APES LE Chapter 1

Do Now; Please drop off your:

Journals Outline of Chapter 1 and appendix

Biology

•The study of living thingsThe study of living things•Living things are known as Living things are known as organismsorganisms•From the Greek root BiosFrom the Greek root Bios

1.1 Life’s Levels of Organization

Atom Molecule Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems

Population (organism)

Community Ecosystem Biosphere

OrganismOrganism

Tissue:Tissue:Groups ofGroups ofCellsCells

CellsCells

MoleculesMolecules

Individual livingIndividual livingthingthing

Tissues, organs,Tissues, organs,and organ systemsand organ systems

Smallest functionalSmallest functionalunit of lifeunit of life

Groups of atoms;Groups of atoms;smallest unit of smallest unit of most chemicalmost chemicalcompoundscompounds

BisonBison

Nervous tissueNervous tissue Nervous systemNervous systemBrainBrain

Nerve cellNerve cell

WaterWater DNADNA

Levels Of Organization

BiosphereBiosphere

EcosystemEcosystem

CommunityCommunity

PopulationPopulation

The part of EarthThe part of Earththat contains allthat contains allecosystemsecosystems

Community and Community and its nonliving its nonliving surroundingssurroundings

Populations thatPopulations thatlive together in a live together in a defined areadefined area

Group of Group of organisms of oneorganisms of onetype that live in type that live in the same areathe same area

BiosphereBiosphere

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, airHawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grassHawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

Bison herdBison herd

Levels of Organization

What are Characteristics of life??

1.1. Made Up of CellsMade Up of Cells2.2. ReproductionReproduction3.3. Based on a Genetic CodeBased on a Genetic Code

• DNADNA

4.4. Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development5.5. Need for Materials and EnergyNeed for Materials and Energy

• metabolismmetabolism

6.6. Response to the EnvironmentResponse to the Environment7.7. Maintaining Internal BalanceMaintaining Internal Balance

• homeostasishomeostasis

8.8. EvolutionEvolution

Do Now: Please Copy this diagram into your piece notebook

Characteristics of life

What are Characteristics of life??

Made Made Up of Up of CellsCells

Reproduction

Based on a Genetic Code

Growth and

Development

Need for Need for Materials Materials and Energyand Energy

Evolution

Maintaining Maintaining Internal Internal BalanceBalance

Responds Responds to the to the EnvironmentEnvironment

Characteristics of life

What is not Evolution?

CharacteristicCharacteristic ExamplesExamplesLiving things are made up of units called Living things are made up of units called cells.cells.

Living things reproduce.Living things reproduce.

Living things are based on a universal Living things are based on a universal genetic code.genetic code.

Living things grow and develop.Living things grow and develop.

Living things obtain and use materials and Living things obtain and use materials and energy.energy.

Living things respond to their Living things respond to their environment.environment.Living things maintain a stable internal Living things maintain a stable internal environment.environment.

Taken as a group, living things change Taken as a group, living things change over time.over time.

Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.Animals and trees are multicellular.Maple trees reproduce sexually. Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.maple trees produce maple trees.

Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.then become adult flies.

Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.obtain their energy from the food they eat.

Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.

Despite changes in the temperature of the Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.temperature.

Plants that live in the desert survive because they Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

Section 1-3

1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity

The Virus ConundrumThe Virus Conundrum

Why is a virus not considered a living Why is a virus not considered a living organism??organism??

Why does the scientific Why does the scientific community have difficulty defining community have difficulty defining a virus as being alive?a virus as being alive?

1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity1.2 Overview of Life’s Unity

A.A. Characteristics of Living ThingsCharacteristics of Living Things1.1. Made Up of CellsMade Up of Cells2.2. ReproductionReproduction3.3. Based on a Genetic CodeBased on a Genetic Code4.4. Growth and DevelopmentGrowth and Development5.5. Need for Materials and EnergyNeed for Materials and Energy

• metabolismmetabolism

6.6. Response to the EnvironmentResponse to the Environment7.7. Maintaining Internal BalanceMaintaining Internal Balance8.8. EvolutionEvolution

5. The Need for Materials and Energy5. The Need for Materials and Energy

• Each normal living cell has ways to obtain and Each normal living cell has ways to obtain and convert energy from its surroundingsconvert energy from its surroundings

• Re: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! butRe: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! but

• ProducersProducers can synthesize their own food from can synthesize their own food from simple raw materials.simple raw materials.

• (autotrophs)(autotrophs)• Green Plants, AlgaeGreen Plants, Algae

• ConsumersConsumers Cannot synthesize their own food Cannot synthesize their own food• (Heterotrophs)(Heterotrophs)• Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERSHerbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERS

ProducersProducers

Making their own foodMaking their own food

Materials and Energy 10% Rule10% Rule

Consumers Consumers +Decomposers+Decomposers

Energy outputEnergy output

Energy InputEnergy Input

Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles

6. Response to the 6. Response to the EnvironmentEnvironment

• Receptors and the stimuli they receive allow Receptors and the stimuli they receive allow controlled responses to be made:controlled responses to be made:

• heat and cold, heat and cold, • harmful substances, harmful substances, • Varying food supplies.Varying food supplies.

• Homeostasis refers to a state in which the Homeostasis refers to a state in which the conditions of the “internal environment” are conditions of the “internal environment” are maintained within tolerable limits. maintained within tolerable limits.

• Increased sugar causes insulin release, which stimulates Increased sugar causes insulin release, which stimulates cells to take up sugar. cells to take up sugar.

• Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to call on Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.stored sugar reserves.

B. ALL living organisms B. ALL living organisms must carry out ALL 8 life must carry out ALL 8 life functionsfunctions

Nutrition

Transport

Respiration

Excretion

Synthesis

Growth

Regulation

Reproduction

Theories v. Law

Scientific Law- statement that describes some aspect of a phenomena of nature. Irrefutable: that is always true.

Theories: well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

Theories once accepted The world was?? Geocentric model: Every revolves around us Aristotle's theory that the heavier object falls

faster than a lighter object History of Animals “Males have more teeth

then females” Spontaneous generation Phrenology Brontosaurus or Apatosaurus? ??? Homo habilis H, erectus H. sapien

The Cell The Cell The cell is the basic unit of life.The cell is the basic unit of life. Smallest living unit Smallest living unit (that is known)(that is known)

Yet Scientists still Question: Yet Scientists still Question: • Viruses Viruses • PrionPrion

Most cells contain organelles (tiny Most cells contain organelles (tiny organs)organs) nucleusnucleus

The Cell TheoryThe Cell TheoryThree Principles,Three Principles, The cell: The cell:

Is the basic unit of life.Is the basic unit of life. Is the basic unit of structure and function Is the basic unit of structure and function Comes from pre-existing cellsComes from pre-existing cells

Three Exceptions:Three Exceptions: The first cellThe first cell VirusesViruses Some self replicating organellesSome self replicating organelles

Chloroplast and mitochondriaChloroplast and mitochondria

Scientific Inquiry

Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

Scientific Method An systematic approach to problems solving:

1. Defining the problem 2. Formulating a hypothesis

3. Testing the hypothesis 4. Recording observations

5. State a conclusion (sometime edit your hypothesis)

Defining the problem

Hypothesis –a possible explanation for events.

Experimentation (Testing the hypothesis)

1. Control group (no change) a source for comparison

2. Experimental group (contains 2 variables)

*Independent Variable (Manipulated) *Dependent Variable (responding)

#’s State a conclusion

Testing out a new Antibiotic??

American Coot Who Do I like

Better?

End, for this chapter

What makes them similar?What makes them similar?

Pics and Extra slides