APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External...
-
Upload
ethelbert-jordan -
Category
Documents
-
view
231 -
download
0
Transcript of APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External...
![Page 1: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
APES INTRODUCTION TO AP
ENVIRONMENTAL
![Page 2: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE• Environment
• External conditions that affect living organisms
• Ecology• Study of relationships between living
organisms and their environment• Environmental Science
• how nature works.• how the environment effects us.• how we effect the environment.• how we can live more sustainably
without degrading our life-support system.
![Page 3: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sustainability
• The ability of a specified system to survive and function over time
* It is our obligation to create sustainability
* Environmentally sustainable societies meets basic needs of its people in a just and equitable manner without degrading the natural capital that supplies these resources.
![Page 4: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability:
• Reliance on Solar Energy• Biodiversity• Population Control• Nutrient Recycling
Figure 1-16
![Page 5: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Implications of the Four Scientific Principles of Sustainability
![Page 6: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Resources
Renewable Non-RenewablePotentially Renewable
Direct solar energy
Fossil fuels Fresh air
Winds, tides, flowing water
Metallic minerals (iron, copper, aluminum)
Fresh water
Nonmetallic minerals (clay, sand, phosphates)
Fertile soil
Plants and animals
(biodiversity)
![Page 7: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Biodiversity
• Genetic Diversity• Variety in a genetic makeup among individuals within a single species
• Species Diversity• Variety among the species or distinct types of living organisms found in
different habitats of the planet
• Ecological Diversity• Variety of forests, deserts, grasslands, streams, lakes, oceans,
wetlands, and other communities
![Page 8: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS: CAUSES AND CONNECTIONS
• The major causes of environmental problems are:
• Population growth• Wasteful resource use• Poverty• Poor environmental accounting• Ecological ignorance
![Page 9: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pollution
• Any addition to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms
• Solid, liquid, or gaseous by-products or wastes
![Page 10: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Environmental Degradation
Common Property Resources• Tragedy of the Commons• Resources owned by none, but
available to all users free of charge
• May convert potentially renewable resources into nonrenewable resources
![Page 11: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Four Global Trends
1. Population growth and increasing consumption2. Degradation of soils3. Global atmospheric changes4. Loss of biodiversity
![Page 12: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fig. 1-1, p. 6
IndustrialRevolution
?
Agricultural revolutionHunting andGathering
Billio
ns o
f peo
ple
Time
Black Death—the Plague
1. POPULATIONGROWTH
![Page 13: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Degradation of Soils
![Page 14: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
2. Degradation of Soils
• Fertile soil is the foundation for plant growth and food production
• BUT-- soils are being degraded by erosion , overgrazing, development
![Page 15: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
3. Global Atmospheric Changes
• Burning fossil fuels ( oil, natural gas , and coal) has caused increases in global carbon dioxide
• CO2 blocks infrared radiation and therefore traps heat in the atmospheric
• resulting in displacement of plants, rise in sea level, changes in climate and weather
![Page 16: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
•CO2 blocks infrared radiation and therefore traps heat in the atmospheric
•resulting in displacement of plants, rise in sea level, changes in climate and weather
![Page 17: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
4. Loss of Biodiversity
•Increasing population and increasing consumption are accelerating conversion of forests, grasslands, and wetlands, etc. to agriculture and urban development
![Page 18: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Why is Biodiversity is important?
•Mainstay of crops and medicine development
•Critical factor in maintaining stability of natural systems
•For aesthetic and moral reasons
![Page 19: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What are ecological footprints?
• Ecological footprints measure the extent to which humans are using the Earth’s bioproductive capacity
• Units are global hectares• A hectare of land with “average bio-productive
capacity (for agriculture, forest, nutrient cycling, energy production, etc.)
• A hectare = 2.5 acres(1 acre is about a football field between the 5 yard lines)(1 hectare is 2 complete football fields with endzones)
![Page 21: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Ecological footprint and Biocapacity that lead to Overshoot
![Page 22: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Ecological footprints measure Earth’s carrying capacity for humans
• In 2010, the biosphere had about 11.5 billion hectares of biologically productive surface (about 1/4 of the total planet)
• 2 billion ha of ocean (the continental shelves)• 9.5 billion ha of land
• Current estimates indicate that humans are over-shooting the Earth’s carrying capacity by 25-50%
• To sustain the current carrying capacity, we could need 11/2 Earths!
• But, population growth and increasing development means that we are increasing our use of Earth’s carrying-capacity (bio-capacity)
![Page 23: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Our Ecological Footprint
• Humanity’s ecological footprint has exceeded earths ecological capacity.
Figure 1-7
![Page 24: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
What is the “Tragedy of the Commons”?
• ARTICLE: published in 1968 by Garrett Hardin.
• CONCEPT: a shared resource in which any given user reaps the full benefit of his/her personal use, while the losses are distributed amongst all users. Result? Tragedy all around.
• CLASSIC EXAMPLE: cows on shared pasture.
Individuals are motivated to add to their flocks to increase personal wealth.
![Page 25: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tragedy of the Commons
• As a result, the commons were overgrazed and degenerated to the point that they were no longer able to support the villagers' cattle.
• This failure to preserve the natural resources is known as "the tragedy of the commons."
![Page 26: APES INTRODUCTION TO AP ENVIRONMENTAL. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study.](https://reader034.fdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022050809/56649e6b5503460f94b69cf9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Common Resources
AIRWATEROCEANSFISH