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Structural transfer in ditransitive constructions in Surinamese Javanese
Sophie Villerius, PhD‐candidateRadboud University, Nijmegen8th Austronesian and Papuan Languages and Linguistics conferenceSOAS, University of London, 13‐14 May 2016
Introduction
• Language contact: which areas of the grammar can be affected by structural transfer, and what form do these changes take? (Heine and Kuteva 2005; Benmamoun et al. 2010)
• Alternation between expression of dative in - double object construction (DO): verb + Recipient & Theme(1) John gave [Mary] [a book]
- prepositional object construction (PO): verb + Theme + preposition+Recipient(2) John gave [a book] [to Mary]
• Variable syntax: vulnerable in language contact (Onar Valk & Backus 2013: subordinate clauses in Turkish, Montrul & Bowles 2009: object marking in Spanish)
Language contact and dative alternation
• Language contact effects:- Şahin and Kootstra (2011):Higher preference for PO in Dutch‐Papiamento bilinguals living in the Netherlands, and stronger priming effect. Explained by influence from Dutch.
- Moro and Klamer (2015): Higher preference for DO in Heritage Ambon Malay, less use of two‐predicate constructions. Explained by indirect transfer from Dutch and universal tendencies.
• Change in use pattern (Heine and Kuteva 2005)
Surinamese Javanese
• Immigrant language spoken in Suriname
• Suriname: ± 20 different mother tongues- Dutch (official language)- Sranan Tongo (lingua franca, creole)
• 60‐70,000 Javanese (15% of Surinamese population)
• 4th most spoken language in Suriname
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Surinamese Javanese
• 3rd/4th/5th generation speakers
• Speakers typically fluent in Sranan Tongo and Dutch
• Sranan Tongo and Dutch more dominant (language shift)
• Language contact with Sranan Tongo and Dutch in different periods and to different degrees
Historical development
Year Period Linguistic/cultural consequences1890‐1933 Indentured labor period Housing on plantations
Contact with other groups (Sranan Tongo)
Maintenance of Javanese
1933‐1945 End of indentured period Separate development/village communitiesLittle contact with other groupsMaintenance of Javanese
1945‐1975 Urbanization More inter‐ethnic contact (Sranan Tongo)
More schooling (Dutch)
Increasing societal participation (Dutch)
1975‐onwards Independence of Suriname Emigration to the Netherlands
Increasing use of Dutch as household language
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Contact effects in Surinamese Javanese
• Intensity and length of contact play a role in the likelihood of structural interference (Poplack and Levey 2010)
• Contact effects in Surinamese Javanese:- Borrowings, calqued expressions and code‐switching from/to Sranan Tongo and Dutch
- Loss of phonemic contrast between retroflex and non‐retroflex consonants
Javanese: dative alternation
• Dative events can be expressed by both DO and PO (Hemmings 2013; Conners 2008)
• Double object construction (DO) (Conners 2008: 74)(1) Dukun kirim [para leluhur] [donga]
priest send PL ancestor prayer‘The priest send the ancestors prayers.’
• Prepositional object construction (PO) (Conners 2008: 74)(2) Dukun kirim [donga] [nang para leluhur]
priest send prayer to PL ancestor‘The priest sends prayers to the ancestors.’
Indonesian Javanese: preferences
• Test with Indonesian Javanese speakers8 participants (5M, 2 F), age 19‐36, different regions/dialects (Yogyakarta, Jember, Malang)
• Clips of ditransitive events (give or show)
Indonesian Javanese: dative alternation
• Prepositional object construction
• (1) ana wong ng‐èk‐i [sepatu]EXIST personN‐give‐APPL shoe[nang arèk wédok]to child female‘Someone gives a shoe to a girl.' (JAV‐20150529‐RiWa‐clips)
Indonesian Javanese: alternative constructions
• Two predicate construction(1) ana bapak~bapak; ng‐gawa [klambi];
exist father~RED N‐carry piece.of.clothingdi‐dhudhuh‐ké [karo anak‐é] DI‐show‐CAUS with child‐DEF‘There is a man; he carries a piece of clothing he shows it to the child.’
• Recipient omission(2) ana arèk lanang n‐duduh‐i [buku]
EXIST child male N‐show‐APPL book‘There is a boy showing a book.’
Results
• Results:
• Indonesian Javanese: strong preference for PO (in this particular elicitation context)
Construction ResponsesPO 27 (79.4%)Recipient omission 1 (2.9%)Two predicate construction 6 (17.6%)Total 34
Ditransitives in Dutch
• Dutch:
• Double object (DO)(1) De ene man geeft [de andere man] [eenrugzak]
the one man gives the other man a backpack‘The one man gives the other one a backpack.’
• Prepositional object (PO)(2) Een meneer geeft [een tas] [aan de andere]
a gentleman gives a bag to the other‘A gentleman gives a bag to the other one.’
• PO and DO, preference for PO in elicited contexts (Moro and Klamer 2015)
Ditransitives in Sranan Tongo
• Sranan Tongo:
• Double object (DO)(1) Wan yonkuman e gi [wan dame] [tu pata]
one young.man IPFV give one lady two sport.shoe‘A youngster is giving a lady two sport shoes.’
• Prepositional object (PO)Described by Yakpo (to appear):(2) A man sori [a buku] [gi wan tra man]
the man show the book give one other man‘The man showed the book to another man.’
• Preference for DO, PO more recent (possibly under influence of Dutch)
Prediction
Indonesian Javanese (baseline)PO & DO, preference for PO in elicitation
Surinamese Javanese
DutchDO & PO, preference for PO in
elicitation
Sranan TongoDO & PO, preference for DO
Early contactMore structural interference Late contact
Less structural interference
Prediction: higher use of DO
Method
• Same clips of ditransitive events
• Participants
Surinamese Javanese: 16 participants (3M, 13 F), age 20‐69
Control groups:Indonesian Javanese (baseline): same as pre‐test (8 participants (5M, 2 F), age 19‐36, different regions)Surinamese Dutch: 5 participants (3M, 2F), age 15‐55
Sranan Tongo: 9 participants (6M, 3 F), age 25‐73(Data collection by Riski Lestiono, Stanley Hanenberg, Kofi Yakpo and Sophie Villerius)
Results
• Types of constructions found in the different groups
Indonesian Javanese
Surinamese Javanese
Sranan Tongo Surinamese Dutch
PO
DO
Argument fronting
Recipient omission
Two predicateconstruction
Surinamese Javanese: DO
• Double object construction (DO)
(1) wong lanang‐é ng‐èk‐ipersonmale‐DEF N‐give‐APPL[wong wédok‐é] [sepatu] person female‐DEF shoe‘The man gives the woman a shoe.’
(JVN‐20140605‐MaDo‐clips)
Surinamese Javanese: argument fronting
• Argument fronting with DI‐prefixation
- Theme:(1) [tas‐é] di‐kèk‐ké [wong lanang‐é]
tas‐DEF DI‐give‐CAUSperson man‐DEF‘The bag is being given to the man.’
- Recipient:(2) [tyah lanang]di‐dhudhuh‐i [buku]
child male DI‐show‐APPL book‘The boy is being shown the book.’
Results: distributionIndonesian Javanese
Surinamese Javanese
Sranan Tongo Surinamese Dutch
PO 27 (79.4%) 11 (16.4%) 7 (29.2%) 14 (100%)
DO 28 (41.8%) 15 (62.5%)
Argument fronting
7 (10.5%)
Recipient omission
1 (2.9%) 10 (14.9%)
Two predicateconstruction
6 (17.6%) 11 (16.4%) 2 (8.3%)
Total responses 34 67 24 14
Discussion
• Indonesian Javanese:- Preference for PO, in this elicited context
• Surinamese Javanese: - Preference for DO in this context structural pressure from Sranan Tongo
Instance of ‘change in use pattern’ (Heine and Kuteva2005)
Prepositions used in PO
Indonesian Javanese(occurrences/speakers)
Surinamese Javanese(occurrences/speakers)
nang/nèng ‘to/at’ 18 (6) 1 (1)karo ‘with’ 4 (1) 10 (7)marang ‘to’ 5 (1)
Total responses 27 (8) 11 (8)
Discussion
4%
66%
19%
1%10%
West Java Central Java East Java East orCentral
Unknown
Conclusions and further research
• Different frequency distributions in ditransitive constructions- Surinamese speakers prefer DO at the cost of PO– Structural transfer from Sranan Tongo
• Different prepositions in PO constructions- Dialectal influence? (origin of immigrants)
• Further research: additional data, influence of linguistic properties (recipient, theme, verb), role of Dutch/Indonesian
Matur nuwun!Grantangi!Thank you!
Questions?25
References
• Benmamoun, Elabbas, Silvina Montrul & Maria Polinsky. 2010. White Paper: Prolegomena to Heritage Linguistics. Harvard University. http://scholar.harvard.edu/mpolinsky/publications/white‐paper‐prolegomena‐heritage‐linguistics.
• Conners, Thomas J. 2008. Tengger Javanese. New Haven, CT: Yale University dissertation.• Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva. 2005. Language contact and grammatical change. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.• Hemmings, Charlotte. 2013. Causatives and Applicatives: The case for Polysemy in Javanese. SOAS Working Papers
in Linguistics 16. 167‐194.• Montrul, Silvina and Bowles, Melissa. 2009. Back to basics: incomplete knowledge of differential object marking in
Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12(3): 363–383. • Moro, Francesca and Marian Klamer. 2015. Give‐constructions in Heritage Ambon Malay in The Netherlands.
Journal of Language Contact 8(2). 263–298.• Onar Valk, Pelin and Backus, Ad. 2013. Syntactic change in an immigrant language: from non‐finite to finite
subordinate clauses in Turkish. Eesti ja soome‐ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno‐Ugric Linguistics, 4(2): 7–29.
• Poplack, Shana, & Levey, Stephen. 2010. Contact‐induced grammatical change: a cautionary tale. In Peter Auer & Jürgen Erich Schmidt (eds.), Language and Space. An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation: Theories and Methods, 391–419. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Şahin, Hulya and Gerrit Jan Kootstra. 2015. Cross‐linguistic structural priming as a mechanism of language change: Evidence from Papiamento‐Dutch bilinguals in Aruba and the Netherlands. In: Şahin, Hulya. Cross‐linguistic influences: Dutch in contact with Papiamento and Turkish. Utrecht: LOT Publications.
• Vruggink, Hein. 2001. Surinaams‐Javaans ‐ Nederlands Woordenboek. Leiden: KITLV Press.• Yakpo, Kofi. To appear. Creole in transition: Contact with Dutch and typological change in Sranan. In: Kofi Yakpo &
Pieter Muysken (red.), Boundaries and Bridges: Multilingual ecologies in the Guianas. Berlin: De Gruyter.
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Further research
• Additional data from fieldwork in Suriname/Indonesia (2016) + spontaneous speech data (MPI Jakarta)
• Additional factors: - Properties of the recipient/theme- Properties of the verb
• The role of Dutch/Indonesian
• The distribution of prepositions and role of dialects