APES^*^* Waterways in Shanghai *^*^

Although, Shanghai has been known for its large and booming airway and road transportation systems, the city has recently expanded its waterway capacities beginning in 2012. A majority of the new waterway expansions are being used by cruise ships that transport a multitude of items. China has a coastline of some 18,400 kilometers, along which there are 12 coastal provinces and directly governed municipalities extending from north to south. By the end of 2012, the navigable inland waterways in the country reached 77,671 miles, especially in the four provinces of Jiangsu, Guangdong, Hunan and Sichuan. There are 31,862 quay berths, among which 10 thousand-ton ones are distributed in the main stream and tributary of Yangtze River as well as the Pearl River water system. 178,600 ships are under normal operation, transporting 1,025,10 passengers a year. The largest five waterways, as the main aquatic channels in China, crisscross the whole country - two north-south, and three east-west. Shanghai is currently the worlds 3rd largest coastal harbor port and is the largest Chinese port, which gives the city strategic access to multiple key water ways. Shanghai's development of the deep-water port of Yangshan in Zhejiang was made necessary by the increasing size of container ships but also the silting of the Yangtze, which narrows to less than 20 meters (66 ft) as far out as 45 miles (70 km) from Hengsha.

^*^* Waterway Agriculture *^*^

The government of Shanghai knows that the importance of agriculture cannot be overemphasized, so it always tries to develop planting, stockbreeding, forestry and fisheries. The city's advantageous geographical location endows it with favorable conditions for agricultural development. With access with a majority of large waterways, the agriculture industry in the city has boomed, giving it easy access to water, as well as shipping lanes that can easily serve to export the crops when they are done. Despite the comparative shortage of arable land, moderate temperature, sunlight, rainfall and fertile soil make the region famous for its high yield of agricultural production in China. Generally the region can produce enough grain, meat, eggs, milk, vegetable and fruit for consumers in the city and suburbs. Some agricultural products are sold to neighboring areas or even exported to foreign countries. The city has many modern agricultural zones. These includes Sunqiao Modern Agriculture Development Zone in Pudong New Area, Fengxian Modern Agriculture Zone in the south Fengxian District and many others in the suburbs including the districts of Baoshan, Jiading, Minhang, Songjiang, Jinshan as well as Chongming County are the main booming districts due to waterway development. These urban agricultural zones attract a lot of foreign investment, advanced technologies and agricultural professionals. However, there is downside to current waterway development in Shanghai. Recently the waterways have been found to harbor large amounts of pollutants not only devastating an exponentially growing agriculture industry, but crippling the cities fishery capabilities.

^*^* Types of Agriculture *^*^

After years of relentless growth, Shanghai, China is entering a new phase of environmentally sustainable development. Issues such as urban farming have boomed. Ever-increasing urban density, competition for scarce land and a rising demand for food from the burgeoning middle class, Shanghai will need to ensure that the opportunity to produce food in the city is possible in practice, which is critical to their multiple sectors of agriculture. Minhang is one of Shanghais 18 urban districts and the citys second-largest economic entity. Located in the centre of Shanghai Municipality, Minhang has a well-developed traditional manufacturing and hi-tech industry, such as aerospace technology and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the districts farmlands are located in the southeast alongside the Huangpu River, and these plots have been reduced to a total of around 5,000 ha, accounting for less than 13.5 percent of the districts land area. Currently farmland accounts for only 32% of the land use in Minhang. A total of 77,000 farmers in Minhang generate an agricultural output value of USD 70.5 million per year, accounting for only 0.4 percent of the districts GDP. But the farmers net income per capita in Minhang is much higher than for farmers in the municipality as a whole. Urban agriculture, which is Shanghais biggest type of agriculture, is facing both the constraints and opportunities of its location. Major constraints are decreasing availability of arable land, relatively lower productivity on farmland compared to other land uses, increasing labour cost and high competitiveness of other jobs, and general small-scale of production, which makes it difficult to attract finance for investment. ^*^* Renewables *^*^

As so much of Shanghais energy consumption comes from coal, the cities commitment towards new renewable energy could have a profound effect on the citys local air quality and carbon consumption. Economic benefits include the potential to lower the cost of wind power in the future. In addition to promoting consumption of renewable energy among citizens, Shanghai is also encouraging construction of wind turbines within the city and investing R&D funds into wind power technology. The project has inspired other Chinese cities to develop their own off- and on-shore wind capacity or to make power purchase agreements that support those cities that are doing so. From having virtually no green energy infrastructure as recently as 2008, China has built 133 gigawatts of renewable energymainly wind turbinesenough to power as many as 53 million homes, or every household in Canada four times over. The International Energy Agency predicted that China would overtake Europe as the worlds top renewable energy growth market. Its a market expected to be worth more than $470 billion in 2015PRO:That investment has caught the eye of clean-tech companies in Europe and North America, who are flocking to Shanghai in hopes of selling their technologies after seeing demand stagnate or collapse in their home markets. Which could serve to bolster the cities industry growth. With an added benefit of reducing global carbon emissions that are currently plaguing the status quo.CON: With the investment in one industry, come the collapse of another. A large shift to renewables now would be a great determent to the citys booming coal industry. A sudden shift with the countries industries would not only cause large scale collapse but lead to full out unemployment and potentially an economic decline. ^*^* Non-Renewable *^*^

As one of Chinas leading industrial cities, with a population growing at 3-4 percent per year, Shanghai is a major contributor to Chinas energy and GHG inventory. It derives most of its electricity from coal (about 95 percent in 2010) and coal makes up just under half of all energy consumption in the city. In 2010, renewables were just 2 percent of the energy mix, although their share is rapidly growing. China is the worlds largest producer and consumer of coal, accounting for 69% of Chinas total energy consumption. PRO: With large non-renewable coal industries, and high levels of investment, it does not come to surprise that the coal industry is not only a source of stable and reliable jobs for the people of Shanghai, but contributes a large amount to not only their economy, but industrial growth in general. CON:China had 28,000 coal mines and was adding a new 500-megawatt coal fired power plant every four days, adding up to approximately 91 new coal-fired power plants a year. This is an aggressive number of plants to open every year. Not only is coal the largest contributor of carbon dioxide but also has several known health effects. In 2009, China Daily reported that every 30 seconds babies are born with defects, totaling almost one million cases a year. The highest rates of birth defects are in Shanxi province, Chinas largest coal-mining center producing 630 million tons of coal in 2007. Lung cancer in China has also gained public attention as deaths due to lung cancer have risen 465% over the past 30 years. In April 2008, the Chinese Ministry of Health reported that the rise in deaths of lung cancer was directly related to environmental consequences as well as lifestyle. Because of these and several other reasons, it is essential that the Chinese government begin the shift to renewable energy and away from coal-fired electricity generation.