APEX Geography/World Cultures Grade 7 Learning Packet · terrain. As a result, human life in Africa...
Transcript of APEX Geography/World Cultures Grade 7 Learning Packet · terrain. As a result, human life in Africa...
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
CHARLES COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
APEX Geography/World Cultures
Grade 7 Learning Packet
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4Student:__________________________________________School:_________________________________Teacher:___________________________________________Block/Period:___________________________
PacketDirectionsforStudentsStudentsshouldcompletethefollowingsectionsoftheAPEXGeographyandWorldCulturescourse.WEEK3-7.4LessonOverview:Diversity7.4.1Study:ADiverseContinent7.2.2Study:RulesforLivingTogether7.2.3QuizTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial.WEEK4-5.1LessonOverview:TheWestEndofAsia5.1.1Study:DefiningEuropeandSouthwestAsia5.1.2Study:TheMediterranean5.1.3QuizTakeaquiztoassessyourunderstandingofthematerial.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4WEEK3 DiversityHumansareaverydiversegroup.Diversityispartofhumansuccess.Itisalsoasourceofhumantragedy.Bythispoint,you'veseenwhatrichdiversityourworldoffers.FromtheisolatedandsparselypopulatedislandsoftheSouthPacifictothemulticulturalanddenselypopulatedcitiesofEurope,thereisanastoundingvarietyofphysicallandscapesandhumancharacteristics.Diversityisoneofhumanity'sgreateststrengths.Humanshavesettlednearlyeverywhereintheworldandadaptedthemselvestoagreatvarietyofconditions.Diversityalsoraisesproblemsthathumanshavetosolveforthemselves.Thereareethnic,cultural,religious,andpoliticaltensionsthatarecreatedbydifferentbeliefsandwaysoflife,andthesetensionssometimesbecomeviolent.Conflictandcompetitioncanmakelifemoredifficultforhumans,makingitimperativethatwelearnhowtolivetogetheramidthegreatdiversitythatwedisplay.Inthislesson,you'llexplorethediversityofAfricaandconsidersomeofthechallengingissuesthatdiverseregionsandnationsface.You'llfindoutwhydiversityleadstoconflictandseehowhumansattempttominimizetheviolencethatcanresult.Objectives• Describethevariousformsofhumandiversity.• ExplainthebasicelementsofAfricandiversity.• Analyzetherelationshipbetweendiversityandhumansociety. 7.4.1 Study A Diverse Continent Usethisstudyguidetotakenotesasyouworkthroughtheactivity.1.Whatisapartheid?2.WhathappenedinRwandain1994?3.MakeapiechartshowingwhatpercentofAfricansfollowChristianity,Islam,andnativeAfricanreligions.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&44.HowandwhenwasChristianitybroughttoAfrica?5.HowandwhenwasIslambroughttoAfrica?6.WhyistheethnicmakeupofmostAfricancountriesverydiverse?7.WhatistheIMF?WhatpoliciesdoestheIMFpromote?8.WhataresomereasonsfortheeconomicdiversityinAfrica?9.WhataresomesimilaritiesamongtheeconomiesofAfricannations?10.HowaretheeconomiesofSierraLeoneandTanzaniadifferent?11.DescribethegoalsoftheAfricanEconomicCommunity(AEC).12.WhataresomegeneralcharacteristicsofthepoliticalsystemsofAfrica?
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&413.HowhavethepoliticalboundariesimposedbyEuropeancolonizerspreventedstablepoliticalsystemsfromdevelopinginAfrica?14.Whatismeantby"minorityrights"?15.ListsomeoftheproblemsproducedbydiversityinAfrica.
7.4.1 Study ADiverseContinentInthisworld,there'sprobablynomorediverseregionthanAfrica.Itvariesgreatlyintypesofclimateandterrain.Asaresult,humanlifeinAfricadisplaysatremendousrangeofcultures,religions,andpoliticalandeconomicsystems.TheSaharaDesertisaphysicalboundary.Partsofitarealsoinhabitedbyhumanbeingswhohavesignificantreligious,political,andeconomicdifferencesfromoneanother.ThereareotherregionsinAfricathathaveproducedtheseriousdifferencesamongitspeople.Theworld'ssecond-largestcontinentismarkedbydramaticnaturalvariety.ThesenaturaldifferenceshavecombinedwiththemigrationsofpeoplesthroughoutthehistoryofAfricatoproduceanunparalleledlevelofdiversity.HundredsoflanguagesexistinAfrica,andthecontinent'sinhabitantspracticemanydifferentworldandlocalreligionsandengageinawiderangeofeconomicactivities.Insomecases,thisdiversityhasresultedinarichnessthatmakesAfricauniqueandalluring.Inothercases,ithasledtoeconomicandpoliticalproblemsthatAfricanscontinuetofacetothisday.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4EthnicandLinguisticDiversity
LikeEurope,Africaisacontinentofmanydifferentcultures,languages,andethnicities.Theethnicandlinguisticdiversityoccursnotjustbetweencountries,butwithinthemaswell.ThereareoveradozenofficiallanguagesinAfrica,andnearlyathirdofallAfricannationshavemorethanoneofficiallanguage.Additionally,theethnicmakeupofmostAfricancountriesisincrediblydiverse,combiningvariousnativetribeswitheachotherandwithpopulationsofEuropeancolonizersandimmigrantsfromSouthandSouthwestAsia.Somenationsareextremelypolarizedintheirpopulationmakeup.Forexample,SouthAfricahasbeendividedamongitsblackpopulationof,predominantly,ZuluandXhosaorigins,itswhitepopulationofEuropeanorigin,anditsmixedracepopulationofAfrican,European,andAsianorigins.(InSouthAfrica,theselastarecalledCapeColoureds.)Untilveryrecently,asystemofracialsegregationknownasapartheidcreatedthislegal,political,andculturaldivision.Similarlydivisivedifferencesexistinall-blackcountriesaswell.InRwanda,thepopulationisdividedintotwodifferentethnicgroups,theTutsisandtheHutus.AprolongedcivilwarinthatcountryledtothegenocideofnearlyonemillionTutsisin1994.ReligiousDiversityAfricaisdividedbetweenIslamandChristianity,buttraditionalreligionsarealsoprevalent.Africaisthehometoawidevarietyofreligions,thoughthecontinentisdominatedbyIslamandChristianity.Estimatesvary,butnearlyhalfofallAfricansareChristian,about40percentareMuslim,andtherestareadherentsofAfricanreligions.Asthemaptotherightshows,AfricaisdividedintoIslamicandChristianregions,withAfricanreligionsstillsurvivingincertainheavilyChristianareasofsub-SaharanAfrica.ChristianitywasbroughttoAfricabyEuropeanmissionarieswhoenteredthecontinentduringcolonialtimes.ChristianmissionarieswereverysuccessfulinconvertingfollowersoftraditionalAfricanreligions,buttheyhadlittlesuccessconvertingtheMuslimsofNorthAfrica.ChristianmissionariesplayanimportantroleinthereligiousandculturallifeofmanyAfricannationstothisday.Missionariesareengagednotonlyinreligiousactivitiesbutalsoinprogramstoreducepovertyanddisease.IslamwasbroughttoAfricabytheArabMuslimswhoconqueredNorthAfricaduringthe7thand8thcenturies.IslamspreadthroughoutNorthAfricaasthevariousIslamicempiresextendedtheirinfluenceabovetheSahara.Inthe20thand21stcenturies,urbanizationandincreasesintradefueledbythegrowthofoil-richnationshasresultedinincreasingconversiontoIslam.Today,thegrowthrateofIslaminAfricaisabouttwicethatofChristianity.TheMuslimpopulationmaysoonbelargerthantheChristianpopulation.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4EconomicDiversity
TheeconomicsystemsofAfrica'sseveraldozencountriesdifferquiteabitaswell.Somecountriesareheavilyagriculturalwhileothersrelyonmininganddrilling.Afewcountries,suchasSouthAfricaandKenya,haveexperiencedsteadydevelopmentinrecentyears,butmanycountrieshavestoppedgrowingandhavemajoreconomicdisruptions.SomeofthedifferencesamongtheAfricaneconomiesarepoliticalandhistorical.Egypt,forexample,hasapartlySocialisteconomy,thanksinparttoitspastrelationshipwiththeSovietUnion.Manycountries,however,areorientedtothefreemarket,especiallywhentheyrelyonthefinancialsupportoftheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF).TheIMFtypicallypushesthecountriesitloansmoneytointofree-marketpoliciessuchasfreetradeandprivatizationofindustry.CriticsoftheIMFcomplainthatitpromotesonlyfree-marketideasandcreatesexpensiveprojectsthathelpnationalelitesbutdonotrelievepoverty.SomenationslikeMalawihavebeenexperimentingwitheconomicpoliciesthatcombineagriculturalsubsidiesforseedandfertilizerwithmarket-basedeconomies—anapproachmuchliketheoneusedintheUnitedStatesandEuropeanUnion.LocationofNaturalResourcesAnotherreasonforAfrica'seconomicdiversityisthevarietyinnaturalresourcesindifferentpartsofthecontinent.Inthediamond,gold,andoil-richregions,mininganddrillingarecentraleconomicactivities.SierraLeonereliesontheminingindustryingeneral,anddiamondsinparticular.InthefertilepartsofAfricawhereagreatvarietyofcropsgrowextremelywell,agricultureismorecentral.InTanzania,theeconomyiscenteredaroundfarming,whichprovides80percentofthecountry'sjobsand85percentofthecountry'sexports.Evenwiththesedifferences,therearesomecommonalitiesamongAfricaneconomies:poverty,unemployment,andunderdevelopmentofindustry.EvenSouthAfrica,probablythemosteconomicallydevelopedAfricannation,hasa25percentunemploymentrate,and50percentofthepopulationlivesbelowthepovertyline.PoliticalDiversity
Whilemuchoftherestoftheworldhasdemocratizedoverthepasttwodecades,Africaisstillhometomanydictatorships,andmanyAfricancountriescontinuetobetornapartbycivilwarsthatkeepanypoliticalsystemfrombecomingfirmlyestablished.ManyAfricannationsaredemocraciesinname,butelectionsarenotalwaysfreeandfair.Inaddition,politicalparticipationisoftenlimitedtogroupsthatfavortherulinggovernment.Thesecountriespracticeundemocraticcensorship,limitationsonvotingrights,andjailingofoppositionpoliticians.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4Africa'shistoryofcolonialismhasalottodowithitspresentpoliticalmakeup.Asyou'veseenalready,thenationalboundariesofAfricawerelargelydrawnupbyEuropeancolonizers,andtheseboundariestooklittlenoticeofthetraditionalterritorialdistributions.Thisresultedinsomepeoplebeingdividedandothersbeinglumpedintoartificialunities.Theprevalenceofcivilwarandlimiteddemocracytodayandthroughoutthepost-independenceperiodcanlargelybetracedtotheethnictensionsproducedbytheseEuropean-imposedboundaries.Economicfactorshavealsoresultedindifferentpoliticalsystems.ThestableandopendemocraciesofsouthernAfricahavetakenrootineconomicallyadvancingnationsthathaverichnaturalresources,solidindustrialdevelopment,andvigorousworldtrade.Themoreimpoverishednationstendtoproducepoliticalturmoilasthepopulationcompetesforaccesstowhatlittlewealthisproduced.ManagingDiversityJusticeisnormallypresentedasablindfigure.Thisisbecausejusticeissupposedtoignorewhomitisjudgingandinsteadfocusonthefactsandevidencebeforeit.Whilethisidealisnotalwaysachieved,itremainsanimportantlegalprinciple.Manysocietieshavediversity,butsomeofthemarebetteratmanagingitthanothers.Diversityusuallyleadstoconflictintwoways.Eithertwogroupsturndirectlytoviolencetoresolvetheirdisputes,oronegroupmayusethepowerofthegovernmenttoenforceitspreferences.Thefirstproblem—groupsturningdirectlytoviolence—cansometimesbepreventedifanationhasgoodsystemsforresolvingconflicts.Giventhechoice,wouldyouratherfightsomeoneonthestreetsorfightthemincourt?Ifyouhavesometrustthatalossincourtwon'thurtyoutoobadly,youwouldprobablypreferthesaferalternative.Agoodlegalsystemcanreduceconflict.Thesecondproblemissimilar.Theprincipleofmajorityrulesuggeststhatinademocraticnation,themajoritygroupshouldbeabletogetitswayonmostpolicies.Buttheprincipleofminorityrightsmeansthattherearesomepoliciesthatcannotbeenacted.BytheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates,nosingle,officialreligioncanbeimposeduponAmericans,who,likeAfricans,practiceawide-rangeoffaithsorevennoneatall.Thisisoneaspectoflimitedgovernment—bothmajorityandminorityrightsareusuallyprotectedbythelegalsystem.Inanauthoritariangovernment,thingsworkdifferently.Thegovernmentmayuseforcetorepressethnicconflict.Oritmaytakeadvantageoftheconflict,eitherbyplayinggroupsagainsteachotherorbyallyingitselfwithonegroupandrepressingallothers.Allinall,thebestwaytomanagediversityappearstobeastronglegalsystemwithaprocedureforprotectingtherightsofminoritygroups.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
7.4.2StudyRulesforLivingTogether Usethisstudyguidetotakenotesasyouworkthroughtheactivity. 1. What is meant by a "homogenous society"? 2. What is genocide? 3. Describe Rwanda before Europeans colonized it. 4. What did Europeans decide when they colonized Rwanda? 5. Why is it often easier for a homogenous country to function well? 6. What kinds of disagreements arise in a multicultural society? 7. What is the "rule of law"?
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4 8. What happened in Somalia in 1991? 9. What have been the results of the rule of law breaking down in Somalia? 10. What are some examples of genocides and ethnic killings in the 20th century?
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
7.4.2Study RulesforLivingTogetherThecountryofRwandawasanancientkingdominAfricathathadahighlyorganizedpoliticalsystemandahomogenoussocietythatsharedacommonculture,religion,andlanguage.Themaindivisionamongthepeopleconcernedpoliticalpower.Thisbreakdownbecameanethnicdivision,withtherulingnobilityknownasTutsisandthepeasantsknownasHutus.Over80percentofthepeoplewereHutus,whowereruledbyasmallTutsiminority.WhenRwandawascolonizedbyEuropeans,thecolonizersacceptedthisethnicbreakdownandsupportedthepoliticalpoweroftheminorityTutsis.Followingindependence,however,themajorityHutusdominatedRwanda'spoliticalsystem,andtherewasfrequentandruthlessoppressionoftheTutsis.InApril1994,HutusbeganmassacringthousandsofTutsis,alongwithmoderateHutuswhosympathizedwiththepositionoftheminorityTutsis.ThisgenocidewaslargelycarriedoutbyregularRwandans,whowereorderedbygovernmentofficialstokilltheirTutsineighbors.ThosewhorefusedwereoftenkilledthemselvesasenemiesoftheHutumajority.Thishorrificincidentisoneofthegreattragediesofhumanhistory.TheDilemmaofDiverseSocietiesInmanyways,Rwandawasthesameasmanyhumansocieties.Considerabledifferencesexistedbetweengroupsofpeople,andthosedifferencescreatedtensionswithinsociety.Allhumansocietiesaremadeupofmanydifferentpeople,eachwiththeirownviewoftheworld,lifeplans,andinterests.Inorderforasocietytofunctionwell,citizensneedtorespectthesedifferencesandallowotherstogoabouttheirbusinesspeacefully.Thisisrelativelyeasytoaccomplishinaculturallyhomogenouscountry.Thedisagreementsthatnaturallyariseinanygroupofhumanbeingsareboundtobeprettysmallandeasilyresolvedbyresortingtosharedvaluesandcommonbeliefs.Butwhathappensinamulticulturalcountry?Incountrieswithadiversepopulation,peoplecanhavemajordisagreementsaboutsuchfundamentalthingsaswhatreligiousbeliefsarecorrect,whatculturalpracticesareacceptable,andhowpoliticalpowerandeconomicadvantagesshouldbedistributed.Indeeplydividedcountries,it'sespeciallyimportantforcitizenstorespecteachother'sdifferences.Otherwise,therights—eventhelives—ofpeopleintheseparategroupscanbeingravejeopardy.Thedilemmaofadiversesocietyishowtoassurethekindofrespectthat'snecessaryformaintainingpeaceamongitsopposinggroups.Withoutthisrespect,ethnicviolencecanbreakout,disruptingsocietyandleadingtounnecessarydeaths.TheRuleofLawAllsocietieshaverulesthathelpmaintainpeaceamongitsmembersandkeepthesocietyfromfallingapart.Someoftheserulesareinformalsocialrules,thoughmanyaremadeintolawsthatareenforcedbythegovernment.Evenwithgovernmentenforcement,thelawswillnotbeobeyedunlessmostmembersofsocietyacceptandrespectthelaws.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4Inmulticulturalsocieties,theruleoflawisparticularlyimportant;ifpeopledon'tacceptandobeythelawsthatkeepsocietypeaceful,thenethnic,cultural,religious,andpoliticaldisagreementscaneasilyturnintoviolentclashes.Ifpeopledon'thaveawaytoresolvetheirdisputes,thenquarrelstendtogetworseandworseandendupinviolence.And,ifpeopledon'thavefaiththattheirrightswillbeprotected,theyareunlikelytocooperatewithlegalsystems.InSomalia,forexample,theruleoflawbrokedownwhenthepresidentwasforcedfrompowerin1991.Sincethen,therehasbeennearlyconstantethnicviolenceasopposingwarlords,backedbythearmedmilitiasthattheycontrol,havebattledforpowerthroughoutthecountry.AstateofpermanentcivilwarexistsinSomaliasuchthatthereisnolawatall,muchlesstheruleoflaw.Somaliaisconsideredafailedstatewherenooneissafefromviolenceandhatred.There'spracticallynosuchthingasaso-callednormallifeinSomalia.EthnicViolenceIt'sdifficultenoughfordifferentgroupsofpeopletogetalong,evenunderthebestofcircumstances.Fightingoverreligiousbeliefs,culturalpractices,politicalpower,oreconomicadvantagesoccursinnearlyallsocieties,yetinmostnations,opposinggroupsareabletomaintainarelativelypeacefulcoexistence.Butwhentheruleoflawbreaksdown,asithasinSomalia,normallifedisappears,andinstancesofsevereethnicviolencesuchastheRwandangenocidecanoccur.Whentherearenolegalrestraintsonviolence,hostilitytowardaminoritycanbesopowerfulthatonegroupofpeoplecanbegintokillmembersofanothermerelybecausetherearereligiousorethnicdifferencesbetweenthem.Governmentsthemselvescanalsocarryoutsystematickillingsinanattempttocreateamorehomogenouspopulationbyeliminatingminoritygroups.The20thcenturywitnessedanimmenseamountofethnicviolence.TheNaziexterminationofsixmillionJewsduringWorldWarIIisprobablythebest-knowngenocide,butthereareothermajorinstancesofethnicviolence.OveronemillionArmeniansdiedatthehandsoftheTurkishgovernmentin1915.MillionsofpeoplewerekilledintheSovietUnionduringthe1930sfromboththecollectivizationcrisisandStalin'spurgesoftheCommunistParty.Itwouldbenicetothinkthatthiskindofthingonlyhappenedinthepast,whenhumanswerelesscivilizedandrespectfulthantheyaretoday.Unfortunately,genocidesandethnicviolencearestillapartofthemodernworld.InadditiontotheRwandangenocideof1994,therewasaBosniangenocidefrom1992to1995,andtheongoingDarfurconflictthatcontinuestodayinSudan.PeacefulCoexistenceTheruleoflawisextremelyimportantformaintainingapeacefulsocietywhereallpeoplecanleadtheirliveswithoutfearofviolence.Ageneralobedienceofthelawsandwidespreadacceptanceoftheirlegitimacy,alongwithagovernment'sabilitytoenforcethemareallnecessarytokeeptheruleoflawfrombreakingdown.Whiletheconditionsneededtomaintaintheruleoflawmightseemcomplicated,thevastmajorityofcountriesintoday'sworldarewellgovernedandpeaceful.Still,it'sworthwhiletoconsiderwhyandhowthepeacefulcoexistenceofopposinggroupscansometimescometoaviolentend.It'sunlikelythatalloftheworld'sproblemswillbesolvedpeacefully,butthepossibilityalwaysexists.Despitedeepdivisions,humanshaveoftenfoundwaysofaccommodatingtheirowngreatdiversityandestablishingdecentrulesforlivingtogether.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&47.4.3QuizDiversityQuestion1of15WhatarethetwomostcommonreligionsinAfrica?A. ChristianityandIslamB. JudaismandChristianityC. IslamandBuddhismD. ChristianityandBuddhismQuestion2of15WhichdescribeshowChristianitycametoexistinAfrica?A. Arabsbroughtitinthe8thcentury.B. ChristianitystartedinAfrica.C. Europeansbroughtitwithinthelastfewhundredyears.D. SoutheastAsiansbroughtitinthe14thcentury.Question3of15WhichisgenerallyagoaltheIMFhaswhendealingwithAfricannations?A. PromotinggovernmentownershipofpropertyB. Promotingfree-tradepoliciesC. EliminatingAfricanexportsD. EstablishingtradetariffsQuestion4of15WhydoSierraLeoneandTanzaniahavedifferenteconomies?A. SierraLeonehasnoslaves.B. Theyhavedifferentnaturalresources.C. OnlyoneisaCommuniststate.D. Tanzaniadoesnothaveapartheid.
Question5of15WhichisagoaloftheAEC?(checkallthatapply)A. EstablishingacentralbankB. PromotingethnicparityC. CreatingacommoncurrencyD. CreatingtradebarriersQuestion6of15HowdidtheboundariesdrawnupbyEuropeancolonizersaffectAfrica?A. Theyledtocivilwars.B. Theydecreasedethnicdiversity.C. Theystabilizedmanypoliticalsystems.D. Theyestablishedasinglemarket.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4Question7of15Whyareminorityrightsimportantindiverseregions?A. Diverseregionstendtohavelessminoritygroups.B. Ethnicgroupstendtobethemajority.C. Minorityrightsprotectmanyethnicgroups.D. Majoritygroupstendtolookoutforminorities.Question8of15Matchthetermwithitsdefinition
Term DefinitionA. Apartheid AsystemofracismB. Polarized Anattempttoeliminatean
ethnicgroupbymurderC. Genocide DividedintoopposinggroupsD. Homogenous Havingthesameorsimilar
characteristicsQuestion9of15WhichwastrueinRwandabeforeEuropeanscolonized?A. TutsisinstitutedapartheidwiththeHutus.B. Aminoritygroup,theTutsis,ruledovertheHutumajority.C. HutusbrutallyslaughteredTutsienemiesbythethousands.D. HutusandTutsissharedcontrolofthegovernmentequally.Question10of15Whichregionshavebeenthesitesofgenocideorattemptedgenocideinthelast30years?(checkallthatapply)A. BosniaB. RwandaC. TurkeyD. DarfurQuestion11of15WhichbestdescribestheeventsinSomaliainthelast20years?A. Theruleoflawwasfirmlyestablished.B. Warlordssignedapeaceagreement,unifyingthecountry.C. HutuscommittedgenocideagainsttheTutsis.D. Thegovernmentcompletelylostcontrolofitsterritory.Question12of15Whichbestdescribestheruleoflaw?A. TheideathatfailedstatesshouldhavenorulesorlawsB. TheideathatwhomeverwritesthelawsshouldruleC. TheideathattradeagreementsshouldbewrittenintolawD. Theideathatlawsshouldbegenerallyobeyedatalltimes
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4Question13of15Whichwasaresultofapartheid?A. Theblackpopulationbecameaminority.B. Blacksgainedequalrightsunderthelaw.C. HutusandTutsisengagedinabrutalcivilwar.D. NelsonMandelawasjailedfor27years.Question14of15WhowasNelsonMandela?A. ThefounderoftheIMFB. TheMuslimleaderofAfricaC. AnopponentofapartheidD. TheleaderoftheTutsisQuestion15of15WhichistrueaboutAfrica?A. Africaisapredominately-Muslimcountry.B. Nationaleconomicpoliciesarethesamethroughoutthecountry.C. ThereisagreatdealofdiversitywithinAfricancountries.D. ApartheidisinplaceinmostAfricannations.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4WEEK45.1–TheWestEndofAsia
Thisisonewayofdividingtheworldintoregions.
Regionsplayacentralthemeinworldstudy.Rememberthatregionshavesomekindofunityintermsofterrain,climate,government,language,andsoon.That'saprettystraightforwarddefinition,butyou'veseenthatdefiningspecificregionscanbetricky.There'salotofroomfordifferentapproachesandinterpretationsoftheworld'sterritories.Theworldsimplyisn'tdividedintoneat,distinctregions.HumansimposeregionalnamesanddescriptionsontheEarth,drawinglinesthatyouwouldneverseeinapicturetakenfromspace.Thethingtokeepinmindisthattheseboundariesarealwaysanattempttodividetwoplacesthatareconnectedinmanyways.Whateveraregionmapmaylooklike,inreality,thelinesbetweenregionsarealwaysblurry.Inthefollowingpages,you'llgetanoverviewoftwocloselyrelatedregions,EuropeandSouthwestAsia.You'lldiscoverregionaldifferencesbutalsocloseconnections,especiallywithintheculturalmeltingpotoftheMediterraneansub-region.Becauseofalltheeconomic,cultural,religious,andpoliticaltrafficthatflowsbetweentheseregions,thethemeofmovementisveryimportant.Objectives• UsethefivethemesofgeographytodescribeEurope,CentralAsia,andSouthwestAsia.• ExplainwhyEuropeandSouthwestAsiashouldbestudiedtogether.• AnalyzethelocationandculturesoftheMediterraneanSea.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&45.1.1StudyDefiningEuropeandSouthwestAsiaUsethisstudyguidetotakenotesasyouworkthroughtheactivity.1.Filloutthetablebelowwithinformationrelatingtoeachofthefivethemesofgeographyfortheregioncovered.For"Location,"besuretoincludedescriptionsofbothabsoluteandrelativelocation.
Theme EuropeandSouthwestAsia
Location
Place
Sixsub-regionsofEurope
Twosub-regionsofSWAsia
Movement
Human-environmentalinteractions
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&42.Explaintheregiondefinitionsinthetablebelow.
Definition Example
Formal
Functional
Perceptual
3.WhyisitdifficulttoclassifyRussiaandTurkeyaseitherEuropeanorAsian?4.WhatarethelargestcountriesinEurope?5.WhatreligionsaremostprominentinEuropeandSouthwestAsia?6.WhatdocountriesintheEuropeanUnionshare?
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
5.1.1Study:DefiningEuropeandSouthwestAsia
Russiaisagiantanddiversecountry.ItspansfromthePacificOceanintheeasttotheBalticSeainthewest.Ithas11timezonesandatleast4distinctclimatezones.Russiaissomassivethatitisdifficulttogeneralizeaboutitsweather,nottomentionitsculture.Here'saquestion:WhatcontinentisRussiain?MostofitslandareaisclearlyinAsia.ButmostofitspopulationlivesinEuropeandthinksofitselfasEuropean.Sowhichisit,AsiaorEurope?Mostcontinentsareconnectedtoothercontinents,makingittrickytosayexactlywhereoneendsandtheotherbegins.Onlytwocontinents—AustraliaandAntarctica—arecompletelyseparatedfromeveryothercontinent.Andonceyoustarttalkingaboutregionsandcountries,thedifficultiesbecomeevengreater.That'swhytherearealwaysalternatewaysoflumpingcountriesintoregions.Learninggeographymeansdealingwithcontinents,countries,andregions.Decisionshavetobemade.It'salwaysagoodideatothinkaboutalternatewaysofdividingtheworldintoregions.Formal,Functional,andPerceptualRegionsGeographersusedifferenttypesofregionstodividetheworld.Aformalregionisonethatisbasedoncommonhumanorenvironmentalproperties,suchaspopulation,averagetemperature,orpoliticalboundaries.ThestateofColoradoisaformalregion,andtheGreatPlainsmakeupanother.Theseregionsreflectcold,hardfactsabouttheworld,thoughgeographerswhouseformalregionsarestillleftwithalotofchoicesaboutwhichfactstouse.Afunctionalregionisbasedonconnections.Theseregionsareorganizedaroundafocalpointandincludetheareaslinkedtothepointthroughpatternsoftrade,communication,ortransportationroutes.Forexample,theNewYorkCitymetropolitanareaisafunctionalregion.Functionalregionsallowgeographerstoexaminetheformsofinterdependenceamongdifferentpeoplesandareas.Aperceptualregionishighlysubjective.Theseregionsarebasedonattitudesaboutdifferentareasoftheworld.Perceptualregionsincludereferencestoaspecifictownorneighborhoodasaplacewhere"mostofthepeopleare..."followedbyaclass,ethnic,orprofessionaldescription(suchas,"That'swheretherichfolkslive,"or"Thatneighborhoodisfulloflawyers").SouthernCaliforniaisaperceptualregion.Geographerstendnottouseperceptualregionstodividetheworldbecausethey'rebasedonopinionratherthanfactandcanoftenbeverymisleading.TheLayoftheLandConsiderEurasia—theverylargelandmassthatdominatestheEasternHemisphere.Itiscommonlydividedintotwocontinents:EuropeandAsia.ThegreatestuncertaintyaboutwhatterritorytoputinwhatcontinentoccursinthecaseofEuropeandAsia.There'snoclearnaturalboundarybetweenthetwo,andthere'salargeamountofculturaloverlapwhereveryouthinkthesetwocontinentscometogether.Thatmakesittricky—evencontroversial—todecidehowtodividethetwocontinents.AndcountrieslikeRussiaandTurkeycouldeasilybeconsideredpartofbothEuropeandAsia.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
Forthepurposesofthiscourse,RussiaandTurkeywillbeconsideredpartofEurope.EuroperunsfromtheAtlanticalongthenorthernshoreoftheMediterraneanSeatotheAnatolianpeninsulaandincludesRussia.SouthwestAsiaincludestheArabianPeninsula,theeasternpartoftheMiddleEast,theregionsthatusedtobeSovietCentralAsia,andAfghanistan.GeographersnormallybreakEurasiaintoseveralparts.ThiscoursedividesEurasiaintofourregions:Europe,SouthwestAsia,SouthAsia,andEastAsia.BecauseoftheclosetiesbetweenEuropeandSouthwestAsia,thosetworegionsarestudiedtogether.ABigArea
ThetworegionsofEuropeandSouthwestAsiacoveraverybigarea.Usingthefivethemesofgeographycanhelpinyourexaminationofthiscrossroadsoftheworld.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
ARegionofDiversityandUnificationThesub-regionsofEuropeandSouthwestAsiavarygreatly.Forexample,Scandinaviacontainsthecoldersubarcticclimate,whilemostofIberiacontainsthewarmerMediterraneanclimate.Thelanguagesofthesesub-regionsarealsoverydifferent.InScandinavia,thedominantlanguageshaverootsinfar-offAsia.InIberia,thepeninsulaisdominatedbylanguagesderivedfromLatin.Therearemanyotherexamplesthatshowthedifferencesamongthesub-regionsofEuropeandSouthwestAsia,buttherearealsoforcesbringingtheseplacestogether.TheEuropeanUnionisapowerfulunifyingforcethathasbeenexpandingforthepast50years.IttiestogethercountriesasdistantanddistinctasEnglandandCyprus.ThenationsoftheEUhaveasharedeconomy,easymigrationbetweencountries,andasinglecommoncurrency.Together,theyformthemostpowerfuleconomicunitonEarth.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
5.2.1Study:TheMediterranean1.Filloutthetablebelowwithinformationrelatingtoeachofthefivethemesofgeographyfortheregioncovered.
Theme TheMediterranean
Location
Place
PartsofwhatlargerregionsmakeuptheMediterranean?
Movement
Human-environmentalinteraction
2.WhywastheMediterraneanidealforthedevelopmentofsailingandnavigation?3.WhatdidtheSuezCanalaccomplish?4.DescribeMediterraneanarchitecture.Howisitconnectedtotheregion’sclimate?
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&45.FillintheprimaryreligiouscharacterofregionsaroundtheMediterraneanonthismap.
6.TheEuropeansideoftheMediterraneanwasinfluencedmostlybywhichcultures?7.ListatleastthreecommonalitiesthatexistaroundtheMediterraneanregion.8.Whyarereligion,governments,andeconomiessodifferentthroughouttheMediterraneanregion?
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
5.2.1 Study: The Mediterranean TheMediterraneanGotoaseafoodrestaurantintheProvenceregionofsouthernFrance,andyou'resuretonoticethebouillabaisse(pronouncedeitherboo-yuh-baseorbool-yuh-base).Thisfishandseafoodstewismadeofadozenorsokindsofseafood,avarietyofvegetables,andsomedistinctiveMediterraneanherbsandspices.It'sanamazinglydeliciouscombinationwitharichflavorandacentralplaceinthecuisineofsouthernFrance.IfyoulikebouillabaisseandyouhappentobeinPortugal,you'llhavetoordercaldeiradainstead,butyou'llfindittobeverysimilar.InItaly,youcanorderalmostthesamedishwithyetanothername:cioppino.SimilarfishandseafoodstewsareavailableallaroundtheMediterranean,fromLebanonintheeasttoMoroccointhewest.BouillabaisseanditsclosecousinshavespreadtotheentireregionbecauseoftheabundanceofseafoodavailablethroughouttheMediterraneanSea.Themanytradeandtransportationconnectionsmadepossiblebytheseaarealsoresponsible.Thisdishissymbolicoftheinterconnectednessoftheregionalcultures,resultingfromtheresourcesandtransportationroutesofthisvastsea.TheLayoftheLandandtheSeaThesimilaritiesamongMediterraneanculturesaren'tlimitedtocuisine.TheMediterraneanSealinkssuchdiverseplacesasEurope,SouthwestAsia,andNorthAfrica.Thesharedclimateandtheconnectionsthroughtradeandseatravelhavemadethisregionaculturalmeltingpot.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4AWater-CenteredRegionTheMediterraneanisoneoftheworld'swater-centeredregions.You'veseenbeforethathumanstendtosettlenearthewaterbecauseofthemanyadvantagesitprovides.AlthoughtheMediterraneanSeaisfilledwithsaltwaterthatcan'tbeusedfordrinkingorirrigation,itcanstillbeusedfortransportation.ThelongseacoastoftheMediterranean,combinedwithamildclimateandrelativelycalmseas,madethisregiontheperfectsettingforthedevelopmentofsailingandnavigation.TheMediterraneanwasoneofEarth'searliesttransportationroutes.AncientpeoplestraveledtheMediterraneanbysealookingfornewlandstosettleandotherpeoplestotradewith.Numerouspolitical,economic,andculturalconnectionswerecreatedasaresultofMediterraneanseatravel.Theprevalenceofwaterinthisregionledtoothercommonalitiesaswell.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4MediterraneanArchitectureThe mild Mediterranean climate creates many similaritiesthroughouttheregion.TheMediterraneanisknownasaplacewhereaneasygoinglifestyleprevails.The climate has also had an influence on Mediterraneanarchitecture.Evenwithdifferent religious influencesandhistoricalexperiences, homes and buildings throughout the region havecertaincommonfeatures.Mediterranean architecture often includes open-air terraces andbalconies, large windows, pastel-colored decorations, and lushgardensandcourtyards.Architecture is not the only shared cultural element in theMediterranean region.Other commonalities canalsobe traced tomovementandculturalmixing.Forexample,theMuslimoccupationoftheIberianPeninsuladuringthe8thto15thcenturiesleftadeepimprintofNorthAfricanandMiddleEasterncultureonSpainandPortugal.DuringtheEuropeanRenaissance,thecity-statesofItalyconductedalotoftradewithNorthAfricaandtheeasternMediterranean.TwoShoresoftheSameSeaDespitethesimilaritiesincuisine,climate,andarchitecture,theculturesoftheMediterraneanregiondiffergreatlyinlanguage,religion,andhistory.TheEuropeanshoreoftheMediterraneanishometolanguagesthatderivefromancientGreekandLatin,whiletheAfricanshoreisdominatedbyArabiclanguages.Historically,theEuropeansideoftheregionwasmostheavilyinfluencedbyGreekandRomanculture,whiletheAfricansidewasdominatedbyArabandMuslimculture.Therewas,however,quiteabitofmixing;atonetime,boththeRomanandOttomanempirescontrolledlargetractsofterritoryonbothshores.Theseempiresleftalastingmarkontheregion.Inparticular,thereisadefinitereligiousdivide.TherearefourdistinctreligiousregionssurroundingtheMediterranean:
• ThewesternpartofsouthernEuropeismostlyCatholic.• TheeasternpartofsouthernEuropeismostlyOrthodoxChristian.• ThenortheasternpartoftheMediterraneananditssouthernshorealongNorthAfricaarebothmostly
Muslim.• TheveryeasternedgeoftheMediterraneanisthehomeofJudaismandareligiouslymixedarea.
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4
5.1.3Quiz:TheWestEndofAsiaQuestion1of15Whichisaformalregion?A. ThestateofIllinoisB. TheChicagometropolitanareaC. ThetraderoutealongtheMississippiRiverD. ThehistoricneighborhoodsinBostonQuestion2of15WhatisthelargestcountryinEurope?A. KazakhstanB. RussiaC. MacedoniaD. England
Question3of15HowarecountriesintheEuropeanUnion(EU)linked?A. Theyhaveestablishedacommonreligion.B. Theyhaveasharedeconomy.C. Theyalloweasymigration.D. Theyhaveasinglesharedlanguage.Question4of15WhyisitdifficulttodeterminewhichcountriesbelongtoEuropeandwhichbelongtoSouthwestAsia?A. TheEuropeanUnionallowsalmostanycountrytojoin.B. PoliticalchangeshappeninEuropeveryfrequently.C. MostcountrieswanttobeassociatedwithSouthwestAsia.D. ThereisnonaturalphysicalboundarybetweenEuropeandSouthwestAsia.Question5of15WhichreligionswerefoundedinEuropeandSouthwestAsia?(checkallthatapply)A. ChristianityB. JudaismC. HinduismD. BuddhismQuestion6of15WhichdescribesEurasia?A. LocatedsouthoftheIndianOceanB. LocatedintheEasternHemisphereC. LocatedwestoftheAtlanticOceanD. LocatedintheSouthernHemisphere
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4Question7of15WhichcontinentsformtheboundaryoftheMediterraneanSea?(checkallthatapply)A. AsiaB. EuropeC. AustraliaD. AfricaQuestion8of15WhichisamajorfeatureofMediterraneanarchitecture?A. LackofwindowsB. ExtensiveuseofgrayanddarkbrownC. HeavywoodendoorsD. Open-airbalconiesandterracesQuestion9of15Matchtheregionincolumnonewithitsreligiouscharacteristicincolumn2
Region CharacteristicA EasternpartofsouthernEurope
Catholic
B WesternpartofsouthernEurope
OrthodoxChristian
C NorthAfrica
Muslim
Question10of15WhichbestdescribestheMediterraneanclimate?A. DesertB. ExtremeC. ColdD. MildQuestion11of15WhatislinkedtogetherbytheSuezCanal?A. TheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanB. TheYangtzeRiverandtheIndianOceanC. TheIndianOceanandthePacificOceanD. TheMediterraneanSeaandtheIndianOcean
Question12of15WhichfeaturedoMediterraneancountrieshaveincommon?A. OfficialreligionB. FormofgovernmentC. ClimateD. Language
SOCIALSTUDIESContemporaryGlobalStudies–Grade7
Packet2–(April20–May1)–Weeks3&4Question13of15HowdidtheMediterraneanclimateinfluencecultureintheregion?A. Itforcedpeopletoworkharder.B. Itpreventedseatravel.C. Itcreatedacommoncuisinethroughouttheregion.D. Itreducedthedependenceonagriculture.Question14of15Historically,theEuropeansideoftheMediterraneanwasmostlyinfluencedby:A. ArabandMuslimcultures.B. GreekandRomancultures.C. RomanandMuslimcultures.D. OttomanandArabcultures.Question15of15Whichinformationdoesageographeravoidusingwhendefiningregions?A. CulturaltiesB. OpinionsaboutregionsC. PoliticalboundariesD. Geographicfeatures