APES Ch 5 part 1
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Transcript of APES Ch 5 part 1
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Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population
ControlCh. 5
Miller & Spoolman, 16th ed.
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Your Goal for this lecture
To be able to explain how interactions between organisms help drive natural selection
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Big Idea # 1
Species interactions affect the resource use and sizes of other populations in an area
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Species Interactions
There are 3 main types of species interactions:CompetitionPredationSymbiosis
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Importance of Species InteractionsThese types of interactions have a significant
impact on each population involvedThese interactions are agents of natural
selection - they influence who survives and is able to reproduce
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CompetitionCompetition for
resources2 types:
Interspecific - 2 different species compete for the resource
Intraspecific - members of the same species compete for the resource
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Brainstorm
Make a list of resources that species might compete for
Morning Buddies
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Intraspecific - often fighting involved to “win” the resourceCan be very intense
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Interspecific - usually no fighting, just better at getting it Less intense since species have slightly
different niches
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Competitive Exclusion PrincipleNo two species can
occupy exactly the same niche because competition for resources would be too intense
One species will be better at getting the resources
The other species must leave, adapt, or die
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Solving the Problem
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Resource PartitioningTwo species evolve
adaptations that allow them to use the same resource in different ways, at different times, or in different places in order to minimize competition
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How about humans? Are humans subject to the Principle of
Competitive Exclusion? Defend your answer Yes! Our use of resources directly competes with other
organisms, and forces them to leave the area or go extinct in that area (adaptation not possible since we change environment so quickly)
Kicked out of class buddies
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Predation All consumers feed on
other organisms Herbivores feed on live
plantsCarnivores feed on
animalsOmnivores feed on both
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Predator-Prey RelationshipsChanges in 1 population leads to changes in
other populations
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How do changes in population size affect ecosystems?
A change in the size of one population will affect the size of other populations
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J-curveExponential Pattern of Growth
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Intrinsic Pattern of GrowthS-curve
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Intrinsic Pattern of Growth
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• The size of the predator population affects the prey population and vice versa
• Who is controlling the rises and falls of these 2 populations? The Hare or the Lynx?
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What is an What is an adaptation or adaptation or strategy that would strategy that would be helpful to a be helpful to a predator?predator?
What is an What is an adaptation or adaptation or strategy that would strategy that would be helpful to a prey be helpful to a prey organism?organism?
Song buddies
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Structural advantages Natural Weapons - Fangs, claws Flexible bodies Larger Size
Predator Strategies
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Predator StrategiesAmbush-
Stalk a victim • VenomGape & Suck (fish)Keen
eyesight
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Predator StrategiesSPEED & CUNNING
• More intelligent than prey
• Run faster than prey• Hunt in packs
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Predator Strategies
Camouflage Sit in plain site
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Predator Strategies
Chemical warfarevenom
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Prey Strategies
Defense Techniques
Inflate
Flee
Fight Back
Stab
Poison
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Prey StrategiesStructural advantages
Hard Body Coverings Thorns or SpinesBreak away body partsNatural Weapons
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Chemical WarfareBlinding inkPoisonOffensive
Smells and Tastes
Prey Strategies
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Camouflage Color ChangeCounter-shadingDisruptive PatternsMimicry
Prey Strategies
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Mimicry• Mostly a prey technique
Optical and sonic illusions LOOKS like a predator:
• School of fish; false eyes; frilled neck and inflation
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Batesian mimicry- a harmless animal mimics a harmful or unpalatable one
Mullerian mimicy-two or more unpalatable species resemble each other
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2 rules about coloration
Small + beautiful = poisonousBeautiful + easy to catch = deadly
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Food for thought
Think of a local speciesWhat adaptations does it have
to catch prey or avoid being eaten?
food buddies
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Predator Prey relationships
Predator benefitsPrey does not…or does it?Predators
strengthen the population in the long term by preying on the weaker individuals
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CoevolutionWhen two species have lived together and
adapted to each other for a long time such that changes in the gene pool of one species leads to changes in the gene pool of the other species
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Symbiosis
Symbiosis – when different organism live in close, physical contact with one anotherParasitismMutualismCommensalism
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Parasitism
A form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is hurtLeeches, fleas,
ticks, tapeworms, etc
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Parasitism
Simple parasites - fleas, ticks, leechesMove from host to hostOr have only one host their
whole life
Complex parasites - plasmodium (malaria), toxoplasmosisMultiple hostsMultiple life stages
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Parasitism and Coevolution
Example: malariaParasite infects red blood cellsRBCs are swept into the spleen every few days
and destroyedParasite evolved to latch onto blood vessel with
a sticky proteinBody recognizes protein as foreign and will
attack itParasite evolves to have many different types
of proteins, so body can never catch up
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MutualismA form of
symbiosis in which both organisms benefit
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Commensalism
A form of symbiosis in which one organism benefits and the other is not harmed or helped
Example: sharks and remoras
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Summarize
Why are population interactions a driving force for natural selection?