Appadurai, Arjun- Modernity at Large

8/9/2019 Appadurai, Arjun- Modernity at Large

1/244


2/244

Modernity

at Large


3/244

PUBLIC WORDS

Dp Gaokar ad Bami L

dito

VOME 1

Arju Appadurai Modt at Lag: ta Don of Gobaaton


4/244

A

RJ

U NA

P P D U R

Modernitya t L a r g e

Culturl Dimensions

of Globliztion

I

M' WORDS, VOLME

HENVERSTY OF MNNESOA RESS

STA MNNE A O I S ON DON


5/244

The Public Worlds series is a product of Public Works Publications, which includes

Public Planet Books and the journal Public Culture.

Copyright 1996 by the Regents o the University of Minnesota

Chapter 2 is reprinted in revised orm from Public Culture 22 (990): -24 Copyright1990 Center or Transnational Cultural Studies. Chapter 3 is reprinted in revised orm

from Recapturing Anthropology Working in the Presnt, ed. Richard C Fox. School of American Research Advanced Seminar Series, 1920 Copyright 99 School o American

Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico Chapter 4 is reprinted in revised orm rom

Stanford Literature Review 02 (993: -23 Copyright 993 Arun Appadurai Chapter 5 is eprinted in revised form fom Consuming Modeiy: Public Culture in a Souh AsianWorld ed Carol A. Breckenridge (Minneapolis: University o Minnesota Press 995),

2348 Copyright 99 the Regents of the University of Minnesota. Chapter 6 isreprinted in revised orm rom Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament Perspectives onSouth Asia ed Carol A. Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (Philadelphia Universiyo Pennsylvania Press, 993 3439. Copyrigh 1993 University of Pennsylvania

Press. Chapter 8 is reprinted in revised orm rom Publc Culture 53 (993: 4-29

Copyright 1993 by The University o Chicago. Chapter 9 is reprinted in revised orm

rom Counterworks Managing the Diersity of Knowledge, ed Richard Fardon (London andNew York Routledge, 995 Copyright 995 Arjun Appadurai.

All rights resered No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise,wthout the prior writen permission of the publisher

Publised by the University of Minnesota Press

11 ird vene outh, ute 290 Minneapolis MN 401220

http//wwwpressumned

Printed n the United States of America on acid-fee paper

evenh prining 2005

ibra of Congress Cataloging-inPublication Data

Appadurai, Arjun, 1949Modernity at large cultural dimensions o globalization Arjun Appadurai.

p. cm (Public worlds i v.

Includes biblographical reerences and index.ISBN 086627924

SBN 086627932 (pbk)

Culture. 2 Ciiliation, Modern1950 3 Ethnicity. 4 Mass

mediaSocial aspects tle I. SeriesHM0lA644 996

306dc20

The University of Minnesota is anequal-opportunity educator and employer

969276

http://www.upress.umn.edu/http://www.upress.umn.edu/http://www.upress.umn.edu/


6/244

For my son ok,

My home n he word


7/244


8/244

Contents

Anoedgens ix

Hee nd No

P b ws

2 isjne nd ieene in e Go C Eonoy 27

3 Go Enospes Noes nd Qeies o

Tnsnion Anopoogy

Conspion, ion nd Hisoy 66

P M Cns ying i Modeniy Te eoonizion o ndin Cie 96 Ne in e Cooni Iginion 1 1

P Psnn Lcns7 Lie e iodi is 139

iois nd s es 1

9 Te odion o Loiy 17

Noes 20

Biiogpy 20

ndex 2 1 9

ii


9/244


10/244

Acknowledgments

Ths oo as rn ovr a prod o sx yas and drng ha

hav nd ro conac h any psons and nsons Th da

o h oo oo shap drng 9899 hn as a MacAhr Flo

a h ns o Advancd Sdy n ncon as o rn

h as a h Unvsy o nnsylvana as codrcor o h Cn

o Tansnaona Cral Sds as copd a h Unvrsy oChcago h hav noyd a gra rang o cossdscplnay conv-

saons a h Chcago Hans ns and h hav nd

ro h nrgs o h Goaaon oc Aso n Chcago drng

hs prod convrsaons and das a h Cnr or Transclra

Sds prvosly h Cnr or sychoSoca Sds povdd na-

onal and nrnaona prspcvs ha nvalal.

Th oong ndvdals hav gvn vaal crcss and sg-gsons n gard o vaos pas and vrsons o h chaps n hs

oo La ALghod Shahd An Taal Asad Fd Bah Sanjv

Barah Larn Bran ohn B arha Chaj Fnando Coonl

Valnn an Mcaa d Lonado Nchoas rs Vgna

ong Rchard Fadon Mchal Fsch Rchad Fox Sandra F-

ag Ssan Ga Clod Gr Gsch Mchal Gyr Ah

Gpa Mchal Hanchard Mra Hansn Marlyn vy Ova Logrn

x


11/244

Did Ludden, ohn MAoon, Ahie Mee, Ashs Nndy, Gynen-

d ndey, ee es Roy oe, Moishe osone, u Rino, Bue

Rons, Roge Rouse, Msh hns, ee hesnge, ey h,

ney . Tih, Ches Tyo, MheRoph Touo, Geg Un,

Ashuosh Vshney, Toy Von, Myon Weine, nd Geoey Whie.To hose he ndeeny oeooed, y sn ee pooges

A e pesons desee spei enion o hei oe gene nd gen-

eous suppo My ehe, iend, nd oegue Bend . Cohn sed

e on jouney noing nhopoogy nd hisoy in 1 97 nd hs een

seds soue o des, iendship, nd i eis ee sine.

Nny ss ep e ys e o he henges o hisoi op-

son nd o he enings o dey o he hie U Hnne hs eeny pne n he sudy o hings go s ne 984 hen e spen ye

ogehe he Cene o Adned udy in he Beho ienes

(o Ao) ee n de Vee in oh hideph nd Ased hs

een seds soue o iendshp, , nd engged dee ohn nd

en Coo, hough oh hei shoshp nd hei siung pes-

ene in he depen o nhopoogy he Uniesiy o Chigo,

oniued n ny ys o he shping o his oo. hey One en-ouged he poje o he s nd poded one o o eu, sug-

gesie edngs o he nusp o he Uniesiy o Mnneso ess.

geu o he seond, nonyous ede s e Dip Gon nd

Benjn Lee (oedios o he seies in hih hs oo ppes he

een ends, oegues, nd ineouos in oe ys h n esy

desie. Ho Bhh, quene Bhh, Dpesh Chy, een

Coins, senj Du nd hedon oo poded ouny oides hih, een s os, hs heped e opee hi s oo nd g-

ine ny uues

Lis een, he deo o he Unesiy o Minneso ess, nd

ni Bhe (peousy he ess syed ih e, oning p-

ene nd poddng, i suggesons nd edio sdo.

Mny sudens, oh he Unesiy o ennsyni nd he Un ie-

sy o Chigo, he een soue o inspiion nd enegy. us espei enon o hose hose o hs enhed he ides onned n

hs oo Bn Axe, Wi Bsse, Coine Cees, Nhos De

Geno, Vio e, Gu Ghosh, Mnu Gos, M ehy,

Anne Loe, Ciin Lynh, qui MGion, Vyjynhi Ro, n

Rogos, h ip he, Adendh hn, h uss, Rhe Toen,

Ay Tue, nd Mos Voos Ee Dnih, Riy Luose, nd

nee Tyo desee spe enon o oh hei neeu onu

A k ow l g m

X "


12/244

ons o s oo nd o e pcc sssnce Cn Lync dd

spendd jo on e ndex Oes o e eped n e copex

pocess o poducng s ex ncude N Gup Wgges nd Ls

McN.

My y s ed s oo, ys geneousy nd soees ou nong My e nd coegue, Co A Becendge, s pe-

sen n soe y on eey pge s oo s one oe docuen o ou

e denue My son Ao o o e oo s dedced s gon o

duood . Hs en o oe nd s psson o e e een

sedy ende oos e no e od ey e ou

Aowgm

x


13/244


14/244

Here and No

Modeniy beong o h iy o heoie h boh dece nd

deie unie icbiiy o ie Wh i new bou odeniy o

bou he ide h i newne i new ind o newne oow o hi

duiy Whee ee he oec o he nighenen y he ce

ed i ied o cee eon who woud e he c he wihed

o he becoe oden Thi euing nd euiying ide hooed ny ciici nd uch eince in boh heoy nd eey-

dy e

In y own ey i e i n Boby he exeience o odeniy w no

by yneheic nd gey eheoeic I w nd eed odeniy

eding Le nd Aeicn coege cog he Unied Se Inoion Seice iby eeing Bgde nd oe Agde one o

oywood he Eo Thee e hunded yd o y enbuiding I begged y bohe Snod in he ey 60 o bing e

bc bue en nd eed Aeic in h i igh Gud when he euned

I gduy o he ngnd h I hd eie ibibed in y Vicoin

chooboo in uo o hode cho o y coege nd in Biy

Bune nd Bigge boo deoued indiciiney wih boo by ich-

Coon nd nid Byon nny nd Zooey oden Cued nd

bbi Ango owy eoded h o e h hd been uni hen


15/244


16/244


17/244

backandwte fos of teeedaton and pnted text. Becase of te

see ltplcy of te fos n wc tey appea (cnea televson

coptes and telepones) and becase of te apd way n wc tey

ove tog daly e otnes eectonc eda povde esoces fo

self agnng as an eveyday socal poectAs wt edaton so wt oton. Te stoy of ass gatons vo

ntay and foced) s adly a new feate of an stoy. Bt wen t s

xtaposed wt te apd fow of assedated ages scpts and sen

satons we ave a new ode of nstabty n te podcton of oden

sbectvtes As Tks gest wokes n Geany watc Tks ls n

te Gean lats as Koeans n Pladelpa watc te 9 Oypcs

n Seo tog satelte feeds fo Koea and as Pakstan cabdves n

Ccago sten to cassettes of seons ecoded n osqes n Pakstan o

an we see ovng ages eet detetoalzed vewes Tese ceate

daspoc pbc spees penoena tat conond teoes ta depend

on te contned salence of te natonstate as te key abte of po

tant socal canges

Ts to pt t say eectonc edaton and ass gatonak te wold of te pesent not as tecncally new foces bt as ones

tat see to pel (and soetes cope) te wok of te agnaton

Togete tey ceate specc eglates becase bot vewes and

ages ae n staneos cclaton. Nete ages no vewes t nto

ccts o adences tat ae easy bond wtn ocal natona o e

gonal spaces. Of cose any vewes ay not teselves gate And

any assedated events ae gly loca n scope as wt cabe teevson n soe pats of te Unted States Bt few potant s news

boadcasts o televson spectacles ae entely naffected by ote eda

events tat coe fo fte aed And few pesons n te wold today

do not ave a fend elatve o cowoke wo s not on te oad to soe

wee ese o aleady cong back oe beang stoes and possblt es

n ts sense bot pesons and ages often eet npedctably otsde

te cetantes of oe and te codon santae of oca and natonaleda effects Ts oble and nfoeseeabe eatonsp between ass

edated events and gatoy adences denes te coe of te l nk be

tween gobazaton and te oden. n te captes tat foow sow

tat te wok of te agnaton vewed n ts context s nete pey

eancpatoy no entey dscpned bt s a space of contestaton n

wc ndvdals and gops seek to annex te global nto te own pac

tces of te oden.

H n d N o w


18/244

e Wk he magnan

Eve snce Dke and e wok o e Annes Socologiques gop an-

opoogss ave eaned o egad colecve epesenaons as soca

acsa s o see e as anscendng ndvdal volon as wegedw e oce o socal oay and as obecve socal eaes. Wa I

ws o sgges s a ee as been a s n ecen decades bldng on

ecnoogca canges ove e pas ceny o so n wc e agna-

on as becoe a colecve soca ac. Ts developen n n s e

bass o e pay o agned wolds.

On e ace o sees absd o sgges a ee s anyng new

abo e ole o e agnaon n e conepoay wold Ae all weae now accsoed o nkng abo a socees as ang podced

e vesons o a y and egend expessons a ped e po

enal evanescence o odnay socal le In ese expessons a soc-

ees sowed a ey cold bo anscend and eae odnay soca

e by ecose o yologcs o vaos knds n wc soca e was

agnavey deoed In deas nally ndvdals even n e os

spe socees ave ond e space o ege e socal lves ve oposcbed eoona saes and sensaons and see ngs a ave en

sped ove no e sense o odnay le. Al ese expessons e

ave been e bass o a copex daloge beween e agnaon and

al n any an cees og wc e oce o odnay soca

nos was soeow deepened og nveson ony o e peoa-

ve nensy and e colaboave wok deanded by any knds o -

al All s s e ses so o knowledge beqeaed o s by e bes ocanonca anopoogy ove e pas ceny

In sggesng a e agnaon n e poseleconc wold plays a

newly sgncan ole es y case on ee dsncons. s e ag-

naon as boken o o e specal expessve space o a y and -

al and as now becoe a pa o e qodan enal wok o odnay

peope n any socees. I as eneed e logc o odnay le o

wc ad lagely been sccessy seqeseed. O cose s aspecedens n e gea evoons cago cls and essanc oveens

o oe es n wc oce eades paned e vsons no soca

e s ceang powe oveens o soca cange Now oweve

s no onge a ae o specay endowed (casac) ndvdals njec-

ng e agnaon wee does no beong Odnay people ave begn

o deploy e agnaons n e pacce o e eveday lves Ts

ac s exeped n e a conexazng o oon and edaon.

e n d N o w


19/244

Mor ol t v bo s to g roty t ossiblity

tt ty or ti cldr wi iv d work cs ot t w

ty w bor: ts s t wllsrg o t csd ts o grto t

vy v o socil tol d globl li Otrs r dggd ito w

sttigs s t rg cs o Td Eto Tl Nd dPlsti d s. For ts ol ty ov d st dg t

gtio o w wys o lvg log wt t Ad t tr r

tos wo ov src o work wt d ootity ot bcs

t crrt crcstcs r torb. S gty trsog d x-

tdig Albt Hirscs ortt trs oat d t w y sk

o dsos o o disos o trror d disors o dsir. Bt

vry cs ts disos brg t orc o t igtio s botory d d ito t ivs o y ordry o to

ytogrs drt ro t dscis o yt d rtl o t cls-

sic sort. T ky dirc r is tt ts w ytogrs r c-

trs or w soc octs d ot st cotot to t ctits

o diy li . Ty ov t glci orc o t bts to t qckd

bt o iovisto or g gros o ol. H t gs scrts

odls d rtivs tt co trog ss dtio its lstcd cto ods k t dirc btw igrto tody d

t st Tos wo ws to ov tos wo v ovd tos wo

ws to tr d tos wo coos to sty ly ot tir s

otsd t s o rdo d tlvisio csstts d dos wst

d tlo. For grts bot t oltcs o dtto to w vi-

rots d t stis to ov or rt dy ctd by

ssditd giry tt qty trscds to sc.T scod dstcto s btw gtio d tsy Tr s

g d rsctbl body o wrtig otby by t crtcs o ss c-

t o rkrt coo d tctd t wok o M Wbr

tt viws t od world s growg to ro cg d rdcts

tt t gtio will b sttd by t ocs o coodititio i -

dsti citis d t grd rgttio d sclrto

o t word T odrtio tosts o t st t dcds oWbr by wy o Tlcott Prsos d Edwrd Ss to Dil Lrr Alx

Ikls d y otrs) rgly cctd t vw o t odr wod

s sc o srikig rlgosiy d grtr scitis lss y d -

crsgy gitd lis) d btd sotity t vy lv

T r y stds ts vw stds tt lk toists s drt

s Norbt Eis d Robrt Bll bt t is sotg dtly

wog wt t T rro woks o two lvs Frst t s bsd o r

H d o


20/244

ue euie o he deh o eigion nd he icoy o cience Thee i

eidence in new eigioiie o eey o h eigion i no ony no

ded bu h i y be oe coneueni hn ee in ody highy o

bie nd ineconneced gob oiic n nohe ee i i wong o

ue h he eeconic edi e he oiu o he e Thi iewwhich i ony beginning o be coeced i bed on he noion h he

echnic o eoducion gey eied odiny eoe o in

dui wo I i oo ie

Thee i gowing eidence h he conuion o he edi

houghou he wod oen ooe eince iony eeciiy nd in

gene agency. Teoi odeing heee on boie gue

who he heee geneed ho o nonWeen counethouewie eding once nd o oe o hei eo o

conc hei own ie Mui iy gheing iening o eeche

by Iic ede on cee e doeic en in Souh ndi

ing cged ou o hi hee e exe o he cie wy in

which edi e oied by eoe houghou he wod Thi

bibod nd gi we uic ee dncing nd u hou

ing how h he ige o he edi e icy oed ino oceeoie o iony nge huo nd eince

o i hi u e o Thid Wod eoe ecing o Aeicn

edi bu i i euy ue o eoe houghou he wod ecing o

hei own nion eeconic edi n hee gound one he heoy

o edi he oiu o he eoe need o be ooed wih ge e-

ici Thi i no o ugge h conue efree gen iing hiy

in wod o e ee unche nd uic xe A I ugge in che 4 conuion in he coneoy wod i oen o o ddgey

t o he cii ciiizing oce eehee whee hee i con

uion hee i eue nd whee hee i eue hee i gency

eedo on he ohe hnd i he oe euie coodiy

uhe he ide o ny cie wih i he inecbe connoion o

hough dioced o oec nd cion nd i o h ie een

indiiduiic ound bou i The iginion on he ohe hnd h oecie ene bou i he ene o being eude o oe o o ex

eion whehe eheic o ohewie ny cn diie becue i

ogic i o oen uoeic bu he iginion eeciy when coecie

cn becoe he e o cion I i he iginion in i coece o

h cee ide o neighbohood nd nionhood o o econoie

nd unu e o highe wge nd oeign bo oec The igin

ion i ody ging gound o cion nd no ony o ece

" d N o w


21/244

Te tird distictio is betwee te idividua ad coective seses of

te iagiatio It is iportat to stress ere tat I a speakig of te

iagiatio ow as a property of coectives, ad ot erey as a facuty of

te gifted idividua its tacit sese sice te fowerig of Europea Ro-

aticis). Part of wat te ass edia ake possibe because of tecoditios of colectve readig criticis, ad peasure is wat ave

esewere caed a couity of setiet Appadurai 1 99), a group

tat begis to iagie ad fee tigs togeter As Beedict Aderso

1 98 3 ) as sow so we, prit capitais ca be oe iportat way i

wic groups wo ave ever bee i facetoface cotact ca begi to

tik of teseves as Idoesia or Idia or Maaysia But oter fors

of eectroic capitais ca ave siiar, ad eve ore powerfu effects,for tey do ot work oy at te eve of te at iostate. Coective expe-

rieces of te ass edia especiay ad video ca create sodaities

of worsip ad carisa suc as tose tat fored regioay aroud te

dia feae deity Satosi Ma i te seveties ad eigties ad trasa-

tioay aroud Ayatoa Koeii i rougy te sae period. Siiar

sodaities ca for aroud sport ad iteratioais as te trasatioa

effects of te Oypics so ceary sow Teeets ad bidigs ousevideo cubs i paces ike Katadu ad Bobay. Fa cubs ad poitica

foowigs eerge fro satow edia cutures as i Sout dia

Tese sodaities resebe wat Diaa Crae 972) as caed ivisi-

be coeges i referece to te word of sciece, but tey are ore

voatie ess professioaied ess subect to coectivey sared criteria of

peasure taste or utua reevace. Tey are couities i teseves

but aways potetiay couities for teseves capabe, of ovigfro sared iagiatio to coective actio. Most iportat as I wi

argue i te cocusio to tis capter tese sodaities are ofte tras-

atioa, eve postatioa, ad tey frequety operate beyod te boud-

aries of te atio. Tese assediated sodaities ave te additioa

copexity tat i te, diverse oca experieces of taste peasure ad

poitics ca crisscross wit oe aoter, tus creatig te possibiity of

covergeces i trasoca socia actio tat woud oterwise be ard toiagie.

No sige episode captures tese reaities better ta te ow id-

ubig Saa Rusdie affair ivovig a baed book a reigiousy

adated deat setece ad a autor coitted to persoa voice ad

aestetic freedo. T ata V provoked Musis ad oters) across

te word to debate te poitics of readig, te cutura reevace of ce-

sorsip te digity of reigio, ad te freedo of soe groups to udge

H d N w


22/244

atos wtot dpdt kowldg o t txt T Rsd aa s

abot a txtoto wos coodtzd tajctoy bogt t otsd

t sa av o Wst os abot atstc do ad asttc

gts to t spac o lgos ag ad t atoy o lgos scol

as t ow tasatoal sps. H t tasatoal wolds olbal asttcs ad adcal Isla t ado, t vy dt st

tgs o Badod ad Kaac Nw Yok ad Nw Dl I ts psod

w ca also s ow global pocsss volvg obl txts ad gat

adcs cat plosv vts tat old global psss to sall, al

ady poltczd aas s cap podcg localy (cap 9) w

globalzd ways

Ts tory o a bako ptwt ts stog pass o lctoc dato ad ass grato s cssaly a toy o t ct

past o t xtdd pst) bcas t s oly t past two dcads o

so tat da ad gato av bco so assvly globalzd tat s

to say actv acoss lag ad gla tasatoal tas Wy do I

cosd ts tory to b aytg o ta a pdat o old socal

tos o t pts o odzato Fst s ot a tlologcal

tory, wt a cp o ow odzato wll vsally yld atoalty, pctalty, docacy t akt, ad a g goss atoal

podct. Scod, t pvot o y toy s ot ay lagscal poct o

socal gg wt ogazd by stats tatoal agcs, o

ot tcocatc lts) bt s t vyday cltal pactc tog

wc t wok o t agato s tasod Td y appoac

lavs tly op t qsto o w t xpts wt od

ty tat lctoc dato abls gt lad ts o atoal s,voc ad socal stc Pt aot way I a o dply abvalt

abot pogoss ta ay vaat o classcal odzato toy o

wc I a awa Fot, ad ost potat, y appoac to t bak

casd by t ot oc o lctoc dato ad ass gato s x

plctly tasatoalv postatoalas I sggst t last pat o

ts book As sc, t ovs away daatcally o t actct o

classcal odzato tory wc o gt call datally alstsoa as t asss t salc bot todologcal ad tcal, o t

atostat.

W caot sply atts by agg tat t global s to spac

wat t od s to t. Fo ay socts odty s a lsw,

jst as t global s a tpoal wav tat st b cotd r ps

t Globalzato as sk t dstac btw lts, std ky la

tos bw podcs ad coss, bok ay lks btw labo

H n N ow


23/244

and faly lfe obsced e lnes beween epoay locales and ag

nay naonal aacens Modeny now sees oe paccal and less

pedagogc oe expeenal and less dscplnay an n e fes and

sxes wen was osly expeenced especally fo ose osde e

naonal ele) og e popaganda appaases of e newly ndependen naonsaes and e gea leades lke awaalal Neu Gaal

Abdel Nasse Kwae Nka and Skano Te egaeoc of devel -

openal odenzaon econoc gow g ecnology agbs

ness scoolng lazaon) n any cones s sll w s. B s

ofen pncaed neogaed and doescaed by e conaaves

of l elevson sc and oe expessve fos wc allow ode-

ny o be ewen oe as venacla globalaon and less as a concesson o lagescale naonal and nenaonal polces As I sggesed ea-

le ee was soeng of s expeenal qaly fo ose sc as

yself) bon no e lng classes of e new naons n e fes and sx-

es b fo any wokng people and e poo s expeenal engage-

en w odeny s a elavely ecen fac

Tese sbvesve co naaves also fel opposonal oveens

angng fo e Snng Pa n Pe o Haba fo Hany fogeen oveens n Eope o Tal naonals n S Lanka fo Is-

lac gops n Egyp o beakaway naonals gellas n Cecnya In

ese oveens soe of wc ae epessve an d volen wle oes

ae deocac and peacefl we can see a eleconc ass edaion

and ansnaonal oblaon ave boken e onopoly of aonoos

naonsaes ove e pojec of odenaon. Te ansfoaon of

eveyday sbjecves og eleconc edaon and e wok of eagnaon s no only a clal fac. I s deeply conneced o polcs

og e new ways n wc ndvdal aacens neess and as-

paons nceasngly cossc ose of e naonsae

Te daspoc pblc spees a sc encones ceae ae no longe

sall agnal o excepona. Tey ae pa of e clal dynac of

ban l fe n os cones and connens n wc gaon and ass

edaion coconse a new sense of e global as oden and e oden as global Ma Nas l MPP M fo exaple s an epc ofdaspoa and ace edobled explong ow ndans ansfoed and ds-

placed by ace elaons n Uganda deal w e ncaces of ace n

e Aecan So all e e eanng e sense of Indannessn

oon. Te vewng of ccke aces beween Inda and Paksan by

gans n e Glf saes fo ese cones see cap ) s abo e

peclaes of daspoc naonals n an eegen Indan Ocean pol

H N o w

0


24/244

ic Th inn b o h Engih ngug nd bou iign

igh now hing u gin) in h Uni d S no u on o

in on h oiic o ui hy bou h cbi iy o Ai

cn oiic o conin h dioic oiic o Mxicn in Souh Ci

oni iin in Mii Coobin in Nw Yo nd on in oAng Indd I wi oo in y concuding obion i i h

idd nc o iou ind o dioic ubic h h

coniu on ci diciic o h gob odn.

So uch o h gob now. Th i h o h ch w

Thy win in ou o n ncoun bwn y ow Ango-

hon ubinging nd y ncoun wih h Aicn ocicinc

oy o odnizion h hoy o h u h good nd h in-ib Thy o win o oion ci hd ub-

niy by wo Aicn ch oion wihin which I h hd

h bu o y ining nd in which h n uch o y i n

cdic h nhooogy nd udi Ahough hi i boo

bou gobizion i i d nd conind by h con o h

wo dcd wihin boh h Aicn cdic oion Thu

i ioogic nxii dciddy oc n i ociy i noong wh i ud o b ch. 9)

h Ey Anhplgy

Anhooogy i y chi o id cuii ound in o o hno-

ghi bou o who h id y din o o i o y

own ody nd in h Th chi o nhooogy i hdow -nc in h ch h oow Th i no bcu i i inhny b

hn o oh diciiny chi. Indd ciiu o hi chi

h bn nchn nd uniing in h n y Bu i i h on

I b now how o d A n chi i o h h dng o -

inding on h y iiiy hid o hn on dinc nd h

iiii nd dinc conc on noh indniy o h h

u i wy o hodoogic conninc o in.Thi chi nd h nibiiy h i oduc in h oion n-

hooogi dio ongy owd h id h gobizion i

no h oy o cuu hoognizion Thi gun i h y

h I woud wn h d o wy o hi boo Bu nho-

oogy bing wih i oion ndncy o iig h cuu

h y diciic in ny cic h o oh igh iy

hun o uid o ccuing o ioic o ohing ) Bcu

H No


25/244

is book cais o be abo e ultural diensions of gobaizaion e e

spell o e special foce a is adjecive caies in y sage.

nd yself feqenly obed by e wod ulue as a non b cen

ally aaced o e adecival fo of e wod a is ultual. Wen

eec on wy is is so eaize a c of e pobe wi e nonfo as o do wi s ipicaion a ce is soe kind of obec

ing o sbsance wee pysical o eapysica Tis sbsanial

izaion sees o bing cle back ino e discsive space of ace e

vey idea i was oiginay designed o coba plying a enal sb

sance e non ulue appeas o pivilege e so of saing ageeing

and bonding a fy in e face of e facs of neqa knowedge and

e diffeenia pesige of lifesyes and o discoage aenion o ewoldviews and agency of ose wo ae aginaized o doinaed.

Viewed as a pysica sbsance ce begins o sack of any vaiey of

bioogiss incding ace wic we ave ceainy ogown as scienic

caegoies. Alfed Koebes e 5upeogan nicey capes bo sides

of is sbsania is soeing wi wic a no in sypay Te

effos of e pas few decades noably in Aeican anopoogy o es

cape is ap by looking a ce agely as a lingisic fo ndesoodainly in Sassean scalis es only paly avoids e danges of

sc sbsania is

f ulue as a non sees o cay associaions wi soe so of sb

sance in ways a appea o conceal oe an ey eveal ulural e

adecive oves one ino a eal of diffeences conass and copa

isons a is oe epf. Tis adeciva sense of ce wic bids on

e conexsensiive conasceneed ea of Sassean lingisicssees o e one of e vies of scalis a we ave ended o fo

ge in o ase o aack i fo is aisoica foal binay enalis and

exalis associaions

Te os vaabe feae of e concep of ce is e concep of

diffeence a conasive ae an a sbsanive popey of ceain

ings Alog e e dferene as now aken on a vas se of associa

ions pincipaly becase of e specia se of e e by acqes Deidaand is followes is ain vie is a i is a sefl eisic a can

igig poins of s iilaiy and conas beween a sos of caegoies

classes gendes oes gops and naions Wen we eefoe poin o a

pacice a disincion a concepion an obec o an ideoogy as aing a

cal diension noice e adecival se) we sess e idea of siaed

diffeence a is diffeence in elaion o soeing local ebodied and

ignican Tis poin can be saized in e following fo: cle is

H N ow" 12


26/244

ot sflly gadd as a sbstac bt s btt gadd as a dsio

of poa, a dso tat attds to statd ad bodid dff-

c Stssg t dsoality of ct at ta its sbstataity

pits o tikig of ct lss as a popty of dvidas ad gops

ad o as a stc dvc tat w ca s to talk abot diffc.Bt t a ay kds of diffcs i t wod ad oy so of

ts a ctal Ad I bg a scod copot of y poposal

abot t adjctva fo of t wod t sggst tat w gad as

ctal oly tos diffcs tat t pss, o st t godwok

fo, t obzato of gop dtits. is qaicato povds a

bt pcip of scto tat focss s o a vaity of dffcs av-

ig to do wit gop idtity bot wit ad otsd ay patca socalgop I pttg t obizato of gop idttis at t at of t

adjctv t I av fact ad a ov tat ooks at st glac, t-

ogssv as t appas tat I a bgg to big t wod t -

cofotaby cos to t da of tcty Ad tat gts ito so w

pobs tat d to b avld.

Bfo I ty to do t avlig wc wll alow to ov towad

t da of ctals, lt vw w w av b. Rsstg idasof ct tat tpt s to tk of actal social gops as cts av

also sistd t o fo t ad sggstd a adjctival appoac to

ct, wc stsss ts cotxtal, stic, ad copaatv d-

sos ad oits s to t da of ct as diffc spcialy dff-

c t al of gop dtty I av tfo sggstd tat ct

is a pvasiv dsio of a dscos tat xplots diffc to

gat dvs cocptos of gop dtty.Havg vd so cos to t da of tictyt da of ataizd

gop idttyt is ipotat to b cla abot t ato btw cl-

t ad gop dtty tat I sk to atclat. Clt, akd, ca

coti to b sd to f to t pltoa of dffcs tat caactiz

t wold today diffcs at vaos vs wit vaios vacs, ad

wt gat ad ss dgs of soca cosqc. poos owv,

tat w stct t t t as a akd t to t sbst of ts dif-fcs tat as b obizd to atclat t boday of dffc.

As a bodayatac qstio, clt t bcos a att of

gop i dtty as costttd by so diffcs aog ots.

Bt is tis ot a way of sipy qatig tcity ad ct Ys ad

o. Ys, bcas ts sag tr wod ot stss sipy t possssio

of cta attibts atial lgistc, o ttoial) bt t coscios-

ss of ts attibts ad t ataizato as sstia to gop d

N o

1 3


27/244

tity (s cap 7). Tat is, at tan faling py to t assption, at

last as od as Wb tat tnicity sts on so sot of xtnsion of t

piodial ida of kinsip (wic is n tn bioogica and gnaogica),

t ida of tnicity I popos taks t conscios and iaginativ con

stction and obilization of diffncs as its co. Ct , constitting a vitay opnndd aciv of diffncs is consciosy sapd

into Clt , tat sbst of ts diffncs tat constitts t diacitics of gop idntity.Bt tis pocss of obilizing ctain diffncs and inking t to

gop idntity is also nlik tnicity at last in an old ndstanding

bcas it dos not dpnd on t xtnsion of piodia sntints to

ag and ag nits in so sot of nidictional pocss no dos itak t istak of spposing tat lag socia nits sipy daw on t

sntints of faily and kinsip to giv otiona foc to agscal

gop idntitis. Ts in capt I sow tat fa fo dawing on t x

isting ptoi of otions and oving t into a ag ana, Indian

cickt is a lagscal fo tat cos to b inscibd on t body

tog a vaity of pactics of incasingy sal scal Tis ogic is st

t vs of t od piodiaist (o xtnsionist) ida of tnic idntity.T ida of clt as involving t nataizd oganization of ctain

diffncs in t intsts of gop idntity, tog and in t istoica

pocss and tog and in t tnsions btwn agnts and stcts

cos clos to wat as bn cald t instnta concption of t

nicity as opposd to t piodial on I av two qaications abot

tis convgnc, qaications tat lad to y discssion of ctalis.

On is tat t nds to wic instnta concptions of tnic idntitya fod ay tsvs b contstctal sponss to xisting

vaoizations of dffnc ty ay ts b vaational at tan

instntaationa, in Wb's sns Ty ay av a ply idntity

ointd instntality at tan an instntaity tat as is so oftn

ip d is xtacta (conoic o poitca o otional ) . Pt anot

way t obilization of aks of gop diffnc ay itslf b pat of

a contstation of vas abou diffnc, as distinct fo t consqncs of diffnc fo walt, scity, o pow. My scond qalica

tion abot ost nstntal acconts is tat ty do not xpain t

pocss by wic ctain ctia of diffnc obiizd fo gop idn

tity (in tn instnta to ot goas) a ( ) inscibd into bodiy sb-

cts ts to b xpincd as bot nata and pofondy incnday at

t sa ti

W av now ovd on stp ft, fo ct as sbstanc to c

H n N o

1


28/244

t as t dso o dc to clt as gop dtty basd o

dc to clt as t pocss o atalzg a sbst o dcs

tat av b obzd to atclat gop dtty. W a at ts pot

a post o to ov to t qsto o cltas.

W ay cot t wodclml by tsl t s saly tcd asa o to cta pxs k h, l ad to a t ost po

t Bt t ay b sl to bg to s clals to dsgat a at o

ovts vovg dtts coscosy t akg Ts ov

ts wt t Utd Stats o lsw a say dctd at

od atostats wc dstbt vaos ttts sots

cldg ad dat accodac wt classcatos ad pocs

gadg gop dtty Togot t wod acd wt t actvts ostats tat a cocd wt copassg t tc dvsts to

xd ad cosd sts o ctal catgos to wc dvdals a ot

assgd ocbly ay gops a coscosy obzg tsvs ac

codg to dttaa cta Ctals pt sply s dtty poltcs

oblzd at t lvl o t atostat

Ts sot o ctal s s y pcpal ocs capt 7 w I

ot a sstad ctq o t podast vw o t tc voco t past dcad. Wat appas to b a woldwd bt o tc a

toal ss ad spaatss s ot ay wat oalsts ad pdts a too

qtly to as tbas pyg old stos local vas ad

dp atds. Rat t tc voc w s ay placs s pat o

a wd tasoato tat s sggstd by t t clml Ctal

s as I av alady sggstd s t coscos oblzato o cltadcs t svc o a lag atoal o tasatoa poltcs. It sqtly assocatd wt xtattoa stos ad os so

ts wt g stats ad xl ad aost always wt stggls o

stog cogto o xstg atostats o o vaos tasa

toa bods.

Ctast ovts o ty a aost always ots to obl z)

a t ost ga o o t wok o t agato ad daw

qtly o t act o possblty o gato o scsso . Most poatty a scoscos abot dtty clt ad tag a o wc

td to b pat o t dbat vocabay o ctalst ovts as

ty stggl wt stats ad ot ctalst ocss ad gops. t s ts

dlbat statgc ad poplst obzato o cta ata tat

sts ca g sc ovts cltalst tog ty ay vay ay

ways Ctalst ovts wt ty vov AcaAcas

Pakstas Bta Algas Fac atv Hawaas Sks o Fc

H n N ow


29/244


30/244

ie wit wat ey deide a e aowe ad ioy fei of aea

die expe Aeadie cola ae widely ciicized a obacle o

e dy of eveytig fo copaio ad coepoaeity to civil o

ciety ad fee ake. Of coe, o citiqe at i o weepig ad o

dde cold be eiely fai, ad e odd ix of i citic gget aaeadie colaip ig be takig e ap fo a wide faile i e

U.. acadey o delive a boade ad oe pecie pice of te wold

afte 1989

Te aeatdie adiio i a dobleedged wod. I a ociey otoi

oly devoed to excepioal i, ad o edle peoccpatio wi

Aeica, i tadiio a bee a tiy efuge fo e eio dy of fo

eig lagage, aleaive woldview, ad lagecale pepecive o ociocltal cage otide Eope ad te Uied Sae Bedeviled by a

cetai edecy owad piology i e aow, lexical ee) ad a ce

ai oveideticaio wi e egio of i pecialiatio, aea die

a oetele bee oe of te few eio coeweig o e iele

edecy to agialie ge pat of e wold i e Aeica acadey

ad i Aeica ociey oe geeally Ye e aeadie adiio a

pobably gow oo cofoable wi it ow ap of e wold, oo ece i it ow expet pactice, ad oo ieiive o taaioal

pocee bo today ad i e pa. So citici ad efo ae ceaily

i ode, bt ow ca aea die elp o ipove e way a wold pic

te ae geeaed i e Uied Stae

Fo te pepecive advaced ee ad i e e of i book, aea

die i a altay eide at globalizatio i ielf a deeply ioical,

eve, ad eve lalZn poce Globaliatio doe ot eceaily oeve feqely iply oogeiaio o Aeicaiaio, ad o e ex

et ta diffeet ocieie appopiae e aeial of odeiy diffe

etly, tee i ill aple oo fo e deep dy of pecic geogapie,

ioie, ad lagage. Wa I dic i cape 3 ad a te ela

ioip bewee itoy ad geealogy i ipoible to egage wiot a

og ee of e actaliie of e lne de, wic alway podce pe

cic geogapie, bo eal ad iagied If e geealogy of clalfo i abot tei ciclatio aco egio, te ioy of tee fo i

abot tei ogoig doeticaio io local pacice. Te vey ieac

io of ioical ad geealogical fo i eve, divee, ad coti

ge I i ee, ioy, te utle diciplie of coex i E. Topo' coloful pae), i eveytig. B ti ecogiio i o a

waa fo keeek locali of te o oeie aociaed wi aea

die I ay cae, aea die i a pecic Wee teciqe of e

H n N ow

17


31/244

sech nd cn hdy eend o be se o o he czon

he Wh does need o be ecognzed he esudes don s o

be eed s h ocy se s hsoc oduc nd h he hs-

oes hough whch oces eege e eenuy subec o he dy

ncs o he gob Ths guen whch cunes n ende hhee s nohng ee bou he oc s he buden o he n che o

hs boo

Ths xed eew o e sudes don n whch I he been -

esed o he s wenye yes undees he esence he cene

o hs boo o wo ches bou Ind These ches on he census

nd on cce e couneon o hose h gh ohewse see

we oo gob Bu I hsen o ed h Indn hs boos no obe ed s ee cse exe o nsnce o soehng ge hn se

I s he sie o he exnon o how ocy eeges n gobzng wod o how coon ocesses undewe coneoy ocs o

how hsoy nd geneogy nec one nohe nd o how gob cs

e oc o In hs sense hese chesnd he euen noc-

ons o Ind houghou he booe no bou Ind en s nu

c bu bou he ocesses hough whch coneoy Ind hseeged I we o he ony een he condcon n hng

nonse be he nchong eeen o boo deoed o gobzon

nd ned by sense o he end o he e o he nonse Bu hee

y exese nd y ons e wo sdes o he se con nd I uge

he ede o see Ind s n oc nd no s eed soc c o cude

nons eex

I e hs deou n ecognon o he c h ny boo bou gob-zon s d execse n egon esecy when s oduced

n he eey eged ccusnces o he Aecn esech une-

sy I sees on o deny he nowedge os hough whch

ny such egon coes o cue se In y cse hese os

nhooogy nd e sudesedsose e by hb o he xng o

cces sces nd counes no o sc deences Ths s

counenue!y dnge een n boo such s hs whch s con-scousy shed by concen wh dso deeozon nd he

eguy o he es beween nons deooges nd soc oeens

Scal Scnc a Pasm

The n o he hee nd now s c bou he oden wod h

hs execsed soe o he bes coneoy hnes n he soc nd

H N ow

1 8


32/244

an sciences i is e isse o e naion sae, is isoy is cen ci

sis, is pospecs. I did no begin o wie is book wi e cisis o e

naionsae as y pincipal concen. B in e six yeas ove wic is

capes wee wien, ave coe o be convinced a e naionsae,

as a copex oden poiical o, is on is las legs Te evidence is byno eans clea, and e ens ae adly a in a awae a a naion

saes ae no e sae in espec o e naiona iaginay, e appaa

ses o e sae o e sdiness o e ypen beween e Ye ee

is soe jsicaion o wa ig soeies see ike a eied view o

e naionsae in is book. Naionsaes, o a ei ipoan die

ences (and ony a ool wold conae Si Lanka wi Gea Biain), ake

sense only as pas o a syse is syse even wen seen as a syse odieences) appeas pooly eqipped o dea wi e inelinked diaspo

as o peope and iages a ak e ee and now. Naionsaes as

nis in a copex ineacive syse ae no vey ikey o be e long

e abies o e elaionsip beween globaliy and odeniy. Ta is

wy in y ie I ipy a odeniy is a age.

Te idea a soe naionsaes ae in cisis is a sape o e ed o

copaaive poiics and was in soe sense e jsicaion o c oodeniaion eoy, especiay in e sixies. Te idea a soe saes

ae weak, sick cop, o so as been aond o sevea decades (e

ebe Gnna Myda). Moe ecenly i as becoe widely accep

able o see naionais as a disease especialy wen i is soebody eses

naionais. Te idea a all naionsaes ae o soe exen bedevied

by globalized oveens o as, oneys, diseases and ideoogies is aso

adly news in e ea o e linaiona copoaion. B e idea ae very syse o naionsaes is in jeopady is adly popla. In is

book, y pesisen ocs on e ypen a links naion o sae is pa o

an evolving agen a e vey epoc o e naionsae is nea is

end Tis view, wic lies soewee beween a diagnosis and a pogno

sis beween an iniion and an agen, needs o be spelled o.

Fis, I need o disingis beween e eica and e anayic copo

nens o y agen On e eica on I a inceasingly incined osee os oden govenenal appaases as inclined o selpepeaion,

bloa, violence, and copion. Hee, a in ixed copany o e

le and o e ig. Te eica qesion I a oen aced wi is i e

naionsae disappeas wa ecanis will asse e poecion o i

noiies, e inia disibion o deocaic igs, and e easonabe

possibiiy o e gow o civil sociey My answe is a I do no know,

b is adission s adly an eical ecoendaion o a syse a

N ow

1 9


33/244

ee pgued y ede dee A t ltetve l d

plte tere e tully extg l d geet tt

gt t te eed re dpered d dvere r t

tl lege d lt T pt te guet pte 8

ltug redly dt tt te rd r vu ttl veet t ute r trtl gvere rdy ler

preer wever te exere g deed ggtee l

tetve pte t te ttegy deg e ttte

elter t ter d te uggetg vru e degy

te T ltter trtegy eply derztudevepet p

y ver g wt te e tuplt uderpg d te e

uety ppet te etl rt y rguet eerly uzzy te yt

t ewt rper Eve uy pet te etp

wt d g te re t 1 50 ttte tt re w ee

te Uted Nt w tt rder w ulture wr uwy

t ve gt ppult r eru lgt pt tete

veegty y te Eve were tte veregty ppetly

tt tte legty reuetly eure Eve ttte ppretly eure te Uted Stte p d Gery dete ut

e d rgt eerp d yty tzep d utty e

ge ultuy perpel We e guet te gevty te

ttte r ed tee ppety eue d legtte

te te te rguet vere e d e te l te ew

ett te wrd ty te Ete Eurpe B

Hezegv t wy pted t te Uted Stte e prp ypt te t tt t ve d we te

dee e uteuy ved t w tt te ttte

ve d wel

Gve te reuey wt w Eter Eupe ued t w tt

trl deeply u tt ter pepe' t tr wt

rge d tt terrtrl veregty tll te g y lge

et grup let e ppe tertve terprett y udget Eter Eupe ee gully dtrted ppu guet

ut t te pe d te dey te Uted Stte

Rter t eg te d te te pexte l tep

y ettl Eter Eupe d t Se e ptur

ee ued detrt te tued vgr tl

w d lguge relg ty d d re gruet text

e wt t ut O ure wt tg

H N o w 20


34/244

out Eter Europe tht ome o t ow rghtwg deologue hve

covced the lerl Weter pre tht tolm s poltc o pr-

mord where the rel ueto how t h ee mde to appea tht

wy. Th certly me Eter Europe ctg d urget ce

rom my pot o vew cludg the ct tht we eed to e eptclwhe expert clm to hve ecoutered del type ctul ce

mot ce o coutertolm eceo uprtolm or eth-

c revvl o lrge cle the commo thred eldetermto rther

th terrtorl overegty uch Eve thoe ce where terrtory

eem to e udmetl ue uch Plete t could e rgued tht

dete out ld d terrtory re ct uctol po o rgu-

met tht re uttlly out power utce d eldetermto.I world o people o the move o glol commodtzto d tte -

cple o delverg c rght eve to ther mjorty ethc populto

ee chp ) terrtorl overegty cregly dcult utctoor thoe totte tht re cregly depedet o oreg lor

experte rm or older For coutertolt movemet terrtorl

overegty plule dom or ther prto ut t hould ot e

mte or ther oudg logc or ther ultmte cocer To do o tocommt wht I would cll the Bo Fllcy error tht volve m -

udertdg Eter Europe ethc ttle trlt d prmordl

error whch the New Yok es the leder d compoudg the

mte y tg the Eter Europe ce to e the modl ce o ll

emerget tolm To move wy rom the Bo Fllcy reure

two dcult coceo rt tht the poltcl ytem o the welthy

orther to my themelve e cr d ecod tht the emerget tolm o my prt o the world my e ouded o ptro

tm tht re ot ether excluvely or udmetlly terrtorl Argu

met or mg thee coceo mte my o the chpter th

oo. I mg them I hve ot lwy oud t ey to mt the d

tcto etwee the lytc d the ethcl perpectve o the uture o

the totte lthough I hve tred to do o

A the totte eter terml cr my progotctoprove to e correct we c certly expect tht the mterl or pot

tol mgry mut e roud u lredy Here I th we eed to

py pecl tteto to the relto etwee m medto d mgr-

to the two ct tht uderp my ee o the culturl poltc o the

glol moder prtculr we eed to loo cloely t the vrety o wht

hve emerged daspo pbl spees Beedct Adero dd u ervce

detyg the wy whch cert orm o m medto otly

n N w

2 1


35/244

thoe ivolvig ewppe ovel d ohe pi edi pyed key

ole i igiig he io d i iitig the ped o hi o o

the ooil wod i Ai d eewhee My gee gue i th

thee i ii lik to e oud etwee the wok o he igiio d

the eegee o potiol poliil wold Wihout the eet ohidigh whih we do hve wih epet o the glo ouey o he ide

o the tio it i hd o ke le e o he oe o he igiio

i potiol ode But ediio eoe ieigy do

ied y eleoi edi (d thu deliked o the pity o ed

d wie d uh ei ieigy ik podue d udiee

o iol oudie d hee udiee heelve t ew

oveio ewee hoe who ove d thoe who ty we d gowig ue o dipoi puli phee

Thee dipoi phee e equety ied up with tudet d othe

ieeul eggig i logdie tioi with ivit o

he Peope' Repui o hi The elihet o k oiy rue

i Souh Ari ope up ew kid o dioue o i deoy i

Ai well i he Uited Ste d he ie he li wod

i he ot ii eple o whole ge o dete d poje hhve lite o do with iol oudie Religio tht wee i the pt

eoutey iol ow puue glol iio d dipoi ietee

with vigo the glo Hidui o he p dede i he igle et e-

ple o hi poe Ativi ovee ivolved with the evioet

woe' iue d hu igh geelly hve eed phee o

tiol dioue equetly etig o the o uthoiy o

eugee eile d othe dipled peo Mjo tio epi ovee like he Sikh the Kud d he Si Lk Ti o-

du hei eligiig i ie houghou he wold whee hey hve

eough ee o low o he eegee o ulipe ode i lge

dipoi pui phee

The wve o dee out uiululi tht h ped hough

he Uied Ste d uope i uely teioy to the ipity o

e o peve hei ioy poputio o likig heeve owide otitueie o eigiou o ehi litio Thee eple

d othe ugge h he e i whih we ould ue h vile

pui phee wee ypilly euively o eeily iol oud e

ed

Dipoi pui phee divee og heelve e he uile

o potiol poii ode The egie o hei dioue e

edi oth iteive d epeive d he oveet o eugee

H d N o w

22


36/244

v, ude, d lorer my well e h he emerge po

ol order prove o o e yem o homogeeou u wh he

urre yem o oe u yem ed o relo ewee

heerogeeou u (ome ol moveme, ome ere group ome

profeol ode, ome ogovermel orgo, ome rmedoulre, ome judl ode The hllege or h emerge

order wll e wheher uh heerogeey oe wh ome mml

oveo o orm d vlue, whh do o reure r dheree o

he lerl ol or o he moder We Th feul ueo wll e

wered o y dem u y he egoo oh vl d vo

le ewee he world mged y hee dfere ere d move

me he hor u, we ee lredy, lely o e world ofreed v ly d volee he loger u, free of he or

of he o orm, we my d h ulurl reedom d ule ju

e he world do o preuppoe he u orm d geerl eee of

he oe Th uelg pol y ould e he mo eg dv

ded of lvg modery lrge

H e r n No w

23


37/244


38/244

P A R T

G l o b a l

F l o W S


39/244


40/244

2

Disjunctue and Dieence in the

Gobal Cutua Economy

t te y te meret uite wit te t te mder wrd

t te tt it i w itertive ytem i ee tt i triigy ew.

Hitri d igit, epeiy te ered wit tr

pree (Hdg 1 9 d te wrd ytem ited wit pit

im (AuLugd 989; Brude 1 9 8 1 8; urti 98; Wertei 9

W 982 , ve g ee wre tt te wrd ee gerie rgee iterti r my eturie Yet tdy wrd ivve i

terti ew rder d iteity utur trti etwee

i grup i te pt ve geery ee retrited, metime y te

t gegrpy d egy, d t ter time y tive reite t

iterti wit te Oter ( i i r mu it itry d i

p ere te Meii Retrti Were tere ve ee utied u

tur trti r rge prt te ge, tey ve uuy ivved te gdite jurey mmditie (d te mert

mt ered wit tem d trveer d exprer every type

(Hem 1988; Ser 1963. Te tw mi re r utied utur

iterti ere ti etury ve ee wrre (d te rgee p-

iti ytem metime geerted y it d reigi veri,

wi ve metime, i te e m, te wrre e te

egitimte itrumet teir expi. Tu, etwee trveer d

7


41/244

ech plgr d coqueror he word h ee uch ogdce

(d loge culurl rfc Th uch ee efevde

Bu few wl de h gve he proe of e dce d

ed echooge fo he cod of reource co v pce cu

url delg ewee ocll d p eped group hve ulhe p few ceure ee rdged gre co d ued ove e

ol wh ge effor he orce of culurl gv eeed lw o pull

w fro he foro o rgece ecuee wheher regou

coecl or poc owd ecle cceo of c d

ere

Soee he p few ceure he ue of h gvo ed

ee o hve chged Prl ecue of he pr of he expo ofWeer e ere fer 500 d p ecue of he evel

uooou develope of lrge d ggreve oc foo he

Aerc (uch he Azec d he c Eur (uch he Mo

go d her deced he Mugh d Oo d Souh

e A (uch he Bugee d he gdo of pecolol Afc

(uch Dhoe overppg e of ecuee eg o eerge

whch cogere of oe coece coue d gro eg ocree dure croocel od Th poce w cceeed he

echoog er d ovo of he e egheeh d e

eeh ceue (eg Bl 989 whch ceed copex cool ode

ceered o Europe cpl d pred houghou he oEuope

world Th ce d ovelppg e of Eurocoo wod (r

Sph d Poruguee ler prcpl Egh Frech d Duch e

he for pee rfc de o peopehood d elfhoodwhch creed he ged coue (Adeo 983 of ece

ol houghou he world

Wh wh Beedc Adero h ced pr cpl ew

power w ulehed he world he power of ec d

ed rgece poduco of projec o ehc f h wee e

rl ree o he eed fo fceofce couco or eve of d-

rec couco ewee pero d group The c of redghg ogeher e he ge fo ovee ed o prdoxhe

prdox of coruced prord hee of coure gre de ele

h volved he or of colol d dleccll geeed

ol (herjee 986 u he ue of coruced ehce

ure cuc rd h e

Bu he evoluo of pr cpl d he cuurl fe d d-

ogue uehed were ol ode precuror o he world we lve

D s t r n d D r n

2 8


42/244

w Fr e p ery ere ee elgl epl

lrgely e d rpr d r ke e

er prded wrld ee rdw d ely

ered e pr revl de erler r lrl r pper

Fr w e dve e ep e le e rple eer e per d e elepe we ve eered l

geer ew d egrle eve w e d r

relve Mrll ML g er g ere

wrld "gll l lge" ere ML' pper ve

vereed e r p e ew ed rder

ML d Pwer 1 989 We re w wre w ed e

e we re eped pek e gll llge we e reded ed ree e w ee ple Meyrw 98

Te wrld we lve w ee r Delee d Gr 98

eve pre llg r ere rlee le d

pylgl de ewee dvdl d grp e e d

d e r gre) eler prpy e er Here

we re le e erl prle lrl pree dy

wldT e ry reely drve yer A ( 988

e wy e prd ewee e ele M

Dld e wrld d e ler ply dge r

ere dere d er w gll lw peple d g deed

Iyer' w pre re ey e a gll lrl

ye eergg l led w re d ree ee -

ged pvy d le ppee e A wrld rg Weer

yer' w e y Plppe y r Aer

pplr r ey e gll lre e yperrel r

ew Plppe red Aer pplr g re re

wdepred e Plppe d re drgly l er rg

l ey re e Ued Se dy. A ere ee

ve lered Key Rger d e Le er lke vA Mw r B razat erly plld er pply

r ly re ere re Flp gg pere

red e Aer g e r e Aer p)

ere re Aer dg ere l re e e re

er lve plee yry w e reerel wrld

r gve r ee g

rer gllg w w Fredr e reely

D s t e a D

2 9 =


43/244

ed gi e pee 1 989 ee Fi ipi

wd ey ve eve Ti i e e e iie e pi i

g uu w epeiy i e e eeie d

eiue py v wi e egey Eugy Aei

gi eed Fiip i deie epeeed ypepee epdui. Hee we ve gi wiu ey Te pdx

ue i expi d ey e ii uped ey y

e e y e Aei iiizi d pii pe e

Piippie e eu wi ee e ei i e

eieve Aei w eed g edig dy w pyed

e pi wie e u Mi expded d deyed. Pep e

di pdei wud gue i i dy upiig eue i e peui iiie e pii pie d gi

e e de ige pdui d eepi. Aei e

eve e dy i e pee ye ey ue i e eg

egie e wey euy ged i e i ei

ixie i ie die ie ig iie ue weie

de d d iiu

A e Uied Se i eed e ig ugge eiue i ge e gi u i ignie ui gey

ud eu Je w d i e pii gi e

pde diy eiiiy d uey e w ig 1 98 3 Te

dug w i i epiue e pi we Vie wi

Oie N d i uei Jiy Sew eig J

Wye eig Spi Agew d e giyig i

Syvee Se w wi i Agiu iueuy ug e ee Aei evy Svie ipeii d e eu (i

e wi ppy edig) e Vie W. Te ig Se p

pig ei ie gye ee eigeeyed w d p

pe eed e ie gi e d ei pe ee

Pu Mey i eig e Bee ew udiee y iig i

iue gi ei deie e ew e d. Dgne

i i ieie dg d i Ad-2, pe Bn d Missin Isse, deed up egiy u ey iu e

pei ei igi

Te p i w d eu i ipe pii ey

ee yi weue uu ei id e

p e ig wi eue e e pppie de

pedig e vie e de e ee e eed e ge

e eued A i i p e ue i yu w Je Budid

u n c t u n d ff n

3


44/244

JeF


45/244

Hmgenzan an Heegenzan

Te en pe dy g inein i e enin eween

uu genizin nd uu eegenizin A v y

epii ud e ug e n e ide e genizin guen nd u i e e e end e peu

edi udie (Hein 1983; Me 1983; Sie 96 nd

e e pepeive (n 98; ye 1 988 M en e

genizin guen upeie in eie n guen u Ae

inizin n guen u diizin nd vey en e

w guen e ey ined W ee guen i nide i

e pidy e viu epie e ug innew ieie ey end ee indigenized in ne ne wy i

i ue ui nd uing ye u i i ue iene nd e

i pee nd niuin Te dyni u indigenizin

ve u egun e exped yeiy (Be 1 9 8; Fed 1 988; Hn

nez 98 1 989; vy 1 988; Ni 989; Yi 1 989 nd u e

need e dne Bu i i w niing e pepe Iin ]y

ndneinizin y e e wie n Aeinizin ]pnizin y e Ken ndinizin Si Lnn Vie

nizin e din nd Ruinizin e pepe S

vie Aeni nd e Bi epui Su i enive e

Aeinizin ud e gey expnded u i i n pee in

veny piie e e ee i wy e uu

pin y piie ge e epeiy e e ney One

n' igined uniy i ne n' pii pinTi dyni wi ideped g niein i

ied e einip eween nin nd e wi I e

un e F e en e u ne e ipiin ee ny

e (nd e genizin n e expied y nin

e in ein ei wn iniie y ping g diiz

in ( pi i e e u exen eney e e n

e e i wn egeni egieTe new g uu eny e een pex vep

ping dijunive de nn ny nge e unded in e

exiing enepeipey de (even e ig un u

ipe ene nd peipeie N i i uepie ipe de

pu nd pu (in e igin ey upue nd dei (

in diin de ne de nue nd pdue

( in neMxi eie devepen Even e pex

D i s j u n c t u r e a n d D ff n c

3


46/244

d exie herie g devepme h hve me u he

Mrxi rdii (Ami 1 980 Mde 1 98 Werei 9 W

1 982 re ideuey uiry d hve ied me erm wih wh

S Lh d h Urry hve ed dirgized piim ( 98 The

mpexiy he urre g emy h d wih eri udme diuure ewee emy, uure, d pii h we hve

y egu herize

prpe h eemery rmewr r exprig uh diuure

i he reihip mg ve dimei g uur w

h e ermed ( eoscpes ( edscpes ( ecoscpes, (d cescpes d (e deoscpes The ux scpe w u pi he

uid, irregur hpe hee dpe, hpe h hrerize ieri pi deepy hey d ieri hig ye Thee

erm wih he mm ux scpe i die h hee re e

ivey give rei h he me rm every ge vii u,

rher, h hey re deepy perpeiv ru, ieed y he hi

ri, iguii, d pii iuede diere r r

ie, muii, dipri mmuiie, we ui

grupig d mveme (wheher reigiu, pii, r emi , deve iime ee grup, uh vige, eighrhd, d

miie Ideed, he idividu r i he u hi perpeiv

e dpe, r hee dpe re eveuy viged y ge

wh h experiee d iue rger rmi, i pr rm heir

w ee wh hee dpe er

Thee dpe hu re he idig wh (exedig

Beedi Ader I wud ie ged worlds, h i, he muipewrd h re iued y he hiriy iued imgii per

d grup pred rud he ge (hp 1 A impr

he wrd we ive i dy i h my per he ge ive i uh

imgied wrd (d u i imgied mmuiie d hu re e

e d meime eve uver he imgied wrd he i

mid d he erepreeuri meiy h urrud hem

y eoscpe, I me he dpe per wh iue he hiigwrd i whih we ive uri, immigr, ugee, exie, gue wrer,

d her mvig grup d idividu iue eei eu

he wrd d pper e he pii (d ewee i

hiher upreedeed degree Thi i y h here re re

ivey e mmuiie d ewr ihip, riedhip, wr, d

eiure, we irh, reidee, d her i rm Bu i i y

h he wrp hee iiie i evewhere h hrugh wih he w

D i j u u e d D i r e c

3 3


47/244

o hum moio s more persos d groups del wih he relies o hv

ig o move or he ses o wg o move Wh is more oh hese

relies d sies ow uo o lrger sles s me d wome

rom vllges di hk o us o movg o Poo or Mdrs u o

movig o Du d Houso d reugees rom Sr Lk d hemselves Souh di s well s i Swzerld us s he Hmog drive o

Lodo s well s o Phildelph Ad s eiol pil shs is

eeds s produo d ehology geere dere eeds s io

ses sh her polies o regee populios hese movg groups

ever ord o le heir imgiios res oo log eve i hey wish o

By tp me he glol ogurio lso ever ud o ehol

ogy d he h ehology oh high d low oh mehil dormiol ow moves high speeds ross vrious kds o previously

mpervous oudres My ouries ow re he roos o muliiol

eerprise huge seel omple i iy my ivolve ieress rom di

hi R d p provdg diere ompoes o ew eho

logil oguros he odd disruo o ehologes d hus he

peuliries o hese ehospes re resgly drve o y y ovi

ous eoomies o sle o poll orol or o mrke rioly u yiresigly omple relioshps mog moey ows polil possl

ies d he vlly o oh u d highly sklled lor So whle di

epors wiers d hueurs o Du d Shrjh lso epors so

wre egeers o he Uied Sesdeured rely o TBuroughs

or he World Bk he ludered hrough he Se Deprme o e

ome welhy reside lies who re u oes o seduve messges

o ves her moey d kowhow eder d se projes diThe glol eoomy sll e desred erms o rdiiol idi

ors (s he World Bk oues o do d sudied erms o rdi

iol omprisos (s Proje ik he Uiversiy o Pesylvi

u he ompled ehospes d he shg ehospes h u

derle hese idors d omprsos re urher ou o he reh o he

uee o sol siees h ever eore. How s oe o mke meig

l omprso o wges p d he ed Ses or o releseoss New York d Tokyo whou kg sophised ou o he

very omple sl d vesme lows h lk he wo eoomes

hrough glol grd o urrey speulo d pil rser

Thus is useu o spek s well op s he dsposio o

glol pil is ow moe myserous rpid d diul ldspe o

olow h ever eore s urrey mrkes iol sok ehges,

d ommody speuos move megmoes hrough o ur

D s n c t n D n

3


48/244

ie idig peed wih v lue iplici r dier

ece i percege pi d ie ui Bu he criic pi i h he

g eihip g ehcpe echcpe d cecpe

i deeply dijucive d prudly upedicle ecue ech hee

dcpe i ujec i w cri d iceive e pliicle ii d e echeviel) he e ie

ech c ci d preer r vee i he her

Thu eve eleery de gl piic ecy u ke

i ccu he deepy dijucive reihip g hu ve-

e echgicl lw d ci rer

Furher rercig hee dijucure which hrdly r ipe e

chic gl irucue i y ce re wh c dasapes ddesae which re cley eled dcpe ige edasaes eer

h he diriui he elecric cpiliie prduce d di

eie iri ewppe gzie eevii i d

prduci udi) which re w ville grwig uer

pive d pulic iere hrughu he wrld d he ige he

wrd creed y hee edi Thee ige ivlve y cpliced i-

eci depedig heir de dcuery r eerie) heihdwe elecric r preeecic heir udiece cl il

il) d he iere he wh w d crl he

Wh i ip u hee edicpe i h hey pvide e

peciy i heir eevii d cee r) lrge d cplex

repeire ige rive d ehcpe viewe hrughu

he wrld i which he wrd cdiie d he wrld ew d

piic re pudy ixed Wh hi e i h y udieceud he wrld experiece he edi heeve cpiced d

iececed repeire pri ceuid elecic cree d i-

d The ie ewee he reiic d he ci ldcpe hey

ee e lured h he aher wy hee udiece re r he direc

experiece erpi lie he e likely hey re cuc

igied wrld h e chieric eheic eve ic jec p

icury i ed y he ciei e her perpecive e herigied wd

Medipe wheher prduced y prive r e iere ed e

igeeeed rriveed ccu rip reiy d wh

hey er he wh experiece d r he i erie ele

e uch chrcer pl d exul ) u which crip

c e red igied ive heir w we he he ivig

i he pce Thee cip c d d ge diggeged i cpex

D n t n D n

3


49/244

et etpr y wi pepe ive (L nd nn 1 9 80 tey

ep t ntitute nrrtive te Oter nd prt nrrtive pie

ive, ntie tt ud ee pregen t te deire r uii

tin nd veent

Ideocpe re ntentin ige, ut tey re ten diretypiti nd reuenty ve t d wit te idegie tte nd te

unteridegie veent expiity riented t pturing tte

pwer r piee it Tee idepe re ped eeent te

Enigtenent wrdview, wi nit in ide, ter, nd

ige, inuding feedo wee, ig oveeign epeenion nd te

ter ter deocc Te ter nrrtive te Enigtenent (nd it

ny vrint in Britin, rne, nd te United Stte w ntrutedwit ertin intern gi nd preupped ertin retinip e

tween reding, repreenttin, nd te pui pere (r te dyni

ti pre i n te ery itry te United Stte, ee Wrner 1 990

But te dipr tee ter nd ige r te wrd, epeiy

ine te nineteent entury, ened te intern erene tt

ed te tgeter in EurAerin ter nrrtive nd prvided in

ed ey trutured ynptin piti, in wi dierent ntintte prt teir evutin, ve rgnized teir piti uture

rund dierent eywrd (eg , Wii 96 .

A reut te dierenti dipr tee eywrd, te piti

nrrtive tt gvern unitin etween eite nd wer in di

erent prt te wrd invve pre t enti nd prg

ti nture: enti t te extent tt wrd (nd teir exi euiv

ent reuire reu trntin r ntext t ntext in teir gveent, nd prgti t te extent tt te ue tee wrd y

piti tr nd teir udiene y e uet t very dierent et

ntextu nventin tt edite teir trntin int pui piti

Su nventin re nt ny tter te nture piti retri

r expe, wt de te ging Cinee ederip en wen it reer t

te dnger igni Wt de te Sut Kren ederip e

wen it pe diipine te ey t derti indutri grwtTee nventin invve te r re ute uetin wt

et unitive genre re vued in wt wy (newpper veru

ine, r expe nd wt rt prgti genre nventin gv

ern te etive reding dierent ind text S, wie n ndin

udiene y e ttentive t te renne piti pee in ter

e eywrd nd pre reinient Hindi ine, Kren u

diene y repnd t te ute ding Buddit r neCnuin

D s j n c n d D ff r n c

3


50/244

rhetric encded in pitic dcuent. The very retinhp reding

t hering nd eeing y vry in iprtnt wy tht deterine the r

phgy thee dierent idecpe they hpe theeve in dierent

ntin nd trnntin cntext. Thi gy vrie ynethei

h hrdy even een nted ut it dend urgent nyi Thu deocch cery ece ter ter with pweru eche r Hiti nd

Pnd t the rer Sviet Unin nd hin ut it it t the center

vriety idecpe cped ditinctive prgtic cngurtin

rugh trntin ther centr ter r the vcury the En

ightenent. Thi crete ever new teringic eidcpe tte

nd the grup tht ee t cpture the ee t pciy pputin

whe wn ethncpe re in tin nd whe edicpe y creteevere pre r the idecpe with which they re preented. The

idity idecpe i cpicted in prticur y the grwing dipr

th vuntry nd invuntry inteectu wh cntinuuy inect

new eningtre int the dicure decrcy in dierent prt

the wrd

Thi extended teringic dicuin the ve ter I hve cined

et the i r tenttive rutin ut the cnditin under whichcurrent g lw ccur they ccur in nd thrugh the grwing di

uncture ng ethncpe techncpe nncecpe edicpe

nd idecpe Thi rutin the cre y de g cutur

lw need e expntin Firt pepe chine ney ige

nd ide nw w increingy nn irphic pth; cure t

perid in hun hitry there hve een e diuncture in the lw

thee thing ut the heer peed ce nd vue ech theelw re nw gret tht the diuncture hve ece centr t the

pitic g cuture The pnee re ntriuy hpite t ide

nd re teretyped incined t exprt nd iprt e gd

ut they re ntriuy ced t iigrtin ie the Swi the

Swede nd the Sudi Yet the Swi nd the Sudi ccept pputin

guet wrer thu creting r dipr Tur tin nd ther

circuMediterrnen grup. Se uch guetwrer grup intincntinuu cntct with their he ntin ie the Tur ut ther ie

higheve Suth Ain igrnt tend t deire ive in their new he

riing new the pre reprductin in deterritriized cntext.

Deterritriiztin in gener i ne the centr rce the d

ern wrd ecue it ring ring pputin int the werc ec

tr nd pce retivey wethy cietie whie etie creting

exggerted nd intenied ene critici r ttchent t pitic in

D d D ff e r e c 37


51/244

e me se Deerrrl, weer Hdus, Sks, Ples-

s, r Ukrs, s w e re vrey gll udme

lsms, ludg slm d Hdu udmelsm e Hdu se,

r emple, s ler e verses mveme ds s ee e-

pled y vrey eress w d usde d ree mpled ewrk es d relgus des, y w

e prlem ulur reprdu r H dus rd s eme ed

e pls Hdu udmelsm me

A e sme me, deerrrl rees ew mrkes r m m-

pes, r mpresrs, d rvel gees, w rve e eed

e deerrrled ppu w s meld Nurlly,

ese veed melds, w sue e medspes deerrrled grups, e eme suely s d esded

ey prvde e merl r ew despes w e ls

eg erup e re Kls, veed meld e de

errrled Sk ppu Egld, d, d e Ued Ses,

s e emple e ldy pe su medspes s ey er-

w e erl lsms e se eg , Heer 1 9

e Wes Bk, Nm, d Erre re er eers r e eme e dy eg ewee esg ses d vrus de-

errred grupgs

s e erle grud deerrrl, w mey, m-

mdes, d perss re vlved eselessly sg e er

rud e wrld, e medspes d despes e mder

wrld d er rured d rgmeed uerpr Fr e des d

mges prdued y mss med e re ly pr gudes e gdsd eperees deerrrled ppuls rser e er

Mr Nrs rll m da abat we see e mulple lps s

rured deerrrl s yug wme, rey mpee Bm

ys merpl gl, me seek er rues s re ders d

prsues Bmy, eerg me lus w de rms de

rved wlly rm e prure de sequees Hd lms Tese

sees ur er des u Weser d reg wme d erlseess, wle ey prvde wdry reer ls r ese wme Sme

ese wme me rm Kerl, were re lus d e pr-

grp lm dusry ve lssmed, prly respse e purses d

ses Kerles reured rm e Mddle Es, were er dspr

lves wy rm wme dsr er very sese w e res e

wee me d wme mg e ese rgedes dspeme ud

erly e replyed mre deled yss e res ewee

D s r a D r

3 8


52/244

h Japa ad Gma x Thalad ad h ad f h

x ad Bakk ad h mla lp ha h faa

a h Oh h cvc ad dc f avl h cm-

c f a ad ad h al mly faa ha dma d

plc may pa f Aa ad h wld a laWhl fa m cld ad a h cal plc f dal-

za ad h la cy f dplacm ha xp ap-

ppa a h jc h l f h aa h d

cv lal cmy f cl day Th lahp w a

ad a vywh a mald pl ay ha

may c h a ad h a hav cm ah' p-

c Tha whl a m pply p wh da aahd) k cap cp a ad a pw a m-

ay k cap ad mplz da a ahd Baah

1986 ha 986; Nady 989a) al paa aaal

mvm cld h ha hav cldd h mhd

xmplfy a ach f a. Skh Taml S aka Baq

M Qcach f h p mad cmm ha

k ca a f h w cav pc f x aSa h h had a vywh k mplz h

ma c f cmmy h y faly cam pfc cvaly

w a ad a y ymacally mmz ad p-

all h p wh hm a vay f ha pc ha

m makaly fm hh h wd Hadl 988; Hzfd

98 McQ 1 988 )

H aa ad aal mdacap a xpld y a-a pacfy paa v h pal pa f a da

f dffc Typcally cmpay aa d h y xc

axmc c v dffc y ca va kd f a-

al pcac dmca dffc ad y dc mall p

wh h faay f fdplay m f lal cmpla

a O mpa w fa f al clal plc d h

djcv lahp am h va adcap dcd al ha a ad a a a ach h' ha ad h hyph ha lk

hm w l a c f cjc ha a dx f djc Th

djcv lahp w a ad a ha w lvl: a h

lvl f ay v aa ma ha h a al f h ma-

a wh a ad a k caalz ah. H

h dd f al paammajaam ha m hav ap-

pad fm wh ad mcd ha hav cm plca p

D i s j u n c t u r e a n d D i ff e e n c e

� 3 �


53/244

c wih h aioa. A aoh lvl h dijuciv laiohip

dpy agld wih h goa djucur dcud hroughou hi

chapr: ida o aohood appar o adly icag ca ad

rguay croig ig a oudar omm a wh h Kurd

cau pvou id rchd acro va aoal pac or a wihh Tam i Sr aka h dorma hrad o a raaoal dapoa

hav acvad o igi h mcropoic o a aoa

dcuig h culural poliic ha hav uvd h hyph ha

lk h ao o h a pcaly mpoa o o og h

mooig o uch poc h irrguar ha ow chaaciz diorga-

zd capal Kohari 1 989c; ah ad Ury 1 987) . Bcau laor ac

ad choogy a ow o widly paad h voa ha udrlimovm or aohood a larg a aaoal Ilam o h o had

or a mal a h movm o h Gurkha or a paa a i Norha

Ida) gid agai h vulai ha chaacz h laohp

w a Sa d hmlv pd o ay op y h oc o

mdia chology ad rav ha hav ud coumrm hroughou

h wod ad hav icad h cavg v h oWr word

o w commodi ad pcacl O h ohr had h vry cav-g ca com caugh up i w hocap mdiacap ad vu-

ay idocap uch a dmocray hia ha h a cao olra

a hra o ow coro ov da o aohood ad pophood

Sa hroughou h word ar udr g pcialy whr co ovr

h docap o dmocracy ar rc ad udama ad whr h

ar radca diucur w docap ad chocap a h

ca o vry mal cou ha lack compoary cholog o po-ducio ad iormaio); or w docap ad accap a i

cour uch a Mco or Brazil whr raoa dg iuc

aoal poc o a vry larg dgr) o w docap ad

hocap a Bu wh diaporc oca ad aloca aio ar

cdaly a al); o w docap ad mdacap a may

couri h Midd a ad Aa) whr h y rprd o

oh aioal ad raoa TV ad cma complly ovrwhm adudmi h horic o aoal poic I h Ida ca h myh o

h awakg ho ha mgd o mdia hi akd ugg w

h p ad rai o Ida poic whch ha gow cragy

uaizd ad corrup Vachai 1 989 )

Th aaioal movm o h maral ar pacuarly hough

Aa a mdiad y h Hollywood ad Hog Kog m dui

Zarl 1 995) a ch i luao o h way i which logadg mar

s c t r e e e e


54/244

i diion omd o m h ni o conmpoy

omim mpn yoh popion c nw c o mciniy

nd vonc whch in n h o ncd vonc n non

nd innion poiic Sch vionc i in n h p o n inc-

iny pid nd mo m d h pn h ni wod Thwodwid pd o h AK47 nd h Ui in m in copo nd

ciy in rro nd in poic nd miiry civiy i mind

h ppny imp chnic nifomii ofn conc n inciny

comp o oop inkin im o vionc o piion o comm

niy in om imind wod

Rnin hn o h hnocp wih which I n h cn

pdo o hnic poiic in ody wod i h pimodi whh on o kin coo o nihohood o kinhip) hv com o-

izd Th i nimn who foc i in hi iiy o ini

inimcy ino poiic nd n ociy ino in ond o

idniy hv com pd ov v nd i pc op

mov y y inkd o on noh hoh ophiicd mdi cpi-

ii Thi i no o dny h ch pimodi ofn h podc o in-

vnd diion Howm nd Rn 1 98 3 o opciv i-ion o mphiz h c o h dinciv nd n

inpy o commc mdi nion poici nd conm ni

hniciy onc ni conind in h o o om o of ociy

howv h now com o foc ov ippin in nd

hoh h cck wn nd od

B h ionhip wn h c nd conomic v o hi

nw o o dinc i no imp onwy in which hm o o c poiic whoy y o connd whoy

ihin h viciid o innion fow o chnooy o nd -

nnc dmndin ony mod modicion o iin noMi

mod o nvn dvopmn nd omion Th i dp

chn i divn y h dinc mon h ndcp I hv

dicd nd conid y hi coninoy id nd ncin in-

py h concn h ionhip wn podcion nd conmpionin ody' o conomy H I in wih M' fmo nd on

mind) viw o h ihim of h commodiy nd h hi

ihim h n pcd in h wod now in h wod

on inciv ym compod o mny comp ym y

wo my ppoiv dcndn h o which I c podcion

fihim nd h cond h ihim o h conm

By rocon e I mn n iion cd y conmpoy n

D j u n c u r e n d D e r e n c e

1


55/244

aioa prodco oci ha mak aoca capia aaioa a-

ig ow goba maagm ad of faraway wokr gagd va-

o kid of highch pigo opaio i h idiom ad pcac

of oca omim v wokr coro aioa podcviy ad -

oria ovrgy To h ha varo kid of fad zohav bcom h mod fo prodcio a arg pciay of highch

commod prodco ha f bcom a fh obcg o oca

raio a ch b h raio of podcio which ar cragly

aaioa Th ocay boh h of h oca facoy or i of

prodcio ad h dd of h aioa) bcom a fh

ha digi h gobay dpd forc ha acay drv h prodc-

o poc Thi gra aao Mar' ) wc idfor i ocia ow compodd by a compcad paia dyamic

ha i icraigy goba.

A for h fe f t nu, ma o idica h ha h co-

m ha b raformd hogh commody fow ad h mda-

cap pcay of advrig ha accompay hm io a g boh

Badrard' of a macrm ha oy aympocay approach

h form of a ra oca ag ad i h of a mak for h ra aof agcy which o h com b h prodc ad h may

foc ha coi prodco Goba advg i h ky cho

ogy for h wordwd dimiao of a phoa of craiv ad cr-

ay wcho ida of com agcy. Th imag of agcy a -

caigy dorio of a word of mchadiig o b ha h

comr coy hpd o bv ha h or h a acor whr

fac h o h a b a chooTh gobazao of cr i o h am a homogzao b

gobazao ivov h of a vary of im of homogizao

amam advrig chiq agag hgmoi ad cohig

y ha a abobd o oca poica ad cra coom oy o

b paiad a hrogo daog of aoa ovgy fr -

pi ad fdamam i whch h a pay a icagy di-

ca o oo mch op o goba fow ad h aioa i hrad by rvo a h hia ydom oo i ad h a i h

iraioa ag a Brma Abaia ad Noh Kora i vario way

hav do. ga h a ha bcom h abrag of hi pttn

f dfne i h form of good ig oga ad y). B hi rpari-

ao o por of h dg ad commod of diffc cooy

acba h ra poiic of majoiaiaim ad homogizaio

whch i mo fqy payd o dba ovr hiag.

D u c t u r a n d D ff r n c 4 "


56/244

Th he cenrl fere o go clre ody he poc o he

m efor of mene nd dference o cnnze one noher nd

herey proclm her cce hcng o he wn Enlghenmen

de of he rmphny nverl nd he reeny prcr Th

m cnnzon how gy ce n ro regee ow e-ponored orre nd ehnocde (wh or who e ppor). I

rgher de n he epnon of mny ndvd horzon o hope nd

ny n he gol pred o orl rehydron herpy nd oher ow-

ech nrmen of welleng n he cepy even of Soh Arc

o he orce o gol opnon n he ny o he Polh e o repre

own worng ce nd n he growh of wde rnge o progreve

rnnon lnce. Empe of oh or cold e mped Thecrc pon h oh de of he con o go crl proce ody

re prodc o he nney vred m cone o mene nd der-

ence on ge chrcerzed y rdc djncre eween dferen

or o glo low nd he ncern lndcpe creed n nd hrogh

hee dncre

Th Wk f Rpducin in an Ag f Mchanical A

I hve nvered he ey erm of he e o Wer Benmn mo ey

( 969) o rern h rher hghfyng dcon o more mngee

leve There clc hmn proem h wl no dpper however

mch go clr procee mgh chnge her dynmc nd h

he proem ody ypcly dced nder he rurc o reprodcon

(nd rdony referred o n erm of he rnmon of cre) In eher ce he qeon how do m grop epecy mle he

clcl oc o oclzon del wh hee new glo ree hey

ee o reprodce hemeve nd n o dong y ccden reprodce c

r orm hemeve? n rdon nhropologcl erm h cold e

phred he proem of enclron n perod o rpd cre

chnge So he proem hrdly novel. B doe e on ome nove d-

menon nder he glo condon dced o fr n h chper.Fr he or o rngeneronl y o nowedge h w pre-

ppoed n mo heore of encron (or n ghy roder erm

o oczon cn no onger e med. A mle move o new oc-

on or chdren move efore oder generon or grown on nd

dgher rern from me pen n rnge pr of he word fmly rel-

onhp cn ecome voe new commody pern re negoed

de nd olgon re recred nd rumor nd fne o he

D j u n c u e n d D ff e e n c e

z 3 z


57/244

w ar mavrd x rprr f kwld ad

pracc Of lal lar dapra vlv mm ra mar-

ra ral ad wm parclar a marra cm h

m p f hrcal par f calza ad w da f

prpr havr Gra aly dvd a da a prpry prpry ad cllcv la whr dr h f dac ad

m M mpra h wrk f clral rprdc w

prfdly cmplcad y h pl c rpr a amly a rmal

parclarly f h y hr ad pr h w lcal All

h f cr w h clral dy f mmra

Wha w ha h a wrld whch h p f dparr

ad p f arrval ar clral fx ad h h arch fr adyp f rfrc a crcal l f chc ar mad ca vry dfcl

h amphr ha h v f rad ad f hcy k-

hp ad hr dy markr ca cm ppry a h arch fr

cra rlary frrad y h ld f raaal cmm

ca A rp pa cm craly par f mm xh

ad cllc h aal ad raaal pcacl clr

cm l wha Prr Brd wld hav calld a ha a ac ralmf rprdcl pracc ad dp ad mr a ara fr c-

c chc jca ad rpra h lar f mlpl

ad paally dlcad adc

Th ak f clral rprdc v m ma ara ch

a hadwf ad parchld rla cm h plczd ad

xpd h rama f drrrala a famly mmr pl ad

a hr mal drad ad apra mm frac-rd paal arram A larr lvl ch a cmmy hr

hd ad rrry h pca f h mal fl fr mr

xplcly vl plc f dy j a h larr plc mm

pra ad dmc plc Wh fr xampl w ffpr

a hhld pl wh hr fahr a ky mar f plcal d-

ca a raaal prx lcald rm cary ll

frc Th a wh ha jd h Hllah rp a may lr al wh par r l wh ar afl ad wh Amal r

m hr rach f Sh' hc plcal dy a Wm

parcar ar h r f h r frc fr hy cm paw

h hra pc h hhld ad ar f jc h a

ad vlc f m wh ar hmlv r a h rla w

hra ad ppry hf paal ad pca frma

Th pa f clral rprdc a djcv lal wrld ar

D s u n u a n d D n

44


58/244

cr ad y h ffc f mchaca ar r ma mda) fr

h mda affrd pwrfl rrc fr crd f diy ha

yh ca prjc aai paral wih r dir. A arr lv f r

aizai hr ca may frm f clral plic wih dpacd

ppla whhr f rf r f vlary immira) a f whchar iflcd impra way y mdia ad h mdiacap ad

dcap hy ffr) . A cra li w h fraili f clra r-

prdc ad h r f h ma mdia i day wrld i h piic

f dr ad vlc. A faai f drd vc dma h B

rad m idr ha la h wrld hy h rflc ad r

drd vic a hm ad h r a y m paricar)

ar wayd y h mach plic f f ar c whr hyar frqy did ral acy ad wm ar frcd r h ar

frc i w way h had ad ci h maac f fa

milal hra h hr Th h hr f wm cm

a armar f al if hma) ym f clra rprdci a

w ara fr h frmai f al idy ad famly plc a m

ad wm fac w prr a wr ad w faai f lir

Bca h wr ad lr hav f hir drd qal-i h w a rdr hav acqrd vr r fihzd rp-

rai h hr f wm cm craily a rra fr h

diy f mald cmm f mal wh hr wm raliy

hav ia craly harh cd f wr a hm ad

h dmc wrplac. hr drrriaizd cmm ad

dpacd ppa hwvr mch hy may jy h fr f w

d f ari ad w dip f capa ad chly hav play h dir ad faa f h w hcap whil rivi

rprdc h familyamicrcm f clr. A h hap f clr

rw l dd ad aci mr d ad pliiczd h wr f c

ral rprdc cm a da ly hazard. ar mr cld ad hd

aid a h wr f rprdci a a f mchaica ar: h pr-

cd dici i ma dca h cr f h prlm ha a

w aly ifrmd hry f clral rprdci will hav fac.

Shape ad Process i Global Cultural Formatios

Th dlra f h arm ha I hav mad far c h

ar f a apprach a ra hry f la clra prc.

ci dijcr I hav mplyd a f rm (etnape,

naneape enape edaape ad deape) r dffr ram r

D s j u n c t u a d D f n

45


59/244

low alo whch ca maeal may e ee o e mov aco a-

oal odae I have ao oh o exempy he way whch hee

vao low o ladcape fom he al z pepecve o ay ve

maed wod ae dameal djce wh epec o oe a-

ohe Wha uhe ep ca we ake owad a eeal heoy of loacla pocee aed o hee popoal?

The o oe ha o vey mode of cla hape wl have o

ale, a coao o people, pace, ad heae oe all emace o

omophm Rece wok ahopoloy ha doe mch o fee o

he hackle of hhy local zed, odayoeed ho c, pmodal

mae o clal fom ad ace Haez 989 Mac ad Fche

1 986 ; Thoo 988 B o vey mch ha ee p he pace ex-cep omewha ae f e mechacal veo of hee mae, a Ec

Wo wok o he eaohp of Eope o he e of he wod 98

Wha wold lke o popoe ha we e o hk of he coao

o cal om oday wold a dameally acal ha a po-

e o Ecldea odae, uce o eae Secod I

wold e ha hee cla om whch we hod ve o epe-

e a ly facal ae alo ovelapp way ha have ee dcedoy pe mahemac e heoy, o exampe ad ooy

he aae o polyhec clacao Th we eed o come a

faca meapho o he hape o cle he pla wh a poly he c

acco o he oveap ad eemace Who h lae ep we

hal ema med compaave wok ha ele o he cea epaao

of he ee o e compaed efoe eo compao ca e. How

ae we o compae facay haped cal fom ha ae alo polyhe-caly ovelapp he coveae of eea pace?

Faly ode fo he heoy o oa clal eaco pedcaed

o dcve ow o have ay foce eae ha ha of a mechacal

meapho w have o move o omeh lke a hma veo o he

heoy ha ome ce ae cal chao heoy. Tha we wll eed

o ak o how hee complex, ovelapp, acal hape coe a m-

pe, ale eve laecale yem, o ak wha dyamc aeWhy do ehc o occ whe ad whee hey do? Why do ae whe

a eae ae ome place ad me ha ohe? Why do ome

coe o coveo o eaoa de epayme wh o mch

le appae woy ha ohe? How ae eaoal am ow dv

ehc ale ad eocde? Why ae ome ae ex he loa ae

whe ohe ae clamo o e ? Why do key eve occ a a cea

po a cea pace ahe ha ohe? Thee ae, of coe, he

D i s j u n c t u r e n d D i r e n e

6


60/244

r rdol qo o cly cocy d prdco h

hm cc world o djcv lol ow php m-

por o r k hm wy h rl o m o ow d -

cry hc , hr h o old m o ordr l y d

ymc. Ohw w wll hv o r owd hory o lolcll ym how o proc h . Ad h wold

mk h o pr o joy owd h kd o llo o ord h

w c o lor od o mpo o world h o prly

voll.

Whvr h drco whch w c ph h mcomphor

(cl polyhc clco d cho) w d o k o ohr

oldhod qo o o h Mx prdm: hr om p-v od o h lv d�m orc o h lol ow? B-

c hv pold h dymc o lol cll ym dv

y h rlohp mo ow o po cholo c or-

mo d doloy c w pk o om rucrlcl ordr lk

h low y loy o h ol o h coomc ord o vro o

h Mx prdm w pk o om o h ow or

por rcrl o horcl ro lwy pror o d ormv oohr low My ow hypoh whch c oly v h po

h h rlohp o h vro ow o o ohr hy co-

ll o pcl v d ocl om wll dclly cox-

dpd Th whl lo low d h loop wh cl low

w Kl d h Mddl E my cco o h hp o md

low d docp Kl h vr my u o Slco Vlly

lor whr pclzo l cholocl co(comp) d pclr low o cpl my wll poodly dm

h hp h hocp docp d mdcp my k.

Th do o m h h clhocl rlohp mo h

vro low rdom or mlly co h or c

ho o clrl cho cly dvlopd o v pmo-

o modl h po mch l o prdcv hor h old

c o o kd o ocl cc. Wh I hv oh o povd hchpr oly cooml chcl vocly d dm-

ry modl o dcv ow om whch omh lk dc lol

ly mh m. Who om ch ly wll dcl o

couc wh oh Hko cll "ocl hory o pomody" h

dqly lol 1 990 8) .

D j u t u d D e e e

7


61/244

3

Global Ethnosapes: Notes and Queies for a

Tansnational Anthopology

In chapr 2, I h m epe h nlm ha crain ami-

dialy l n i I rfr r h dlmma ppcv

and pnan ha a hnaphr m cnfn and adm ha

a wih andcap in va ar radiin prcpn and prpcv

a wll a varian n h ain f h rvr may afc h prc

and prdc rpnan. B I a innd h m ndica ha

hr ar m r ac a h wrld f h wnh cny ha

any hnaphy m cnfrn. nral amn h fac h chan-

n cial rrra and cla prdcn f p dniy. A

p mra p n nw can cnrc h hiri and

rcn hr hnic prjc h e n hnaphy ak n a lip-

pry nncalzd qay which h dcipiv pracic f anhr-

pl wil hav pnd h landcap p dniyhhncaparnd h wld ar n lnr famiar anhrplica

jc nar a rp a n ln hy riraizd paally

ndd hcally nlcnc r cray hmn W

hav wr clr in h wrld and mr nrnal cral da Parkin

978) In hi chapr hrh a r n qri and vn I

k pn m f r dcplinary cnvnin whi ryn

hw ha h hncap f day wrld ar prfndly inraciv.

48


62/244

Anav Mdns and Ehngaphc Csmpansm

A cenr chene or curren nhropooy s o sudy he cosopon

(Rnow 1 986) cuur orms o he conepory word whou o-

cy or chronoocy presupposn eher he uhory o he Wesernexperence or he modes derved rom h experence I seems poss-

e o sudy hese new cosopon sms uuy whou nyzn he

rnsnon cuur ows whn whch hey hrve compee nd eed

o one noher n wys h dee nd conound mny veres o he

hun scences ody One such uh concerns he nk eween spce

sy nd cuur reproducon There s n uren need o ocus on

he cuur dynmcs o wh s now ced deerrorzon Ths ermppes no ony o ovous exmpes

Appadurai, Arjun- Modernity at Large

Documents

Transcript of Appadurai, Arjun- Modernity at Large