APES APES ReviewReview2013-2014

Matter is anything thatMatter is anything that

A. Has mass and takes up spaceA. Has mass and takes up space

B. Gives off energy B. Gives off energy

C. Is a solid at room temperatureC. Is a solid at room temperature

D. Cannot be chemically changedD. Cannot be chemically changed

22

Most plastics are classified as Most plastics are classified as _________________ pollutants_________________ pollutants

A. DegradableA. Degradable

B. BiodegradableB. Biodegradable

C. NonpersistantC. Nonpersistant

D. NondegradableD. Nondegradable

E. Slowly degradableE. Slowly degradable

33

A nuclear change in which two A nuclear change in which two isotopes form a heavier nucleus is isotopes form a heavier nucleus is known asknown as

A. Nuclear fission A. Nuclear fission

B. Nuclear reaction B. Nuclear reaction

C. Radioactive decay C. Radioactive decay

D. Nuclear fusionD. Nuclear fusion

E. Critical massE. Critical mass

44

Natural capital consists of:Natural capital consists of:

A. Goods and services produced by A. Goods and services produced by natural meansnatural means

B. Goods and services produced by B. Goods and services produced by naturenature

C. Goods and services produced C. Goods and services produced using only natural ingredientsusing only natural ingredients

55

The economic theory that claims that The economic theory that claims that the best way to alleviate poverty and the best way to alleviate poverty and to grow the economy is known asto grow the economy is known as

A. Trickle-down theory A. Trickle-down theory

B. Narrowing the wealth gap B. Narrowing the wealth gap

C. Capitalism C. Capitalism

D. Social engineering D. Social engineering

66

If the If the statute of limitationsstatute of limitations is cited as a basis is cited as a basis for the dismissal of an environmental for the dismissal of an environmental lawsuit, that means that:lawsuit, that means that:

A. The law upon which the case was filed is A. The law upon which the case was filed is no longer in effect.no longer in effect.

B. The plaintiff was asking for more money B. The plaintiff was asking for more money than the law allows.than the law allows.

C. The defendant has gone out of business.C. The defendant has gone out of business.D. The problem that was the basis of the D. The problem that was the basis of the

lawsuit has been solved.lawsuit has been solved.E. The plaintiff waited too long to file the E. The plaintiff waited too long to file the

lawsuit.lawsuit.77

Cradle-to-graveCradle-to-grave is the concept that is the concept that companies can and should be held companies can and should be held responsible for the harmful consequences responsible for the harmful consequences of their products from manufacture to of their products from manufacture to final disposal are covered under what final disposal are covered under what environmental law?environmental law?

A. Clean Air ActA. Clean Air ActB. SuperfundB. SuperfundC. Toxic Substances Control ActC. Toxic Substances Control ActD. Resource Conservation & Recovery ActD. Resource Conservation & Recovery ActE. Hazardous and Solid Wastes ActE. Hazardous and Solid Wastes Act

88

Under the provisions of the Clean Air Under the provisions of the Clean Air Act, Act, priority pollutantspriority pollutants are: are:

A. Pollutants that do the most harm to A. Pollutants that do the most harm to the air quality.the air quality.

B. Air pollutants that are most B. Air pollutants that are most commonly generated commonly generated

C. The most toxic air pollutantsC. The most toxic air pollutantsD. Air pollutants from factories and D. Air pollutants from factories and

hazardous waste siteshazardous waste sitesE. Air pollutants from non-point E. Air pollutants from non-point

sourcessources99

Nitrate is converted to nitrogen Nitrate is converted to nitrogen gas through the process ofgas through the process of

A. denitrification. A. denitrification.

B. nitrification. B. nitrification.

C. leaching. C. leaching.

D. nitrogen fixation. D. nitrogen fixation.

E. assimilation.E. assimilation.

1010

Inorganic nitrogen-containing ions Inorganic nitrogen-containing ions are converted into organic molecules are converted into organic molecules throughthrough

A. assimilation. A. assimilation.

B. leaching. B. leaching.

C. nitrification. C. nitrification.

D. nitrogen fixation. D. nitrogen fixation.

E. denitrification.E. denitrification.

1111

Net primary productivityNet primary productivityA. is usually reported as the energy output of A. is usually reported as the energy output of

an area of producers over a given time. an area of producers over a given time. B. is the rate at which producers B. is the rate at which producers

manufacture chemical energy through manufacture chemical energy through photosynthesis. photosynthesis.

C. is the rate at which producers use C. is the rate at which producers use chemical energy through respiration. chemical energy through respiration.

D. is the energy input of an area of producers D. is the energy input of an area of producers over a given time. over a given time.

E. is the rate of photosynthesis plus the rate E. is the rate of photosynthesis plus the rate of respiration.of respiration.

1212

Life on earth depends on interaction Life on earth depends on interaction of gravity, the cycling of matter andof gravity, the cycling of matter and

A. the destruction of matter. A. the destruction of matter.

B. the consumption of matter. B. the consumption of matter.

C. one-way flow of energy. C. one-way flow of energy.

D. cycling of energy. D. cycling of energy.

E. one-way flow of matter.E. one-way flow of matter.

1313

The pyramid which best explains why The pyramid which best explains why there are typically only four to five there are typically only four to five links in a food chain is the pyramid oflinks in a food chain is the pyramid of

A. energy. A. energy.

B. biomass. B. biomass.

C. productivity. C. productivity.

D. matter. D. matter.

E. numbers.E. numbers.

1414

The two ways in which humans have The two ways in which humans have most interfered with the carbon cycle most interfered with the carbon cycle areareA. removal of forests and aerobic A. removal of forests and aerobic respiration. respiration. B. burning fossil fuels and removal of B. burning fossil fuels and removal of forests and brush. forests and brush. C. respiration and removal of forests. C. respiration and removal of forests. D. respiration and photosynthesis. D. respiration and photosynthesis. E. aerobic respiration and burning fossil E. aerobic respiration and burning fossil fuels.fuels.

1515

Humus isHumus is

A. indicative of poor soils. A. indicative of poor soils.

B. poisonous to soil microorganisms. B. poisonous to soil microorganisms.

C. partially decomposed organic C. partially decomposed organic matter. matter.

D. freshly, fallen leaves. D. freshly, fallen leaves.

E. light colored or nearly white.E. light colored or nearly white.

1616

You read the data records of a field ecologist You read the data records of a field ecologist who reports the following varieties of species: who reports the following varieties of species: beetles, spiders, grasshoppers, many insects beetles, spiders, grasshoppers, many insects and invertebrates, earthworms, prairie dogs, and invertebrates, earthworms, prairie dogs, rabbits, squirrels, meadowlarks, coyotes, rabbits, squirrels, meadowlarks, coyotes, foxes, and hawks. You conclude that the field foxes, and hawks. You conclude that the field ecologist is located in aecologist is located in aA. arctic tundra. A. arctic tundra. B. desert. B. desert. C. taiga. C. taiga. D. tropical grassland. D. tropical grassland. E. temperate grasslandE. temperate grassland

1717

Which of the following is true with respect Which of the following is true with respect to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes? to oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes? A. Oligotrophic lakes are more subject to A. Oligotrophic lakes are more subject to oxygen depletion. oxygen depletion. B. Rates of photosynthesis are lower in B. Rates of photosynthesis are lower in eutrophic lakes. eutrophic lakes. C. Eutrophic lake water contains lower C. Eutrophic lake water contains lower concentrations of nutrients. concentrations of nutrients. D. Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients. D. Eutrophic lakes are richer in nutrients. E. Sediments in oligotrophic lakes contain E. Sediments in oligotrophic lakes contain larger amounts of decomposable organic larger amounts of decomposable organic matter. matter.

1818

Which of the following is characteristic of Which of the following is characteristic of most terrestrial biomes? most terrestrial biomes?

A. annual average rainfall in excess of 250 A. annual average rainfall in excess of 250 cm cm

B. a distribution predicted almost entirely B. a distribution predicted almost entirely by rock and soil patterns by rock and soil patterns

C. clear boundaries between adjacent C. clear boundaries between adjacent biomes biomes

D. vegetation demonstrating stratification D. vegetation demonstrating stratification

E. cold winter monthsE. cold winter months1919

The term The term upwellingupwelling refers to the refers to the movement ofmovement of

A. cool water from the Arctic toward A. cool water from the Arctic toward the equator. the equator.

B. cool nutrient-rich water from the B. cool nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface. bottom to the surface.

C. warm nutrient-rich water from the C. warm nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface. bottom to the surface.

D. warm water replacing cool water. D. warm water replacing cool water. E. warm surface water.E. warm surface water.

2020

The rain shadow effect refers toThe rain shadow effect refers toA. wetter conditions on the leeward side A. wetter conditions on the leeward side

of mountain ranges. of mountain ranges. B. drier conditions on the windward side B. drier conditions on the windward side

of mountain ranges. of mountain ranges. C. more light on the leeward side of C. more light on the leeward side of

mountain ranges. mountain ranges. D. more light on the windward side of D. more light on the windward side of

mountain ranges. mountain ranges. E. drier conditions on the leeward side E. drier conditions on the leeward side

of mountain ranges.of mountain ranges.2121

The main reason Polar Regions are The main reason Polar Regions are cooler than the equator is because cooler than the equator is because

A. there is more ice at the poles. A. there is more ice at the poles.

B. sunlight strikes the poles at a lower B. sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle. angle.

C. the poles are farther from the sun. C. the poles are farther from the sun.

D. the poles have a thicker atmosphere. D. the poles have a thicker atmosphere.

E. the poles are permanently tilted away E. the poles are permanently tilted away from the sun.from the sun.

2222

Which of the following ecosystems Which of the following ecosystems has the highest has the highest average average net primary net primary productivity?productivity?

A. open ocean A. open ocean

B. agricultural land B. agricultural land

C. swamps and marshes C. swamps and marshes

D. lakes and streams D. lakes and streams

E. temperate forestE. temperate forest

2323

Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia Nitrogen gas is converted to ammonia throughthrough

A. nitrogen fixation. A. nitrogen fixation.

B. leaching. B. leaching.

C. nitrification. C. nitrification.

D. denitrification. D. denitrification.

E. assimilation.E. assimilation.

2424

If something is biodegradable, itIf something is biodegradable, it

A. cannot be broken down by any living A. cannot be broken down by any living processes. processes.

B. can be broken down by decomposers. B. can be broken down by decomposers.

C. can be broken down by heterotrophs. C. can be broken down by heterotrophs.

D. can be broken down by autotrophs. D. can be broken down by autotrophs.

E. cannot be broken down by omnivores.E. cannot be broken down by omnivores.

2525

When organisms die, their nitrogenous When organisms die, their nitrogenous organic compounds are converted to organic compounds are converted to simpler inorganic compounds such as simpler inorganic compounds such as ammonia through ammonia through

A. nitrification. A. nitrification.

B. ammonification. B. ammonification.

C. denitrification. C. denitrification.

D. nitrogen fixation. D. nitrogen fixation.

E. leaching.E. leaching.2626

The hydrologic cycle is driven The hydrologic cycle is driven primarily byprimarily by

A. solar energy and gravity. A. solar energy and gravity.

B. solar energy and the moon. B. solar energy and the moon.

C. solar energy and mechanical C. solar energy and mechanical energy. energy.

D. chemical energy from the moon.D. chemical energy from the moon.

E. mechanical and chemical energy.E. mechanical and chemical energy.

2727

Which of the following ecosystems Which of the following ecosystems has the lowest level of kilocalories per has the lowest level of kilocalories per square meter per year?square meter per year?

A. lakes and streams A. lakes and streams

B. agricultural land B. agricultural land

C. temperate forest C. temperate forest

D. tropical rain forest D. tropical rain forest

E. open oceanE. open ocean

2828

Ammonium ions are converted to Ammonium ions are converted to nitrite ions and nitrate ions through nitrite ions and nitrate ions through the process ofthe process of

A. nitrification. A. nitrification.

B. leaching. B. leaching.

C. denitrification. C. denitrification.

D. assimilation. D. assimilation.

E. nitrogen fixation.E. nitrogen fixation.

2929

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesisA. yields glucose and carbon dioxide A. yields glucose and carbon dioxide

gas as products. gas as products. B. produces carbon dioxide and B. produces carbon dioxide and

oxygen gas. oxygen gas. C. yields glucose and oxygen gas as C. yields glucose and oxygen gas as

products. products. D. requires the combustion of carbon. D. requires the combustion of carbon. E. converts glucose into energy and E. converts glucose into energy and

water.water.3030

Plants of the arctic tundra are adapted toPlants of the arctic tundra are adapted toA. freezing temperatures, lack of sunlight, A. freezing temperatures, lack of sunlight,

and constant high winds. and constant high winds. B. freezing temperatures, lack of water, and B. freezing temperatures, lack of water, and

lack of sunlight. lack of sunlight. C. moderate temperatures, lack of sunlight, C. moderate temperatures, lack of sunlight,

and constant high winds. and constant high winds. D. freezing temperatures, lack of water, and D. freezing temperatures, lack of water, and

bright sunlight. bright sunlight. E. freezing temperatures, lack of water, and E. freezing temperatures, lack of water, and

variable winds.variable winds.

3131

Most of the wetlands that are lost are Most of the wetlands that are lost are used for used for

A. mining. A. mining.

B. recreation. B. recreation.

C. forestry. C. forestry.

D. urban development. D. urban development.

E. agriculture.E. agriculture.

3232

In lakes, the nutrient-rich water near In lakes, the nutrient-rich water near the shore is part of thethe shore is part of the

A. limnetic zone. A. limnetic zone.

B. benthic zone. B. benthic zone.

C. profundal zone. C. profundal zone.

D. abyssal zone. D. abyssal zone.

E. littoral zone.E. littoral zone.

3333

Estuaries exhibitEstuaries exhibit

A. constant temperature. A. constant temperature.

B. variable temperature and constant B. variable temperature and constant salinity. salinity.

C. constant temperature and salinity. C. constant temperature and salinity.

D. variable temperature and salinity. D. variable temperature and salinity.

E. constant temperature and variable E. constant temperature and variable salinity.salinity.

3434

During an El Niño-Southern Oscillation During an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO),(ENSO),A. surface water along the South and A. surface water along the South and North American coasts becomes cooler. North American coasts becomes cooler. B. upwellings of cold, nutrient-rich B. upwellings of cold, nutrient-rich water are suppressed. water are suppressed. C. prevailing easterly winds weaken. C. prevailing easterly winds weaken. D. upwellings of cold, nutrient-rich D. upwellings of cold, nutrient-rich water are increased. water are increased. E. upwellings of warm, nutrient-poor E. upwellings of warm, nutrient-poor water are suppressed.water are suppressed.

3535

Deserts typically occur in a band at 30 Deserts typically occur in a band at 30 degrees north and south latitude because degrees north and south latitude because

A. descending air masses tend to be cool A. descending air masses tend to be cool and dry. and dry.

B. trade winds have a little moisture. B. trade winds have a little moisture.

C. water is heavier than air and is not C. water is heavier than air and is not carried far over land. carried far over land.

D. ascending air tends to be moist.D. ascending air tends to be moist.

E. these locations get the most intense solar E. these locations get the most intense solar radiation of any location on Earth. radiation of any location on Earth.

3636

Climate is the general pattern of Climate is the general pattern of weather over a period of at least weather over a period of at least

A. 30 years. A. 30 years.

B. 20 years. B. 20 years.

C. 50 years. C. 50 years.

D. 10 years. D. 10 years.

E. 40 years.E. 40 years.

3737

An ecologist would expect a An ecologist would expect a temperate lake to demonstrate temperate lake to demonstrate overturns inoverturns in

A. fall and winter. A. fall and winter.

B. fall and summer. B. fall and summer.

C. spring and summer. C. spring and summer.

D. spring and fall. D. spring and fall.

E. spring and winter.E. spring and winter.

3838

Plants and trees can be cut down and Plants and trees can be cut down and replanted. These resources are replanted. These resources are therefore considered to betherefore considered to be

A. Renewable resources A. Renewable resources

B. Nonrenewable resources B. Nonrenewable resources

C. Perpetual C. Perpetual

D. Exhaustible resources D. Exhaustible resources

E. Sustainable E. Sustainable

3939

An ecological footprint is defined asAn ecological footprint is defined asA. The impact an individual may have A. The impact an individual may have

on a given area of landon a given area of landB. The amount of biologically productive B. The amount of biologically productive

land and water needed to sustain an land and water needed to sustain an individual within a populationindividual within a population

C. The carrying capacity of the earth for C. The carrying capacity of the earth for a given populationa given population

D. The amount of land and water that D. The amount of land and water that has been converted to nonproductive has been converted to nonproductive use within a given geographical regionuse within a given geographical region

  4040

Point pollution sourcesPoint pollution sources

A. Can usually be identified within a A. Can usually be identified within a given areagiven area

B. Can never be locatedB. Can never be located

C. Are dispersed and difficult to C. Are dispersed and difficult to identifyidentify

D. Are much more expensive to D. Are much more expensive to control than nonpoint sourcescontrol than nonpoint sources

E. Cannot be controlledE. Cannot be controlled4141

A __________________ feedback loop A __________________ feedback loop causes a system to change further in causes a system to change further in the same direction.the same direction.

A. NegativeA. Negative

B. CorrectiveB. Corrective

C. NominalC. Nominal

D. PositiveD. Positive

E. PolarizedE. Polarized

4242

Changes in the gene pools of symbiotic Changes in the gene pools of symbiotic species over time is known asspecies over time is known as

A. MutationA. Mutation

B. HybridizationB. Hybridization

C. CoevolutionC. Coevolution

D. Natural selectionD. Natural selection

E. Genetic shiftE. Genetic shift

4343

The realized niche of a species is The realized niche of a species is ______________ its fundamental ______________ its fundamental niche.niche.

A. The same asA. The same as

B. Larger thanB. Larger than

C. Not effected byC. Not effected by

D. Smaller thanD. Smaller than

E. Independent fromE. Independent from

4444

Broad niches are characteristic ofBroad niches are characteristic of

A. Generalist speciesA. Generalist species

B. Extinct speciesB. Extinct species

C. Natural speciesC. Natural species

D. Competitive speciesD. Competitive species

E. Specialist speciesE. Specialist species

4545

The alteration of an organism’s The alteration of an organism’s genetic material through adding, genetic material through adding, deleting, or changing segments of DNA deleting, or changing segments of DNA is known asis known as

A. Genetic engineering A. Genetic engineering

B. CloningB. Cloning

C. Transgenic organismsC. Transgenic organisms

D. BioengineeringD. Bioengineering

E. Artificial selectionE. Artificial selection4646

Which habitat has the highest number Which habitat has the highest number of species?of species?

A. Tropical rainforest A. Tropical rainforest

B. Temperate forestB. Temperate forest

C. Short-grass prairieC. Short-grass prairie

D. SavannahD. Savannah

E. Boreal forestE. Boreal forest

4747

Habitat fragmentation that increases the Habitat fragmentation that increases the edge area around a community can edge area around a community can A. Make species less vulnerable to fiA. Make species less vulnerable to fiB. Allow species to increase their genetic B. Allow species to increase their genetic variationvariationC. Increase the propagule pressure of a C. Increase the propagule pressure of a communitycommunityD. Make species less vulnerable to D. Make species less vulnerable to predatorspredatorsE. Create barriers that prevent species E. Create barriers that prevent species from colonizing new areasfrom colonizing new areas

4848

Species richness is defined asSpecies richness is defined asA. The abundance of individuals within A. The abundance of individuals within

a speciesa speciesB. The number of different species B. The number of different species

within a communitywithin a communityC. The amount of food types a species C. The amount of food types a species

consumesconsumesD. The number of niches a species D. The number of niches a species

occupiesoccupiesE. The diversity of species within a E. The diversity of species within a

communitycommunity4949

A species that plays a major role in A species that plays a major role in shaping communities by creating shaping communities by creating and enhancing habitat is a and enhancing habitat is a

A. Keystone speciesA. Keystone species

B. Invasive speciesB. Invasive species

C. Charismatic speciesC. Charismatic species

D. Indicator speciesD. Indicator species

E. Foundation speciesE. Foundation species5050

When lions and leopards live in the When lions and leopards live in the same area, lions take mostly larger same area, lions take mostly larger animals as prey and leopards take animals as prey and leopards take smaller ones to avoid direct smaller ones to avoid direct competition. This is referred to ascompetition. This is referred to asA. Resource partitioning A. Resource partitioning B. SymbiosisB. SymbiosisC. CommensalismC. CommensalismD. MutualismD. MutualismE. Predator-prey competitionE. Predator-prey competition

5151

The fact that a community consists of The fact that a community consists of an ever-changing mosaic of vegetation an ever-changing mosaic of vegetation patches at different stages of succession patches at different stages of succession conflicts with the idea of a conflicts with the idea of a

A. Balance of natureA. Balance of nature

B. Foundation speciesB. Foundation species

C. Pioneer speciesC. Pioneer species

D. Late successional speciesD. Late successional species

E. Climax communityE. Climax community5252

Which of the following would be most vulnerable Which of the following would be most vulnerable to extinction? to extinction? A. a mold that attacks wheat in the field A. a mold that attacks wheat in the field B. an orchid endemic to an area where logging is B. an orchid endemic to an area where logging is occurring occurring C. a healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that C. a healthy plant, such as a pine tree, that completely dominates its native environment completely dominates its native environment D. a migratory flock of warblers stopping along D. a migratory flock of warblers stopping along its winter route to feed on local resources that are its winter route to feed on local resources that are now gone and replaced by a suburb now gone and replaced by a suburb E. a moth, brought to the United States for silk E. a moth, brought to the United States for silk production, escaping into the wild and becoming production, escaping into the wild and becoming establishedestablished

5353

Humans have dramatically altered the rate Humans have dramatically altered the rate of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by of nitrogen fixation into forms usable by autotrophs ________. autotrophs ________. A. because of the erosion of farmlands A. because of the erosion of farmlands through poor agricultural practices through poor agricultural practices B. due to the burning of fossil fuels to meet B. due to the burning of fossil fuels to meet our energy needs our energy needs C. as we produce synthetic fertilizers and C. as we produce synthetic fertilizers and apply them to crops, lawns, and parks apply them to crops, lawns, and parks D. by using antibiotics to reduce the D. by using antibiotics to reduce the numbers of denitrifying bacteria numbers of denitrifying bacteria E. by selectively removing leguminous E. by selectively removing leguminous plantsplants

5454

You are studying species diversity in the You are studying species diversity in the Caribbean islands. Which island would you Caribbean islands. Which island would you expect to have the most number of species? expect to have the most number of species? A. a large island near the mainland A. a large island near the mainland B. a medium-sized island is the middle of an B. a medium-sized island is the middle of an island chain island chain C. a medium-sized island near the mainlandC. a medium-sized island near the mainlandD. a large island far removed from other D. a large island far removed from other sites sites E. a small island far removed from other E. a small island far removed from other sites sites

5555

CITES is CITES is A. a treaty controlling the international A. a treaty controlling the international

trade in endangered species. trade in endangered species. B. a set of regulations controlling the B. a set of regulations controlling the

introduction of exotic species. introduction of exotic species. C. a pact that supports critical ecosystems C. a pact that supports critical ecosystems

that support wildlife. that support wildlife. D. an international organization dedicated D. an international organization dedicated

to the preservation of endangered species. to the preservation of endangered species.

E. an American law that catalogues all E. an American law that catalogues all known endangered species and uses known endangered species and uses Custom Agents to confiscate any that Custom Agents to confiscate any that come into the countrycome into the country 5656

The resilience of a community is defined asThe resilience of a community is defined asA.A.The ability of the community to repair The ability of the community to repair

damage after a moderate disturbancedamage after a moderate disturbanceB.B.The ability of a community to resist being The ability of a community to resist being

disturbeddisturbedC.C.The ability of a community to keep its The ability of a community to keep its

population size limited by its resourcespopulation size limited by its resourcesD.D.The ability of a community to tolerate The ability of a community to tolerate

exponential population growthexponential population growthE.E.The ability of a community to alter its The ability of a community to alter its

successional processessuccessional processes

5757

Why do communities with higher Why do communities with higher biodiversity also have higher net primary biodiversity also have higher net primary productivity?productivity?A.A. They are more resistant to being They are more resistant to being

disturbeddisturbedB.B. They are able to maintain population They are able to maintain population

sizes of component speciessizes of component speciesC.C. Each species is able to exploit a different Each species is able to exploit a different

portion of the available resourcesportion of the available resourcesD.D. These communities have lower numbers These communities have lower numbers

of herbivoresof herbivoresE.E. Each species is able to compete more Each species is able to compete more

effectively effectively 5858

Why are some animals, such as frogs, so Why are some animals, such as frogs, so brightly colored?brightly colored?A. The colors are used for camouflage in A. The colors are used for camouflage in the tropical foreststhe tropical forestsB. The colors are used to attract matesB. The colors are used to attract matesC. The colors are used for parental C. The colors are used for parental identification by offspringidentification by offspringD. The colors are used to startle D. The colors are used to startle competitors competitors E. The colors are used to warn predators E. The colors are used to warn predators that the frogs are toxicthat the frogs are toxic

5959

The relationship between flowering The relationship between flowering plants and bees is best described as __.plants and bees is best described as __.

A. predationA. predation

B. parasitismB. parasitism

C. herbivoryC. herbivory

D. mutualismD. mutualism

E. competitionE. competition

6060

  The relationship between flowering The relationship between flowering plants and caterpillars is best plants and caterpillars is best described as _______.described as _______.

A. amensalismA. amensalism

B. parasitismB. parasitism

C. herbivoryC. herbivory

D. mutualismD. mutualism

E. commensalismE. commensalism

6161

The IUCN's Red List is ________. The IUCN's Red List is ________.

A. a list of unidentified speciesA. a list of unidentified species

B. an identification list of known speciesB. an identification list of known species

C. an updated list of species facing C. an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinctionunusually high risk of extinction

D. a scorecard of international failures D. a scorecard of international failures at conservationat conservation

E. a list of ecologically damaged E. a list of ecologically damaged ecosystemsecosystems

6262

Bullfrog tadpoles are often sold as fish bait, Bullfrog tadpoles are often sold as fish bait, even in areas where they do not occur even in areas where they do not occur naturally. When people buy 10 of them and naturally. When people buy 10 of them and don't use them all, they often dump the don't use them all, they often dump the remainder into the lake or river. This is an remainder into the lake or river. This is an example of ________. example of ________. A. extermination A. extermination B. overharvesting of species from the wild B. overharvesting of species from the wild C. introduced species C. introduced species D. inbreedingD. inbreedingE. habitat destructionE. habitat destruction

6363

Biodiversity enhances food security Biodiversity enhances food security because it ________. because it ________. A. increases the number of available A. increases the number of available pathogenspathogensB. decreases the number of predatorsB. decreases the number of predatorsC. means that there is genetic C. means that there is genetic uniformityuniformityD. protects crops against losses due to D. protects crops against losses due to diseasediseaseE. reduces the number of pollinatorsE. reduces the number of pollinators

6464

Which of the following are facing Which of the following are facing the highest rates of extinction?the highest rates of extinction?

A. birds in generalA. birds in general

B. plants in generalB. plants in general

C. K-strategists C. K-strategists

D. r-strategists in generalD. r-strategists in general

E. insects in generalE. insects in general

6565

The species most often vulnerable The species most often vulnerable to human impact is the to human impact is the ________.________.

A. keystone speciesA. keystone species

B. decomposerB. decomposer

C. competitive speciesC. competitive species

D. producerD. producer

E. top predatorE. top predator6666

The country of Belize depends on lobster for The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years the average size of an individual lobster has the average size of an individual lobster has dropped, even as increasing numbers of dropped, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of enter the industry. This is an example of ________. ________. A. habitat alteration A. habitat alteration B. effects of pollution B. effects of pollution C. overharvesting C. overharvesting D. results of an invasive speciesD. results of an invasive species E. problems with monocultureE. problems with monoculture

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Most of the world's forests occur Most of the world's forests occur as ________. as ________.

A. temperate rainforestA. temperate rainforest

B. chaparralB. chaparral

C. tropical dry forestC. tropical dry forest

D. temperate deciduous forestD. temperate deciduous forest

E. taiga and rainforestE. taiga and rainforest

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Forests reach their greatest ecological Forests reach their greatest ecological complexity when ________. complexity when ________.

A. they are frequently logged using A. they are frequently logged using clear-cutting clear-cutting

B. in the early stages of recovering from B. in the early stages of recovering from logginglogging

C. shrubs and other ground cover plants C. shrubs and other ground cover plants are absentare absent

D. they are frequently burnedD. they are frequently burnedE. they are mature and exhibit a multi-E. they are mature and exhibit a multi-

level canopylevel canopy6969

  The National Environmental Policy Act The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. (NEPA) ________.

A. altered the amount of chemicals allowed A. altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution in water as a result of industrial pollution

B. put all federal land under stringent B. put all federal land under stringent environmental protectionenvironmental protection

C. was signed into law by Bill Clinton C. was signed into law by Bill Clinton D. requires compensation to be given to D. requires compensation to be given to

anyone harmed by deliberate pollution anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entityfrom any business or corporate entity

E. required environmental impact E. required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government U.S. government

7070

When natural selection occurs, what is the When natural selection occurs, what is the key factor that will determine which key factor that will determine which individuals will survive and pass on the individuals will survive and pass on the beneficial traits?beneficial traits?A. The traits that are more useful to humans A. The traits that are more useful to humans will be passed on will be passed on B. Size; the larger the animal or plant, the B. Size; the larger the animal or plant, the more likely it will survive more likely it will survive C. How large the initial population is C. How large the initial population is D. The environment will determine which D. The environment will determine which traits are most beneficial traits are most beneficial E. Natural selection is random and occurs by E. Natural selection is random and occurs by chancechance  

If a population of 100 birds increases If a population of 100 birds increases to 120 birds the following year, to 120 birds the following year, rr = = _____. _____.

A. 0. 16 A. 0. 16

B. 0. 20 B. 0. 20

C. 1. 2 C. 1. 2

D. 2 D. 2

E. 20E. 20

Population APopulation A

I. Is likely to have a higher level of education I. Is likely to have a higher level of education than population Bthan population B

II. Is likely to have had a recent decline in infant II. Is likely to have had a recent decline in infant mortalitymortality

III. Is likely to be poorer than population BIII. Is likely to be poorer than population B

A. I A. I

B. III B. III

C. I and IIC. I and II

D. II and III D. II and III

E. I, II, and IIIE. I, II, and III

A population of rabbits, introduced to A population of rabbits, introduced to an island, has rapid growth for a few an island, has rapid growth for a few years; then its growth slows. The years; then its growth slows. The population becomes stable becausepopulation becomes stable becauseA. the carrying capacity has been A. the carrying capacity has been reached. reached. B. environmental resistance declines. B. environmental resistance declines. C. immigration is reduced. C. immigration is reduced. D. r declines. D. r declines. E. Bergman’s Principle takes effect. E. Bergman’s Principle takes effect.

Rapidly growing countries have an age Rapidly growing countries have an age structure thatstructure that

A. forms an inverted pyramid. A. forms an inverted pyramid.

B. has a broad-based pyramid. B. has a broad-based pyramid.

C. shows little variation in population C. shows little variation in population by age. by age.

D. has a large postreproductive D. has a large postreproductive population. population.

Countries that have achieved ZPG Countries that have achieved ZPG have an age structure thathave an age structure that

A. forms an inverted pyramid. A. forms an inverted pyramid.

B. has a broad-based pyramid. B. has a broad-based pyramid.

C. shows little variation in population C. shows little variation in population by age. by age.

D. has a large prereproductive D. has a large prereproductive population. population.

E. has a large reproductive population. E. has a large reproductive population.

According to the theory of According to the theory of demographic transition, rapid growth demographic transition, rapid growth occurs during phaseoccurs during phase

A. 1. A. 1.

B. 2. B. 2.

C. 3. C. 3.

D. 4. D. 4.

E. 5. E. 5.

Two useful indicators of overall health Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region arein a country or region are

A. birth rate and death rate. A. birth rate and death rate.

B. replacement-level fertility rate and B. replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate. total fertility rate.

C. life expectancy and infant mortality C. life expectancy and infant mortality rate. rate.

D. life expectancy and death rate. D. life expectancy and death rate.

E. population growth rate. E. population growth rate.

Two useful indicators of overall health Two useful indicators of overall health in a country or region arein a country or region areA. birth rate and death rate. A. birth rate and death rate. B. replacement-level fertility rate and B. replacement-level fertility rate and total fertility rate. total fertility rate. C. life expectancy and infant mortality C. life expectancy and infant mortality rate. rate. D. life expectancy and death rate. D. life expectancy and death rate. E. population growth rate. E. population growth rate.   

Approximately how many females are Approximately how many females are between between the ages of the ages of 50 and 59?50 and 59?A. 500,000 A. 500,000 B. 5,000,000 B. 5,000,000 C. 20,000,000 C. 20,000,000 D. 30,000,000 D. 30,000,000 E. 50,000,000E. 50,000,000

The crude birth rate is the number of The crude birth rate is the number of live births per ____ persons in a given live births per ____ persons in a given year. year.

A. 50 A. 50

B. 100 B. 100

C. 500 C. 500

D. 1,000 D. 1,000

E. 10,000E. 10,000

Which of the following Which of the following bestbest describes the survivorship curve describes the survivorship curve you would expect to find for a you would expect to find for a Kangaroo?Kangaroo?

A. late loss A. late loss

B. constant loss B. constant loss

C. early loss C. early loss

D. no lossD. no loss

Which of the following factors leads Which of the following factors leads to an increase in biotic potential?to an increase in biotic potential?

A. too much or too little light A. too much or too little light

B. low reproductive rate B. low reproductive rate

C. too many competitors C. too many competitors

D. optimal level of critical nutrients D. optimal level of critical nutrients

E. specialized nicheE. specialized niche

Worldwide, the largest density-Worldwide, the largest density-dependent cause of death isdependent cause of death is

A. natural disaster. A. natural disaster.

B. malnutrition. B. malnutrition.

C. heart disease. C. heart disease.

D. infectious disease. D. infectious disease.

E. car accidents. E. car accidents.

Using the rule of 70, a population Using the rule of 70, a population growing at 3.5% would double ingrowing at 3.5% would double in

A. 7 years A. 7 years

B. 10 years B. 10 years

C. 15 years C. 15 years

D. 17 yearsD. 17 years

E. 20 yearsE. 20 years

According to the theory of According to the theory of demographic transition, birth rates demographic transition, birth rates make the most significant decline make the most significant decline during phaseduring phaseA. 1. A. 1. B. 2. B. 2. C. 3. C. 3. D. 4. D. 4. E. 5. E. 5.

Developing countries tend to have Developing countries tend to have a(n) ____ age structure diagram. a(n) ____ age structure diagram.

A. rectangular-shaped A. rectangular-shaped

B. inverted triangle B. inverted triangle

C. pyramid-shaped C. pyramid-shaped

D. square D. square

E. roundE. round

To determine the number of To determine the number of individuals that will be added to a individuals that will be added to a population in a specified time we population in a specified time we multiply the growth rate (multiply the growth rate (rr) by the) by the

A. biotic potential. A. biotic potential.

B. original population size. B. original population size.

C. environmental resistance. C. environmental resistance.

D. final population size. D. final population size.

E. number of immigrants. E. number of immigrants.

The biologist who studies interactions at The biologist who studies interactions at the “community” level investigates the “community” level investigates interactions betweeninteractions between

A. organisms of one species A. organisms of one species

B. populations of more than one species. B. populations of more than one species.

C. animals of one species. C. animals of one species.

D. social animals (like insects). D. social animals (like insects).

E. ecosystems. E. ecosystems.

According to the theory of demographic According to the theory of demographic transition, the highest birth rates and transition, the highest birth rates and death rates are likely to occur during death rates are likely to occur during phasephase

A. 1. A. 1.

B. 2. B. 2.

C. 3. C. 3.

D. 4. D. 4.

E. 5. E. 5.

Approximately how many males are Approximately how many males are under the age of 10?under the age of 10?

A. 130,000,000 A. 130,000,000

B. 110,000,000 B. 110,000,000

C. 20,000,000 C. 20,000,000

D. 15,000,000 D. 15,000,000

E. 450,000E. 450,000

Currently, most of the US population Currently, most of the US population lives in ____ areas.lives in ____ areas.

A. Rural A. Rural

B. Suburban B. Suburban

C. Exurban C. Exurban

D. Urban D. Urban

E. SuperurbanE. Superurban

The major component of MSW The major component of MSW in the United States isin the United States is

A. paper A. paper

B. yard trimmings B. yard trimmings

C. metal C. metal

D. plastic D. plastic

E. woodE. wood

An environmental cost of sending computers to An environmental cost of sending computers to landfills islandfills isA. there is inadequate landfill space in the A. there is inadequate landfill space in the United States for computers United States for computers B. it is less expensive to send computers to the B. it is less expensive to send computers to the landfill than to recycle them landfill than to recycle them C. children separate the components of the C. children separate the components of the disposed of computers disposed of computers D. the disposed computers contain toxic metals D. the disposed computers contain toxic metals that can end up in the environment that can end up in the environment E. landfill standards keep the toxic compounds E. landfill standards keep the toxic compounds in the computers from leaching into the water in the computers from leaching into the water tabletable

Which of the following is/are environmental Which of the following is/are environmental benefit/s of recycling aluminum?benefit/s of recycling aluminum?

I. Reduces the effects on the land from I. Reduces the effects on the land from miningmining

II. Reduces the effects of leaching in landfillsII. Reduces the effects of leaching in landfills

III. Reduces the energy required to III. Reduces the energy required to transport and process mined oretransport and process mined ore

A. I only A. I only D. I and III onlyD. I and III only

B. II only B. II only E. I, II, and IIIE. I, II, and III

C. I and II onlyC. I and II only

Which of the following is least likely to be a Which of the following is least likely to be a danger associated with leachate from a danger associated with leachate from a sanitary landfill?sanitary landfill?A. The leachate can leak into nearby soils A. The leachate can leak into nearby soils B. The leachate can leak into groundwater B. The leachate can leak into groundwater C. The leachate can contain toxic metal C. The leachate can contain toxic metal compounds compounds D. The leachate can be at a high D. The leachate can be at a high temperature temperature E. The leachate can be classified as toxic E. The leachate can be classified as toxic waste and have to be treated accordinglywaste and have to be treated accordingly

Byproducts of waste incineration Byproducts of waste incineration includeinclude

I. Waste heatI. Waste heat

II. Fly ash (residues from II. Fly ash (residues from combustion)combustion)

III. Increase in rodent populationIII. Increase in rodent population

A. I A. I D. I and III D. I and III

B. II B. II E. I, II, and IIIE. I, II, and III

C. I and IIC. I and II

Given the following waste management Given the following waste management options, which is the optimal choice for options, which is the optimal choice for the environment?the environment?

A. Production of less waste material A. Production of less waste material

B. Depositing waste in a landfill B. Depositing waste in a landfill

C. Depositing waste in an open pit in the C. Depositing waste in an open pit in the ground ground

D. Incineration of waste D. Incineration of waste

E. Hazardous waste treatmentE. Hazardous waste treatment

The typical U.S. resident produces an The typical U.S. resident produces an average of 5 lbs of MSW every day. average of 5 lbs of MSW every day. What is the approximate amount of What is the approximate amount of waste generated waste generated annuallyannually by the by the approximately 310 million people in the approximately 310 million people in the United States?United States?

A. 5.80 x 10A. 5.80 x 1088 lbs lbs D. 5.80 x 10D. 5.80 x 101111 lbs lbs

B. 5.80 x 10B. 5.80 x 1099 lbs lbs E. 5.80 x 10E. 5.80 x 101212 lbs lbs

C. 5.80 x 10C. 5.80 x 101010 lbs lbs

United States legislation that directly United States legislation that directly addresses the handling of hazardous addresses the handling of hazardous waste includes:waste includes:

I. Clean Air ActI. Clean Air Act

II. RCRAII. RCRA

III. CERCLAIII. CERCLA

A. I only A. I only D. II and III onlyD. II and III only

B. II only B. II only E. I, II, and IIIE. I, II, and III

C. I and III onlyC. I and III only

What law was implemented in What law was implemented in reaction to Love Canal?reaction to Love Canal?

A. RCRAA. RCRA

B. Toxic Substances Control Act B. Toxic Substances Control Act

C.  CERCLA C.  CERCLA

D. The Lacey ActD. The Lacey Act

E. Endangered Species ActE. Endangered Species Act

The Superfund program paysThe Superfund program pays

A. to clean up inactive or abandoned A. to clean up inactive or abandoned hazardous-waste dump sites. hazardous-waste dump sites.

B. to monitor hazardous wastes. B. to monitor hazardous wastes.

C. for testing for lead in paint, water, C. for testing for lead in paint, water, and air samples. and air samples.

D. the doctors' bills and lawyers' fees D. the doctors' bills and lawyers' fees for pollution events.for pollution events.

E. for repairing Clark Kent’s capeE. for repairing Clark Kent’s cape

Of the following materials, the Of the following materials, the most difficult to recycle ismost difficult to recycle is

A. glass. A. glass.

B. plastic. B. plastic.

C. paper. C. paper.

D. aluminum. D. aluminum.

E. cardboard.E. cardboard.

Of the following methods of reducing Of the following methods of reducing hazardous wastes, the hazardous wastes, the mostmost desirable is desirable isA. recycling and reusing hazardous A. recycling and reusing hazardous wastes. wastes. B. substitution of safer products that B. substitution of safer products that don't produce hazardous wastes. don't produce hazardous wastes. C. conversion into less hazardous and C. conversion into less hazardous and nonhazardous materials. nonhazardous materials. D. incineration. D. incineration. E. perpetual storage.E. perpetual storage.

Which of the following produces Which of the following produces the loudest sound?the loudest sound?

A. jackhammer A. jackhammer

B. chain saw B. chain saw

C. rock music C. rock music

D. military rifle D. military rifle

E. truckE. truck

The main advantage of rapid rail over The main advantage of rapid rail over mass transit rail is that rapid rail:mass transit rail is that rapid rail:

A. it is more energy efficient A. it is more energy efficient

B. it produces less air pollution B. it produces less air pollution

C. it requires less land area C. it requires less land area

D. it must operate along heavily used D. it must operate along heavily used routes to be profitable routes to be profitable

E. it is ideal for trips of 200-1,000 E. it is ideal for trips of 200-1,000 kilometers kilometers

Which of the five Rs is the least Which of the five Rs is the least desirable from an environmental desirable from an environmental standpoint?standpoint?

A. Refuse A. Refuse

B. Reduce B. Reduce

C. Reuse C. Reuse

D. Repurpose D. Repurpose

E. RecycleE. Recycle