APPENDAGES OF THORAX (LEGS & WINGS) AND THEIR MODIFICATIONS, ABDOMEN (MALE AND

FEMALE GENITALIA)

Dr. Muhammad Hamid BashirAssistant Professor

Department of EntomologyUniversity of Agriculture, Faisalabad

OUTLINE

Legs

Typical leg Modifications

Wings• Typical• Modifications

Wings coupling

apparatusAbdomenGenitalia• Male• Female

APPENDAGES OF THORAX

FUN FACTS ABOUT INSECTS

Most successful creatures on the planet

Insects have been around for at least 350 million years

Over 900,000 described species (75% of all animal species)

Biomass

•Diversified Habitat from aquatic to terrestrial

AN INSECT

Head ThoraxAbdomen

3 pairs of legs

THORAX

Prothorax Mesothorax Metathorax

Pterothorax

3 Segmented

Prothorax

Mesothorax Metathorax

Leg I Leg II Leg III

PterothoraxThorax

Fore wingHind wing

THORAX APPENDAGES

Legs Wings

Typical Leg

1st basal segment

Large, elongated.

Attached with body by

coxal corium membrane

Coxa

Small, Triangular

segment, Fixed with

femur

Trochanter

Long and thick segment

Femur

Fishbone provided muscles on it

Narrows towards apex Femasulcus`

Brunners organ on it

Long, slender

Tibia

Spines over it

Strong spurs at apex

3 segmented

Tarsus

1st segment longer than 2nd 3rd segment largest Plantulae present Claws present Arolium

CURSORIAL Femur normal not thickened Femur and tibia are long Legs are well developed

similar in form• Metaleg of cockroach

Ambulatory or walking

Pro leg of Grasshopper

Green Grasshopper

Pro Leg

Cockroach

Boxelder bug

Red Cotton Bug

Red Cotton Bug

Pro LegMeso Leg

House Fly

Bug

Tarnished Plant Bug

Leaping or jumping

Femur with powerful muscles and thick.

Metaleg of grasshopper

SALTATORIAL

Saltatorial

Catching or grasping

Coxa is very long

Femur long, thick with spines

Tibia is shorter

Proleg of mantid

RAPTORIAL

RAPTORIAL

Parts are reduced and flattened for digging.

Tibia has finger like projections.

The tarsus is produced into three finger like processes

Proleg of mole cricket

FOSSORIAL Digging

Fossorial

Fossorial

Swimming

All parts flattened and tarsus with hairs

Metaleg of water beetle.

NATATORIAL

Tibia has small process at apex.

Tibia with claw.

Louce

CLINGING

1st segment of tarsus swollen and contains silk glands.

Proleg of female web spinner

SILK SCRETING

SILK SCRETING

Apex of tibia with large spur.

Many Hairs over it

Proleg of worker honey bees

ANTENNA CLEANER

Antenna Cleaner

Has polliniferous apparatus, Corbicula

Metaleg of worker honeybees

POLLEN COLLECTING

During flight all legs come together to form a basket.

Dragonfly and damselfy

BASKET LIKE

Basket like legs

INSECT WINGS

Wing development• Apterous (without wings)

• Brachypterous (Reduced wings)

• Macropterous (Well developed wings)

• Wing pads (In nymphs of Exopterygota)

WINGS MARGINS AND AREAS

Disc

With maximum veins

Longitudenal veins Cross veins

WINGS VENATION

Longitudenal veins

Costa (C)

Subcosta (Sc)

Radius (R)

Media (M)

Cubitus (Cu)

Anals (A)

Unbranced

2-branced

5-branced

6-branced

2-branced

3 or 4 analsunbranched

Humeral (h)

Radial (r)

Sectorial (s)

Radiomedial(r-m)

Medial (m)

Mediocubital(m-cu)

Cross veins

INSECT WINGcosta

subcosta

radius

medial

cubitusanal

jugal

h= Costa + Subcosta

r= R1 + Rs

s = R3 + R4

r-m = R + M

m = M2 + M3

m -cu= M + Cu

• Archedictyon (Irregular network of veins)

• Nodus (Thick short cross vein in the midded of costal margin)

• Pterostigma (Pigmented spot in costal margin)• Marginal Setae

(Thrips)

Archedictyon

Cells of Wings

• Open Cells (Area extends to the margin of the wing)

• Closed Cells (Area completely surrounded by veins)

TAGMINA

Forewings modified into long, narrow, hard and slightly thick structure.

GrasshopperCockroachesMantidsCrickets

ELYTRA

Forewings modified thick and hard.Beetles, Weevils, Earwigs

HEMELYTRA Basal part of forewing hard and thick

Apical part thin and membranous Bugs

HALTERES

Hind wings modified into tiny knobbed structure.Flies

PSEUDOHALTERES Forewings modified into halteres

Male stylopids

FILOHALTERESHindwings modified into

long thread like structure Some LacewingsRibbon winged insects

STRIPPY Strips or rod like structure

and fringed with long hairs.Thrips

Strippy

MEMBRANOUS

Hind wings very thin and broad like membrane.

Grasshopper

Membranous

WING COUPLING APPARATUS

OVERLAPPING Fore wing overlaps the

anterior border of the hind wing.

Butterflies

FRENULUM & RETINACULUM

Frenulum(Geomatrid Moth)

Retinaculum(Geomatrid Moth)

HAMULI

Hamuli(Honeybees)

Hamuli(Honeybees)

JUGUM

Jugum(Lepidoptera)

ABDOMEN

ABDOMEN

TYMPANUM

GENITALIA

MALE GENITALIAEpiproct

9th

MALE GENITALIA

Genital organs are called phallic complex

Phallic complex contains aedeagusand epiphallus

Aedeagus flask shaped wrapped in ectophallic membrane

Basal valves connected to apical lobes

Penis present in phallotreme cleft.

Epiphallus is collar like present on dorsal side of aedeagus.

Consist of two long lateral sclerites connected with a bridge

Have two two hook like posterior projections

MALE GENITALIA

FEMALE GENITALIA

Subgenital plate very large with egg guide present posteriorly.

Ovipositor consists of dorsal and ventral valves.

Valves have tips directed in opposite directions

Egg guide is triangular present between valves of ovipositor.

FEMALE GENITALIA

QUESTIONS???????