API 580 Training.ppt

7/23/2019 API 580 Training.ppt

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/api-580-trainingppt 1/168

API 580

Risk Based InspectionRisk Based Inspection

December 1-2, 2010



2

API 580 Risk Based Inspection provides guidance

on deveoping a risk-based inspection !RBI"

program on #i$ed e%uipment and piping in t&e

&'drocarbon and c&emica process industries( It

incudes)

• *&at is RBI

•

*&at are t&e ke' eements o# RBI• +o to impement a RBI program

API 580 RISK BASED INSPECTION



It is based on knoedge and e$perience o# engineers,

inspectors, risk ana'sts and ot&er personne in t&e

&'drocarbon and c&emica industr'(

API 580 is intended to suppement API 510 Pressure.esse Inspection /ode, API 50 Piping Inspection /ode

and API 5 ank Inspection, Repair, Ateration and

Reconstruction(

&ese API inspection codes and standards ao an

oner user to pan an inspection strateg' and increase

or decrease t&e code designated inspection #re%uencies

based on t&e resuts o# a RBI assessment(

API 580 RISK BASED INSPECTION



3

PURPOSE

&e purpose o# API 580 is to provide users it&

t&e basic eements #or deveoping and

impementing a risk-based inspection !RBI"program(

1. PURPOSE



5

1. PURPOSE

Individua sections o# t&is document describe t&e steps inapp'ing t&ese principes it&in t&e #rameork o# t&e RBI process)

Panning t&e RBI Assessment(

Data and In#ormation /oection(

Identi#'ing Deterioration 4ec&anisms and aiure 4odes( Assessing Probabiit' o# aiure(

Assessing /onse%uence o# aiure(

Risk Determination, Assessment and 4anagement(

Risk 4anagement it& Inspection Activities(

6t&er Risk 4itigation Activities(

Reassessment and 7pdating(

Roes, Responsibiities, raining and uai#ications(

Documentation and record-keeping(



1. PURPOSE

&e RBI process is capabe o# generating)a" A Risk Ranking o# a 9%uipment evauated(

b" A detaied description o# t&e inspection pan to be

empo'ed #or eac& e%uipment item, incuding)

1( Inspection met&od t&at s&oud be used !e(g( visua,

7, Radiograp&', *4"(

2( 9$tent o# appication o# t&e inspection met&od !e(g(

percent o# tota area e$amined or speci#ic ocations"(

( iming o# inspections : e$aminations(

3( Risk management ac&ieved t&roug& impementation

o# t&e inspection pan(



1. PURPOSE

&e RBI process is capabe o# generating)

CA desc!iption o" an# ot$e! !isk %iti&ation

acti'ities s(c$ as !epai!s) !ep*ace%ents o!

sa"et# e+(ip%ent (p&!ades.

DT$e kno,a-*e !isk *e'e*s o" a** e+(ip%ent

a"te! t$e inspection p*an and ot$e! !isk%iti&ation acti'ities $a'e -een i%p*e%ented.



8

1. PURPOSE

Ke# E*e%ents o" a RBI P!o&!a%

a" 4anagement s'stems #or maintaining

documentation, personne %uai#ications, datare%uirements and ana'sis updates(

b" Documented met&od #or probabiit' o# #aiuredetermination(

c" Documented met&od #or conse%uence o# #aiure

determination(d" Documented met&odoog' #or managing risk t&roug&

inspection and ot&er mitigation activities(



;

1. PURPOSE

RBI Bene"its and i%itations/

RBI pans address a's to manage risks on an e%uipment

eve(

9%uipment pans &ig&ig&t risks #rom a <a#et', +eat&,9nvironment and or #rom an economic perspective(

/ost-e##ective actions #or risk mitigation

Impementation o# t&ese pans provides one o# t&e #ooing)

a An o'e!a** !ed(ction in !isk "o! t$e "aci*ities and e+(ip%entassessed.

- An acceptance(nde!standin& o" t$e c(!!ent !isk.



10

1. PURPOSE

RBI is based on sound, proven risk assessment and

management principes( +oever, RBI i not compensate

#or)

a" Inaccurate or missing in#ormation(

b" Inade%uate designs or #aut' e%uipment instaation(

c" 6perating outside t&e acceptabe design enveope(

d" =ot e##ective' e$ecuting t&e pans(

e" >ack o# %uai#ied personne or teamork(

#" >ack o# sound engineering or operationa ?udgment(



11

1. PURPOSE

Usin& RBI as a Contin(o(s I%p!o'e%ent Too*

RBI provides a ve&ice #or continuous' improving t&e

inspection o# #aciities and s'stematica' reducing t&e risk

associated it& pressure boundar' #aiures(

RBI o##ers t&e added advantage o# identi#'ing gaps in t&e

e##ectiveness o# avaiabe inspection tec&noogies and

appications(

RBI s&oud serve to guide t&e direction o# inspection

tec&noog' deveopment, and &ope#u' promote a #aster andbroader depo'ment o# emerging inspection tec&noogies



12

1. PURPOSE

RBI as an Inte&!ated ana&e%ent Too*

RBI produces Inspection and 4aintenance Pans #or

e%uipment t&at identi#' t&e actions t&at s&oud be impemented

to provide reiabe and sa#e operation(

&e RBI e##ort can provide input into an organi@ation annua

panning and budgeting t&at de#ine t&e sta##ing and #unds

re%uired to maintain e%uipment operation at acceptabe eves

o# per#ormance and risk(



1

2. RBI SCOPE

SCOPE O3 RBI

Ind(st!# scope

Risk management principes and concepts t&at RBI is buit on

are universa' appicabe but API RP 580 is speci#ica' targett&e appication o# RBI in t&e &'drocarbon and c&emica

process industr'(

3*e4i-i*it# in App*ication

Because o# t&e broad diversit' in organi@ations si@e, cuture,

#edera and:or oca reguator' re%uirements, RP 580 o##ers

users t&e #e$ibiit' to app' t&e RBI met&odoog' it&in t&e

conte$t o# e$isting corporate risk management practices and

to accommodate uni%ue oca circumstances



13

2. RBI SCOPE

SCOPE O3 RBI

3*e4i-i*it# in App*ication

API RP 580 o##ers users t&e #e$ibiit' to app' t&e RBI

met&odoog' it&in t&e e$isting risk management practicesand to accommodate uni%ue oca circumstances(

RP 580 is intended to promote consistenc' and %uait' in t&e

identi#ication, assessment and management o# risks

pertaining materia deterioration, &ic& coud ead to oss o#

containment(

&is document is not intended to singe out one speci#ic

approac& as t&e recommended met&od #or conducting a RBI

e##ort(



15

2. RBI SCOPE

SCOPE O3 RBI

ec$anica* Inte&!it# 3oc(sed

&e RBI #ocused on maintaining t&e mec&anica

integrit' o# pressure e%uipment items and

minimi@ing t&e risk o# oss o# containment due to

deterioration(



1

2. RBI SCOPE

SCOPE O3 RBI E+(ip%ent Co'e!ed in API RP 580/

a" P!ess(!e 'esse*s/ A pressure containing components(

b" P!ocess pipin&/ Pipe and piping components(c" Sto!a&e tanks/ Atmosp&eric and pressuri@ed(

d" Rotatin& e+(ip%ent/ Pressure containing components(

e" Boi*e!s and $eate!s/ Pressuri@ed components(

#" eat e4c$an&e!s/ <&es, +eads, /&annes and

Bundes(

g" P!ess(!e !e*ie" de'ices.



1

2. RBI SCOPE

SCOPE O3 RBI

E+(ip%ent Not Co'e!ed/

&e #ooing non-pressuri@ed e%uipment is not covered b'

t&is document)a" Instrument and contro s'stems(

b" 9ectrica s'stems(

c" <tructura s'stems(

d" 4ac&iner' components !e$cept pump and compressor

casings"(



18

2. RBI SCOPE

TAR6ET AUDIENCE

Inspection and 9ngineering, 4aintenance,

6perations personne &o are responsibe #or t&e

mec&anica integrit' and operabiit' o# e%uipment(6t&ers it&in t&e organi@ation &o are ike' to be

invoved s&oud be #amiiar it& t&e concepts and

principes in t&e RBI met&odoog'(



1;

7. DE3INITIONS

A-so*(te !isk/ An idea and accurate description and

%uanti#ication o# risk(

AARP As o, As Reasona-*# P!actica*/ A concept o#

minimi@ation t&at suggest t&at #eature !suc& as risk" can on'

be reduced to a certain minimum under current tec&noog'and it& reasonabe cost



20

Conse+(ence/ 6utcome #rom an event( &ere ma' be one or

more conse%uences #rom an event( /onse%uences ma'

range #rom positive to negative( +oever, conse%uences are

aa's negative #or sa#et' aspects(

Da%a&e to*e!ance/ &e amount o# deterioration t&at acomponent can resist it&out #aiing(

Dete!io!ation/ &e reduction in t&e abiit' o# a component to

provide its intended purpose o# containment o# #uids(

7. DE3INITIONS



21

7. DE3INITIONS

E'ent/ 6ccurrence o# a particuar set o# circumstances( &e

event ma' be certain or uncertain(

E'ent t!ee/ An

ana'tica too t&at organi@es and

c&aracteri@es potentia accidents in a ogica and grap&ica

manner(

E4te!na* e'ent/ 9vents resuting #rom #orces o# nature, acts

o# od or sabotage, or suc& events as neig&boring #ires or

e$posions, neig&boring &a@ardous materia reeases(

9$terna events are usua' be'ond t&e direct or indirect

contro o# persons empo'ed at or b' t&e #aciit'(



22

3ai*(!e %ode/ &e manner o# #aiure( or risk based

inspection, t&e #aiure o# concern is oss o# containment o#

pressuri@ed e%uipment( 9$ampes o# #aiure modes are sma

&oe, crack, and rupture(

a9a!d/ A p&'sica condition or a reease o# a &a@ardousmateria t&at coud resut #rom component #aiure and resut in

&uman in?ur' or deat&, oss or damage, or environmenta

degradation( +a@ard is t&e source o# &arm(

7. DE3INITIONS



2

7. DE3INITIONS

iti&ation/ >imiting o# an' negative conse%uence or

reduction in probabiit' o# a particuar event(

P!o-a-i*it#/ 9$tent to &ic& an event is ike' to occur it&in

t&e time #rame under consideration(

:(a*itati'e Risk Ana*#sis Assess%ent/

4et&ods t&at use engineering ?udgment and e$perience as

t&e bases #or t&e ana'sis o# probabiities and conse%uences

o# #aiure(



23

7. DE3INITIONS

:(antitati'e Risk Ana*#sis Assess%ent/

uantitative risk ana'sis integrates into a uni#orm

met&odoog' t&e reevant in#ormation about #aciit' design,operating practices, operating &istor', component reiabiit',

&uman actions, t&e p&'sica progression o# accidents, and

potentia environmenta and &eat& e##ects, usua' ver'

reaistic(



25

7. DE3INITIONS

Re*ati'e !isk/ &e comparative risk o# a #aciit', process unit,

s'stem, e%uipment item or component to ot&er #aciities,

process units, s'stems, e%uipment items or components,

respective'(

Resid(a* !isk/ &e risk remaining a#ter risk mitigation(

Risk/ /ombination o# t&e probabiit' o# an event and its

conse%uence(

Risk acceptance/ A decision to accept a risk(



2

7. DE3INITIONS

Risk assess%ent/ 6vera process o# risk ana'sis and risk

evauation

Risk Based inspection/ A risk assessment and

management process t&at is #ocused on oss o# containment

o# pressuri@ed e%uipment in processing #aciities, due tomateria deterioration( &ese risks are managed primari'

t&roug& e%uipment inspection(

Risk cont!o*/ Actions impementing risk management

decisions(

Risk !ed(ction/ Actions taken to reduce t&e probabiit',

negative conse%uences, or bot& associated it& a particuar

risk(



2

7. DE3INITIONS

Risk identi"ication/ Process to #ind, ist, and c&aracteri@e

eements o# risk( 9ements ma' incudeC source, event,

conse%uence, probabiit'(

Risk %ana&e%ent/ /oordinated activities to direct and

contro an organi@ation it& regard to risk( Risk managementt'pica' incudes risk assessment, risk mitigation and risk

acceptance(

Risk %iti&ation/ Process o# seection and impementation o#

measures to modi#' risk(



28

5. BASIC CONCEPTS

;AT IS RISK< Risk is somet&ing t&at e as individuas ive it& on a da' to

da' basis(

noing' or unknoing', peope are constant' making

decisions based on risk( <impe decisions suc& as driving to

ork or aking across a bus' street invove risk(

4ore important decisions suc& as bu'ing a &ouse, investing

mone' and getting married a imp' an acceptance o# risk(

Risk is t&e combination o# t&e probabiit' o# some event

occurring during a time period o# interest and t&econse%uences associated it& t&e event(

In mat&ematica terms, risk can be cacuated b' t&e e%uation)

Risk E Probabiit' $ /onse%uence



2;

5. BASIC CONCEPTS

RISK ANA6EENT AND RISK REDUCTION

Risk reduction is on' part o# risk management(

Risk reduction is t&e act o# mitigating a knon risk to a oer

eve o# risk( Risk management is a process to assess risks, to determine i#

risk reduction is re%uired and to deveop a pan to maintain

risks at an acceptabe eve(

B' using risk management, some risks ma' be identi#ied as

acceptabe so t&at no risk reduction !mitigation" is re%uired(



0

5. BASIC CONCEPTS

TE AD=ANCEENT O3 INSPECTION INTER=AS

In process pants, inspection and testing programs are

estabis&ed to detect and evauate deterioration due to in-

service operation(

&e e##ectiveness o# inspection programs varies ide'(

6ne e$treme o# t&is oud be t&e Fdont #i$ it uness its brokenG

approac&( &e ot&er e$treme oud be compete inspection o#

a e%uipment items on a #re%uent basis(

ime-based or Fcaendar basedG intervas approac&



1

5. BASIC CONCEPTS


*it& advances in inspection approac&es, and betterunderstanding o# t&e t'pe and rate o# deterioration, inspectionintervas became more dependent on t&e e%uipment condition,

rat&er t&an &at mig&t &ave been an random caendar date( /odes and standards suc& as API 5 10, 50 and 5 evoved

to an inspection p&iosop&' it& eements suc& as)

a" Inspection intervas based on some percentage o# e%uipment i#e!suc& as &a# i#e"(

b" 6n-stream inspection in ieu o# interna inspection based on odeterioration rates(

c" Interna inspection re%uirements #or deterioration mec&anismsreated to process environment induced cracking(

d" /onse%uence based inspection intervas



2

5. BASIC CONCEPTS


RBI represents t&e ne$t generation o# inspection approac&es

recogni@ing t&at t&e utimate goa o# inspection is t&e sa#et'

and reiabiit' o# operating #aciities(

RBI, as a risk-based approac&, #ocuses attention speci#ica'

on t&e e%uipment and associated deterioration mec&anisms

representing t&e most risk to t&e #aciit'(

RBI provides a better inkage beteen t&e mec&anisms t&at

ead to e%uipment #aiure and t&e inspection approac&es t&ati e##ective' reduce t&e associated risks(



5. BASIC CONCEPTS

INSPECTION OPTII>ATION

In RBI eac& avaiabe inspection met&od can be ana'@ed and

its reative e##ectiveness(

In vie o# t&is in#ormation and t&e cost o# eac& Inspection

met&od, an optimi@ation program can be deveoped to assess

t&e risk associated it& eac& item o# e%uipment and t&e most

appropriate inspection tec&ni%ues #or t&at piece o# e%uipment(

A conceptua resut o# t&is met&odoog' is iustrated b' t&e

oer curve in igure 1 in ne$t side( &e oer curve indicatest&at it& t&e appication o# an e##ective RBI program(



3

5. BASIC CONCEPTS

INSPECTION OPTII>ATION



5

5. BASIC CONCEPTS

REATI=E RISK =S. ABSOUTE RISK

&e compe$it' o# risk cacuations is a #unction o# t&e number

o# #actors t&at can a##ect t&e risk(

4an' variabes are invoved it& oss o# containment in

&'drocarbon and c&emica #aciities and t&e determination o#

absoute risk is o#ten not cost e##ective(

RBI is #ocused on a s'stematic determination o# reative risks(

In t&is a', #aciities, units, s'stems, e%uipment or

components can be ranked based on reative risk( &is servesto #ocus t&e risk management e##orts on t&e &ig&er ranked

risks(



?. INTRODUCITION TO RISK BASED

INSPECTION

CONSE:UENCE AND PROBABIIT@ 3OR RISK BASED

INSPECTION

&e ob?ective o# RBI is to determine &at incident coud occur

!conse%uence" in t&e event o# an e%uipment #aiure, and &o

ike' !probabiit'" is it t&at t&e incident coud &appen(

or e$ampe, i# a pressure vesse sub?ect to deterioration #rom

corrosion under insuation deveops a eak, a variet' o#

conse%uences coud occur( <ome o# t&e possibe

conse%uences are)




INSPECTION

a" orm a vapor coud t&at coud ignite causing in?ur' and

e%uipment damage(

b" Reease o# a to$ic c&emica t&at coud cause &eat& probems(

c" Resut in a spi and cause environmenta deterioration(

d" orce a unit s&utdon and &ave an adverse economic

impact(

e" +ave minima sa#et', &eat&, environmenta and:or economicimpact(



8


INSPECTION

/ombining t&e probabiit' o# one or more o# t&ese events it&

its conse%uences i determine t&e risk to t&e operation(

<ome #aiures ma' occur reative' #re%uent' it&out

signi#icant adverse sa#et', environmenta or economic impacts(

<imiar', some #aiures &ave potentia' serious

conse%uences, but i# t&e probabiit' o# t&e incident is o, t&en

t&e risk ma' not arrant immediate action(

+oever, i# t&e probabiit' and conse%uence combination !risk"

is &ig& enoug& to be unacceptabe, t&en a mitigation action topredict or prevent t&e event is recommended(



;


INSPECTION

7nderstanding t&e to-dimensiona aspect o# risk aos ne

insig&t into t&e use o# risk #or inspection prioriti@ation and

panning(

igure 2 dispa's t&e risk associated it& t&e operation o# a

number o# e%uipment items in a process pant(



30


INSPECTION



31


INSPECTION

T@PES O3 RBI ASSESSENT

.arious t'pes o# RBI assessment ma' be conducted at

severa eves( &e c&oice o# approac& is dependent on

mutipe variabes suc& as)

a" 6b?ective o# t&e stud'(

b" =umber o# #aciities and e%uipment items to stud'(

c" Avaiabe resources(

d" <tud' time #rame(

e" /ompe$it' o# #aciities and processes(

#" =ature and %uait' o# avaiabe data



32


INSPECTION

T@PES O3 RBI ASSESSENT

uaitative Approac&

uantitative Approac&

<emi uantitative Approac&



3


INSPECTION

:(a*itati'e App!oac$

&is approac& using engineering ?udgment and e$perience

#or t&e ana'sis o# probabiit' and conse%uence o# #aiure(

Resuts are t'pica' given in %uaitative terms suc& as &ig&,

medium and o, at&oug& numerica vaues ma' be

associated it& t&ese categories(

&e accurac' o# resuts #rom a %uaitative ana'sis is

dependent on t&e background and e$pertise o# t&e ana'sts(



33


INSPECTION

:(antitati'e App!oac$

uantitative risk ana'sis integrates into a uni#orm

met&odoog' t&e reevant in#ormation about #aciit' design,

operating practices, operating &istor', component reiabiit',

&uman actions, t&e p&'sica progression o# accidents, andpotentia environmenta and &eat& e##ects(

uantitative risk ana'sis uses ogic modes representing

combinations o# events t&at coud resut in severe accidents

and p&'sica modes representing t&e progression o#

accidents(

Resuts using t&is approac& are t'pica' presented as risk

numbers(



35


INSPECTION

Se%i :(antitati'e App!oac$

<emi-%uantitative is a term t&at describes an' approac& t&at

&as aspects derived #rom bot& t&e %uaitative and %uantitative

approac&es(

It is geared to obtain t&e ma?or bene#its o# t&e previous to

approac&es !e(g( speed o# t&e %uaitative and rigor o# t&e

%uantitative"(

'pica', most o# t&e data used in a %uantitative approac& is

needed #or t&is approac& but in ess detai(



3


INSPECTION

Contin((% o" App!oac$es

RBI stud' t'pica' uses aspects o# %uaitative, %uantitative

and semi-%uantitative approac&es(

&ese RBI approac&es are not considered as competing but

rat&er as compementar'( or e$ampe)

A &ig& eve %uaitative approac& coud be used at a unit eve

to #ind t&e unit it&in a #aciit' t&at provides t&e &ig&est risk(

<'stems and e%uipment it&in t&e unit t&en ma' be screened

using a %uaitative approac& it& a more %uantitative approac&used #or t&e &ig&er risk items(

igure iustrates t&is continuum concept(



3


INSPECTION



38

?. INTRODUCITION TO RISKBSSED

INSPECTION



3;


INSPECTION

:(antitati'e Risk Assess%ent :RA

&e traditiona RA is genera' comprised o# #ive tasks)

a" <'stems identi#ication(b" +a@ards identi#ication(

c" Probabiit' assessment(

d" /onse%uence ana'sis(

e" Risk resuts(



50


INSPECTION

UNDERSTANDIN6 O; RBI CAN EP TO ANA6EOPERATIN6 RISKS

In per#orming a RBI assessment, t&e susceptibiit' o#e%uipment to deterioration b' one or more mec&anisms !e(g(corrosion, #atigue and cracking" is estabis&ed(

&e suitabiit' and current condition o# t&e e%uipment it&int&e current operating enveope i determine t&e probabiit'o# #aiure !P6" o# t&e e%uipment #rom one or moredeterioration mec&anisms(

&is probabiit', &en couped it& t&e associated

conse%uence o# #aiure !/6" i determine t&e operatingrisk associated it& t&e e%uipment item(

And t&ere#ore t&e need #or mitigation, i# an', suc& asinspection, metaurg' c&ange or c&ange in operatingconditions(



51


INSPECTION

ANA6EENT O3 RISKS

Risk ana&e%ent T$!o(&$ Inspection

At&oug& inspection does not reduce risk direct', it is a risk

management activit' t&at ma' ead to risk reduction(

In-service inspection is primari' concerned it& t&e detection

and monitoring o# deterioration(

&e probabiit' o# #aiure due to suc& deterioration is a #unction

o# #our #actors)



52


INSPECTION

a" Deterioration t'pe and mec&anism(

b" Rate o# deterioration(

c" Probabiit' o# identi#'ing and detecting deterioration and

predicting #uture deterioration states it& inspection

tec&ni%ue(

d" oerance o# t&e e%uipment to t&e t'pe o# deterioration(



5


INSPECTION

Usin& RBI to Esta-*is$ Inspection P*ans and P!io!ities

&e primar' product o# a RBI e##ort s&oud be an inspection

pan #or eac& e%uipment item evauated(

&e inspection pan s&oud detai t&e unmitigated risk reated to

t&e current operation(

or t&ose e%uipment items &ere inspection is a cost-e##ective

means o# risk management, t&e pans s&oud describe t&e t'pe,

scope and timing o# inspection : e$amination recommended(

Ranking o# t&e e%uipment b' t&e unmitigated risk eve aosusers to assign priorities to t&e various inspection : e$amination

tasks(



53

. PANNIN6 TE RBI ASSESSENT

6ETTIN6 STARTED

A RBI assessment is a team-based process( At t&e beginning

o# t&e e$ercise, it is important to de#ine)

*&' t&e assessment is being done(

+o t&e RBI assessment i be carried out(

*&at knoedge and skis are re%uired #or t&e assessment(

*&o is on t&e RBI team(

*&at are t&eir roes in t&e RBI process(



55


*&o is responsibe and accountabe #or &at actions(

*&ic& #aciities, assets, and components i be incuded(

*&at data is to be used in t&e assessment(

*&at codes and standards are appicabe(

*&en t&e assessment i be competed(

+o ong t&e assessment i remain in e##ect and &en it i

be updated(

+o t&e resuts i be used(



5


ESTABISIN6 OBECTI=ES AND 6OAS O3 A RBI

ASSESSENT

A RBI assessment s&oud be undertaken it& cear ob?ectives and

goas t&at are #u' understood b' a members o# t&e RBI team and

b' management( <ome e$ampes are isted beo)

1. Unde!stand Risks

2. De"ine Risk C!ite!ia

. ana&e%ent o" Risks

7. Red(ce Costs

5. eet Sa"et# and En'i!on%enta* ana&e%ent Re+(i!e%ents

?. So!t iti&ation A*te!nati'es

. Ne, P!oect Risk Assess%ent



5


INITIA SCREENIN6

Esta-*is$ P$#sica* Bo(nda!ies o" a RBI Assess%ent

&e scope o# a RBI assessment ma' var' beteen an entire

re#iner' or pant and a singe component it&in a singe

piece o# e%uipment(

'pica', RBI is done on mutipe pieces o# e%uipment !e(g(

an entire process unit" rat&er t&an on a singe component(



58


3aci*ities Sc!eenin&

At t&e #aciit' eve, RBI ma' be appied to a t'pes o# pants

incuding but not imited to)

a( 6i and gas production #aciities(

b( 6i and gas processing and transportation terminas(c( Re#ineries(

d( Petroc&emica and c&emica pants(

e( Pipeines and pipeine stations(

#( >= pants(

<creening at t&e #aciit' eve ma' be done b' a simpi#ied

%uaitative RBI assessment(



5;


P!ocess Units Sc!eenin&

I# t&e scope o# t&e RBI assessment is a muti-unit #aciit',t&en t&e nest step in t&e appication o# RBI is screening o#entire process units to rank reative risk(

Priorities ma' be assigned based on one o# t&e #ooing)

a" Reative risk o# t&e process units(

b" Reative economic impact o# t&e process units(

c" Reative /6 o# t&e process units(

d" Reative reiabiit' o# t&e process units(

e" urnaround sc&edue(

#" 9$perience it& simiar process units(



0


S#ste%s ,it$in P!ocess Units Sc!eenin&

It is o#ten use#u to group e%uipment it&in a process unit into

s'stems or circuits &ere common environmenta operating

conditions e$ist based on process c&emistr', pressure and

temperature, metaurg', e%uipment design and operating&istor'(

B' dividing a process unit into s'stems, t&e e%uipment can be

screened toget&er saving time compared to treating eac&

piece o# e%uipment separate'(



1


E+(ip%ent Ite% Sc!eenin&

In most pants, a arge percentage o# t&e tota unit risk i be

concentrated in a reative' sma percentage o# t&e e%uipment

items(

Potentia &ig&-risk items s&oud receive greater attention in t&e

risk assessment(

<creening o# e%uipment items is o#ten conducted to identi#'

t&e &ig&er risk items to carr' #orard to more detaied risk

assessment(



2

A RBI assessment ma' be appied to a pressure containing

e%uipment suc& as)

a" Piping(

b" Pressure vesses(c" Reactors(

d" +eat e$c&angers(

e" urnaces(

#" anks(

g" Pumps !pressure boundar'"(&" /ompressors !pressure boundar'"(

i" Pressure reie# devices(

?" /ontro vaves !pressure boundar'"(





ESTABIS OPERATIN6 BOUNDARIES

&e purpose o# estabis&ing operationa boundaries is to

identi#' ke' process parameters t&at ma' impact

deterioration(

&e RBI assessment norma' incudes revie o# bot& P6

and /6 #or norma operating conditions(

<tart-up and s&ut-don conditions as e as emergenc' and

non-routine conditions s&oud aso be revieed #or t&eir

potentia e##ect on P6 and /6(



3


SEECTIN6 A T@PE O3 RBI ASSESSENT<eection o# t&e t'pe o# RBI assessment i be dependent on

a variet' o# #actors, suc& as)

a" Is t&e assessment at a #aciit', process unit, s'stem,

e%uipment item or component eve(

b" 6b?ective o# t&e assessment

c" Avaiabiit' and %uait' o# data(

d" Resource avaiabiit'(

e" Apparent or previous' evauated risks(

#" ime constraints(



5


ESTIATIN6 RESOURCES AND TIE RE:UIRED

&e resources and time re%uired to impement a RBI

assessment depends on a number o# #actors incuding)

a" Impementation strateg' : pans(

b" noedge and training o# impementers(

c" Avaiabiit' and %uait' o# necessar' data and in#ormation(

d" Avaiabiit' and cost o# resources needed #or impementation(

e" Amount o# e%uipment incuded in eac& eve o# RBI ana'sis(

#" Degree o# compe$it' o# RBI ana'sis seected(

g" Degree o# accurac' re%uired(




&e estimate o# scope and cost invoved in competing a RBI

assessment mig&t incude t&e #ooing)

1( =umber o# #aciities, units, e%uipment items, and components to

be evauated(

2( ime and resources re%uired to gat&er data #or t&e items to be

evauated(

( raining time #or impementers(

3( ime and resources re%uired #or RBI assessment o# data and

in#ormation(

5( ime and resources to evauate RBI assessment resuts and

deveop inspection, maintenance, and mitigation pans(

F O O CO C O



8. DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION

3OR RBI ASSESSENT

RBI DATA NEEDS

'pica data needed #or a RBI ana'sis ma' incude but is not

imited to)

'pe o# e%uipment(

4aterias o# construction(

Inspection, repair and repacement records(

Process #uid compositions(

Inventor' o# #uids(

6perating conditions(

8 DATA F IN3ORATION COECTION



8


3OR RBI ASSESSENT

RBI DATA NEEDS

<a#et' s'stems(

Detection s'stems(

Deterioration mec&anisms, rates and severit'(

Personne densities(

/oating, cadding and insuation data(

Business interruption cost(

9%uipment repacement costs( 9nvironmenta remediation costs(




;


3OR RBI ASSESSENT

DATA :UAIT@

&e data %uait' &as a direct reation to t&e reative accurac'

o# t&e RBI ana'sis(

It is bene#icia to t&e integrit' o# a RBI ana'sis to assure t&at

t&e data are up to date and vaidated b' knoedgeabe

persons(




0


3OR RBI ASSESSENT

SOURCES O3 SITE SPECI3IC DATA AND IN3ORATION<peci#ic potentia sources o# in#ormation incude but are notimited to)

a" Design and /onstruction Records:Draings

b" Inspection Recordsc" Process Data(

d" 4anagement o# c&ange !46/" records(

e" 6##-<ite data and in#ormation-i# conse%uence ma' a##ect o##-site

areas(#" aiure data(

g" <ite conditions(

&" 9%uipment repacement /ost(

G DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE



1

G. DAA6E ECANISS AND 3AIURE

ODES

INTRODUCTION

Identi#ication o# t&e appropriate deterioration mec&anisms,

susceptibiities and #aiure modes in a RBI stud' is essentia to

t&e e##ectiveness o# t&e RBI evauation(

A metaurgist or corrosion speciaist s&oud be consuted tode#ine t&e e%uipment deterioration mec&anisms, susceptibiit'

and potentia #aiure modes(

&e deterioration mec&anisms, rates and susceptibiities are

t&e primar' inputs into t&e probabiit' o# #aiure evauation(




2


ODES

3AIURE AND 3AIURE ODES 3OR RISKBASED

INSPECTION

&e term #aiure can be de#ined as termination o# t&e abiit' to

per#orm a re%uired #unction(

RBI is concerned it& one t'pe o# #aiure, name' oss o#containment caused b' deterioration(

&e term #aiure mode is de#ined as t&e manner o# #aiure(

aiure modes can range #rom a sma &oe to a compete

rupture(





ODES

DETERIORATION ECANISS

&e term deterioration mec&anism is de#ined as t&e t'pe o#

deterioration t&at coud ead to a oss o# containment( &ere

are #our ma?or deterioration mec&anisms observed in t&e

&'drocarbon and c&emica process industr')a" &inning !incudes interna and e$terna"(

b" <tress corrosion cracking(

c" 4etaurgica and environmenta(

d" 4ec&anica(




3


ODES

Appendi$ A provides tabes describing t&e individua

deterioration mec&anisms covered b' t&ese #our categories,

t&e ke' variabes driving deterioration, and t'pica process

industr' e$ampes o# &ere t&e' ma' occur(

&ese tabes cover most o# t&e common deteriorationmec&anisms( 6t&er deterioration t'pes and mec&anisms ma'

occur in speci#ic &'drocarbon and c&emica processing

appicationsC &oever, t&ese are reative' in#re%uent(




5


ODES

OTER 3AIURES

RBI coud be e$panded to incude #aiures ot&er t&an oss o#

containment( 9$ampes o# ot&er #aiures and #aiure modes

are)

a" Pressure reie# device #aiure - pugging, #ouing, noactivation(

b" +eat e$c&anger bunde #aiure - tube eak, pugging(

c" Interna inings -&oe, disbandment(



10. ASSESSIN6 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE

INTRODUCTION TO PROBABIIT@ ANA@SIS

&e probabiit' o# #aiure ana'sis s&oud address a

deterioration mec&anisms to &ic& t&e e%uipment being studied

is susceptibe(

It s&oud address t&e situation &ere e%uipment is susceptibeto mutipe deterioration mec&anisms !e(g( t&inning and creep"(



It s&oud be noted t&at deterioration mec&anisms are not t&eon' causes o# oss o# containment( 6t&er causes o# oss o#

containment coud incude but are not imited to)

a" *eat&er e$tremes(

b" <eismic activit'(

c" 6verpressure due to pressure reie# device #aiure(d" 6perator error(

e" Inadvertent substitution o# materias o# construction(

#" Design error(

g" <abotage(&ese and ot&er causes o# oss o# containment ma' &ave an

impact on t&e probabiit' o# #aiure and ma' be incuded in t&e

probabiit' o# #aiure ana'sis(




8


UNITS O3 EASURE IN TE PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE

ANA@SIS

Probabiit' o# #aiure is t'pica' e$pressed in terms o#

#re%uenc'(

re%uenc' is e$pressed as a number o# events occurringduring a speci#ic time #rame( or probabiit' ana'sis, t&e time

#rame is t'pica' e$pressed as a #i$ed interva !e(g( one 'ear"

or a %uaitative ana'sis, t&e probabiit' o# #aiure ma' be

categori@ed !e(g( &ig&, medium and o, or 1 t&roug& 5).



;


T@PES O3 PROBABIIT@ ANA@SIS

Di##erent approac&es to t&e determination o# probabiit'(

uaitativeG or F%uantitative(

uaitativeG and F%uantitativeG are t&e end points o# acontinuum rat&er t&an distinctive approac&es. 4ost probabiit'

assessments use a bend o# %uaitative and %uantitative

approac&es(



80


:(a*itati'e P!o-a-i*it# o" 3ai*(!e Ana*#sis

A %uaitative met&od invoves identi#ication o# t&e units,

s'stems or e%uipment, t&e materias o# construction and t&e

corrosive components o# t&e processes(

6n t&e basis o# t&e operating &istor', #uture inspection andmaintenance pans and possibe materias deterioration,

probabiit' o# #aiure can be assessed(

9ngineering ?udgment is t&e basis #or t&is assessment(

Depending on t&e met&odoog' empo'ed, t&e categories ma'be described it& ords !suc& as &ig&, medium or o" or

ma' &ave numerica vaue(



81


:(antitati'e P!o-a-i*it# o" 3ai*(!e Ana*#sis

&ere are severa approac&es to a %uantitative probabiit'

ana'sis(

6ne e$ampe is to take a probabiistic approac& &ere speci#ic

#aiure data or e$pert soicitations are used to cacuate aprobabiit' o# #aiure(

&ese #aiure data ma' be obtained on t&e speci#ic e%uipment

item in %uestion or on simiar e%uipment items(

6t&er approac&, in t&is case, genera industr', compan' ormanu#acturer #aiure data are used( A met&odoog' s&oud be

appied to assess t&e appicabiit' o# t&ese genera data(



82


DETERINATION O3 PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE

Regardess o# &et&er a more %uaitative or a %uantitative

ana'sis is used, t&e probabiit' o# #aiure is determined b' to

main considerations)

a" Deterioration mec&anisms and rates o# t&e e%uipment

items materia o# construction, resuting #rom its operating

environment !interna and e$terna"(

a" 9##ectiveness o# t&e inspection program to identi#' and

monitor t&e deterioration mec&anisms so t&at t&e

e%uipment can be repaired or repaced prior to #aiure(



8


Ana'@ing t&e e##ect o# in service deterioration and inspection

on t&e probabiit' o# #aiure invoves t&e #ooing steps)

a" Identi#' active and ike' deterioration mec&anisms t&at are

reasonab' e$pected to occur during t&e time period being

considered(b" Determine t&e deterioration susceptibiit' and rate(

c" uanti#' t&e e##ectiveness o# t&e past inspection and

maintenance program and a proposed #uture inspection and

maintenance program(

d" &e #aiure mode !e(g( sma eak, arge eak, e%uipment

rupture" s&oud aso be determined based on t&e deterioration

mec&anism(



83


Dete!%ine 3ai*(!e ode

It is important to ink t&e deterioration mec&anism to t&e mostike' resuting #aiure mode( or e$ampe)

a Pittin& &ene!a**# *eads to s%a** $o*esi9ed *eaks.- St!ess co!!osion c!ackin& can de'e*op into s%a**) t$!o(&$

,a** c!acks o!) in so%e cases) catast!op$ic !(pt(!e.

c eta**(!&ica* dete!io!ation and %ec$anica* dete!io!ation can*ead to "ai*(!e %odes t$at 'a!# "!o% s%a** $o*es to !(pt(!es.

d 6ene!a* t$innin& "!o% co!!osion o"ten *eads to *a!&e! *eaks o!

!(pt(!e.

aiure mode primari' a##ects t&e magnitude o# t&econse%uences(



85


:(anti"# E""ecti'eness o" Past Inspection

Inspection programs var' in t&eir e##ectiveness #or ocating and

si@ing deterioration, and t&us #or determining deterioration

rates(

&e inspection program s&oud be evauated to determine t&ee##ectiveness in #inding t&e identi#ied mec&anisms(



8


>imitations in t&e e##ectiveness o# an inspection program coudbe due to)

a" >ack o# coverage o# an area sub?ect to deterioration(

b" In&erent imitations o# some inspection met&ods to detect and

%uanti#' certain t'pes o# deterioration(c" <eection o# inappropriate inspection met&ods and toos(

d" Appication o# met&ods and toos b' inade%uate' trainedinspection personne(

e" Inade%uate inspection procedures(#" Deterioration rate under some e$tremes o# conditions is so

&ig& t&at #aiure can occur it&in a ver' s&ort time( 9vent&oug& no deterioration is #ound during an inspection(



8


Determination o# inspection e##ectiveness s&oud consider t&e

#ooing)

1( 9%uipment t'pe(

2( Active and credibe deterioration mec&anism(

( Rate o# deterioration or susceptibiit'(

3( =D9 met&ods, coverage and #re%uenc'(

5( Accessibiit' to e$pected deterioration areas(

&e e##ectiveness o# #uture inspections can be optimi@ed b'utii@ation o# =D9 met&ods better suited #or t&e active : credibe

deterioration mec&anisms(

SS SS 6 O O



88


Ca*c(*ate t$e P!o-a-i*it# o" 3ai*(!e -# Dete!io!ation T#pe

B' combining t&e e$pected deterioration mec&anism, rate or

susceptibiit', inspection data and inspection e##ectiveness, a

probabiit' o# #aiure can no be determined #or eac&

deterioration t'pe and #aiure mode( &e probabiit' o# #aiure ma' be determined #or #uture time

periods or conditions as e as current(

It is important #or user to vaidate t&at t&e met&od used to

cacuate t&e P6 is in #act t&oroug& and ade%uate #or t&e user

needs(

11. ASSESSIN6 CONSE:UENCES O3



8;


3AIURE

Assessin& Conse+(ences o" 3ai*(!e

INTRODUCTION TO CONSE:UENCE ANA@SIS

&e conse%uence ana'sis in a RBI program is per#ormed to

provide discrimination beteen e%uipment items on t&e basis

o# t&e signi#icance o# a potentia #aiure(

&e conse%uence ana'sis is an aid in estabis&ing a reative

risk ranking o# e%uipment items(

&e conse%uence ana'sis s&oud be a repeatabe, simpi#ied,

credibe estimate o# &at mig&t be e$pected to &appen i# a#aiure ere to occur in t&e e%uipment item being assessed(




;0


3AIURE

oss o" Contain%ent

&e conse%uence e##ects #or oss o# containment can be

genera' considered to be in t&e #ooing categories)

a" <a#et' and &eat& impact(

b" 9nvironmenta impact(

c" Production osses(

d" 4aintenance and reconstruction costs(




;1

T@PES O3 CONSE:UENCE ANA@SIS

:(a*itati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis

:(antitati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis

Se%i :(antitati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis


3AIURE




;2


3AIURE

:(a*itati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis

A %uaitative met&od invoves identi#ication o# t&e units,

s'stems or e%uipment, and t&e &a@ards present as a resut o#

operating conditions and process #uids(

&e conse%uences o# #aiure can be estimated separate' #oreac& unit, s'stem, e%uipment group or individua e%uipment

item(

or a %uaitative met&od, a conse%uences categor' !suc& as

HA t&roug& F9G or F&ig&G, FmediumG or FoG" is t'pica'

assigned #or eac& unit, s'stem, grouping or e%uipment item(

It ma' be appropriate to associate a numerica vaue, suc& as

cost it& eac& conse%uence categor'(




;

:

3AIURE

:(antitati'e Conse+(ences Ana*#sis

A %uantitative met&od invoves using a ogic mode describing

combinations o# events to represent t&e e##ects o# #aiure on

peope, propert', t&e business and t&e environment(

uantitative modes usua' contain one or more standard#aiure scenarios or outcomes and cacuate conse%uence o#

#aiure based on)

a" 'pe o# process #uid in e%uipment(

b" <tate o# t&e process #uid inside t&e e%uipment !soid, i%uid

or gas"(

c" e' properties o# process #uid !moecuar eig&t, boiing

point, auto ignition temperature, ignition energ', densit',

etc("(




;3

:

3AIURE

d" Process operating variabes suc& as temperature and

pressure(

e" 4ass o# inventor' avaiabe #or reease in t&e event o# a

eak(

#" aiure mode and resuting eak si@e(

g" <tate o# #uid a#ter reease in ambient conditions !soid,

gas or i%uid"(

Resuts o# a %uantitative ana'sis are usua' numeric(




;5

3AIURE

UNITS O3 EASURE IN CONSE:UENCE ANA@SIS

&e #ooing provide some units o# measure o# conse%uencet&at can be used in a RBI assessment(

Sa"et#

<a#et' conse%uences are o#ten e$pressed as a numerica vaueor c&aracteri@ed b' a conse%uence categor' associated it&t&e severit' o# potentia in?uries t&at ma' resut #rom anundesirabe event(

or e$ampe, sa#et' conse%uences coud be e$pressed based

on t&e severit' o# an in?ur' !e(g( #atait', serious in?ur', medicatreatment, #irst aid"

6r e$pressed as a categor' inked to t&e in?ur' severit' !e(g(, At&roug& 9"(




;

3AIURE

Cost

/ost is common' used as an indicator o# potentia

conse%uences( 'pica conse%uences t&at can be e$pressed in

FcostG incude)

a" Production oss due to rate reduction or dontime(

b" Depo'ment o# emergenc' response e%uipment and personne(

c" >ost product #rom a reease(

d" Degradation o# product %uait'(

e" Repacement or repair o# damaged e%uipment(

#" Propert' damage o##site(




;

3AIURE

g" <pi : reease ceanup onsite or o##site(

&" Business interruption costs !ost pro#its"(

i" >oss o# market s&are(

?" In?uries or #ataities(

k" >and recamation(

" >itigation(

m" ines(

n" oodi(&e above ist is reasonab' compre&ensive, but in practicesome o# t&ese costs are neit&er practica nor necessar' to usein a RBI assessment(




;8

3AIURE

A""ected A!ea

A##ected area is aso used to describe potentia conse%uences

in t&e #ied o# risk assessment(

As its name impies, a##ected area represents t&e amount o#

sur#ace area t&at e$periences an e##ect !to$ic dose, t&ermaradiation, e$posion overpressure, etc("

In order to rank conse%uences according to a##ected area, it is

t'pica' assumed t&at e%uipment or personne at risk are

even' distributed t&roug&out t&e unit(




;;

3AIURE

En'i!on%enta* Da%a&e

9nvironmenta conse%uence measures are t&e east deveoped

among t&ose current' used #or RBI( 'pica parameters used

t&at provide an indirect measure o# t&e degree o#

environmenta damage are)a" Acres o# and a##ected(

b" 4ies o# s&oreine a##ected(

c" =umber o# bioogica or &uman-use resources consumed(

&e representation o# environmenta damage amost invariab'

eads to t&e use o# cost, in terms o# doars per 'ear, #or t&e

oss and restoration o# environmenta resources(




100

3AIURE

=OUE O3 3UID REEASED

A ke' eement in determining t&e magnitude o# t&e

conse%uence is t&e voume o# #uid reeased(

&e voume reeased is t'pica' derived #rom a combination o#

t&e #ooing)

a" .oume o# #uid avaiabe #or reease - .oume o# #uid in t&e

piece o# e%uipment and connected e%uipment items(

b" aiure mode(

c" >eak rate(

d" Detection and isoation time(




101

3AIURE

CONSE:UENCE E33ECTCATE6ORIES

&e #aiure o# t&e pressure

boundar' and subse%uent reease

o# #uids ma' cause sa#et', &eat&,environmenta, #aciit' and business

damage(

&e RBI ana'st s&oud consider

t&e nature o# t&e &a@ards and

assure t&at appropriate #actors areconsidered(




102

3AIURE

3*a%%a-*e E'ents 3i!e and E4p*osion

ammabe events occur &en bot& a eak and ignition occurs(

ammabe events can cause damage in to a's) t&erma

radiation and bast overpressure(

4ost o# t&e damage #rom t&erma e##ects tends to occur at

cose range, but bast e##ects can cause damage over a arger

distance #rom t&e bast center(




10

3AIURE

&e #ammabe events conse%uence is t'pica' derived #rom acombination o# t&e #ooing eements)

1( In&erent tendenc' to ignite(

2( .oume o# #uid reeased(( Abiit' to #as& to a vapor(

3( Possibiit' o# auto-ignition(

5( 9##ects o# &ig&er pressure or &ig&er temperature

operations(

( 9ngineered sa#eguards(

( Personne and e%uipment e$posed to damage(




103

3AIURE

To4ic Re*eases

o$ic reeases, in RBI, are on' addressed &en t&e' a##ect

personne !site and pubic"(

&ese reeases can cause e##ects at greater distances t&an

#ammabe events(

&e RBI program t'pica' #ocuses on acute to$ic risks t&at

create an immediate danger, rat&er t&an c&ronic risks #rom o

eve e$posures(




105

3AIURE

&e to$ic conse%uence is t'pica' derived #rom t&e #ooing9ements)

a" .oume o# #uid reeased and to$icit'(

b" Abiit' to disperse under t'pica process andenvironmenta conditions(

c" Detection and mitigation s'stems(

d" Popuation in t&e vicinit' o# t&e reease(




10

3AIURE

En'i!on%enta* Conse+(ences

&e RBI program t'pica' #ocuses on acute and immediate

environmenta risks, rat&er t&an c&ronic risks #rom o-eve

emissions(

&e environmenta conse%uence is t'pica' derived #rom t&e#ooing eements)

a" .oume o# #uid reeased(

b" Abiit' to #as& to vapor(

c" >eak containment sa#eguards(

d" 9nvironmenta resources a##ected(

e" Reguator' conse%uence !e(g( citations #or vioations, #ires,

potentia s&utdon b' aut&orities"(




10

3AIURE

>i%uid reeases ma' resut in contamination o# soi, groundater and : or open ater(

aseous reeases are e%ua' important but more di##icut to

assess since t&e conse%uence t'pica' reates to oca

reguator' constraints and t&e penat' #or e$ceeding t&ose

constraints(

&e conse%uences o# environmenta damage are best

understood b' cost( &e cost ma' be cacuated as #oos)

En'i!on%enta* Cost J Cost "o! c*ean(p 3ines Ot$e! costs




108

3AIURE

&e ceanup cost i var' depending on man' #actors( <omeke' #actors are)

1( 'pe o# spi-above ground, beo ground, sur#ace ater

etc(2( 'pe o# i%uid(

( 4et&od o# ceanup(

3( .oume o# spi(

5( Accessibiit' at t&e spi ocation(

&e #ine component cost i depend on t&e reguations and

as o# t&e appicabe oca and #edera ?urisdictions(




10;

3AIURE

P!od(ction Conse+(ences

A simpe met&od #or estimating t&e business interruption

conse%uence is to use t&e e%uation)

B(siness Inte!!(ption J P!ocess Unit Dai*# =a*(e 4

Do,nti%e Da#s

&e 7nit Dai' .aue coud be on a revenue or pro#it basis(

&e dontime estimate oud represent t&e time re%uired to

get back into production(


3AIURE



110

3AIURE

4ore e$act met&ods #or estimating business interruptionconse%uences ma' take into account #actors suc& as)

a" Abiit' to compensate #or damaged e%uipment !e(g( spare

e%uipment, rerouting, etc("(b" Potentia #or damage to nearb' e%uipment(

c" Potentia #or production oss to ot&er units(


3AIURE



111

3AIURE

aintenance and Reconst!(ction I%pact

4aintenance and reconstruction impact represents t&e e##ort

re%uired to correct t&e #aiure and to #i$ or repace e%uipment

damaged in t&e subse%uent events !e(g( #ire, e$posion"(

&e maintenance and reconstruction impact s&oud beaccounted #or in t&e RBI program(

4aintenance impact i genera' be measured in monetar'

terms and t'pica' incudes)

a" Repairs(

b" 9%uipment repacement(

12. RISK DETERINATION) ASSESSENT

AND ANA6EENT



112

AND ANA6EENT


AND ANA6EENT



11

AND ANA6EENT

PURPOSE

&is section describes t&e process o# determining risk b'

combining t&e resuts o# ork done as brie#ed in <ection ; and

10(

It aso provides guideines #or prioriti@ing and assessing t&eacceptabiit' o# risk it& respect to risk criteria(

&is ork process eads to creating and impementing a risk

management pan(


AND ANA6EENT



113

AND ANA6EENT

DETERINATION O3 RISK

Dete!%ination o" t$e P!o-a-i*it# o" a Speci"ic Conse+(ence

It is important to understand t&e inkage beteen t&e probabiit'

o# #aiure and t&e probabiit' o# possibe resuting incidents(

&e probabiit' o# a speci#ic conse%uence is tied to t&e severit'

o# t&e conse%uence and ma' var' signi#icant' #rom t&e

probabiit' o# t&e e%uipment #aiure itse#(

Probabiities o# incidents genera' decrease it& t&e severit' o#

t&e incident( or e$ampe, t&e probabiit' o# an event resuting ina #atait' i genera' be ess t&an t&e probabiit' t&at t&e event

i resut in a #irst aid or medica treatment in?ur'( It is important

to understand t&is reations&ip(


AND ANA6EENT



115

AND ANA6EENT

Personne ine$perienced in risk assessment met&ods o#ten inkt&e probabiit' o# #aiure it& t&e most severe conse%uences

t&at can be envisioned(

An

e$treme e$ampe oud be couping t&e P6 o# a

deterioration mec&anism &ere t&e mode o# #aiure is a sma

&oe eak it& t&e conse%uence o# a ma?or #ire(

&is inkage oud ead to an over' conservative risk

assessment since a sma eak i rare' ead to a ma?or #ire(

or instance, t&e conse%uences e$pected #rom a sma eak

coud be ver' di##erent t&an t&e conse%uences e$pected #rom abritte #racture(


AND ANA6EENT



11

AND ANA6EENT

Ca*c(*ate Risk

Re#erring back to t&e Risk e%uation)

Risk J P!o-a-i*it# 4 Conse+(ence

it is no possibe to cacuate t&e risk #or eac& speci#ic

conse%uence(


AND ANA6EENT



11

AND ANA6EENT

I# probabiit' and conse%uence are not e$pressed as numericavaues, risk is usua' determined b' potting t&e probabiit' and

conse%uence on a risk matri$(

*&en a risk matri$ is used, t&e probabiit' to be potted s&oudbe t&e probabiit' o# t&e associated conse%uence, not t&e

probabiit' o# #aiure(


AND ANA6EENT



118

AND ANA6EENT

RISK ANA6EENT DECISIONS AND ACCEPTABEE=ES O3 RISK

Risk Acceptance

Risk-based inspection is a too to provide an ana'sis o# t&e

risks o# oss o# containment o# e%uipment(

4an' companies &ave corporate risk criteria de#ining

acceptabe and care#u eves o# sa#et', environmenta and

#inancia risks(

&ese risk criteria s&oud be used &en making risk-basedinspection decisions( Because eac& compan' ma' be di##erent

in terms o# acceptabe risk eves(


AND ANA6EENT



11;

AND ANA6EENT

Usin& Risk Assess%ent in Inspection and aintenanceP*annin&

Part o# t&is panning process is t&e determination o# &at to

inspect, &o to inspect !tec&ni%ue", and t&e e$tent o# inspection

!coverage"(

Determining t&e risk o# process units, or individua process

e%uipment items #aciitates t&is, as t&e inspections are no

prioriti@ed based on t&e risk vaue(


AND ANA6EENT



120

AND ANA6EENT

SENSITI=IT@ ANA@SIS

<ensitivit' ana'sis t'pica' invoves revieing some or a input

variabes to t&e risk cacuation to determine t&e overa

in#uence on t&e resutant risk vaue(

6nce t&is ana'sis &as been per#ormed, t&e user can see &ic&input variabes signi#icant' in#uence t&e risk vaue(

&ose ke' input variabes deserve t&e most #ocus or attention(


AND ANA6EENT



121

AND ANA6EENT

ASSUPTIONS

Assumptions or estimates o# input vaues are o#ten used &en

conse%uence and or probabiit' o# #aiure data are not

avaiabe(

9ven &en data are knon to e$ist, conservative estimatesma' be utii@ed in an initia ana'sis pending input o# #uture

process or engineering modeing in#ormation, suc& as a

sensitivit' ana'sis(

Presenting over in#ated risk vaues ma' misead inspection

panners, management and insurers, and can create a ack o#credibiit' #or t&e user and t&e RBI process(


AND ANA6EENT



122

AND ANA6EENT

RISK PRESENTATION

6nce risk vaues are deveoped, t&e' can t&en be presented in

a variet' o# a's to communicate t&e resuts o# t&e ana'sis to

decision-makers and inspection panners(

6ne goa o# t&e risk ana'sis is to communicate t&e resuts in acommon #ormat t&at a variet' o# peope can understand( 7sing

a risk matri$ or pot is &ep#u in accompis&ing t&is goa(


AND ANA6EENT



12

AND ANA6EENT

Risk at!i4

Presenting t&e resuts in a risk matri$ is a ver' e##ective a' o#

communicating t&e distribution o# risks(

Di##erent si@es o# matrices ma' be used !e(g(, 5 $ 5, 3 $ 3,

etc("(

Regardess o# t&e matri$ seected, t&e conse%uence and

probabiit' categories s&oud provide su##icient discrimination

beteen t&e items assessed(

An e$ampe risk categori@ation !&ig&er, medium, oer" o# t&erisk matri$ is s&on in igure (


AND ANA6EENT



123

AND ANA6EENT


AND ANA6EENT



125

AND ANA6EENT

Risk P*ots

*&en more %uantitative conse%uence and probabiit' data are

being used, and &ere s&oing numeric risk vaues is more

meaning#u to t&e stake&oders, a risk pot is used(


AND ANA6EENT



12

AND ANA6EENT


AND ANA6EENT



12

AND ANA6EENT

Usin& a Risk P*ot o! at!i4

9%uipment items residing toards t&e upper rig&t-&and corner

o# t&e pot or matri$ !in t&e e$ampes presented" i most ike'

take priorit' #or inspection panning because t&ese items &ave

t&e &ig&est risk(

<imiar', items residing toard t&e oer e#t-&and corner o# t&e

pot !or matri$" i tend to take oer priorit' because t&ese

items &ave t&e oest risk(

6nce t&e pots &ave been competed, t&e risk pot !or matri$"

can t&en be used as a screening too during t&e prioriti@ationprocess(


AND ANA6EENT



128

AND ANA6EENT

ESTABISIN6 ACCEPTABE RISK TRESODS

Risk pots and matrices can be used to screen, and initia'

identi#' intermediate and oer risk e%uipment items(

&e e%uipment can aso be ranked !prioriti@ed" according to its

risk vaue in tabuar #orm(

t&res&od t&at divide t&e risk pot, matri$ or tabe into

acceptabe and unacceptabe regions o# risk can be deveoped(

Reduction o# some risks to an acceptabe eve ma' not be

practica due to tec&noog' and cost constraints( An H As >o As Reasonab' PracticaG !A>ARP" approac& to

risk management or ot&er risk management approac& ma' be

necessar' #or t&ese items(


AND ANA6EENT



12;

AND ANA6EENT

RISK ANA6EENT

Based on t&e ranking o# items and t&e risk t&res&od, t&e risk

management process begins(

or risks t&at are ?udged acceptabe, no mitigation ma' be

re%uired and no #urt&er action necessar'(

or risks considered unacceptabe and t&ere#ore re%uiring risk

mitigation(


AND ANA6EENT



10

AND ANA6EENT

&ere are various mitigation categories t&at s&oud be considered)

a" Decommission) Is t&e e%uipment rea' necessar' to support

unit operationH

b" Inspection : condition monitoring) /an a cost-e##ective

inspection program, it& repair as indicated b' t&e inspectionresuts, be impemented t&at i reduce risks to an acceptabe

eveH

c" /onse%uence mitigation) /an actions be taken to essen t&e

conse%uences reated to an e%uipment #aiureH

d" Probabiit' mitigation) /an actions be taken to essen t&e

probabiit' o# #aiure suc& as metaurg' c&anges or e%uipment

redesignH

1. RISK ANA6EENT ;IT INSPECTION



11

ANA6IN6 RISK B@ REDUCIN6 UNCERTAINT@TROU6INSPECTION

6bvious', inspection does not arrest or mitigate deterioration

mec&anisms( Inspection serves to identi#', monitor, and

measure t&e deterioration mec&anism !s"( Aso, it is invauabe

input in t&e prediction o# &en t&e deterioration i reac& a

critica point(

/orrect appication o# inspections i improve t&e users abiit'

to predict t&e deterioration mec&anisms and rates o#

deterioration (&e better t&e predictabiit', t&e ess uncertaint' t&ere i be as

to &en a #aiure ma' occur(




12

Risk mitigation ac&ieved t&roug& inspection presumes t&at t&eorgani@ation i act on t&e resuts o# t&e inspection in a time'

manner(

Risk mitigation is not ac&ieved i# inspection data t&at are

gat&ered are not proper' ana'@ed and acted upon &ere

needed(

&e %uait' o# t&e inspection data and t&e ana'sis or

interpretation i great' a##ect t&e eve o# risk mitigation(

Proper inspection met&ods and data ana'sis toos are t&ere#ore

critica(




1




13

IDENTI3@IN6 RISK ANA6EENT OPPORTUNITIES3RO RBI AND PROBABIIT@ O3 3AIURE RESUTS

6nce a RBI assessment &as been competed, t&e items it&&ig&er or unacceptabe risk s&oud be assessed #or potentiarisk management t&roug& inspection( *&et&er inspections i

be e##ective or not i depend on)a" 9%uipment t'pe(

b" Active and credibe deterioration mec&anism !s"(

c" Rate o# deterioration or susceptibiit'(

d" Inspection met&ods, coverage and #re%uenc'(

e" Accessibiit' to e$pected deterioration areas(

#" <&utdon re%uirements(




15

ESTABISIN6 AN INSPECTION STRATE6@ BASED ON

RISK ASSESSENT

&e inspection strateg' s&oud be designed in con?unction it&ot&er mitigation pans(

7sers s&oud consider risk rank, risk drivers, item &istor',number and resuts o# inspections, t'pe and e##ectiveness o#inspections, e%uipment in simiar service and remaining i#e int&e deveopment o# t&eir inspection strateg'(

Inspection is on' e##ective i# t&e inspection tec&ni%ue c&osen issu##icient #or detecting t&e deterioration mec&anism and itsseverit'(

As an e$ampe, spot t&ickness readings on a piping circuit oudbe considered to &ave itte or no bene#it i# t&e deteriorationmec&anism resuts in unpredictabe ocai@ed corrosion




1

&e eve o# risk reduction ac&ieved b' inspection i depend on)

a" 4ode o# #aiure o# t&e deterioration mec&anism(

b" ime interva beteen t&e onset o# deterioration and #aiure,

!i(e(, speed o# deterioration"(

c" Detection capabiit' o# inspection tec&ni%ue(

d" <cope o# inspection(

e" re%uenc' o# inspection(




1

12.7 ANA6IN6 RISK ;IT INSPECTION ACTI=ITIES

RBI can be used to determine &en, &at and &o inspections

s&oud be conducted to 'ied an acceptabe #uture risk eve(

e' parameters and e$ampes t&at can a##ect t&e #uture risk

are)

a" re%uenc' o# inspection

b" /overage

c" oos and tec&ni%ues

d" Procedures and practices

e" Interna or e$terna inspection




18

ANA6IN6 INSPECTION COSTS ;IT RBI

Resources can be appied or s&i#ted to t&ose areas identi#ied as

a &ig&er risk or targeted based on t&e strateg' seected(

/onsideration #or reduction o# inspection activities in t&ose

areas t&at &ave a oer risk or &ere t&e inspection activit' &asitte or no a##ect on t&e associated risks(

&is resuts in inspection resources being appied &ere t&e'

are needed most(




1;

Anot&er opportunit' #or managing inspection costs is b'identi#'ing items in t&e inspection pan t&at can be inspected

non-intrusive' on-stream(

I# t&e non-intrusive inspection provides su##icient risk

management, t&en t&ere is a potentia #or a net savings based

on not &aving to bind, open, cean, and interna' inspect

during dontime(

I# t&e item considered is t&e main driver #or bringing an

operationa unit don, t&en t&e non-intrusive inspection ma'

contribute to increased uptime o# t&e unit(




130

ACIE=IN6 O;EST I3E C@CE COSTS ;IT RBI

&e #ooing e$ampes can give a user ideas on &o to oer

i#e c'ce costs t&roug& RBI it& cost bene#it assessments(

a" RBI s&oud en&ance t&e prediction o# #aiures caused b'

deterioration mec&anisms( &is in turn s&oud give t&e user

con#idence to continue to operate e%uipment sa#e', coser tot&e predicted #aiure date( B' doing t&is, t&e e%uipment c'ce

time s&oud increase and i#e c'ce costs decrease(

b" urnaround and maintenance costs aso &ave an a##ect on t&e

i#e c'ce costs o# an e%uipment item( B' using t&e resuts o#

t&e RBI inspection pan to identi#' more accurate' &ere to

inspect and &at repairs and repacements to e$pect(

17. OTER RISK ITI6ATION ACTI=ITIES



131

Ot$e! Risk iti&ation Acti'ities

6ENERA

Inspection ma' not aa's provide su##icient risk mitigation or

ma' not be t&e most cost e##ective met&od( &ere#ore t&ere

ma' be t&e need o# risk mitigation( &ese risk mitigationactivities #a into one or more o# t&e #ooing)

a" Reduce t&e magnitude o# conse%uence(

b" Reduce t&e probabiit' o# #aiure(

c" 9n&ance t&e survivabiit' o# t&e #aciit' and peope to t&e

conse%uence(d" 4itigate t&e primar' source o# conse%uence(




132

E+(ip%ent !ep*ace%ent and !epai!

E'a*(atin& "*a,s "o! "itness "o! se!'ice

E+(ip%ent %odi"ication) !edesi&n and !e!atin&

E%e!&enc# iso*ation

E%e!&enc# dep!ess(!i9in& de in'ento!#

odi"# p!ocess

Red(ce in'ento!#




13

OTERS

a" <pi detectors(

b" <team or air curtains(

c" ireproo#ing(

d" Instrumentation !interocks, s&ut-don s'stems, aarms, etc("(

e" .entiation o# buidings and encosed structures(

#" Piping redesign(

g" 4ec&anica #o restriction(

&" Ignition source contro(




133

i" Improved design standards( ?" Improvement in process sa#et' management program(

k" 9mergenc' evacuation(

" <&eters !sa#e &avens"(

m" o$ic scrubbers on buiding vents(n" <pi containment(

o" /ondition monitoring(

p" Improved training and procedures(

15. REASSESSENT F UPDATIN6 RBI



135

RBI REASSESSENTS

RBI evauations are based on data and knoedge at t&e time

o# t&e assessment( As time goes b', c&anges are e$pected

and t&e resuts #rom t&e RBI assessment s&oud be updated(

It is important to maintain and update a RBI program toassure t&e most recent inspection, process, and maintenance

in#ormation is incuded(

&e resut o# inspections, c&anges in process conditions and

impementation o# maintenance practices can a &ave

signi#icant e##ects on risk and can trigger t&e need to per#orma reassessment(




13

;@ CONDUCT A RBI REASSESSENT<

&ere are severa events t&at i c&ange risks and make it

cautious to conduct a RBI reassessment(

It is important t&at t&e #aciit' &ave an e##ective management

o# c&ange process t&at identi#ies &en a reassessment isnecessar'(

<ome ke' #actors t&at coud trigger a RBI reassessment)




13

;EN TO CONDUCTA RBI REASSESSENT

A"te! Si&ni"icant C$an&es

<igni#icant c&anges in risk can occur #or a variet' o# reasons(

uai#ied personne s&oud evauate eac& signi#icant c&ange to

determine t&e potentia #or a c&ange in risk(




138

A"te! a Set Ti%e Pe!iod

6ver time man' sma c&anges ma' occur and cumuative'

cause signi#icant c&anges in t&e RBI assessment( 7sers

s&oud set de#aut ma$imum time periods #or reassessments(

&e governing inspection codes !suc& as API 510, 50 and5" and ?urisdictiona reguations s&oud be revieed in t&is

conte$t(




13;

A"te! I%p*e%entation o" Risk iti&ation St!ate&ies

6nce a mitigation strateg' is impemented, it is sensibe to

determine &o e##ective t&e strateg' as in reducing t&e risk to

an acceptabe eve(

&is s&oud be re#ected in a reassessment o# t&e risk andappropriate update in t&e documentation(




150

Be"o!e and A"te! aintenance T(!na!o(nds

As part o# t&e panning be#ore a maintenance turnaround, it

coud be use#u to per#orm a RBI reassessment(

&is can become a #irst step in panning t&e turnaround to

insure t&e ork e##ort is #ocused on t&e &ig&er risk e%uipmentitems(

<ince a arge amount o# inspection, repairs and modi#ications

are per#ormed during a maintenance turnaround, it ma' be

use#u to update an assessment a#ter t&e turnaround to re#ect

t&e ne risk eves(

1?. ROES)RESPONSIBIITIES)TRAININ6 F

:UAI3ICATIONS



151

TEA APPROAC

RBI re%uires data gat&ering #rom

man' sources, speciai@ed

ana'sis, and t&en risk

management decision-making(

enera', one individua does not

&ave t&e background or skis to

singe &anded' conduct t&e entire

stud'( 7sua', a team o# peope,

it& t&e re%uisite skis and

background, is needed to conduct

an e##ective RBI assessment(


:UAI3ICATIONS



152

TEA EBERS) ROES F RESPONSIBIITIES

Tea% eade!

&e team eader s&oud be a #u-time team member, and

s&oud be a stake&oder in t&e #aciit' : e%uipment being

ana'@ed( &e team eader t'pica' is responsibe #or)

a" ormation o# t&e team and veri#'ing t&at t&e team members

&ave t&e necessar' skis and knoedge(

b" Assuring t&at t&e stud' is conducted proper'(

c" Preparing a report on t&e RBI stud' and distributing it to t&eappropriate personne(

d" ooing up to assure t&at t&e appropriate risk mitigation

actions &ave been impemented(


:UAI3ICATIONS



15

E+(ip%ent Inspecto! o! Inspection Specia*ist

&e e%uipment inspector or inspection speciaist is genera'

responsibe #or)

a" at&ering data on t&e condition and &istor' o# e%uipment in t&e

stud'(b" In con?unction it& t&e materias and corrosion speciaist,

s&oud provide predictions o# t&e current condition(

c" Assessing t&e e##ectiveness o# past inspections(

d" Impementing t&e recommended inspection pan derived #romt&e RBI stud'(


:UAI3ICATIONS



153

ate!ia*s and Co!!osion Specia*ist

&e materias and corrosion speciaist is responsibe #or)

a" Assessing t&e t'pes o# deterioration mec&anisms and t&eir

appicabiit' and severit' to t&e e%uipment(

b" Providing guidance on deterioration mec&anisms, rates orseverit' to be used in t&e RBI stud'(

c" 9vauating t&e appropriateness o# t&e inspections in reation to

t&e deterioration mec&anism(

d" Providing recommendations on met&ods o# mitigating t&eprobabiit' o# #aiure(


:UAI3ICATIONS



155

P!ocess Specia*ist

&e process speciaist is responsibe #or)

a" &e provision o# process condition in#ormation( &is in#ormation

genera' i be in t&e #orm o# process #o s&eets(

b" Documenting variations in t&e process conditions due to normaoccurrences !suc& as start-ups and s&utdons" and abnorma

occurrences(

c" describing t&e composition and variabiit' o# a t&e process #uid

gases as e as t&eir potentia to$icit' and #ammabiit'(

d" s&oud evauate recommend met&ods o# risk mitigation

!probabiit' or conse%uence" t&roug& c&anges in process

conditions(


:UAI3ICATIONS



15

Ope!ations and aintenance Pe!sonne*

&is person !s" is responsibe #or)

a" .eri#'ing t&at t&e #aciit' e%uipment is being operated it&in

t&e parameters set out in t&e process operating enveope(

b" Providing data on occurrences &en t&e process deviated#rom t&e imits o# t&e process operating enveope(

c" veri#'ing t&at e%uipment repair, repacement, additions &ave

been incuded in t&e e%uipment condition data suppied b' t&e

e%uipment inspector(

d" Impementing recommendations t&at pertain to process or

e%uipment modi#ications and monitoring(


:UAI3ICATIONS



15

ana&e%ent

4anagements roe is to provide sponsors&ip and resources

!personne and #unding" #or t&e RBI stud'(

&e' are responsibe #or making decisions on risk management

or providing t&e #rameork #or ot&ers to make t&ese decisionsbased on t&e resuts o# t&e RBI stud'(

ina', management is responsibe #or providing t&e resources

and #oo-up s'stem to impement t&e risk mitigation decisions(


:UAI3ICATIONS



158

Risk Assess%ent Pe!sonne*

&is person !s" is responsibe #or assembing a o# t&e data andcarr'ing out t&e RBI ana'sis( &is person !s" is t'pica' responsibe#or)

a" De#ining data re%uired #rom ot&er team members(

b" De#ining accurac' eves #or t&e data(

c" .eri#'ing t&roug& %uait' c&ecks t&e soundness o# data andassumptions(

d" Inputting data into t&e computer program and running t&e program(

e" uait' contro o# data input : output(

#" 4anua' cacuating t&e measures o# risk !i# a computer program is notused"(

g" Dispa'ing t&e resuts in an understandabe a' and preparingappropriate reports on t&e RBI ana'sis(


:UAI3ICATIONS



15;

En'i!on%enta* and Sa"et# Pe!sonne*

&is person !s" is responsibe #or providing data on

environmenta and sa#et' s'stems and reguations(

+e : s&e aso is responsibe #or assessing : recommending

a's to mitigate t&e conse%uence o# #aiures( 3inancia* B(siness Pe!sonne*

&is person !s" is responsibe #or providing data on t&e cost o#

t&e #aciit' : e%uipment being ana'@ed and t&e #inancia impact

o# &aving pieces o# e%uipment or t&e #aciit' s&ut don(

+e : s&e aso s&oud recommend met&ods #or mitigating t&e

#inancia conse%uence o# #aiure(


:UAI3ICATIONS



10

TRAININ6 AND :UAI3ICATIONS 3OR RBI APPICATION

Risk Assess%ent Pe!sonne*

&is person !s" s&oud &ave a t&oroug& understanding o# risk

ana'sis eit&er b' education, training, certi#ication or

e$perience(+e: s&e s&oud &ave received detaied training on t&e RBI

met&odoog' and on t&e procedures being used #or t&e RBI.


:UAI3ICATIONS



11

Ot$e! Tea% e%-e!s

&e ot&er team members s&oud receive basic training on RBI

met&odoog' and on t&e program !s" being used(

&is training s&oud be geared primari' to an understanding

and e##ective appication o# RBI(&is training coud be provided b' t&e risk assessment

personne on t&e RBI eam or b' anot&er person

knoedgeabe on RBI met&odoog'(

1. RBI DOCUENTATION F

RECORDKEEPIN6



12

6ENERA &is documentation s&oud incude t&e #ooing data)

a" &e t'pe o# assessment(

b" eam members per#orming t&e assessment(

c" ime #rame over &ic& t&e assessment is appicabe(

d" &e inputs and sources used to determine risk(

e" Assumptions made during t&e assessment(

#" &e risk assessment resuts !incuding in#ormation onprobabiit' and conse%uence"(

g" oo-up mitigation strateg', i# appicabe, to manage risk(

&" &e mitigated risk eves, residua risk a#ter mitigation isimpemented(

i" Re#erences to codes or standards(


RECORDKEEPIN6



1

RBI ETODOO6@

&e met&odoog' used to per#orm t&e RBI ana'sis s&oud be

documented so t&at it is cear &at t'pe o# assessment as

per#ormed(

RBI PERSONNE&e assessment o# risk i depend on t&e knoedge,

e$perience and ?udgment o# t&e personne or team per#orming

t&e ana'sis( &ere#ore, a record o# t&e team members

invoved s&oud be captured(


RECORDKEEPIN6



13

TIE 3RAE

&e eve o# risk is usua' a #unction o# time( &ere#ore, t&e time

#rame over &ic& t&e RBI ana'sis is appicabe s&oud be

de#end and captured in t&e #ina documentation( &is i permit

tracking and management o# risk e##ective' over time(


RECORDKEEPIN6



15

ASSUPTIONS ADE TO ASSESS RISK

&e assignment o# #aiure mode and t&e severit' o# t&e

considered event i invariab' be based on a variet' o#

assumptions(

o understand t&e basis #or t&e overa risk, it is essentia t&att&ese #actors be captured in t&e #ina documentation(

/ear' documenting t&e ke' assumptions made during t&e

ana'sis o# probabiit' and conse%uence i great' en&ance

t&e capabiit' to eit&er recreate or update t&e RBI assessment(


RECORDKEEPIN6



1

RISK ASSESSENT RESUTS

&e probabiit', conse%uence and risk resuts s&oud be

captured in t&e documentation(

Items t&at re%uire risk mitigation, t&e resuts a#ter mitigation

s&oud be documented as e( ITI6ATION AND 3OO;UP

&e speci#ic risk mitigation re%uired to reduce eit&er probabiit'

or conse%uence s&oud be documented in t&e assessment(

&e met&odoog', process and person !s" responsibe #orimpementation o# an' mitigation s&oud aso be documented(


RECORDKEEPIN6



1

CODES) STANDARDS AND 6O=ERNENT RE6UATIONS

<ince various codes, standards and governmenta reguations

cover t&e inspection #or most pressure e%uipment, it i be

important to re#erence t&ese documents as part o# t&e RBI

assessment(

&is is particuar' important &ere impementation o# RBI is

used to reduce eit&er t&e e$tent or #re%uenc' o# inspection(



END

Course Facilitator:

MuhammadAqeelAPI 510, 570, 653, 580,577 &571 Certied

API 580 Training.ppt

Documents

Transcript of API 580 Training.ppt