UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

 Human population (Ch6)

Human Population HWChapter 6

1. Define birth rate, death rate, emigration rate, and immigration rate. Write an equation to mathematically describe the relationship between these rates and the rate of population change. 2. Distinguish between replacement-level fertility and total fertility rate. Describe how total fertility rate affects population growth. List at least five factors that affect birth and fertility rates and five factors that affect death rates. 3. Summarize changes over time in the U.S. population growth rate. Give reasons for the high rate of teen pregnancy in the United States compared to the rate in other industrialized countries. Draw connections between population growth and environmental degradation in California. 4. Define infant mortality rate. Explain why it is considered a good indicator of quality of life. 5. Compare rates of population growth in developed countries and developing countries. Explain the differences you find. 6. Using population age structure diagrams, explain how the age structure of a country creates population growth momentum. Summarize problems associated with a baby boom and a declining population. 7. Summarize key factors used to influence population size: immigration policy, family planning, economic rewards and penalties, empowering women. Summarize the current attitudes toward immigration policy in the United States. 8. Summarize key findings of the new Limits to Growth computer model. 9. List the four stages of the demographic transition. List social, biological, political, and economic issues that can be addressed to help developing countries undergo a demographic transition. 10List three factors that may limit the effectiveness of a demographic transition in the influencing population. 11. Compare and evaluate the population policies of India and China. 12. Summarize what we have learned from decades of trying to influence human population growth. 13. List the major goals of the UN Conference on Population and Development.14. Define: zero population growth (ZPG), replacement-level fertility, total fertility rate (TFR), life expectancy, migration, age structure, demographic transition.

Many factors drive Human Population GrowthChanges in population sizeFertilityLife expectancyAge structureMigration

Education!.... Affluence

UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

• Doubling time: the number of

years it takes a population to double.

• For example: a population doubles every 40 years (40y), and begins with 125 million (mil.) people. After 80 years the population will double twice to 500 million, or

125 mil. → 40y → 250 mil. → 40y →

Crude birth rate (CBR): the number of births per 1000 individuals per year.Crude death rate (CDR): the number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year.

Global popul [CBR – CDR] ÷ 10 =

growth rate in %ation growth rate =

[20 – 8] ÷ 10 = 1.2 percent

UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

Population size and consumption interact to influence the environment To estimate the impact of human lifestyles on Earth we can use the IPAT equation

Chapter 6 How do humans as a species follow the same patterns as animal species above?Global population: 6.5 billion, increasing by 78 million per year, 2.5 per secondTotal Fertility Rate (TFR), know approximate rates for developing and developed countries, as well as

replacement rate. Why is population a problem even though the growth rate has decreased since 1960?Doubling rule: 70 divided by % growth rate = # of years it will take to double the populationIPAT(S) model: we talked about this at the beginning of the semester, review it!Demographic transition model: be able to explain the diagram. Why might some developing countries today

not complete it? (Hint: this might be a good essay question!)Role of HIV/AIDS on populations.Methods of population control: Contrast methods of China and BangladeshRole of economic empowerment and education in population growth ratesVocabulary

UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

age structure

birth rate, or crude birth rate

cultural carrying capacity

death rate, or crude death rate

demographic transition

family planning

fertility rate

infant mortality rate

life expectancy

migration

population change

replacement-level fertility rate

total fertility rate (TFR)

UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

Summary

1. Birth, death, fertility, and migration rates are the factors that determine population size. As birth rates have declined in developed countries, population has increased due to people’s migrating into these countries. Women’s fertility rates have dropped but are still above the replacement-level fertility around the world.

2. Population size is profoundly affected by age structure. If women are past their primary child-bearing ages, population increase will be limited. If, however, the population has a large percentage of young women entering their childbearing years, the potential for large population increases is present. In general, the closer a country’s young women are to 15–40 years of age, the more potential for a rapidly increasing population.

3. We can influence population size by encouraging smaller families, by encouraging adoption of children already born and discouraging new births. Population size is, also, affected by health care or its lack; by epidemics (such as AIDS); by losses through war, etc. Lack of prenatal care for expectant mothers, failure to protect children from communicable diseases (like measles) or wide-spread diseases (like malaria), can contribute to a smaller population. In the past economic development, family planning, and economic opportunities for women have reduced birth rates.

4. India and China have both made efforts to control their population growth. China has been more successful because, as a dictatorship, it has imposed restrictions on family size with rewards and punishments for those who support or defy the government’s direction. India, without a policy of coercion, has reduced its birth rate; but the wish for male children and several children for the care of old parents has helped to maintain a growing population.

5. Effective methods for slowing the growth of world population include investing in family planning, reducing poverty, and elevating the status of women.

Study Chapter 6 CH 6 Know how to do population problems, percent change, show increase or decrease.Be able to discuss population growth in first and 3rd world countriesWhat are several reasons why CBR might drop in a countryLook at graphs and explain trends Understand how to read Population profiles

Know how to make a graph using uniform data pointsTime on the x axis and equal increments on the Y axisLabel the axis and Then analyze the results.

UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

CH12. Agriculture Discuss benefits and problems with industrial agriculture, CFO's, GMO'sConsider soils, fertilizer, energy, health, pollution, biodiversity, water shortageKnow what 3 grains supply world food, Discuss alternatives to Industrial agriculture and plantation farming

APES Study GuideUnit 7: FOOD & AGRICULTURE - Chapter 12

 The seventh unit of APES begins our study of Food & Agriculture. In this unit we will study the basic nutritional needs of human beings, what happens when these needs are not met, and what is being done in an attempt to make certain that these needs are met for all people. We will also study agriculture, soils and soil conservation, and the “green revolution.”

 Vocabulary:

Directions: Review key vocabulary, words may appear in quizzes and/or tests.  You are not required to write the definitions but are encouraged to review them online

 

 animal manure                         aquaculture                        chronic undernutrition chronic malnutrition                            compost                                 desertification famine                                                 fishery                                     food security food insecurity                                     green manure                        green revolution high-input agriculture                         hunger                                    hydroponics

 

industrialized agriculture integrated pest management (IPM) irrigation organic fertilizer overnutrition

 

pest pesticides plantation agriculture polyculture salinization slash-and-burn agriculture soil conservation soil erosion traditional intensive agriculture traditional subsistence    agriculture waterlogging 

 

 Study Guide Questions (SGQ):

UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

            Directions: Answer in complete sentences in your composition books. (must be handwritten) 

Chapter 121.    What was the scare to food expert around the works in 2001 when scienctists conducted genetic tests of

Mexican Maize landraces? (Case Study)Describe the effects of diet deficiencies in vitamin A, iron, and iodine.  2.    What are the major advantages and disadvantages of raising food hydroponically in greenhouses?3.    Describe industrialized food production in the United States. 4.    Describe the growth of industrialized meat production.  5.    Summarize the use of energy in industrialized food production.  Why does it result in an energy loss? 6.    What are the major harmful environmental impacts of agriculture?  7.    What is soil erosion and what are its two major harmful environmental effects?  8.    What is desertification and what are its harmful environmental effects?  9.    What is the biggest problem resulting from excessive use of water for irrigation in agriculture?10.  Summarize agriculture’s contribution to projected climate change.  11.  Explain how industrialized food production systems reduce biodiversity in areas where crops are growing.  12.  Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using genetic engineering in food production.  13.  Compare the advantages and disadvantages of industrialized meat production.  14.  Compare the advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture. 15.  Describe Rachel Carson’s contribution to environmental science.  16.  Describe the use of laws and treaties to help protect us from the harmful effects of pesticides.  17.  Define integrated pest management (IPM) and discuss its advantages and disadvantages. 18.  How have governments used subsidies to influence food production and what have been some of their effects?  19.  Describe ways to prevent and clean up soil salinization.  20.  How can we reduce desertification? 

  Case Studies:

Chapter 121.    Golden rice page 275 2.    Soil is the Base of Life on Land – page 2813.    Industrialized Food Production in the United States –

Agribusiness page 282 GMO,s page 283 CAFO page 284 Aquaculture(blue Revolution) – page 2854.    Loss of Soil pages 286-Rachel Carson – page 2955.    Sustainable Food production – pages 302-310 vocab terracing, windbreaks, contour planting alley cropping,

IPM…Polyculture

Chapter 17Ch 17 List and describe 3 biological, physical and chemical hazardsDiscuss case for each, source of problem, problem itself and solutionsBe able to answer questions on LD 50 lab, Note table on page 456Read cases on page 443(antibiotics),444 (Flue nightmare),page 446 (Infectious disease) 450 (mercury), page 453 (Bisphenol A), Understand and be able to discuss graph on page 461 Risk Analysis (Global Outlook)Glossary

Chapter 17

carcinogens Carcinogens are chemicals, types of radiation, or certain viruses that can cause or promote cancer

dose the amount of a harmful chemical that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin.

dose-response curve

Scientists estimate the toxicity of a chemical by determining the effects of various doses of the chemical on test organisms and then by plotting the results in a dose-response curve. One approach is to determine the lethal dose—the amount needed to kill an animal.

infectious disease An infectious disease is caused when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues.

UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management Chapters 6, 12, 17

mutagens The second major type of toxic agent, mutagens, includes chemicals or forms of radiation that cause mutations, or changes, in the DNA molecules found in cells, or that increase the frequency of such changes.

nontransmissible disease

A nontransmissible disease is caused by something other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another.

pathogen A pathogen is a living organism that can cause disease in another organism.

risk the probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.

risk analysis involves identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks ranking risks (comparative risk analysis), determining options and making decisions about reducing or eliminating risks and informing decision makers and the public about risks.

risk assessment The scientific process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause to human health or to the environment.

risk management involves deciding whether or how to reduce a particular risk to a certain level and at what cost.

toxic chemical A toxic chemical is one that can cause temporary or permanent harm or death to humans and animals.

toxicity a measure of how harmful a substance is—its ability to cause injury, illness, or death to a living organism.

toxicology the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and other organisms. In effect, it is a study of poisons.

transmissible disease

(also called a contagious or communicable disease) is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.