapeing/gardeningandrestorationresources: http://www.creditvalleycons.com/programsandservices/stewardship.htm

Informationaboutwhatinvasivespeciesare,listsoftypesofinvasiveplants,andmethodsofcontrolforinvasiveplants: www.creditvalleyca.ca/invasive species

Caring for Your Land and Water-Avarietyoffactsheetscoveringtopicsincludingnaturalgardening: www.creditvalleyca.ca/programsandservices/caringforyourland.htm

Listofecological/landscapecompaniesthatcanhelplandownersplanwhattheywantfortheirproperty: www.creditvalleyca.ca/landscaping/downloads/ecologicalServiceProviders.pdf

ListofnativeplantnurseriesforsouthernOntario: www.creditvalleycons.com/landscaping/downloads/cVcnativePlantnurseries.pdf

62 Appendix 6



MUniciPAL LeVeL orGAniZATionS

1,4 Grand river conservation

Authority (GrcA)

400ClydeRoad,POBox729 Cambridge,ONN1R5W6

Tel:519-621-2761 Tollfree:1-866-900-4722 Fax:519-621-4844


Tree Planting-Providesupportfortreeplantingprojectsonprivatelands. http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=4

Invasive Species-Informationoninvasivespecies,andGRCA’sforestmanagementofinvasivespecies: http://www.grandriver.ca/index/document.cfm?Sec=48&Sub1=6&Sub2=0

1,6 Toronto and region

conservation Authority (TrcA)

5ShorehamDrive Downsview,ONM3N1S4

Tel:(416)661-6600 Fax:(416)661-6898


Community Stewardship Program-Providesprogramsincludinghands-ondemonstrations,workshops,naturewalks,plantingandclean-upactivities: http://trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/index.dot

Healthy Yards Program–Providesinformationandresourcestohelplandownerscreatenaturalgardensusingnativeplants: www.trca.on.ca/get-involved/stewardship/healthy-yards-program

1,4,6 Upper Thames river conservation

1424ClarkeRoad London,ONN5V5B9

Tel:519-451-2800 Fax:519-451-1188

Informationoninvasivespecies: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/invasive_species/invasive_species.htm

Treeplantingprogram: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/Stewardship_Grants/forestry.htm

Informationonnativespecies,includingwhatspeciestoplantandgardeningwithnatives: http://www.thamesriver.on.ca/native_species/nativespecies.htm

ProVinciAL AGencieS

1,2,3,4,5,6

conservation ontario

Box11,120BayviewParkway Newmarket,ONL3Y4W3

Tel:905-895-0716 Fax:905-895-0751


AlistofallofOntario’s36conservationauthoritiesbasedonthewatershed.Thisprovideslinkstoalltheconservationareasthatcanprovidesupportforlandownersinprotectingandenhancingthenaturalareasoftheirproperties.Theyalsoprovideworkshops,educationalprogramsandvolunteereventsthroughouttheirwatersheds: www.conservation-ontario.on.ca/about/cas.html

2,3,4,6 Great Lakes information

network

N/A Informationonvarioustopics: Endangered species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/endanger.html

Invasive species: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/invasive.html

Plants of the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/plants.html

Funding and Grants in the Great Lakes Region: http://www.great-lakes.net/infocenter/news/funding.html

63Appendix 6



ProVinciAL AGencieS

1,2,3,4,6

ontario Ministry

of natural resources (oMnr)*

MainOffice 300WaterStreet,P.O.Box7000 Peterborough,ONK9J8M5

Tel:1-800-667-1940

Noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/contactUs/index.html

AlistoftheMNRDistrictOffices: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/contactUs/2columnSubPage/STeL02_179002.html

Downloadablefactsheetscoveringavarietyofrestorationrelatedtopicsincludingpreservingnaturalshorelines,managingforestsandnaturalizingyourbackyard: www.lrconline.com/extension_notes_english/index.html

Taxincentiveprograms:

Community Fisheries and Wildlife Involvement Program (CFWIP)http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/LetsFish/2columnSubPage/STeL02_166030.html

Conservation Lands Tax Incentive Program http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/cLTiP/2columnSubPage/291172.html

Managed Forest Tax Incentive Program http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Forests/Publication/Mnr_e000245P.html

Species at Risk Farm Incentive Program http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/newsroom/Latestnews/258625.html

Descriptionofwhataspeciesatrisk(SAR)is,aswellasalistoftheSARinOntario: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/index.html

Alistofspeciesatrisk(SAR)inOntario: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/2columnSubPage/276722.html

ListsofSARinOntariobyregion*: www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Species/2columnSubPage/246809.html

Invading Species Program(InpartnershipwiththeOntarioFederationofAnglersandHunters)seeOntario Federation of Anglers and Hunters

3,6 natural Heritage

information centre (nHic)*

Email:[email protected] Compiles,maintainsanddistributesinformationonnaturalspecies,plantcommunitiesandspacesofconservationconcerninOntario: nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/Mnr/nhic/nhic.cfm

4,5 ontario Federation of Anglers and

Hunters (oFAH)

4601GuthrieDrive, P.O.Box2800 Peterborough,ONK9J8L5

Tel:705-748-6324 Fax:705-748-9577


Invading Species Awareness Program(InpartnershipwiththeMinistryofNaturalResources)–Informationaboutvarioustypesofinvasivespecies,downloadablefactsheets,aninvasivespeciesonlinereportingsystemandhotline(ReportingHotline:1-800-563-7711): www.invadingspecies.com

Invasive Tracking System:Awebbasedreportingandnetworkingtooldesignedtoallowuserstocreate,viewanddownloadinvasivespeciessightingreportsandmaps: http://www.invasivestrackingsystem.ca

64 Appendix 6



ProVinciAL AGencieS

1,2,4 ontario Stewardship

P.O.Box7000 300WaterStreet4thfloor, SouthTower Peterborough,ONK9J8M5

[email protected]

ProvidesalistofallofthestewardshipcouncilsinOntario: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/local_council

Species at Risk Stewardship Fund–AfundopentoindividualsandgroupsinsupportofstewardshipactivitiesthatwillimprovethestatusofSARandtheirhabitats: www.ontariostewardship.org/index.php/financial_suport_incentives

4 Stewardship network of

ontario

Email: [email protected]

Avarietyofinformationaboutinvasivespeciesandwaystocontributetofightingthem: www.stewardshipcentre.on.ca

FederAL AGencieS

4 canadian Food inspection

Agency (cFiA)

NationalHeadquarters 1400MerivaleRoad Ottawa,ONK1A0Y9

Tel:1-800-442-2342

noemail-onlinecontactform:http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/tools/feedback/commene.shtml

Southwest

1200CommissionersRdE,Unit19 London,ONN5Z4R3

Tel:519-691-1300 Fax:519-691-1314

Central

259WoodlawnRoad,WestSuiteA Guelph,ONN1H8J1

Tel:519-837-5817 Fax:519-837-9774

Toronto

1124FinchAvenueWest,Unit2 Downsview,ONM3J2E2

Tel:416-665-5055 Fax:416-665-5069and 416-667-4965

North East

Unit7-38AurigaDr. Nepean,ONK2E8A5

Tel:613-946-7897 Fax:613-946-7902

Informationaboutinvasiveplantsaswellasactsandregulationspertainingtoinvasivespecies: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/invenve.shtml

Asummaryreportprovidinginformationsuchasthehistoryofinvasiveplants,theeconomic,environmentalandsocialimpactsofinvasiveplants,andCanada’sresponsetoinvasiveplants: www.inspection.gc.ca/english/plaveg/invenv/techrpt/summrese.shtml

Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(AdministeredbyEnvironmentCanadaandinpartnershipwithFisheriesandOceansCanada):seeEnvironmentCanada

65Appendix 6



ProVinciAL AGencieS

2,4 environment canada

InquiryCentre 351St.JosephBoulevard PlaceVincentMassey,8thFloor Gatineau,QuebecK1A0H3

Tel:1-800-668-6767


GeneralinformationaboutwhatalienspeciesareandCanada’sresponsetothem:www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/

Invasive Species Web Portal–informationaboutinvasivespecies,whatpeoplecandotohelpaswellasameansofbrowsingorsearchingvariousinvasivespeciesrelatedtopics:www.invasive speciespecies.gc.ca

Invasive Alien Species Partnership Program(inpartnershipwithCanadianFoodInspectionAgencyandFisheriesandOceansCanada)-Thestrategyforcombatingalienspeciesprovidingfundingforprovinces,municipalities,educationalinstitutions,non-governmentorganizationsandothergroupswhoareworkingtoprevent,detectandmanageinvasivealienspecies: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/default.asp?lang=en&n=A49893Bc-1

Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada-Areviewofwetlandanduplandspeciesandthelegislationgoverningtheircontrol: www.ec.gc.ca/eee-ias/78d62AA2-55A4-4e2F-AA08-538e1051A893/invasive species.pdf

66 Appendix 7

App

endi

x 3

Map

i

Appendix 7: Conservation Authorities of Ontario

67Appendix 7

68 Appendix 8

Appendix 8: Ontario Ministry of the Environment – Regional Offices

reGion county/Township

reGionAL oFFice Mailing Address

Telephone/Toll Free/Fax

central region:

Toronto,Halton,Peel,York,Durham,Simcoeand

Muskoka

5775YongeSt,8thFloor

Toronto,ONM2M4J1

Tel(416)326-6700

TollFree1-800-810-8048

Fax(416)325-6347

West-central region:

Haldimand,Norfolk,Niagara,Hamilton-Wentworth,

Dufferin,Wellington,WaterlooandBrant

119KingSt.W.,12thFloorHamilton,

ONL8P4Y7

Tel(905)521-7640

TollFree1-800-668-4557

Fax(905)521-7820

eastern region:

Frontenac,Hastings,Lennox&

Addington,PrinceEdward,Leeds&Grenville,

Prescott&Russell,Stormont/Dundas&Glengarry,

Peterborough,KawarthaLakes,Northumberland,

Renfrew,Ottawa,Lanark,DistrictofNipissing(Twp.

ofSouthAlgonquin)andHaliburton

1259GardinersRoad,Unit3

KingstonONK7P3J6

Tel(613)549-4000

TollFree1-800-267-0974

Fax(613)548-6908

Southwestern region:

Elgin,Middlesex,Oxford,Essex,Kent,Lambton,

Bruce,Grey,HuronandPerth

733ExeterRd.

London,ONN6E1L3

Tel(519)873-5000

TollFree1-800-265-7672

Fax(519)873-5020

northern region (east):

Manitoulin,Nipissing,ParrySound,Sudbury,

Algoma(East),TimiskamingandSaultSte.Marie

199LarchStreet,

Ste1101

Sudbury,ONP3E5P9

Tel(705)564-3237

TollFree1-800-890-8516

Fax(705)564-4180

northern region (west):

Algoma(West),Cochrane,Kenora,RainyRiver,

TimminsandThunderBay

435JamesSt.S.,

Suite331

ThunderBayONP7E6S7

Tel(807)475-1205

TollFree1-800-875-7772

Fax(807)475-1754

69Appendix 8

Appendix 1: Invasive Species Lists and Fact Sheets · Galium verum Yellow bedstraw MS 3 Geranium...

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Transcript of Appendix 1: Invasive Species Lists and Fact Sheets · Galium verum Yellow bedstraw MS 3 Geranium...