APEnergy2016 Conference Book

September 4-8, 2016

National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

1

Contents Welcome Message 2

APEnergy Topics 3

Organizing Committees 4

NTHU Map and Floor Plan 6

Shuttle Bus Service 7

Scientific Program 8

Speakers

Plenary Speakers 15

Keynote Speakers 16

Other Presenters 24

List of Abstracts

Plenary Abstracts 31

Keynote Abstracts 35

Invited Abstracts 71

Poster Abstracts 85

2

3

APEnergy Topics The topics to be discussed at this conference include 1. Electrical Energy Storage 2. Chemical Energy Storage 3. Electrochemical Energy Storage 4. Thermal Energy Storage 5. Mechanical Energy Storage 6. Fuel Cells 7. Solar Cells 8. Photoelectrochemical Cells 9. Thermoelectrics 10. Rechargeable Batteries 11. Electrochemical Capacitors 12. Hydrogen Production 13. Electrode Materials 14. Electrolytes 15. Electric, Fuel Cell and Hybrid Vehicles 16. Stationary Power Units 17. Portable Power Units 18. Methods for Measurements 19. Modeling and Simulation 20. Design, Optimization and Configuration of Devices 21. Challenges for Fundamental Research 22. Challenges for Commercialization 23. Challenges for the Industry 24. Solar-thermal Energy Conversion and Storage 25. Other Energy Issues

4

Organizing Committees Honorary Chairperson H. Ho-Chen, President, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU)

General Chairperson Che-Wun Hong, Power Mechanical Engineering , National Tsing Hua

University (NTHU)

International Advisory Board

Chair:

Chen-Chi Ma Distinguished Chair Prof. Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU)

Members:

Guohua Chen Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST),

Hong Kong

Hui-Ming Cheng Institute of Metals, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),

Shenyang, China

Jaephil Cho Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Korea

Bruce Dunn University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USA

Morinobu Endo Shinshu University, Japan

Chris Greig University of Queensland (UQ) Energy Initiative, Australia

Che-Wun Hong National Tsing Hua University (NTHU), Taiwan

Li Lu National University of Singapore, Singapore

Arumugam Manthiram University of Texas Austin(UT-Austin), USA

Aaron Marshall University of Canterbury, New Zealand

David Mitlin University of Alberta, Canada

Parasuraman Selvam Indian Institute of Technology –Madras (IIT-Madras), India

Lijun Wan Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS),

Beijing, China

George Zhao University of Queensland (UQ), Australia

Local Organizing and Scientific Committee

Chair:

Che-Wun Hong Power Mechanical Engineering , National Tsing Hua University (NTHU)

Members:

Prof. Chiun-Hsun Chen Senior Vice President, National Chiao Tung University (NCTU)

5

Prof. Yu-Bin Chen Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University (NCKU)

Prof. Soofin Cheng Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University (NTU)

Dr. Chin-Hsien Cheng Manager, Product Design Department, Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies, Ltd.

Prof. Pau-Lo Hsu Vice Dean, College of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University (NCTU)

Prof. Yi-Hsuan Hung Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU)

Prof. Shih-Yuan Lu Associate Dean, College of Engineering, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU)

Dr. Jeng-Jang Ou General Manager, New Materials R&D Department, China Steel Co.

Dr. Alex Y. M. Peng Vice President of Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) & General Director of Material and Chemical Research Lab (MCRL)

Prof. Cheng-Kuo Sung Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University (NTHU)

Dr. Grace H. Y. Hsu Financial/General Affairs (Senior Director, Tze-Chiang Foundation of Science and Technology)

APEnergy 2016 Secretariat:

Miss Jade Tu Email: APEnergy2016@tcfst.org.tw

6

NTHU Map and Floor Plan

R107: Conference Room R108: Powerpoint Preparation Room

7

Shuttle Bus Service The shuttle service schedule between the conference site and the hotels is as below:

The Shuttle Service Schedule (20160905~20160908)

date Inbound Outbound

9/5 (Mon)

7:40- Howard Hotel Hsinchu 8:00- Ambassador Hsinchu → Engineering Building l

18:00- Engineering Building l → Howard Hotel Hsinchu & Ambassador Hsinchu

9/6 (Tue)

7:40- Howard Hotel Hsinchu 8:00- Ambassador Hsinchu → Engineering Building l

20:30- The Peng’s Agora Garden → Howard Hotel Hsinchu & Ambassador Hsinchu

9/7 (Wed)

7:40- Howard Hotel Hsinchu 8:00- Ambassador Hsinchu → Engineering Building l

17:30- Engineering Building l → Howard Hotel Hsinchu & Ambassador Hsinchu

9/8 (Thu)

8:40- Howard Hotel Hsinchu 9:00- Ambassador Hsinchu → Engineering Building l

17:00- Engineering Building l → Howard Hotel Hsinchu & Ambassador Hsinchu

Free WiFi at EB1 Name: PME-guest PW: cfd606

8

Scientific Program

Sunday 20160904 Engineering Building 1 (EB1) Time Subject

Chairperson

14:00-17:00 Reception & Registration 17:00-18:00 Welcome Party (cocktail and juice) at 1st Floor Lobby Prof. Che-Wun Hong

Monday 20160905 Location: EB1 R107 Time Subject Presenter Presentation Title Chairperson

08:00-17:00 Reception & Registration 08:30-08:40 Opening Address by Vice President for R&D of NTHU: Prof. J. Raynien Kwo C.W. Hong

08:40-09:30 Plenary PL-001

Dr. Yoshio Nishi SONY

The Road Taken by Lithium Ion Secondary Batteries. And What Lies Ahead? Prof.

Chen-Chi Ma

NTHU Taiwan

09:30-10:00 Keynote KY-002

Prof. Shih-Yuan Lu National Tsing Hua University

Mesoporous Carbon based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

10:00-10:30 Keynote KY-013

Prof. Parasuraman Selvam Indian Institute of Technology-Madras

Ordered Nano- and Nanoporous materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

10:30-10:50 Tea Break

10:50-11:20 Keynote KY-012

Prof. Jingyuan Chen University of Fukui Salt-free Electrolysis

Prof. Chi-Chang

Hu NTHU Taiwan

11:20-11:50 Keynote KY-007

Dr. Aaron T. Marshall University of Canterbury

Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution at Nickel Oxy-Hydroxide Anodes

11:50-12:20 Keynote KY-027

Prof. Kwong-Yu Chan University of Hong Kong

Colloidal Solution Combustion for Scalable Synthesis of Nanostructures with Porosity Control for Energy Conversion

12:20-13:30 Lunch (2nd Floor Lobby)

13:30-13:50 Invited O1-005

Jun Song Chen National University of Singapore

Self-supported Ni-based nanostructures on nickel foam with enhanced pseudocapacitive properties

Prof. Pang-Chieh

Sui UVIC

Canada

13:50-14:10 Invited O7-013

Yi-Shiou Chen Institute of Nuclear Energy Research

Post-Annealing Effect on a-Si:H Passivation Layer for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells

14:10-14:30 Invited O24-007

Caiyan Qin Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Optimization of a volumetric solar collector with plasmonic nanofluids

14:30-14:50 Invited O4-006

Sivasankaran Harish Kyushu University

Enhanced Melting of Phase Change Nano Composites in Latent Heat Thermal Storage Systems

14:50-15:10 Invited O1-003

Shulei Chou University of Wollongong

Low Cost Materials for High Energy Sodium-ion Battery

15:10-15:30 Tea Break

15:30-16:00 Keynote KY-022

Prof. Pang-Chieh Sui University of Victoria Wuhan University of Technology

PEMFC Modeling and Simulation: Perspectives and Outlook

Prof. George Zhao UQ

Australia

9

16:00-16:30 Keynote KY-009

Prof. Kan-Lin Hsueh National United University

Recent Development of a Novel Vanadium Redox Flow Battery

16:30-17:00 Keynote KY-011

Dr. Chang-Chung Yang Industrial Technology Research Institute

A Perspective on Aluminum-ion Batteries

17:00-17:30 Keynote KY-020

Dr. Chin-Hsien Cheng Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Tech Ltd

Current Status of Hydrogen Scooter Development in Taiwan

18:00-19:30 Committee Meeting (with dinner) at EB1 R301 Committee Members

Monday 20160905 Location: EB1 Exhibition Area

Time Subject Presenter Presentation Title Chairperson 08:00-17:00 Reception & Registration 08:30-08:40 Opening Address

08:40-17:30

Poster P15-044

Shun-Chang Chang Da-Yeh University (10:30-10:50)

Nonlinear Dynamics and Control in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles

Prof. Yu-Bin Chen

NTHU Taiwan

Poster P9-022

B. C. Chen Hwa Hsia University of Technology (10:30-10:50)

Temperature for Lithium-Ion Electrodes of Carbon Nanospheres during Charging

Poster P10-023

Cian Tong Lu National United University (10:30-10:50)

Reduction of Electrode Overpotential of Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Tin Whisker Growth

Poster P4-082

Yi-Chia Cheng National Tsing Hua University (12:20-13:30)

First Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulation of High Temperature Electrolytes and FEM Analysis on Thermal Batteries

Poster P3-027

Ying-Yu Huang National Taipei University of Technology (12:20-13:30)

Highly Efficient Cobalt Oxide Supercapacitor Electrode: Effects of the Structure on the Electroactive Capability

Poster P3-028

Lu-Ying Lin National Taipei University of Technology (12:20-13:30)

Effects of the Shell Material at the Nickel Cobalt Oxide Core on the Supercapacitor Electrode Performance

Poster P8-029

Hong-Syun Lin National Taipei University of Technology (12:20-13:30)

Application of MoS2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite as the Catalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution

Poster P13-048

Masatsugu Fujishige Shinshu University (12:20-13:30)

Carbonized material from Bamboo cellulose fiber solutions

Poster P8-031

Jia-Yo Hong National Taipei University of Technology (12:20-13:30)

Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Using the TiO2/Reduce Graphene Oxide/Sb2S3 Heterojunction

10

Poster P3-032

Hong-Qin Chen National Taipei University of Technology (15:10-15:30)

Studying the Function of TiO2 in the Light-Assisted Pyrrole Electropolymerization for Supercapacitors

Poster P11-049

Kenji Takeuchi Shinshu University (15:10-15:30)

Bio-nanocarbon from NaOH-activation of polysaccharides for high performance electric double layer capacitor

Poster P6-086

Yonghyun Kwon Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) (15:10-15:30)

N-doped zeolite-templated carbon as a metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Poster P6-021

Zucheng Wu Zhejiang University (15:10-15:30)

Optimization of Mass Transfer Condition to Improve the Performance of Direct Urea Fuel Cell

All the poster presenters are asked to show up in front of your poster to present to the reviewers in 5 min according to the blue time for the Best Poster Award Competition.

Tuesday 20160906 Location: EB1 R107 Time Subject Presenter Presentation Title Chairperson

08:00-17:00 Reception & Registration

08:40-09:30 Plenary PL-002

Prof. George Zhao University of Queensland Australia

Graphene-Based Composite Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Prof. Shih-Yuan Lu

NTHU Taiwan 09:30-10:00

Keynote KY-004

Prof. Chi-Chang Hu National Tsing Hua University

Development of Electrode Materials of Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Nickel-Cobalt-Based Oxyhydroxides

10:00-10:30 Keynote KY-026

Prof. Hsin-Jay Wu National Sun-Yat Sen University

Engineering Cubic AgSbTe2-based and Chalcopyrite CuGaTe2-based thermoelectric materials: their high zT values, microstructures and related phase equilibria

10:30-10:50 Tea Break

10:50-11:20 Keynote KY-015

Prof. Hsing-Yu Tuan National Tsing Hua University

Scalable Nanomaterials for Energy-based Applications

Prof. Parasuraman Selvam

IIT India 11:20-11:50

Keynote KY-017

Prof. Fan-Gang Tseng National Tsing Hua University

Low-Temperature and High-Performance Micro Methanol-Reforming-Type Phosphorus-Acid Fuel Cells

11:50-12:20 Keynote KY-025

Prof. Shinichi Komaba Tokyo University of Science

Materials Chemistry of Rechargeable Li-, Na-, and K-Ion Batteries

12:20-13:30 Lunch (2nd Floor Lobby)

13:30-13:50 Invited O13-025

Sourav Khan Indian Institute of Technology-Madras

Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ordered Mesoporous LiMPO4 (M = Fe or Mn)/Carbon Composites

Prof. Kan-Lin Hsueh 13:50-14:10

Invited O3-014

Dongfang Yang The University of Queensland

Synthesis of Spherical NiCo2O4 as Anode for Sodium-Ion Capacitors

11

14:10-14:30 Invited O7-015

Lin Yang National Tsing Hua University

Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by Non-Halide Lead Precursors

NUU Taiwan

14:30-14:50 Invited O3-020

Kai-Hsuan Hung China Steel Corporation

The Development of the Electrode Materials of Activated Carbon for Electrical Double-layer Capacitors

14:50-15:10 Invited O12-057

Chun-Ting Liu National Tsing Hua University

Photoelectrochemical Biofuel Cells for Electricity Generation and Hydrogen Production

15:10-15:30 Tea Break

15:30-16:00 Keynote KY-028

Prof. Pooi See Lee Nanyang Technological Univ.

Flexible and Multifunctional Integrated Supercapacitor Electrodes

Dr. Aaron T. Marshall

UCanterbury New Zealand

16:00-16:30 Keynote KY-021

Prof. Hsiang-Yu Wang National Tsing Hua University

Rapid Analysis for Advancing the Production of Bioenergy Using Microfluidic and Optical Techniques

16:30-17:00 Keynote KY-018

Prof. Yung-Chun Wu National Tsing Hua University

Solar Cell Energy System and Applications

17:00-17:30 Keynote KY-024

Prof. Morinobu Endo Shinshu University

Nanostructured Carbons for Advanced Energy Devices

17:45 Group Photo in front of EB1 and Lobby 18:00-20:00 Banquet at the Peng's Agora Garden

Tuesday 20160906 Location: EB1 Exhibition Area Time Subject Presenter Presentation Title Chairperson

08:00-17:00 Reception & Registration

08:40-17:00

Poster P3-036

He-Xin Lai National Taipei University of Technology (10:30-10:50)

Synthesizing NiCo2S4 Nanosheet for Supercapacitors Using Thiourea as Structure-Directing Agent and Sulfur Source

Prof. Ming-Chang

Lu NCTU Taiwan

Poster P3-039

Yong Xiang Zhang National Taipei University of Technology (10:30-10:50)

Application of Polypyrrole as the Electroactive Material on the Supercapacitor Electrode

Poster P24-040

Zhen-Sheng Hu National Formosa University (10:30-10:50)

Spectral properties and thermal stability of CrN/CrON/Al2O3 spectrally selective coating

Poster P11-043

Ruey-Chi Wang National University of Kaohsiung (12:20-13:30)

Synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performance of Cu/RGO nanocomposites

12

Poster P10-016

Ling Huang Xiamen University (12:20-13:30)

Unravelling Mutual Impact between Inner-Lattice Variables and Li-ion Diffusion of LiNi0.54Co0.23Mn0.23O2 under High-Voltage Charging by A Coupled In-Situ Measurement

Poster P10-047

Jarrn-Horng Lin National University of Tainan (12:20-13:30)

Conductive Carbon Additives of Cathode for Lithium-ion Battery

Poster P3-033

Zih-Hao Yeh National Taipei University of Technology (12:20-13:30)

Effect of the pH Value for Synthesizing Nickel Cobalt Sulfides as the Electrode Material

Poster P3-034

Yu-Shiang Chen National Taipei University of Technology (12:20-13:30)

Highly Efficient Supercapacitor Electrode with 2D WS2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanosheets

Poster P10-051

Irish Valerie B. Maggay Chung Yuan Christian University (12:20-13:30)

Electrochemical properties of spinel-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Poster P3-053

Hung-Ta Lu Chung Yuan Christian University (15:10-15:30)

Synthesis and characterization of F-doped Na3V2(PO4)3 as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries

Poster P3-026

Bing-Chang Xiao National Taipei University of Technology (15:10-15:30)

Improving the Electrochemical Performance for the MoS2/Polypyrrole-Based Supercapacitor Electrode

Poster P3-030

Wei-Lun Hong National Taipei University of Technology (15:10-15:30)

Application of the Novel Multiple-Dimensional Cobalt Oxide as the Electroactive Material for Supercapacitors

Poster P6-019

Zheng Fan Zhejiang University (15:10-15:30)

Mechanistic study of urea electro-oxidation on Ni catalyst by using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy

All the poster presenters are asked to show up in front of your poster to present to the reviewers in 5 min according to the blue time for the Best Poster Award Competition.

Wednesday 20160907 Location: EB1 R107 Time Subject Presenter Presentation Title Chairperson

08:00-17:00 Reception & Registration

08:40-09:30 Plenary PL-003

Dr. Alex Y. M. Peng Industrial Technology Research Institute

From Innovation to Commercialization~ Advanced Energy Materials and Applications

Prof. Morinobu Endo

Shinshu U Japan

13

09:30-10:00 Keynote KY-001

Prof. Li Lu National University of Singapore

Design of Garnet-type Solid Electrolytes with Enhanced Conductivity

10:00-10:30 Keynote KY-010

Prof. Tian-Shiang Yang National Cheng Kung University

Thermal Effects of Cell Irradiance Nonuniformity on the Conversion Efficiency of HCPV Modules and a Uniform-Irradiance Concentrator Design

10:30-10:50 Tea Break

10:50-11:20 Keynote KY-006

Prof. Yu-Bin Chen National Tsing Hua University

Development of Energy-Saving Glass Using Tailored Optical Responses of Nano-Structures Prof.

Tian-Shiang Yang

NCKU Taiwan

11:20-11:50 Keynote KY-023

Prof. Bong Jae Lee Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Near-Field Thermal Radiation for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion

11:50-12:20 Keynote KY-008

Prof. Ming-Chang Lu National Chiao Tung University

High and Tunable Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Polymer Nanofibers

12:20-13:30 Lunch (2nd Floor Lobby)

13:30-13:50 Invited O10-011

Yutaka Moritomo University of Tsukuba

Metal-hexacyanoferrate as secondary battery material

Prof. Bong Jae Lee

KAIST Korea

13:50-14:10 Invited O4-041

Xian-Hong Chen National Chung-Hsing University

Recovery of waste heat in radiator with phase change material to produce hot water for recreational vehicle

14:10-14:30 Invited O7-006

Lu-Lin Li National United University

Electrodeposition of Counter Electrode Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

14:30-14:50 Invited O4-042

Hao-Ting Huang National Tsing Hua University

Influence of Magnetic Domain Walls and Magnetic Field on the Thermal Conductivity of Magnetic Nanowires

14:50-15:20 Keynote KY-030

Prof. Ming-Tsang Lee National Chung-Hsing Univ

Photo-thermal Energy Conversion Enhancement and Utilizations Using Nanomaterials

15:20-15:40 Tea Break

15:40-16:10 Keynote KY-029

James H Wang Industrial Technology Research Institute

The System Impact and Implementation of Green Vehicles

Prof. Li Lu NUS

Singapore 16:10-16:40 Keynote KY-019

Prof. Yi-Hsuan Hung National Taiwan Normal Univ.

Innovative Designs and Energy Management for Green-Energy Vehicles

16:40-17:00

Closing Ceremony (+Awards)

Prof. Che-Wun Hong General Chairman

Summary of APEnergy2016 Best Oral & Poster Presentation Awards

14

Thursday 20160908

Time Subject

Chairperson

09:20--12:00 ITRI Technical Visit Report at EB1 Receiption on 9:00 AM Prof. Yi-Hsuan Hung

12:45--17:00

Hsinchu County Culture Tour

Report at EB1 Receiption on 12:30 PM Prof. Yu-Bin Chen

Best Poster Paper Award Judges Prof. Yu-Bin Chen* (PME, NTHU. Taiwan) Chair ybchen@pme.nthu.edu.tw

Prof. Shinichi Komaba (Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Japan) komaba@rs.kagu.tus.ac.jp

Prof. Bong Jae Lee (ME, KAIST, Korea) bongjae.lee@kaist.ac.kr

Prof. Ming-Tsang Lee (ME, NCHU, Taiwan) mtlee@nchu.edu.tw

Prof. Pooi See Lee (Materials, NTU, Singapore) pslee@ntu.edu.sg

Best Oral Paper Award Judges Prof. Ming-Chang Lu* (ME, NCTU, Taiwan) Chair mclu@mail.nctu.edu.tw

Prof. Jingyuan Chen (Applied Physics, University of Fukui, Japan)

jchen@u-fukui.ac.jp

Prof. Aaron T. Marshall (ChE, University of Canterbury, New Zealand) aaron.marshall@canterbury.ac.nz

Prof. Yung-Chun Wu (ESS, NTHU, Taiwan) ycwu@ess.nthu.edu.tw

Prof. Kan-Lin Hsueh (ChE, NUU, Taiwan) kanlinhsueh@nuu.edu.tw

15

Plenary Speakers

PL-001 Dr. Yoshio Nishi Retired Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer, SONY; Charles Stark Draper Prize winner, 2014 Title: “The Road Taken by Lithium Ion Secondary Batteries. And What Lies Ahead?” https://www.nae.edu/Projects/Awards/DraperPrize/DraperWinners/105792/105800.aspx

PL-002 Prof. George Zhao FRSC, UQ Vice-Chancellor’s Teaching and Research Fellow, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Australia Title: “Graphene-Based Composite Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage” www.chemeng.uq.edu.au/zhao

PL-003 Dr. Alex Y. M. Peng Vice President & General Director, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan Title: “From Innovation to Commercialization~ Advanced Energy Materials and Applications” https://www.itri.org.tw/eng/Content/Management/contents.aspx?&SiteID=1&MmmID=617731521672713673&SSize=10&MSID=653414742531651160

16

Keynote Speakers

KY-001 Prof. Li Lu Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Title: “Design of Garnet-type Solid Electrolytes with Enhanced Conductivity” http://serve.me.nus.edu.sg/luli/home.htm

KY-002 Prof. Shih-Yuan Lu Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Title: “Mesoporous Carbon based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors” http://www.che.nthu.edu.tw/members/bio.php?PID=14

KY-004 Prof. Chi-Chang Hu Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Title: “Development of Electrode Materials of Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Nickel-Cobalt-Based Oxyhydroxides” http://www.che.nthu.edu.tw/members/bio.php?PID=99

17

KY-006 Prof. Yu-Bin Chen Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Title: “Development of Energy-Saving Glass Using Tailored Optical Responses of Nano-Structures” http://www.me.ncku.edu.tw/enus/content/yu-bin-chen

KY-007 Dr. Aaron T. Marshall Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand Title: “Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution at Nickel Oxy-Hydroxide Anodes” http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/spark/Researcher.aspx?researcherid=4133656

KY-008 Prof. Ming-Chang Lu Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan Title: “High and Tunable Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Polymer Nanofibers” http://www.me.nctu.edu.tw/people/bio.php?PID=152

18

KY-009 Prof. Kan-Lin Hsueh Department of Energy Engineering, National United University, Taiwan Title: “Recent Development of a Novel Vanadium Redox Flow Battery” http://www.nuu.edu.tw/UIPWeb/wSite/ct?xItem=111803&ctNode=19921&mp=116

KY-010 Prof. Tian-Shiang Yang Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan Title: “Thermal Effects of Cell Irradiance Nonuniformity on the Conversion Efficiency of HCPV Modules and a Uniform-Irradiance Concentrator Design” http://radb.ncku.edu.tw/Personal_Report/profile_en.php?s=ODgwMjAwODthbGw7OzI7cGVyc29uYWxfcmVwb3J0X2Nzc18z

KY-011 Dr. Chang-Chung Yang Green Energy and Environment Research Lab, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan Title:’’ A Perspective on Aluminum-ion Batteries” https://www.itri.org.tw/eng/Content/Messagess/contents.aspx?&SiteID=1&MmmID=617763640501161230

19

KY-012 Prof. Jingyuan Chen Department of Applied Physics, University of Fukui, Japan Title: “Salt-free Electrolysis” http://asura.apphy.u-fukui.ac.jp/~chen/Prof.%20Chen%20Jingyuan.html

KY-013 Prof. Parasuraman Selvam Head, National Centre for Catalysis Research and Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, India Title: “Ordered Nano- and Nanoporous materials for Energy Conversion and Storage” http://chem.iitm.ac.in/faculty/selvam/

KY-015 Prof. Hsing-Yu Tuan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Title: “Scalable Nanomaterials for Energy-based Applications” http://www.che.nthu.edu.tw/members/bio.php?PID=200

20

KY-017 Prof. Fan-Gang Tseng Dean of Nuclear Science College, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Title: “Low-Temperature and High-Performance Micro Methanol-Reforming-Type Phosphorus-Acid Fuel Cells” http://fangang.web.nthu.edu.tw/files/11-1198-5251.php?Lang=en

KY-018 Prof. Yung-Chun Wu Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Title: “Solar Cell Energy System and Applications” http://semiconductorlab.iwopop.com/page112

KY-019 Prof. Yi-Hsuan Hung Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taiwan Title: “Innovative Designs and Energy Management for Green-Energy Vehicles” http://www.ie.ntnu.edu.tw/people/bio.php?PID=19

21

KY-020 Dr. Chin-Hsien Cheng Department of Product Design, Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies Ltd, Taiwan Title: “Current Status of Hydrogen Scooter Development in Taiwan” http://www.apfct.com/en/

KY-021 Prof. Hsiang-Yu (Angie) Wang Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan Title: “Rapid Analysis for Advancing the Production of Bioenergy Using Microfluidic and Optical Techniques” http://mx.nthu.edu.tw/~hy.wang/members.html

KY-022 Prof. Pang-Chieh (Jay) Sui School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, China Institute for Integrated Energy Systems (IESVic),University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Title: “PEMFC Modeling and Simulation: Perspectives and Outlook” http://english.whut.edu.cn/education/sd/

22

KY-023 Prof. Bong Jae Lee Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea Title: “Near-Field Thermal Radiation for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion” https://sites.google.com/site/kaisttrad/members/professor

KY-024 Prof. Morinobu Endo Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Japan Title: “Nanostructured Carbons for Advanced Energy Devices” http://www.shinshu-u.ac.jp/institution/icst/english/future/

KY-025 Prof. Shinichi Komaba Department Chair, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Japan Title: “Materials Chemistry of Rechargeable Li-, Na-, and K-Ion Batteries” http://www.rs.kagu.tus.ac.jp/komaba/enpeople.html

23

KY-026 Prof. Hsin-Jay Wu Department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science, National Sun-Yat Sen University, Taiwan Title: “Engineering Cubic AgSbTe2-based and Chalcopyrite CuGaTe2-based thermoelectric materials: their high zT values, microstructures and related phase equilibria” http://hjwu.mse.nsysu.edu.tw/bin/home.php

KY-027 Prof. Kwong-Yu Chan Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Title: “Colloidal Solution Combustion for Scalable Synthesis of Nanostructures with Porosity Control for Energy Conversion” http://www.chemistry.hku.hk/staff/kyc/kychan.html

KY-028 Prof. Pooi See Lee Division of Materials Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Title: “Flexible and Multifunctional Integrated Supercapacitor Electrodes” http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/pslee/

24

KY-029 James HY Wang General Director, Office of Strategy and R&D Planning, Industrial Technology Research Institute Title: “The System Impact and Implementation of Green Vehicles” https://www.itri.org.tw/eng/Content/Management/contents.aspx?&SiteID=1&MmmID=617731521672713673&SSize=10&MSID=653612064530710754

KY-030 Prof. Ming-Tsang Lee Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan Title: “Photo-Thermal Energy Conversion Enhancement and Utilizations Using Nanomaterials” http://www.me.nchu.edu.tw/lab/neatlab/advisor.html

Invited Speakers Code: O1-005 Jun Song Chen, and Daniel John Blackwood*, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore Title: “Self-supported Ni-based nanostructures on nickel foam with enhanced pseudocapacitive properties” Presenter: Jun Song Chen Code: O4-006 Nitesh Das1, Sivasankaran Harish*2, 1School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh, Kamand, 175-005, India, 2International Institute of Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. Title: “Enhanced Melting of Phase Change Nano Composites in Latent Heat Thermal Storage Systems” Presenter: Sivasankaran Harish

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Code: O24-007 Caiyan Qin and Bong Jae Lee*, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, South Korea Title: “Optimization of a volumetric solar collector with plasmonic nanofluids” Presenter: Caiyan Qin Code: O10-011 Yutaka Moritomo1,2,3 and Masamitsu Takachi1, 1Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 705-8577, Japan, 2Center for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering (CiRfSE), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 705-8577, Japan, 3Tsukuba Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 705-8577, Japan Title: “Metal-hexacyanoferrate as secondary battery material” Presenter: Yutaka Moriotmo Code: O4-012 Yi-Chia Cheng, Chung-Fu Chen, Che-Wun Hong*, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Title: “First Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulation of High Temperature Electrolytes and FEM Analysis of Thermal Batteries” Presenter: Yi-Chia Cheng Code: O7-013 Yung-Chih Chen, Yi-Shiou Chen, Min-Chuan Wang, Hsin-Liang Chen, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (Physics Division) No. 1000, Wenhua Rd., Longtan Dist.Taoyuan City, 32546, Taiwan Title: “Post-Annealing Effect on a-Si:H Passivation Layer for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells” Presenter: Yung-Chih Chen Code: O3-014 Dongfang Yang, Nanjundan Ashok Kumar, and X.S. Zhao*, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia Title: “Synthesis of Spherical NiCo2O4 as Anode for Sodium-Ion Capacitors” Presenter: Dongfang Yang Code: O7-015 Lin Yang, Yi-Ju Cho, Kai-Ming Chiang, Hao-Wu Lin*, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Title: “Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by Non-Halide Lead Precursors” Presenter: Lin Yang Code: O3-020 Kai-Hsuan Hung*, Wen-Cheng Liao, No. 1, Chung Kang Rd., Hsiao Kang, Kaohsiung, 81233, Taiwan Title: “Type Development of the Electrode Materials of Activated Carbon for Electrical Double-layer Capacitors” Presenter: Kai-Hsuan Hung Code: O13-025 Sourav Khan and Parasuraman Selvam*, National Centre for Catalysis Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, INDIA Title: “Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ordered Mesoporous LiMPO4 (M = Fe or Mn)/Carbon Composites” Presenter: Sourav Khan Code: O4-041 Xian-Hong Chen, and Jau-Huai Lu National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, No. 145, Xingda Rd, South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan

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Title: “Recovery of waste heat in radiator with phase change material to produce hot water for recreational vehicle” Presenter: Xian-Hong Chen Code: O4-042 Hao-Ting Huang, and Zung-Hang Wei National Tsing Hua University, Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan Title: “Influence of Magnetic Domain Walls and Magnetic Field on the Thermal Conductivity of Magnetic Nanowires” Presenter: Hao-Ting Huang Code: O6-046 Jie Cheng, Zhang Baoqiang and Zhang Fengxiang*, School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dagong Road, Liaodongwan New District, Panjin, China Title: “Chain-Tuned and Guanidimidazolium-Functionalized Alkaline Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Application” Presenter: Fengxiang Zhang Code: O1-003 Shu-Lei Chou*, Weijie Li, Yunxiao Wang, Jia-Zhao Wang, Hun-Kun Liu and Shi-Xue Dou, Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia Title: “Low Cost Materials for High Energy Sodium-ion Battery” Presenter: Shu-Lei Chou Code: O7-006 Lu-Lin Li, Department of Energy Engineering, National United University, Room A1-707, 2, Lienda, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan, R.O.C. Title: “Electrodeposition of Counter Electrode Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells” Presenter: Lu-Lin Li Posters Code: P8-009 Lei Cheng, Jiajia Liu*, Meng Xu, Jiatao Zhang, Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China Title: “Ternary Cooperative Au-CdS-rGO Hetero-nanostructures: Synthesis with Multi-interface Control and Their Photoelectrochemical Properties” Presenter: Jiajia Liu Code: P10-016 Qi Wang1, Yue-Feng Xu1, Chong-Heng Shen1, Ling Huang1*, Jun-Tao Li2, Shi-Gang Sun1, 2*, 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 2College of Energy & School of Energy Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China Title: “Unravelling Mutual Impact between Inner-Lattice Variables and Li-ion Diffusion of LiNi0.54Co0.23Mn0.23O2 under High-Voltage Charging by A Coupled In-Situ Measurement” Presenter: Ling Huang Code: P9-022 B. C. Chen, C. Y. Ho, J. W. Yu and Y. H. Tsai, Department of Chinese medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi 622, Taiwan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hwa Hsia University of Technology, Taipei 235, Taiwan Title: “Temperature for Lithium-Ion Electrodes of Carbon Nanospheres during Charging”

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Presenter: B. C. Chen Code: P10-023 Cian-Tong Lu1*; Yen-Wen Chiu2; Mei-Jing1 Li1; Kan-Lin, Hsueh1; Ju-Shei Hung2, 1Dept. of Energy Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan, 2Dept. of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan Title: “Reduction of Electrode Overpotential of Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Tin Whisker Growth” Presenter: Cian Tong Lu Code: P3-026 Bing-Chang Xiao, Chao-Chi Tu, and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Improving the Electrochemical Performance for the MoS2/Polypyrrole-Based Supercapacitor Electrode” Presenter: Bing-Chang Xiao Code: P3-027 Ying-Yu Huang, Yu-Bin Liu, Lu-Yin Lin*, and Chao-Chi Tu, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Highly Efficient Cobalt Oxide Supercapacitor Electrode: Effects of the Structure on the Electroactive Capability” Presenter: Ying-Yu Huang Code: P3-028 Lu-Ying Lin and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Effects of the Shell Material at the Nickel Cobalt Oxide Core on the Supercapacitor Electrode Performance” Presenter: Lu-Ying Lin Code: P8-029 Hong-Syun Lin and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Application of MoS2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite as the Catalyst for the Hydrogen Evolution” Presenter: Hong-Syun Lin Code: P3-030 Wei-Lun Hong, Lu-Yin Lin*, Yu-Pin Liu, Lu-Ying Lin, and Chao-Chi Tu, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Application of the Novel Multiple-Dimensional Cobalt Oxide as the Electroactive Material for Supercapacitors” Presenter: Wei-Lun Hong Code: P8-031 Jia-Yo Hong, Yung-Tao Sung, and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Using the TiO2/Reduce Graphene Oxide/Sb2S3 Heterojunction” Presenter: Jia-Yo Hong Code: P3-032

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Hong-Qin Chen, Zong-De Ni, Yung-Tao Song, and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Studying the Function of TiO2 in the Light-Assisted Pyrrole Electropolymerization for Supercapacitors” Presenter: Hong-Qin Chen Code: P3-033 Zih-Hao Yeh, and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Effect of the pH Value for Synthesizing Nickel Cobalt Sulfides as the Electrode Material” Presenter: Zih-Hao Yeh Code: P3-034 Yu-Shiang Chen, Chao-Chi Tu, and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Highly Efficient Supercapacitor Electrode with 2D WS2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrid Nanosheets” Presenter: Yu-Shiang Chen Code: P3-036 He-Xin Lai, Jheng-Fong Yu and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Synthesizing NiCo2S4 Nanosheet for Supercapacitors Using Thiourea as Structure-Directing Agent and Sulfur Source” Presenter: He-Xin Lai Code: P3-039 Yong Xiang Zhang, Sheng-Sian Yang and Lu-Yin Lin*, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan Title: “Application of Polypyrrole as the Electroactive Material on the Supercapacitor Electrode” Presenter: Yong Xiang Zhang Code: P24-040 Ting-Kan Tsai*, Shu-Wei Yang, Zhen-Sheng Hu, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Formosa University No. 64, Wun Hua Rd., Huwei Yunlin, 632, Taiwan Title: “Spectral properties and thermal stability of CrN/CrON/Al2O3 spectrally selective coating” Presenter: Zhen-Sheng Hu Code: P24-042 Tao Chen, Meng Xu, Muwei Ji, Lei Cheng, Jiajia Liu, Bing Zhang and Jiatao Zhang, Beijing Key Laboratory of Construction-Tailorable Advanced Functional Materials and Green Applications, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street Beijing, 100081, China Title: “Aqueous phase synthesis of Au@Ag3AuX2 (X = Se, Te) core/shell NCs and the broad NIR photothermal conversion application” Presenter: Meng Xu Code: P11-043 Yi- Xiu Chen, *Ruey-Chi Wang, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan Title: “Synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performance of Cu/RGO nanocomposites” Presenter: Ruey-Chi

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Code: P15-044 Shun-Chang Chang Jui-Feng Hu, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Da-Yeh University, No. 168, University Rd., Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan Title: “Nonlinear Dynamics and Control in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles” Presenter: Shun-Chang Chang Code: P10-047 E-Kuan Lin and Jarrn-Horng Lin*, Department of Material Science Engineer, National University of Tainan, 33, Sec. 2, Shu-lin St., Tainan, 70005, Taiwan Title: “Conductive Carbon Additives of Cathode for Lithium-ion Battery” Presenter: Jarrn-Horng Lin Code: P1-048 Masatsugu FUJISHIGE1*, Ichiro YOSHIDA1, Yumiko TOYA1, Yasuo BANBA1, Kenji TAKEUCHI1 , Kyouichi OSHIDA2, Morinobu ENDO1, 1Shinshu University, Institute of Carbon Science and Technology 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan, 2Nagano national college of Technology 716 Tokuma, Nagano, 380-8550, Japan Title: “Carbonized material from Bamboo cellulose fiber solutions” Presenter: Masatsugu FUJISHIGE Code: P11-049 Kenji Takeuchi*, Tomoaki Ishida, Yoshihiro Kunieda, Yosuke Kato, Yusuke Tanaka, Masatsugu Fujishige, Morinobu Endo, Institute of Carbon Science and technology, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan Title: “Bio-nanocarbon from NaOH-activation of polysaccharides for high performance electric double layer capacitor” Presenter: Kenji Takeuchi Code: P10-051 Irish Valerie B. Maggay and Wei-Ren Liu*, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, No. 200 Zhongbei Rd, Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, 3202, Taiwan Title: “Electrochemical properties of spinel-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries” Presenter: Irish Valerie B. Maggay Code: P3-053 Rasu Muruganantham, Hung-Ta Lu, Tai-Feng Hung, Wei-Ren Liu*, Energy and Electronic-opto Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li Dist, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan. New Energy Technology Division, Energy & Environment Research Laboratories (GEL), Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, 31040, Taiwan. Title: “Synthesis and characterization of F-doped Na3V2(PO4)3 as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries” Presenter: Hung-Ta Lu Code: P6-086 Yonghyun Kwon, Kyoungsoo Kim and Ryong Ryoo* Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea, Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. Title: “N-doped zeolite-templated carbon as a metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction” Presenter: Yonghyun Kwon Code: P6-019

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Zheng Fan1, Xu Yang1, Haoyue Zheng1, Zucheng Wu1,*, Dennis Y.C. Leung2,*, 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Energy Storage; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China, 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China, Title: “Mechanistic study of urea electro-oxidation on Ni catalyst by using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy” Presenter: Zheng Fan Code: P6-021 Zucheng Wu1*, Gang Li1, Zheng Fan1, Xu Yang1, Haoyue Zheng1, Department of Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Energy Storage; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. Title: “Optimization of Mass Transfer Condition to Improve the Performance of Direct Urea Fuel Cell” Presenter: Zucheng Wu

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APEnergy 2016 PL-001 Plenary Speech

The Road Taken by Lithium Ion Secondary Batteries. And What Lies Ahead?

Yoshio Nishi

SONY Corporation 1-7-1 Konan Minato-ku,

Tokyo, 108-0075, JAPAN west24440@mx-keio.net

Abstract The birth of the Li-ion secondary battery ～ A problem child? The first commercial Li-ion secondary battery (LIB) was introduced in 1991 by SONY Corp. We met many difficulties in developing the Li-ion secondary battery and I would like to describe how we overcame them. We believed that the resulting newborn had sufficient characteristics. Our customers, however, were not fully satisfied with them and severe comments were made on them. The key factors that they claimed will be presented here, and it will be emphasized that it is essential to appreciate what characteristics are required by the customer. Gravimetric capacity (mAh･g-1) is not the sole target for LIB active materials.

At first, hard carbon (HC) was applied to negative electrodes as an active material. HC has several preferable characteristics as follows.

1) Considerably larger gravimetric discharge capacity (mAh･g-1) than graphite, 2) Fast charge acceptance 3) Good drain capability,

4) Excellent cycling performance. On the basis of the results with the HC negative electrode, we pursued the improvement of its performance, and finally a

practical discharge capacity of 550 mAh･g-1 was achieved. For graphite, the theoretical discharge capacity is 372 mAh･g-1 and the practical one is ca. 350 mAh･g-1. Therefore, we believed hard carbon to be a very attractive anode active material.

However, it was not long before we were made to notice that the gravimetric energy density was not an ace in the hole. Our

clients taught us that the volumetric energy density is much more important because the size of a cell is predetermined for ordinary applications. Thus the volumetric density of discharge capacity, namely mAh per cubic centimeters, are much more important than mAh per g.

The density of graphite is ca. 2.15-2.25 g･cm-3 and that of HC ca. 1.45-1.55 g･cm-3. Thus, the volumetric discharge capacities of graphite and HC can be estimated at ca. 750-790 and ca. 800-850 mAh･cm-3, respectively, and the difference between them is very small in terms of the volumetric energy density. The energy of a cell is defined in terms of Wh, not in terms of Ah. Thus the output voltage of the cell should be considered. When LiCoO2 is used as the active material for the positive electrode, the average voltage of a graphite cell is 3.7 V and that of a HC cell 3.6 V, which means that the energy density of the former is 2.8-2.9 and that of the latter 2.9-3.1 Wh･cm-3.

And furthermore, the initial charge and discharge efficiency of graphite is ca. 95% and that of HC ca. 85%. The advantages of HC are greatly reduced by its poorer properties in the density, average voltage and initial efficiency.

Moreover, the discharge curve profile of a graphite cell is almost flat and that of a HC cell is rather sloping. When the cutoff

voltage is set at 3 V, as is the case of conventional applications such as personal computers and cellular phones, the discharge capacity of the hard carbon cell is reduced.

Thus, graphite takes the place of HC in the course of time and LIB’s with graphite anodes dominate the market. In my presentation, it will be emphasized that it is essential to appreciate what characteristics are required by the customer.

In recent years, many new technologies on LIB materials have been disclosed and they have been scientifically attractive and

unprecedented. In my opinion, some of them, however, are not practical from the engineering and commercialization point of view.

Recently, however, the HC anode has been revised upward. As mentioned above, HC LIB is somewhat behind graphite LIB in

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the discharge capacity. But they surpass the latter in the following performances. 1. Cycle life 2.Drain capability 3.Acceptability to quick charge These are essential for HEV, for example, and many automobile manufacturers are trying to apply the HC LIB to their HEV.

Biography Yoshio Nishi graduated in 1966 from the Faculty of Applied Chemistry of the Department of Technology at Keio University in Tokyo and immediately joined Sony. He engaged in research and development on fuel cells, materials for electroacoustic transducers, and electrochemical cells with nonaqueous electrolytes. In 1991 his team succeeded in the commercialization of the first LIB. In 1994 he received technical awards from the Electrochemical Societies of both Japan and the United States in recognition of his contributions to LIB technology. He also received the Kato Memorial Award from Kato Foundation for Promotion of Science (Japan) (1998), the Ichimura Award from The New Technology Development Foundation (Japan) (2000) and the Charles Stark Draper Prize from The National Academy of Engineering (USA) (2014) in recognition of his contributions to LIB technology, and the Technical Award from the Japan Society for Biotechnology and Agrochemistry (1998) to his study on bacterial cellulose.

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APEnergy 2016 PL-002 Plenary Speech

Graphene-Based Composite Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

George Zhao

School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

* Author’s E-mail: george.zhao@uq.edu.au Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment, Qingdao University, China

308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao City, Shandong, China * Author’s E-mail: chezxs@qdu.edu.cn

Topics: Electrode Materials Abstract Because of its unique physical and chemical properties, graphene holds a great promise for developing advanced electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. The high specific surface area and fast charge mobility of single-layer graphene make it an ideal electrode for supercapacitors. On the other hand, the flexible and robust graphene carbon backbone is suitable for stabilizing electrochemically active materials such as silicon nanoparticles for lithium-ion batteries. In this talk, I will discuss different graphene-based electrode materials for supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Presenter’s Biography George Zhao is a Professor at the School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland (UQ), Australia. He obtained his PhD in Chemical Engineering from UQ in 1999. In 1999-2000, he was a UQ Postdoctoral Research Fellow, studying nanoporous materials. He began his academic career in 2001 as an Assistant Professor at National University of Singapore, where he was promoted to Associate Professor in 2006. He joined UQ in 2011 to lead a research program focusing on clean energy and water research. George Zhao also holds a couple of joint/adjunct appointments as Director of Institute of Materials for Energy and Environment of Qingdao University, Si-Yuan Professor of Nanjing University, and Honorary Professor of Sichuan University. Prof Zhao is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC), Future Fellow of Australian Research Council, Chair Professor of the Chinese Government 1000 Talents Plan, and DeTao Master of DeTao Group. He is a consultant for Qingdao Global Energy Co. Ltd. and Rizhao Global Advanced Materials Pte. Ltd.

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APEnergy 2016 PL-003 Plenary Speech

From Innovation to Commercialization ~Advanced Energy Materials and Applications

Alex Y. M. Peng, Ph.D. VP & General Director

Material & Chemical Research Laboratories Industrial Technology Research Institute

Bldg. 77, No.195, Sec.4 Chung Hsing Road,

Chutung Hsinchu 31040,Taiwan

alexpeng@itri.org.tw

Topics: Power of Collaboration from Material perspective, Go Beyond Valley of Death

Abstract It is a long process for an innovative advanced material to cross the Valley of Death before it has a chance to be applied in the market. It goes through many stages including feasibility, performance requirement, manufacturability and reliability. Unexpected conditions or requirements may surface anytime which may stop the process. In 1973, ITRI’s Material and Chemical Research Laboratories (MCL) was established to develop advanced materials and bring them across the Valley of Death to become marketable products. In this presentation, examples will be shown to demonstrate MCL’s sffort in commercializing of energy related advanced materials. These include energy saving material, thermal-electric material, portable fuel cell and the high safety STOBA lithium ion battery. The presentation will also discuss how to integrate materials, processes and equipment effectively to develop a successful product.

Presenter’s Biography Dr. Alex Peng is Vice President of Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and General Director of Material and Chemical Research Laboratories of ITRI ( MCL, ITRI). His fields of focus include Energy Materials, Electronic Materials, and Strategy and R&D Planning. He has accomplished many research results, is the inventor of 26 patents, winner of R&D 100 Award in 2009 for high safety STOBA lithium ion battery. Dr. Peng leads the R&D of passive components, etching, anodizing, conducting polymer solid capacitors, photovoltaics and lithium ion batteries. His persevering efforts in technology transfer helped the establishment of 5 startup companies. Dr. Peng also actively promotes global collaboration between academia, R&D institutes and industry, especially in the area of electric scooter, sustainable materials, wearable electronics, water treatment, etc. He is currently serving as President of Material Research Society-Taiwan and Past President of Taiwan Corrosion & Past President of Taiwan Battery Association.

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APEnergy 2016: KY-001 Keynote Speech

Design of Garnet-type Solid Electrolytes with Enhanced Conductivity

Shufeng Song,a, b Masashi Kotobuki, a, b Feng Zheng, a, b Li Lu a, b, *

NUS (Suzhou) Research Institute National University of Singapore

a 377 Linquan Street, Science & Education Innovation District Suzhou Industrial Park 215123, P.R. CHINA

b 9 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117575, SINGAPORE

* E-mail: mpeluli@nusri.cn; luli@nus.edu.sg

Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage; Rechargeable Batteries; Electrolytes

Abstract Search for solid electrolytes with high stability and ionic conductivity is a long sought-after goal in the development of safe, high energy density Li-ion batteries. Garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZ) is the most promising solid electrolyte. Herein, the phase transition and structure design is addressed. Three phases of LLZ have been identified, tetragonal, low temperature cubic (LT-cubic) and high temperature cubic (HT-cubic) phases. The HT-cubic phase shows high Li ion conductivity, but not stable at room temperature. Thus, heteroatom such as Al is added to stabilize the HT-cubic phase. However, the phase transition of LLZ is not well understood yet. In LLZ without Al addition, the LT-cubic phase appears at a temperature range of 100 ~ 400 oC in all atmospheres because the samples absorbs CO2 in preparation process. During 2nd heating after desorption of CO2, the phase transition to the LT-cubic is uncompleted in air, indicating that CO2 absorption is rate limiting step for the LT-cubic formation. In Al-added sample, the phase transition is largely influenced by the atmosphere. The stabilization of HT-cubic phase by the Al substitution is observed in air, but not in N2/O2 atmosphere. In the 2nd heating, the tetragonal phase at middle temperature range is not confirmed in air, in spite of confirmed in N2/O2. It is concluded that the atmosphere in heat treatment is also a key point to prepare the stabilized HT-cubic LLZ. On the other hand, it has long been recognized that alkaline earth metals are confined exclusively to dodecahedral 8-coordinated sites within the garnet framework. In contrast to this dominant viewpoint, we show that Ca2+ cations can occupy the octahedral 6-coordinated sites, leading to an enhanced room temperature conductivity of 5.2×10-4 S cm-1 and reduced activation energy of 0.27 eV, together with a 0 to 9 V electrochemical stability window.

Figure 1 HT-XRD patterns of Al-added LLZ measured in (a) air and (b) N2/O2. : Cubic LLZ, : LZ, : La2O3

Figure 2 (a) Typical Nyquist plots, (b) Arrhenius Plots, (c) and (d) SEM surface image of Li7.1La3Zr1.95Ca0.05O12.

Acknowledgement This research is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China through grant 51572182. Presenter’s Biography Prof. Lu Li was received his B. Eng. and M. Eng from Tsinghua University, P.R. China, and his Ph. D from Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Prof. Lu’s research interests include phase transformation, nanostructured materials, energy storage materials, piezoelectric and ferroelectric ceramics and thin films.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-002 Keynote Speech

Mesoporous Carbon based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

Shih-Yuan Lu Dept. of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University

101, Sec. 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu, 30013, TAIWAN

E-mail: Sylu@mx.nthu.edu.tw

Topics: Energy Storage Abstract. Mesoporous carbons, because of their large specific surface areas, good electric conductivity, and high thermal and chemical stabilities, are widely used as the electrode material for energy storage and energy conversion applications. For supercapacitor applications, carbon materials offer electric double-layer capacitances (EDLC).[1] They can also act as a host support to accommodate active materials, e.g., transition metal oxides,[2,3] for better utilization of the active materials and more effective generation of pseudo-capacitances through fast superficial redox reactions between the active materials and the electrolytes. The composition of the active material with the mesoporous carbon support does not necessarily lead to better utilization of the active material. Generally speaking, the active material should be incorporated to the mesoporous carbon support as a uniformly distributed thin nanostructure. Uniform distribution ensures a more complete exposure of the active material to the electrolyte for capacitance generation. Thin nanostructure offers more energetic surfaces for superficial redox reactions to proceed and shortens the charge transport distance within the much less conductive oxide domain. Several successful realizations of the above mentioned guidelines have been achieved for cathode materials, including MnOx,[4,5] WO3,[6] and NiCo2O4,[7] and anode materials such as γ-Fe2O3

[8] with much improved capacitive performances. References 1. Ji-Yuan Liang, Chun-Chieh Wang, Shih-Yuan Lu,* 2016, “Glucose-derived Nitrogen-doped Hierarchical Hollow Nest-like Carbon with a

Novel Template-free Method as an Outstanding Electrode Material for Supercapacitors,” J. Mater. Chem. A, DOI: 10.1039/C5TA08007J. 2. Te-Yu Wei, Chun-Hung Chen, Kuo-Hsin Chang, Shih-Yuan Lu,* Chi-Chang Hu,* 2009, “Cobalt oxide aerogels of ideal pseudocapacitive

properties prepared with an epoxide synthetic route,” Chem. Mater., 21(14), 3228-3233. 3. Te-Yu Wei, Chun-Hung Chen, Hsing-Chi Chien, Shih-Yuan Lu,* Chi Chang Hu,* 2010, "A Cost-Effective Supercapacitor Material of

Ultrahigh Specific Capacitances: Spinel Nickel Cobaltite Aerogels from an Epoxide-Driven Sol-Gel Process," Adv. Mater., 22, 347-351. 4. Yu-Hsun Lin, Te-Yu Wei, Hsing-Chi Chien, Shih-Yuan Lu,* 2011, “Manganese Oxide/Carbon Aerogel Composite: an Outstanding

Supercapacitor Electrode Material,” Adv. Energy Mater., 1(5), 901-907. 5. Chun-Chieh Wang, Hsuan-Ching Chen, Shih-Yuan Lu,* 2014, “Manganese oxide/graphene aerogel composites as an outstanding

supercapacitor electrode material,” Chem. Europ. J., 20(2), 517-523. 6. Yong-Huei Wang, Chun-Chieh Wang, Wei-Yun Cheng, and Shih-Yuan Lu,* 2014, “Dispersing WO3 in Carbon Aerogel makes an

Outstanding Supercapacitor Electrode Material,” Carbon, 69, 287-293. 7. Hsing-Chi Chien, Wei-Yun Cheng, Yong-Hui Wang, and Shih-Yuan Lu,* 2012, “Ultrahigh Specific Capacitances for Supercapacitors

achieved by Nickel Cobaltite/Carbon Aerogel Composites,” Adv. Func. Mater., 22(23), 5038-5043. 8. Hsuan-Ching Chen, Chun-Chieh Wang, Shih-Yuan Lu,* 2014, “γ-Fe2O3/Graphene Nanocomposites as a Stable High Performance Anode

Material for Neutral Aqueous Supercapacitors,” J. Mater. Chem. A, 2 (40), 16955 - 16962. Presenter’s Biography Dr. Shih-Yuan Lu received his BS and PhD degrees, both in chemical engineering, from the National Taiwan University in 1983 and University of Wisconsin at Madison in 1988, respectively. Before joining the Department of Chemical Engineering of the National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan as an Associate Professor in 1993, he worked as a senior engineer at Inland Steel Co., USA from 1989 to 1992 and as an associate scientist at SCM Chemicals, USA from 1992 to 1993. He was promoted to full Professor in 1996 and awarded Tsing Hua Distinguished Professorship in 2013. Dr. Lu served as the Chairman of the department from 2007 to 2010 and the Associate Dean of the College of Engineering from 1012-2015. He has received several awards, both in research and teaching, including twice Outstanding Teaching Award of the National Tsing Hua University in 2005 and 2013, Prof. Zai-De Lai Award of The Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers in 2005, Outstanding Research Award of the National Science Council of the Executive Yuan, Taiwan in 2006, and Y. Z. Hsu Scientific Paper Award in Nanotechnology of Far Eastern Y. Z.Hsu Science and Technology Memorial Foundation in 2008. Dr. Lu currently serves in the editorial team of three academic journals and is the editor-in-chief of the Chemical Engineering magazine (in Chinese) and the Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, both official publications of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. His research focuses on preparation of nanomaterials and nanostructure and their applications in solar cells, supercapacitors, photoelectrochemical hydrogen generation, photocatalysts, and sensing, and has coauthored over 150 academic papers.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-004 Keynote Speech

Development of Electrode Materials of Aqueous Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Nickel-Cobalt-Based Oxyhydroxides

Chi-Chang Hu*, Chun-Tsung Hsu, Jia-Cing Chen, Hsiang-Yu Hsu, Kuo-Hsin Chang

Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsin-Chu City, 30013, TAIWAN

*Corresponding author’s E-mail: cchu@che.nthu.edu.tw

Oral Topics: 11. Electrochemical Capacitors; 3. Electrochemical Energy Storage; 13.Electrode Materials

Abstract: Supercapacitors are generally divided into three categories according to the charge storage mechanism of devices. The so-called electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) use the electrostatic charge separation at the interface between electrolyte and electrode, which shows the importance of increasing the electrolyte-accessible surface area. Pseudocapacitors with a mechanism similar to rechargeable batteries employ fast superficial redox reactions. In comparing with EDLCs, higher specific capacitance can be achieved by using redox-active materials. In addition, supercapacitors of the asymmetric type are developed to further enhance the energy density of devices. Furthermore, supercapacitors of the asymmetric type can be classified as two forms, i.e., double-layer/redox and redox/redox types since asymmetric indicates that the active materials in the anode are different from that in the cathode. Accordingly, developing electrode materials promising to EDLCs or pseudocapacitors are equally important to the application of the asymmetric type. In this talk, Ni-Co-based nanostructured oxy-hydroxides, such as Ni(OH)2, Co(OH)2, (Ni-Co(OH)2, (Ni-Co-Cu)(OH)2, NiCo2O4, with high redox pseudocapacitance are designed for the positive electrode materials of aqueous supercapacitors of the asymmetric type. Meanwhile, reduced graphene oxide (RGO), N-doped RGO, and activated carbon are synthesized for the negative electrode materials in aqueous supercapacitors of the asymmetric type. Due to the high overpotentials of oxygen evolution and hydrogen evolution on the positive and negative electrode materials, respectively, asymmetric supercapacitors with their cell voltage > 1.6 V (using aqueous electrolytes) and ideal capacitive performances will be demonstrated in this talk. The energy density of such devices is improved while their power density is much higher than that of aqueous symmetric supercapacitors.

Fig. 1 (a, left) Charge-discharge curves measured at 4 A g-1 in 1 M NaOH and (b, right) energy efficiency against charge- discharge current density of Co(OH)2/NaOH/rGO, Ni(OH)2/NaOH/rGO, and (Ni-Co)(OH)2/NaOH/rGO ASCs.

References 1.C.-T. Hsu, C.-C. Hu, T.-H. Wu, J.-C. Chen, M. Rajkumar, Electrochim. Acta 146 (2014) 759. 2.J.-C. Chen, C.-T. Hsu, C.-C. Hu, J. Power Sources, 253 (2014) 205. 3.C.-T. Hsu, C.-C. Hu, J. Power Sources, 242 (2013) 662. 4.C.-C. Hu, C.-T. Hsu, K.-H. Chang, H.-Y. Hsu, J. Power Sources, 238 (2013) 180. 5.C.-H. Lien, C.-C. Hu, C.-T. Hsu, D. S.-H. Wong, Electrochem. Commun. 34 (2013) 323. 6.H.-Y. Hsu, K.-H. Chang, R. R. Salunkhe, C.-T. Hsu, C.-C. Hu, Electrochim. Acta 94 (2013) 104. 7. C.-C. Hu, J.-C. Chen, K.-H. Chang, J. Power Sources, 221 (2013) 128.

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Presenter’s Biography Chi-Chang Hu received his bachelor’s degree in 1991 and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from National Cheng Kung University in 1995. After receiving his Ph.D., he joined National Chung Cheng University as an assistant professor (1997), associate professor (2000), and full professor (2003). He joined National Tsing Hua University in 2007 and is presently working as university chair professor at Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University. He has published more than 220 SCI publications with total number of citations more than 8800 and H-index = 49. He concurrently serves as an editorial board member in Journal of the Taiwanese Institute of Chemical Engineers (indexed by SCI) and an editorial advisory board member in the Journal of Power Sources (indexed by SCI), Open Electrochemistry Journal (indexed by SCI), and International Journal of Electroactive Materials. His current research projects include design and tailoring of nanostructured materials for the applications of supercapacitors, metal-air batteries, rechargeable metal-air batteries, organic electrophotocatalytic degradation, solar water splitting, and electrochemical reduction of CO2.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-006 Keynote Speech

Development of Energy-saving Glass Using Tailored Radiative Properties of Nano-structures

Yu-Bin Chen

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University No.1, University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan

* Author’s E-mail: ybchen@mail.ncku.edu.tw Topics: Design, Optimization, and Configuration of Devices (10 point)

Abstract Three types of periodically nano-structures were able to simultaneously tailor reflectance and transmittance through glass (SiO2) from the ultraviolet to near-infrared. These structures include an embedded Ag fishnet, embedded Ag nano-pillars, and perforated Cr/Au films. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis and genetic algorithm are integrated into numerical programs to optimize dual property spectra for saving cost for indoor illumination and air-conditioner. The performance of examples is also quantitatively demonstrated based on ISO 9050 at the incidence of transverse electric and transverse magnetic waves. Physical mechanisms responsible for tailored spectra are explained using dispersion curves and electromagnetic field patterns. Performance of a prototype will also be experimentally demonstrated.

Figures and Tables

Fig. 1. Tailored spectra of: (a) an embedded Ag fishnet within glass [1]; (b) embedded Ag nano-pillars within glass [2].

Fig. 2. (a) Fabricated samples of perforated Au/Cr films on top of glass: (b) Measured transmittance spectra through the sample. References [1] C.-L. Huang, C.-C. Ho, and Y.-B. Chen*, Energy Build. 86, 589-594 (2015). [2] C.-C. Ho, Y.-B. Chen*, and F.-Y. Shih, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 102, 17-25 (2016). [3] A. K. Sekone, Y.-B. Chen, M.-C. Lu, W.-K. Chen, C.-A. Liu, and M. -T. Lee*, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11, 1-1/8 (2016).

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Presenter’s Biography

Dr. Yu-Bin Chen is currently a professor with the Department of Mechanical Engineering at National Cheng Kung University (NCKU), Taiwan. He is also an adjunct researcher of Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy at NCKU, Taiwan. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees from National Taiwan University in 1998 and 2000, respectively. He then finished his PhD degree in 2007 at the George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA. Dr. Chen’s research interests cover radiative heat transfer, optics and photonics, energy utilization, micro/nano-fabrication, and infrared sensing. He has authored/co-authored 40 SCI indexed journal papers and given over 30 invited talks. He was a recipient multiple awards, including Outstanding Young Scholar Award from MOST in Taiwan in 2015, K.T. Li Research Award from NCKU in 2014, Outstanding Mechanical Engineering Young Faculty from CSME in 2014, Outstanding Reviewer of Journal of Heat Transfer from ASME in 2013. He has served as a reviewer of over 20 SCI indexed journals and an editorial board member of 2 journals. He is now a principle investigator of one national project (21 million NTD), one internationally collaborative (Taiwan-Korea) project (1.4 million NTD), and one outstanding young researcher project (3.7 million NTD) supported by MOST, Taiwan.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-007 Keynote Speech

Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution at nickel oxy-hydroxide anodes Aaron T. Marshall*, Sophia R. Mellsop

Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury Christchurch, 8140, NEW ZEALAND

* Author’s E-mail: aaron.marshall@canterbury.ac.nz Topics: Hydrogen production, Electrode materials

Abstract Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution is an important reaction in many electrochemical processes including water electrolysis, and rechargeable metal-air batteries. In alkaline electrolytes, nickel based electrocatalysts are excellent materials as they are inexpensive, relatively stable and active for the oxygen evolution [1-3]. While the electrocatalytic behavior of nickel oxy-hydroxide anodes has been widely investigated, existing literature indicates that the active phase during anodic oxygen evolution is still debated and the active phases in dilute or concentrated hydroxide electrolytes appear to differ. Thus initial measurements were performed to compare the anodic behavior of nickel oxy-hydroxide anodes in 1 M and 30 wt% KOH electrolytes below and above the oxygen evolution potential. This revealed that additional process to the normal α-Ni(OH)2/γ-NiOOH and β-Ni(OH)2/β-NiOOH occurs in the more concentrated electrolyte and that that the initial hydroxide layer formed anodically from metallic nickel is not α-Ni(OH)2, but a layer which is more readily reducible than α-Ni(OH)2 [4]. During extensive oxygen evolution (at least 40 hrs) in 30 wt% at 50 mA cm-2, we also identify an additional phase by cyclic voltammetry, although this phase is unstable at potentials below the oxygen evolution potential which complicates its characterization using ex-situ techniques like XPS and XRD. By studying the stability and performance during galvanostatic oxygen evolution, five unique ageing periods are identified. The second ageing period corresponds to the most active phase for oxygen evolution (likely related to β-NiOOH) with this phase confined to the very surface of the electrode. After long periods of oxygen evolution, this active phase is lost and the electrode becomes deactivated and eventually a new phase forms. However we have discovered that this deactivation mechanism can be avoided or reversed by interrupting the galvanostatic oxygen evolution with brief potentiostatic rejuvenation periods at less anodic conditions [5]. We propose that this rejuvenation period limits the excessive formation of Ni(IV) oxides at the surface of the anode (by reducing any Ni(IV) back to Ni(III) oxides), however we also found that this rejuvenation is not as effective if the nickel species in the oxy-hydroxide film are reduced to Ni(II) oxides. These rejuvenation findings have important implications for the energy efficiency of alkaline electrolysis systems operating on fluctuating power sources such as solar or wind power, as these fluctuations in power could be used to “naturally” rejuvenate nickel oxy-hydroxide anodes. References [1] M.E.G. Lyons, M.P. Brandon, The Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Passive Oxide Covered Transition Metal Electrodes

in Aqueous Alkaline Solution. Part 1-Nickel, International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 3 (2008) pp. 1386-1424. [2] I.J. Godwin, M.E.G. Lyons, Enhanced oxygen evolution at hydrous nickel oxide electrodes via electrochemical ageing in

alkaline solution, Electrochemistry Communications, 32 (2013) pp. 39-42. [3] M. Cappadonia, J. Divisek, T. Vonderheyden, U. Stimming, Oxygen Evolution at Nickel Anodes in Concentrated

Alkaline-Solution, Electrochimica Acta, 39 (1994) pp. 1559-1564. [4] S.R. Mellsop, A. Gardiner, B. Johannessen, A.T. Marshall, Structure and transformation of oxy-hydroxide films on Ni

anodes below and above the oxygen evolution potential in alkaline electrolytes, Electrochimica Acta, 168 (2015) pp. 356-364.

[5] S.R. Mellsop, A. Gardiner, A.T. Marshall, Electrocatalytic oxygen evolution on nickel oxy-hydroxide anodes: Improvement through rejuvenation, Electrochimica Acta, 180 (2015) pp. 501-506.

Presenter’s Biography Aaron Marshall received his BTech(Hons) before completing his MTech(Hons) from Massey University, NZ in 2002. In 2005 he received his PhD from NTNU, Trondheim, Norway, for work on electrocatalytic oxides. Aaron joined the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, NZ in 2009, where he teaches thermodynamics and reaction engineering and leads a research group focusing on electrocatalysis for water electrolysis, organic oxidation and CO2 reduction.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-008 Keynote Speech

High and Tunable Thermal Conductivity of Amorphous Polymer Nanofibers

Ming-Chang Lu1*, Hsin-Che Chien1, Pei-Hsiu Wu1, Yueh-Ju Liu1, Cheng-Wei Tu2, and Chien-Lung Wang3*

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300. 2Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan 310

3Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 300 *mclu@mail.nctu.edu.tw and *kclwang@nctu.edu.tw

Abstract Amorphous polymers are generally regarded as thermal insulators. Here, the authors report that amorphous nylon-6 nanofibers can exhibit a very large thermal conductivity of approximately 40 W/m-K. This value is one of the highest reported values for a polymer. The non-equilibrium feature of the amorphous chains in the polymer is responsible for the high thermal conductivity. The finding renovates our knowledge of poor heat transfer within amorphous polymers. It suggests that amorphous polymers could be a superior thermal conductor than metals. Figures and Tables

Presenter’s Biography Prof. Ming-Chang Lu received his Ph.D. degree from the University of California at Berkeley in 2010. He was a visiting research student at the University of Tokyo in 2000 and a visiting scholar at the University of California at Berkeley in 2006. He worked at the Industrial Technology Research Institute of Taiwan from 2002 to 2006. He joined National Chiao Tung University (NCTU) in 2010. He is an Associate Professor at the Department of Mechanical Engineering of NCTU and he also serves as the vice chairman of the Department Mechanical Engineering of NCTU. He was awarded as Distinguished Young Scholar by the Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of Republic of China in 2015. He also received the 2015 Ta-You Wu Memorial Award of Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan. His research focuses on enhancing thermal energy transportation, storage, and conversion using micro/nano structures.

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43

APEnergy 2016 KY-009 Keynote Speech

Recent Development of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery at National United University

Kan-Lin Hsueh1,*, Chin-Lung Hsieh2, Ju-Shi Hung3, Chih-Yang Dai1, Chia-Mei Liu4

1. Dept. Energy Engineering, National United University #2, Lien-Da Rd., Nan-Shi Li, Miaoli, 36063, Taiwan, R.O.C.

2. Institute of Nuclear Energy Research 1000, Wenhua Rd., Longtan Dist., Taoyuan City 325, Taiwan, R.O.C.

3. Dept. Chem. Engineering, National United University #2, Lien-Da Rd., Nan-Shi Li, Miaoli, 36063, Taiwan, R.O.C

4. Industrial Technology Research Institute #195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, 31040, Taiwan, R.O.C.

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: KanLinHsueh@nuu.edu.tw (l0 point)

Oral Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage Abstract Vanadium redox flow battery has great potential for grid scale energy storage application. ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute), INER (Institute of Nuclear Research), and Taiwan Power Co. have been developed this battery from different aspects, such as material, key component, stack, and storage system. Faculties at NUU (National United University) have carried out numerous fundamental researches in this area, such as new membrane, fluid dynamics of flow channel, electrode reaction kinetics, monitoring of battery state of charge, electric energy balance between wind power and battery. This presentation overviews of NUU recent researches of this battery.

Presenter’s Biography Kan-Lin Hsueh devoted his electrochemistry professional career at US industries (AMP and NanoSciences,), Taiwan academia (National United U., National Tsing Hua U. and National Chung Hsin U.), and Taiwan research organization (ITRI, Industrial Technologies Research Institute). He was graduated in 1977 from Chung Yuan University, Taiwan with a B. Sc. in Chemical Engineering. He received his M. S. and Ph. D. degree in Chemical Engineering from Clarkson University, USA, in 1980 and 1983, respectively. He joined the Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan as Associate Professor from 1984 to 1989. In the summer of 1989, he moved to USA and served as the Member of Technical Staff at AMP Incorporation from 1989 to 1999. From 1999 to 2001, he worked as the Member of Technical Staff of NanoSciences Corperation. Since 2002, he joined the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Taiwan as a researcher and then as a Lab manager in 2006. In 2007 summer, he joined the Department of Energy Engineering, National United University, Taiwan as Associated Professor. Since then, he also served as adjunct Professor at National Chung Hsin University and at National Tsing Hua University and served as a consultant at Industrial Technology Research Institute.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-010 Keynote Speech

Thermal effects of cell irradiance nonuniformity on the conversion efficiency of HCPV modules and a uniform-irradiance concentrator

design

Tian-Shiang Yang National Cheng Kung University Department of Mechanical Engineering

1 University Road Tainan, Taiwan 70101

* E-mail: tsyang@mail.ncku.edu.tw

Topics: Solar Cells; Modeling and Simulation; Design, Optimization and Configuration of Devices Abstract

A typical high-concentration photovoltaic (HCPV) module consists of a group of solar cells, primary and (optionally) secondary optics that concentrate the incoming sunlight, generally with a geometrical concentration ratio of 500X or higher, and housing components. The most successful approach thus far uses multi-junction solar cells made of III-V compound semiconductors. But the performance of such cells is temperature dependent. Several works therefore have been devoted to clarifying such dependence; see, e.g., Fernández et al. (2013) and Helmers et al. (2013). In particular, while the temperature dependence of a module using multi-junction solar cells usually is (inadequately) assumed to be similar to that of an individual cell, Peharz et al. (2011) demonstrated experimentally that other module components indeed can be thermally affected and thus significantly contribute to the overall temperature dependence of module performance.

In one previous work (Yang and Zou, 2015) we investigated how inevitable heating of a solar cell, resulting from its nonuniformly distributed surface irradiance, affects the overall photovoltaic conversion efficiency of a HCPV module utilizing the solar cell. There a thin infinite plate is considered to model the PV backsheet; see Fig. 1. At the center of the backsheet, a circular spot modeling the solar cell is subjected to an axisymmetrically distributed surface irradiance. For linear temperature dependence of local photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the solar cell, and piecewise constant irradiance distribution, the steady-state temperature distribution on the cell-and-backsheet module can be calculated analytically. The overall photovoltaic conversion efficiency of the cell then is evaluated. For a two-zone irradiance distribution, we shall demonstrate that cell-surface irradiance nonuniformity tends to decrease the overall module conversion efficiency; see Fig. 2. But with sufficient cooling and a small temperature coefficient of the cell conversion efficiency, the module conversion efficiency can be brought closer to the ideal value (see Fig. 2). The analytic methodology and results discussed here hopefully are useful for optimizing HCPV module design.

Moreover, we shall discuss the optical performance of a novel solar concentrator design suitable for HCPV modules (previously analyzed by Zou and Yang, 2014). The design consists of a pair of confocal parabolic reflectors and a Fresnel lens with matching focal length, so as to achieve high irradiance uniformity on the solar cell in a HCPV module; see Fig. 3. Its peak concentration ratio (PCR) on the cell, overall optical efficiency and acceptance angle were calculated numerically. The dependence of these performance indices on the geometrical concentration ratio (GCR) and aspect ratio (AR) of the concentrator will be discussed, allowing us to identify the “optimal” concentrator geometry. We shall also demonstrate that, at a GCR of 800X for example, the design can limit the PCR below 1200X for all ARs greater than unity; see Fig. 4. Test data for a sample concentrator with 800X GCR and an optimized AR of 1.6 indicate that the enhanced cell irradiance uniformity enables an HCPV module to achieve an increased efficiency of 28.6%.

Figures

Fig. 1. Schematic of the model system analyzed in Yang and Zou (2015).

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Fig. 2. The overall photovoltaic conversion efficiency Tη of the cell-and-backsheet module as a function of the cell-surface irradiance nonuniformity index δ . The temperature coefficient of the cell’s conversion efficiency is set at the reference value

0.0137β = , while the normalized center-zone radius α is set at (a) 0.8 and (b) 0.2. Here the parameter B is a dimensionless measure of heat convection. All parameter definitions are detailed in Yang and Zou (2015).

Fig. 3. Schematic of the concentrator design studied in Zou and Yang (2014), with two rays showing the sunlight paths through the reflectors and the Fresnel lens respectively.

Fig. 4. The peak concentration ratio, PCR, and optical efficiency, η, at normal incidence for various aspect ratios (ARs), for geometrical concentration ratio GCR = 800X. Parameter definitions are detailed in Zou and Yang (2014).

References Fernández, E.F., Siefer, G., Almonacid, F., García Loureiro, A.J., Pérez-Higueras, P., “A Two Subcell Equivalent Solar Cell Model for III-V

Triple Junction Solar Cells under Spectrum and Temperature Variations”, Solar Energy, Vol. 92, pp. 221–229 (2013). Helmers, H., Schachtner, M., Bett, A. W., “Influence of Temperature and Irradiance on Triple-Junction Solar Subcells”, Solar Energy Materials

& Solar Cells, Vol. 116, pp. 144–152 (2013). Peharz, G., Ferrer Rodríguez, J. P., Siefer, G., Bett, A. W., “Investigations on the Temperature Dependence of CPV Modules Equipped with

Triple-Junction Solar Cells”, Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 19, pp. 54–60 (2011). Yang, T.-S., and Zou, Y.-H., “Effects of Solar Cell Heating due to Nonuniform Surface Irradiance on the Photovoltaic Conversion Efficiency of

a HCPV Module”, J. Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol. 36, pp. 341–351 (2015). Zou, Y.-H., and Yang, T.-S., “Optical Performance Analysis of a HCPV Solar Concentrator Yielding Highly Uniform Cell Irradiance”, Solar

Energy, Vol. 107, pp. 1–14 (2014). Presenter’s Biography Tian-Shiang Yang received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mechanical Engineering from National Taiwan University in 1987 and 1989, respectively, and his Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1996. Since February 1999, he has been with the Department of Mechanical Engineering of National Cheng Kung University. His research interests include thermofluid sciences and engineering, alternative energy technologies, and semiconductor manufacturing processes.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-011 Keynote Speech

A Perspective on Aluminum-ion Batteries

Chang-Chung Yang Industrial Technology Research Institute

195, Sec. 4, Chung-Hsing Rd. Hsinchu, 310, TAIWAN

* Author’s E-mail: ccyang@itri.org.tw Topics: Electrical Energy Storage, Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract The rapid development of electric vehicles cars and renewable energy calls for an all-mighty electrical energy storage device. Mainstream battery technologies now-a-days focuses on lithium. But lithium is limited in abundance, expensive, and chemically unstable. It is not ideal for heavy duty applications that automobile or power industries are looking for. Aluminum, on the other hand, constitutes an incredible 8.2% of the Earth’s crust, making it ideal for meeting large scale demands in energy storage and clean mobility of the future. Developed under collaborative efforts from ITRI and Stanford University, the first commercially viable aluminum-ion battery uses an aluminum anode, a graphite-structured carbon cathode, and a highly safe ionic liquid electrolyte. By using graphitic foams as cathode materials, our aluminum-ion battery could be charged and discharged at a current density of 10,000mA/g, about 100 times higher (that is at a 100C rate) than the nominal rate. High cycle stability, with a Coulombic efficiency of 97% over 10,000 cycles was achieved under this extremely fast charging condition. Comparing with lithium or lead acid batteries, aluminum-ion batteries have better specific power density, lower cost per usage, and much longer life. Because of these merits, it can find promising applications in renewable energy storage. Electric energy is stored during times when production (from power plants especially intermittent renewable electricity sources such as wind power, tidal power, and solar power) exceeds consumption in the grids. For energy storage, cost and cycle life convert directly to cost per stored kWh. The aluminum-ion battery is the first electrochemical device capable of achieving a storage cost lower than a quarter of the cost of renewable electricity itself, while lead acid or lithium batteries are ten times more expensive in this application. Safety and environmental friendliness are also critical attributes in mass storage devices. Here, the aluminum-ion battery with its benign nature, is clearly a winner. Figures

References 1. Lin, M. C. et al. An ultrafast rechargeable aluminium-ion battery. Nature 520, 324–328 (2015). 2. US Patent US20150249261. Presenter’s Biography Chang-Chung Yang was awarded the Ph.D. degree from National Taiwan University in 2005. Since then he joined New Energy Technology Division in Industrial Technology Research Institute and was also the principal investigator of Gird-scale Electricity Storage Program. During 2013-2015, he was a representative of Taiwan working for Expert Group on New and Renewable Energy Technologies (EG-NRET) of APEC Energy Working Group. His research interests focus on the synthesis and characterization of specially designed molecules and nano-scaled materials for energy conversion and storage application.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-012 Keynote Speech

Salt-free Electrolysis Jingyuan Chen

Department of Applied Physics, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan

E-mail: jchen@u-fukui.ac.jp Topics: 21. Challenges for Fundamental Research

Abstract Behavior of Faradaic currents at low concentration of electrolyte is a classical subject - . It has revived since currents at pico-ampere order microelectrodes have provided negligible amount of IR-drop of solution resistance without deliberately adding supporting electrolyte . The subject of the electrolyte-free can result conceptually not only in the IR-drop by solution resistance but also in the mass transport problem complicated by the electric field . The former is relevant to the potential distribution in a cell which varies mainly with geometry of a cell and electrodes, specifically with a distance between a working electrode and a counter electrode. This talk reports applications of two characteristics of salt-free electrolysis; one being (1) extremely high current density of nanoelectrodes and the other being (2) the kinetic mass transport problem of water electrolysis in a thin layer cell. (1) Single disk electrodes were fabricated by the previous method of which diameters range from 1 nm to 500 nm. When redox reactions occur by diffusion-control, the diffusion flux converges to a nanometer area of the electrode. Then the current density becomes extremely high. For example, electrodes 100 nm and 1 nm in diameter generate such high current density that a conventional electrode can produce at scan rates of 20 kV s-1 and 200 MV s-1 for cyclic voltammetry (CV), respectively. Very small currents at nanoelectrodes allows us to obtain voltammograms of neutral redox species without salt. Although voltammograms of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) in the presence of salt show two waves for successive two-electron reduction, non-salt solution shows only the first reduction wave. This behavior is valid also for benzoquinone. Stability of di-anions requires high concentration of mono-valent salt. (2) Pure water was electrolyzed at parallel platinum electrodes with the distance was less than 100μm, of which structure is illustrated in Fig. . The solution resistance obtained from the current-voltage curve was much smaller than that predicted from the resistivity of pure water. The reason can be explained in terms of generation and accumulation of hydrogen ion and hydroxide ion before the recombination reaction. The resistivity of the solution averaged in the cell increased with an increase in the distance between the electrodes. In order to understand the above behavior, we calculated concentration profiles of the ions and potential distribution in the cell on the basis of the Nernst-Planck equation including dissociation kinetics of water. This behavior is valid also for hydrogen gas in water.

Fig1.Predicted concentration profiles of H+ and OH- for pure water electrolysis in thin layer

1. . I. Slendyk, Coll. Czech. Chem. Comm. 3 (1931) 385. 2. . J.J. Lingane, I.M. Kolthoff, J. Am. Chem.Soc. 61 (1939) 1045-1051. 3. . J. Heyrovský, J Kůta, Principles of Polarography, Academic Press, New York, Chapter 5, 1966, pp.65-72. 4. . M.J. Peña, M. Fleischmann, N. Garrard, J. Electroanal. Chem. 220 (1987) 31-40. 5. . C. Amatore, M.R. Deakin, R.M. Wightman, J. Electroanal. Chem. 225 (1987) 49-63. 6. . K. Aoki, C. Zhang, J. Chen, T. Nishiumi, Electrochim. Acta 55 (2010) 7328-7333. 7. . K.J. Aoki, C. Li, J. Chen, T. Nishiumi, J. Electroanal. Chem. 695 (2013) 24

Presenter’s Biography Dr. Jingyuan Chen is work at Department of Applied Physics, University of Fukui. Her research is directed to fundamentals of electrochemistry with theoretical backgrounds. She was supervised by Prof. Koichi J. Aoki at University of Fukui, and was awarded a Ph.D. She worked as a lecturer at Faculty of Science, Kanazawa University, and then work as a visit professor at Henry S. White laboratory. Then, she moved to University of Fukui in 2002.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-013 Keynote Speech

Nanostructured Materials for Energy Conversion and Storage

Parasuraman Selvam* National Centre for Catalysis Research and Department of Chemistry,

Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, INDIA

*E-mail: selvam@iitm.ac.in

Keynote Lecture: Mesoporous Oxides and Carbons; Electrode Materials, Energy Conversion and Storage.

Mesoporous molecular sieve materials are new generation ordered nanoporous materials, analogous to microporous zeolites and zeolite-type molecular sieves, having high surface area, large pore opening and huge pore volume. Further, the unique flexibility in terms of synthetic conditions, pore size tuning, high surface area, large internal hydroxyl groups, framework substitution, etc. of the so-called mesoporous materials have created new avenues not only in catalysis but also in the areas of advanced materials, environmental pollution control strategies and separation processes. On the other hand, the metal incorporated variant of mesoporous molecular sieve-based catalysts have drawn significant attention as they can be used to perform certain important organic transformation, viz., oxidation, reduction, acid-and base-catalyzed reactions, etc., more efficiently than the corresponding microporous materials or supported metal oxide systems. Despite the numerous studies on the influence of various parameters, viz., particle size, preparation methods, pretreatment conditions and choice of supports, the origin of the extraordinary catalytic activity of nano-gold/platinum is still not well understood. Among various supports, carbon is a unique material, which has high surface area and functional groups leads to high dispersion. In particular, high dispersion of nano-platinum on ordered nanoporous carbons gives rise to promising electrocatalytic activity for methanol oxidation (Figure 1; right). On the other hand, these nanostructured carbons also show promise for hydrogen sorption applications (Figure 1; left).

Figure 1. (Left) Hydrogen sorption characteristics of mesoporous carbons. (Right) CVs of 20 wt. % Pt electrocatalysts supported on various carbons recorded in mixture of 1 M H2SO4 and 1 M CH3OH with a scan rate of 25 mV sˉ1 at 25°C. Inset: The corresponding chronoamperometric traces.

Likewise, photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction was performed over coloured nanostructued titania with water and methanol. The results clearly suggest that blue titania exhibits much higher rates of hydrogen evolution compared to analogues white titania (Figure 2; right). Similarly, mesoporous metal oxides have also gained considerable interest in drug delivery due to their distinct electronic/magnetic properties as well as tunable pores, which enable high loading/encapsulation of desired drugs to target cells and achieve an enhanced drug delivery. In this presentation, the recent progress on the development of numerous nanoporous structures, including lithium iron phosphates, will be discussed.

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Figure 2. (Left) Galvanostatic charge-discharge profiles of LiFePO4/C composite at 0.05 C. (Right) Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of coloured nanocrystalline titania.

The author thanks Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi for funding NCCR, IIT-Madras, and Professor B. Viswanathan for the support and encouragement. This work is supported by grant-in-aid for the scientific research by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE: 103/140/2008-NT); Australia-India Strategic Research Fund (AISRF: DST/INT/AUS/P-53/2012-G); grant-in-aid for scientific research on priority areas under technology systems development (TSD) programme (DST/TSD/SH/2011/106). References [1] Kuppan, B.; Selvam, P. Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int. 2012, 22, 616. [2] Selvam, P.; Khan, S.; Bhunia, K.; Milev, A.; George, L.; Gounder, A.; Kannangara, G.S.K. Proc. APEnergy-2014, p.81. [3] Selvam, P.; Kuppan, B. Micro- and Nano-Engineering of Fuel Cells (Eds. D.Y.C. Leung & J. Xuan), 2015, Chap. 5, CRC, p.131. [4] Selvam, P.; Gupta, S. 21st World Hydrogen Energy Conf., Zaragoza, 2016. [5] Selvam, P.; Kuppan, B. 21st World Hydrogen Energy Conf., Zaragoza, 2016. [6] Khan, S.; Milev, A.; George, L.; Kannangara, G.S.K.; Selvam, P. Proc. 2nd Natl. Conf. on Materials MECS-2016, p.57. [7] Milev, A.; George, L.; Khan, S.; Selvam, P.; Kannangara, G.S.K. Electrochimica Acta. 2016, 209, 565. Presenter’s Biography Dr. Selvam is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry and National Centre for Catalysis Research, IIT-Madras; Adjunct Professor, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan; Honorary Visiting Professor, School of Health and Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia. Earlier, Professor Selvam was a Faculty Member in the Department of Chemistry and Adjunct Faculty in Energy System and Engineering Centre at IIT-Bombay; Faculty in the Department of Materials Chemistry, Tohoku University, Sendai; Eminent International Visitor, University of Western Sydney, Australia. He has published over 275 papers in peer reviewed journals and conference proceedings. His research interests include nanostructured materials and heterogeneous catalysis for green chemical routes, environmental remediation processes, and energy conversion (biomass, solar hydrogen) and storage (hydrogen, fuel cell, lithium battery) methods; teaching interests include solid State and Materials Chemistry; Chemistry of Nanomaterials, Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, Experimental Methods of Analysis, and Physical-Inorganic Chemistry. http://chem.iitm.ac.in/faculty/selvam

50

APEnergy 2016 KY-015 Keynote Speech

Scalable Nanomaterials for Energy-based Applications

Hsing-Yu Tuan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 30013, ROC

* E-mail: hytuan@che.nthu.edu.tw

Topics: Energy materials Abstract

In this talk, we demonstrate that both dedecanethiol-passivated Ge nanowires and graphene-germanium composites can serve as excellent LIB anodes. Germanium (Ge) is considered as a high-capacity anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical capacity of 1384 mAh/g, which is four times larger than graphite anode (372 mAh/g). However, the dramatic volume changes (~300 %) of Ge during the insertion/extraction usually cause crack and pulverization of electrode, and loss of electrode contact, making the capacity fade rapidly after several cycles. Ge nanostructures can effectively accommodate the volume changes, tolerate relaxed mechanical strain, and provide channels for efficient electron transport, but the anode performance still decayed rapidly within a few tens of cycles.

Dodencanethiol-passivated Ge nanowires exhibit an excellent electrochemical performance with a reversible specific capacity of 1130 mAh/g. The functionalized Ge nanowires show high-rate capability having charge and discharge capacities of ~555 mAh/g at rates as high as 11 C. An aluminum pouch type lithium cell using a LiFePO4 cathode was assembled to provide larger current (~30 mA) for uses on light-emitting-diodes (LEDs) and audio devices. This study shows that organic monolayer-coated Ge nanowires represent promising Ge-C anodes with very low carbon content (~2-3 wt %) for high capacity, high-rate lithium-ion batteries and are readily compatible with commercial slurry-coating process for cell fabrication.

Carbon-coated Ge nanoparticles/RGO (Ge/RGO/C) sandwich structures were formed via a carbonization process. The high nanoparticle-loading nanocomposites exhibited superior Li-ion battery anode performance when examined with a series of comprehensive tests, such as receiving a practical capacity of Ge (1332 mAh/g) close (96.2%) to its theoretical value (1384 mAh/g) when cycled at a 0.2 C rate and having a high-rate capability over hundreds of cycles. Furthermore, the performance of the full cells assembled using a Ge/RGO/C anode and an LiCoO2 cathode were evaluated. The cells were able to power a wide range of electronic devices, including an light-emitting-diode (LED) array consisting of over 150 bulbs, blue LED arrays, a scrolling LED marquee, and an electric fan. Figures and Tables

Presenter’s Biography Hsing-Yu Tuan was born in Hsingchu, Taiwan in 1980. He receieved a B.S. degree in Chemical Engineering from National Tsing Hua University in 2002 and a Ph.D. degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin advised by Professor Brian Korgel in 2007. He is currently a full professor at National Tsing Hua University. His research interest is to development of nanomaterials synthesis and applications towards practical energy applications.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-017 Keynote Speech

Low-Temperature and High-Performance Micro Methanol-Reforming-Type Phosphorus-Acid Fuel Cells

Fan-Gang Tseng1,3*, Hsueh-Sheng Wang1, Cheng-Ping Chang1, Yu-Chuan Su1 and Yuh-Jeen Huang2

Department of 1ESS, 2BMES, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan ROC 3Research center for Applied Science, Academia Sinica, Taiwan ROC

* Author’s E-mail: fangang@ess.nthu.edu.tw

Topics: Fuel cell, hydrogen production

Abstract The major issue encountered in PAFC is the need of fuel supply from pure hydrogen based sources and its middle range operational temperature at 150-180℃. Hence, a low operating temperature and high hydrogen yield micro reformer to supply hydrogen from hydrocarbon fuel (for example, methanol) is a practical solution. In this article, an Ultra-low-temperature partial-oxidation-mode (POM) reformer will be in hybrid with a high performance micro PAFC for high efficient power generation. The detail design, fabrication of the micro reformer, the inner structure, the fabricated micro reformer and the schematic of the reactor are published in our previous research [1]. To optimize the micro reformer for supplying enough hydrogen into the micro PAFC, a deeper channel design (450 µm) was adopted. The performance of the reformer is enhanced with the increasing depth of the channel. Finally, a 94% of conversion rate and 4*10-4 mole/min hydrogen yield were achieved at a low temperature 180℃. Moreover, even if the operating temperature is further lowered down to an extremely low one at 130℃, a 78% conversion rate and 3*10-4 mole/min hydrogen yield still can be obtained. To increase the hydrogen yield further, the flow rates higher than 25 sccm were studied on the reformer with 450 μm channel. Surprisingly, the conversion rate, the hydrogen selectivity and the hydrogen yield at 130-180℃ all keep stable in a range from 79% to 83%, 73% to 77%, and 4.7*10-4(mole/min) to 5.2*10-4(mole/min), respectively, as shown in Fig. 1(a), owning to a better POM reaction efficiency from the deeper channel design. In the hybrid testing, a micro-PAFC fabricated by our previous work [2] was directly connected with the reformer without CO2 filtration, and the performance result is compared with that by a micro-PAFC with pure hydrogen and oxygen supply at 100 sccm. The experimental result shows that 288 mW/cm2 can be obtained with pure hydrogen/oxygen. When the hydrogen source changed to the reformed gas, the nearly half of power density, 128 mW/cm2, still can be generated, as shown in Fig. 1(b), considering that the input gas from the reformer still containing 50% CO2 and H2.

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Fig. 1(a). The influence of high fuel flow rates on the reformer performance; (b) The efficiency of PAFC tested by pure hydrogen and reformed gas as the anode fuel

References 1. “A low-temperature partial-oxidation-methanol reformer with high fuel conversion rate and hydrogen production yield,” H.S.

Wang, K.Y. Huang, Y.H. Huang, Y.S. Su, F.G. Tseng, Applied Energy, 138; 21-30, 2015. 2. “A HIGH EFFICIENT PHOSPHORIC ACID MICRO FUEL CELL WITH NANO/MICRO SYNERGIC COMPOSITE

MEMBRANES”. C.P. Chang, C. L. Lu, F. G. Tseng. Micro TAS, 2015 Presenter’s Biography Dr. Tseng received his Ph.D. degree in mechanical engineering from UCLA, USA, in 1998. He is currently a distinguished professor of ESS Dept., Dean of Nuclear Science, and the Deputy Director of the Biomedical Technology Research Center at NTHU. He was elected an ASME fellow in 2014. His research interests are in the fields of BioNEMS, Micro/Nano-Fluidics, and Fuel Cells. He received 60 patents, wrote 8 book chapters, published more than SCI 150 Journal papers and 360 conference technical papers. He received several awards, including National Innovation Award twice, Outstanding in research award twice, and Mr. Wu, Da-Yo Memorial Award from MOST, Taiwan, and more than 20 best paper and other awards.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-018 Keynote Speech

Solar Cell Energy System and Applications

Yung-Chun Wu*, Kai-Ning Liu, and Yi-Wei Chiang Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University,

101, section 2 Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan ycwu@ess.nthu.edu.tw

Topics:1. Electrical Energy Storage or 7. Solar cells

Abstract Solar energy offer humankind a useful instrument to build a globally prosperous, sustainable, and environmentally friendly society. Its recent success as an economically viable source of electricity is founded on a simple optoelectronic device, the crystalline silicon solar cell. First topic is solar energy storage like Tesla Powerwall, which is a home battery that charges using electricity generated from solar panels, or when utility rates are low, and powers your home in the evening. It also fortifies your home against power outages by providing a backup electricity supply. Automated, compact and simple to install, Powerwall offers independence from the utility grid and the security of an emergency backup. Second topic is solar energy for wireless energy transmission applications. Wireless power use time-varying electromagnetic fields to energy transmission. Solar wireless energy transmission is from the solar panels energy source to an electrical load, such as an electrical power grid or consuming 3C portable devices, without conducting wire. Third topic introduces clean-energy system with solar energy to hydrogen power generation. Powered by electricity from sunlight, the reversible fuel cell illustrates the principles of water electrolysis, separating hydrogen from water and then recombining these system to create power in an high efficient process.

Figure 1. Solar cell energy system and applications.

References 1. Tesla Powerwall. https://www.teslamotors.com/powerwall 2. Nathan S. Lewis, Research opportunities to advance solar energy utilization. Science 351, 6271 (2016). Presenter’s Biography Yung-Chun Wu received the B.S. degree in Physics from National Central University in 1996, M. S. degree in Physics from National Taiwan University in 1998, and Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering from National Chiao-Tung University, Taiwan, in 2005. From 1998 to 2002, he was an assistant researcher at National Nano Device laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan, engaged in research of single electron transistor and electron beam lithography technology. In 2006, he joined the Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, currently he is an associate professor. His research interests include Solar Cells, Nanoelectronic devices and TCAD simulation, and Flash memory devices. During 2010 to 2016, he published about 40 SCI journal papers of Nanoeletronic devices and TCAD simulation. He is author of book: 3D TCAD Simulation for CMOS Nanoeletronic Devices.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-019 Keynote Speech

Innovative Designs and Energy Management for Green-Energy Vehicles

Yi-Hsuan Hung

Dept. of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University 162, Section 1, Heping East Rd.

Taipei, 10610, Taiwan * hungyh@ntnu.edu.tw

Topics: Electric, Fuel Cell, and Hybrid Vehicles

Abstract To reach the outstanding performance and overall efficiency of green-energy vehicles, the innovative system/subsystem designs and energy management are two main approaches. For system designs, three novel concepts with experimental verification are proposed. A novel hybrid thermal management is to control two energy sources (such as: batteries and fuel cells in EVs) to achieve their individual optimal operation temperatures. With one controllable proportional valve, only one coolant system is required to significantly reduce the space, and weight in EVs. Meanwhile, the nanoparticle/water coolant efficiently removes the waste heat. The second system design is the air/electric hybrid vehicle. An air motor, high pressure air tank and air valve were equipped in an electric scooter. Mechatronics designs and driving cycle tests on a dynamometer will be proposed. The third one is the system designs of multi-energy-source supply station for green vehicles. Three segments include the electric power station, air power station and hydrogen power station. The specifications, the mechatronics, and the vehicle demonstration operation on a dynamometer will be presented. The three energy flows among the these segments can be exchanged in the future.

For the novel energy management, an evolution algorithm was introduced for on-line energy management of hybrid energy/power sources. It is the improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO) used in an engine/motor hybrid vehicle. The particle represents the power split ratio. The vehicle control unit receives the demanded power, battery state-of-charge, and engine speed, while the two outputs are the engine toque and motor torque. The fitness function is the inverse of the equivalent fuel usage. Five steps of IPSO include: 1) initialization; 2) determination of the fitness function; 3) selection and memorization; 4) modification of position and velocity; and 5) a stopping rule. Results show that 50+% energy consumption can be saved compared to the baseline case using rule-based control strategy. The second one to be introduced is the integrated system/control design method. The sizing and energy management can be optimized simultaneously by the global search method and selected cost functions. Two examples will be shared. The first is the integrated design of in-wheel motors in an EV. The motor size, the scales of motor efficiency maps, and the power distribution of the two motors are searched. The second is to search the optimal size and control of battery modules and supercapacitors in an EV. The energy consumption can be significantly reduced. By the system design and the energy management control, the output performance and energy usage of green vehicles can be optimized. Figures

Fig. 1 IPSO for hybrid powertrains [2] Fig. 2 Innovative hybrid thermal management system [4]

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References [1] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Jian-Hao Chen, Chien-Hsun Wu, Syuan-Yi Chen (2015, Dec). System design and mechatronics of an air

supply station for air-powered scooters. Computers and Electrical Engineering. (Accepted). [2] Syuan-Yi Chen, Yi-Hsuan Hung*, Chien-Hsun Wu and Siang-Ting Huang (2015, Sep). Optimal Energy Management of a

Hybrid Electric Powertrain System Using Improved Particle Swarm Optimization. Applied Energy, 160, 132-145. [3] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Chien-Hsun Wu (2015, Feb). A combined optimal sizing and energy management approach for hybrid

in-wheel motors of EVs. Applied Energy. MOST 102-2221-E-003-018. [4] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Yeou-Feng Lue, Hung-Jhih Gu (2015, Jan). Development of a Thermal Management System for Energy

Sources of an Electric Vehicle . IEEE/ASME Transaction on Mechatronics. [5] Cheng-Ta Chung, Yi-Hsuan Hung (2014, Oct). Energy improvement and performance evaluation of a novel full hybrid

electric motorcycle with power split e-CVT . Energy Conversion and Management, 86,216-225. (SCI, 5/139). NSC 102-2221-E-003-018.

[6] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Yu-Ming Tung, Hong-Wei Li (2014, Sep). A real-time model of an automotive air propulsion system . Applied Energy, 129,287-298.

[7] Yi-Hsuan Hung,Hung-Jhih Gu (2014, Jul). Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanofluids Used for Heat Dissipation in Hybrid Green Energy Systems . Journal of Nanomaterials, 2014 (2014), Article ID 196074, 12 pages.

[8] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Jyun-Hong Chen, Tun-Ping Teng (2013, Aug). Feasibility Assessment of Thermal Management System for Green Power Sources Using Nanofluid. J. of Nanomaterials, Vol 2013, 1-11.

[9] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Tun-Ping Teng, Bo-Gu Lin (2013, Jan). Evaluation of the thermal performance of a heat pipe using alumina nanofluids. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 44, 504-511.

[10] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Chien-Hsun Wu (2012, Oct). An Integrated Optimization Approach for a Hybrid Energy System in Electric Vehicles. Applied Energy, 98, 479-490.

[11] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Wen-Chieh Chou (2012, Oct). Chitosan for suspension performance and viscosity of MWCNTs. International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, 3(5), 343-346.

[12] Yi-Hsuan Hung, Tun-Ping Teng, Tun-Chien Teng and Jyun-Hong Chen (2012, Jan). Assessment of heat dissipation performance for nanofluid. Applied thermal engineering, 32, 132-140.

Presenter’s Biography Yi-Hsuan Hung was born in Taipei, Taiwan, in 1974. He received a BS degree, MS degree, and PhD degree from the Department of Power Mechanical Engineering at National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, in 1997, 1999, and 2004, respectively.

Previously, he worked at the ITRI. He was a researcher, project manager, department manager in the Electric Propulsion Department, Intelligent Vehicle Division, Mechanical and System Laboratory, from 2005 to 2009. His research interests are focused on technologies related to green vehicles (hybrids, fuel cells, plug-in hybrids, batteries), key components (engines, motors, energy storage systems), and system modeling. Since 2009 and 2012, he has been an assistant professor and associate professor in the Department of Industrial Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, respectively. He is currently a professor. His studies mainly focus on advanced vehicles, heat dissipation systems, mechatronics, and green power sources.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-020 Keynote Speech

Current Status of Hydrogen Scooter Development in Taiwan

Chin-Hsien Cheng Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies

4F, no.22, Ke-Dung 3 Road, MiaoLi, Chunan, 35053, TAIWAN

* Author’s E-mail: darren@apfct.com.tw

Topics: Fuel Cells Abstract Fuel Cell technologies has drawn people’s attention for many years because of its high efficiency, no pollution and no noise characteristics. Fuel cell vehicles and stationary application now becomes officially commercialized in Japan since last year, over 3000 FCV and over 100,000 Ene-Farm (stationary application) has been sold to real users. Not only in Japan, fuel cell technologies has been promoted world widely because cost and technology now has significant breakthrough. In Taiwan, there is a niche application of fuel cell technology – hydrogen fuel cell scooter, which has been developed by Asia Pacific Fuel Cell Technologies (APFCT) for more than 15 years. In year of 1999, the first hydrogen fuel cell scooter has been announced by APFCT to the world at Fuel Cell Seminar in States. After few years of additional R&D works to make scooter more powerful and reliable, field tests has been done in Taiwan at different locations since 2009. The most important one is the demonstration project held in Kenting, Taiwan during 2012-2013. This demonstration is the largest fuel cell scooter demonstration in the world. Hydrogen fuel cell scooters for demonstration has passed Taiwanese vehicle type approval which means it can be legally ride on road in Taiwan. A canister exchange model has been introduced into the demonstration to validate feasibility of low pressure canister based infrastructure idea. In Kenting, we have 80 scooters, more than 400 low pressure canisters and 7 exchange sites where user can exchange their empty canister as their need. We served our scooters to users for more than 10,000 times and accumulated mileage is over 240,000km. It has been proven that the business model which combine hydrogen fuel cell scooter and low pressure canister based infrastructure is feasible. APFCT is now working on its last demonstration before commercialization, this demonstration is expected to be an example of hydrogen economy in Taiwan and is able to be duplicated to other places worldwide.

(a) (b) FIG. 1 Core technologies of APFCT (a) Fuel Cell stack (b) low pressure hydrogen canister

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FIG. 2 Latest model (ZES 6.0C) of hydrogen fuel cell scooter developed by APFCT

FIG. 3 Business model proposed by APFCT

Presenter’s Biography

Dr. Chin-Hsien Cheng currently works at Asia Pacific Fuel Cell technologies and has devoted himself in fuel cell field for more than 10 years. He responsible for commercialization of Fuel Cell stack and hydrogen fuel cell scooter. He is also involved/coordinate projects regarding development of fuel cell power generator, golf cat and other light electric vehicles. He is also in charge many demonstration fuel cell application field tests, especially hydrogen fuel cell scooter.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-021 Keynote Speech

Rapid Analysis for Advancing the Production of Bioenergy Using Microfluidic and Optical Techniques

Hsiang-Yu Wang

Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University 101, Sec.2, Guan Fu Rd.

Hsinchu City, 30013 Taiwan * Author’s E-mail: hywang@ess.nthu.edu.tw

Topics: Biodiesel, Microalgae, Bioenergy, Microfluidics, Raman Spectrometry

In the past decade, it is a prevailing strategy that energy independence should be ensured through pursuing sustained,

renewable, and diversified energy production. Among energy sources, bioenergy has gradually gained importance worldwide. In Europe, the consumption of biofuels increases 200 folds from 2000 to 2012 and bioenergy, including biogas, biofuels, bioheat, and bioelectricity has become a major contributor of energy in many countries. Generating energy via biological routes also has two unique advantages that are seldom available in other processes: waste treatment and value-added products. Some of the by-products during bioenergy generation can be used to replace petroleum commodities. However, bioenergy production is more challenging in optimization and integration compared with other green energy processes because it often applies living organisms as catalysts, which makes the quality of product unpredictable and variant. Conventional methods for quantifying desired products in bioenergy production involve time-consuming and instrument-demanding processes. Therefore, obtaining information for improving the bioenergy production in a timely manner is challenging and most of the process control relies on experience and statistics from large amounts of experiments. This report presents several examples of applying microfluidic and optical tools on the rapid and high-throughput analysis for expediting the improvement of bioenergy production.

Microalgae have emerged as one of the promising feedstocks for biodiesel because of their high growth rate, high lipid abundance, and little land requirement. However, the efficiency of screening and optimizing of microalgae culture is usually low due to the lack of effective tools for rapid and high-throughput analysis of microalgae cellular contents1. Several microfluidic techniques and near infrared Raman spectrometry were developed to expedite the purification of microalgae strain and the optimization of strategies for increments in biomass and lipids. The selection of microalgae cells with different sizes and morphologies was accomplished by the Dean vortex inside a microchannel having wide and narrow sections. The screening of lipid abundant microalgae cells was achieved by the alternating current dielectrophoresis (ACDEP)2. The rapid and in vivo quantification of microalgal lipids was accomplished by the near infrared Raman spectrometry. The advantages of the Raman spectrometry included single-step pretreatment, non-invasive detection, and short analysis duration (<20 min). The Raman spectrometry also provided quantitative data that are comparable to those from gas chromatography3. Additionally, the quantification of value added products in microalgae cells is critical for economically affordable biodiesel. Profits from selling high-value products is beneficial in lowering the market price of microalgal biodiesel. In our group, a plate reader compatible micro-bioreactor was developed for investigating the optimal cultivation parameters for microalgal pigment production. The rapid quantification of microalgal carotenoids was also established using the Raman spectrometry. Finally, the production yields of carotenoids and lipids from Chlorella vulgaris can be monitored in real-time under different treatments. Although the efforts paid to developing rapid and high throughput analysis for microalgae cellular contents are extensive, several techniques are still required before the microfluidic system can serve as a comprehensive platform for microalgae cellular analysis. Our future development includes microfluidic sensors for soluble metabolites and single cell analysis. References

1. TH Lee, JS Chang, HY Wang, Current development of high-throughput analysis for microalgae cellular contents. Biotechnology Journal (2013) 8 (11), 1301-1314.

2. YL Deng, JS Chang, YJ Juang, Separation of microalgae with different lipid contents by dielectrophoresis. Bioresource Technology (2013) 135, 131-147.

3. TH Lee, JS Chang, HY Wang, Rapid and in Vivo Quantification of Cellular Lipids in Chlorella vulgaris Using Near-Infrared Raman Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 85 (2013), 2155-2160.

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Presenter’s Biography Professor Hsiang-Yu (Angie) Wang is devoted to the development of multi-scale bioenergy systems, microfluidics, and high-throughput analysis. She graduated with a Ph.D. from the School of Chemical Engineering in Purdue University, USA in 2007. In 2008, she participated in a NIH funded research in Brigham Young University, USA as a postdoctoral researcher. She then worked as an assistant professor in National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan since 2009 and became an associate professor in 2013. She has been an associate professor in the Department of Engineering and System Science in National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan since 2014. She has published more than 20 papers in renowned and high-impact journals and her work has been cited for more than 600 times.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-022 Keynote Speech

PEMFC Modeling and Simulation: Perspectives and Outlook

Pang-Chieh Sui Wuhan University of Technology

205 Luoshi Rd, Hongshan District Wuhan, Hubei, 430070 CHINA

* Author’s E-mail: pcsui@whut.edu.cn

Topics: Transport phenomena, fuel cells, modeling, simulation Abstract The past two decades have seen tremendous progresses towards the commercialization of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). During the course of the PEMFC’s development, modeling and simulation has played an important role in elucidating the complex and coupled transport phenomena in these cells and in providing guidelines for hardware design and material screening. With the help of advanced diagnostic and characterization tools as well as affordable high performance computing facilities, PEMFC modeling and simulation capabilities too have improved greatly in the past two decades. However, at current stage, challenges such as low catalyst loading, durability and low cost, remain. In order to tackle these challenges, modeling and simulation is expected to shed lights on the mechanisms of electrocatalysis under low loading conditions and the impact of long term cell operation to fuel cell materials. To make breakthrough for the next generation PEMFCs, modeling and simulation can be employed to evaluate possible solutions and design ideas. This talk will first give an overview on the major research activities of PEMFC modeling and simulation, followed by discussions on possible avenues for future fuel cell research. The state-of-the-arts macroscopic and microscopic modeling, and some ongoing mesoscopic modeling aimed to bridge the gaps between them, will also be discussed. Outlook for future research directions for PEMFC modeling and simulation will be provided at the end. Presenter’s Biography Pang-Chieh Sui is a Professor in the School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, China. Prior to joining Wuhan University of Technology, Dr. Sui was a Senior Researcher and Tech Lab Manager at the University of Victoria. He received a BA from National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, and an MS and a PhD from the University of Iowa, USA. Dr. Sui's main research interests are in thermofluids research and energy conversion, which involve the study of transport phenomena in reactional flows including combustion and electrochemical cells. He is a recipient of the Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Fellowship of Germany, the 6th Hubei 100 Plan Award, and the Overseas, Hong Kong & Macao Scholars Collaborated Researching Fund of China.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-023 Keynote Speech

Near-Field Thermal Radiation for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion

Bong Jae Lee Department of Mechanical Engineering

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu

Daejeon 34141, SOUTH KOREA *Author’s E-mail: bongjae.lee@kaist.ac.kr

Topics: Challenges for Fundamental Research, Other Energy Issues

Abstract This presentation will outline our research activities in energy technology related to nanoscale radiative heat transfer. Thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems are energy conversion devices that directly generate electric power from thermal sources emitting infrared radiation. Since the wasted heat of many industrial processes can be used as an infrared emission source, TPV systems have been considered as one of the promising techniques for recycling wasted heat. However, low power throughput of TPV devices must be overcome before being utilized in real-world applications. One solution for improving the power throughput of the TPV system is to exploit near-field phenomena between two objects that are located closer than the characteristic wavelength of thermal radiation. At such small vacuum gap distances, the radiative heat transfer can exceed that between two blackbodies by several orders of magnitude. In addition to utilizing near-field enhancement of radiative heat transfer, one can further increase the heat transfer rate by modifying surface conditions using graphene [1]. For example, if monolayer of graphene is coated on the TPV cell side, the power throughput of the near-field TPV device can be enhanced by 30 times compared to the case without graphene layer because surface plasmon can play a critical role in heat transfer [2]. However, such an enhancement can only occur when vacuum gap is less than 50 nm, which is extremely difficult to realize especially for parallel pates. In order to overcome such limitation of graphene, we employ hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) for enhancing near-field thermal radiation at much longer vacuum gap distances. By carefully designing the thickness of constituent materials of the HMM emitter, we show that the electric power of the near-field TPV devices can be increased by about 6 times at 100-nm vacuum gap as compared to the case of the plain W emitter [3]. Finally, we will report quantitative measurements of the near-field thermal radiation between doped-Si plates using a novel MEMS-based platform at 400-nm vacuum gap [4] as well as our recent efforts of improving the MEMS-based platform in order to measure the near-field thermal radiation between hyperbolic metamaterials. References

[1] M. Lim, S.S. Lee, and B.J. Lee, “Near-Field Thermal Radiation between Graphene-Covered Doped Silicon Plates,” Optics Express 21, 22173-22185, 2013.

[2] M. Lim, S.M. Jin, S.S. Lee, and B.J. Lee, “Graphene-Assisted Si-InSb Thermophotovoltaic Device for Low Temperature Applications,” Optics Express 23, A240-A253, 2015.

[3] S. Jin, M. Lim, S.S. Lee, and B.J. Lee, “Hyperbolic Metamaterial-Based Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic System for Hundreds of Nanometer Vacuum Gap,” Optics Express 24, A635-A649, 2016.

[4] M. Lim, S.S. Lee, and B.J. Lee, “Near-Field Thermal Radiation between Doped-Si Plates at Nanoscale Gaps,” Physical Review B 91, 195136, 2015.

Presenter’s Biography Dr. Bong Jae Lee is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). Prior to joining KAIST, he has worked in the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Pittsburgh as an Assistant Professor for three years. He received his B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from Seoul National University in 2001 and his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 2005 and 2007, respectively. Dr. Lee was the winner of the Georgia Tech Chapter of Sigma Xi Best Ph.D. Thesis Award in 2008 and received the Young Investigator Award from Thermal Engineering Division, KSME in 2014.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-024 Keynote Speech

Nano-structured carbons for advanced energy devices

Morinobu Endo*, Kenji Takeuchi, Masatsugu Fujishige, Takuya Hayashi The Institute of Carbon Science and Technology, Shinshu University

4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, JAPAN * Author’s E-mail: endo@endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp

Topics: lithium ion battery, super capacitor, fuel cell, carbon nanotubes

Abstract By controlling the carbon structure at nanometer scale, nanostructure carbon materials, so called as nanocarbons can be obtained such as carbon nanotubes and pore size-controlled porous carbons. Here, we will demonstrate the current and future usage of nanocarbons for the advanced energy devices, as one of the important component of lithium ion secondary batteries, supercapacitor and fuel cell with a special emphasis on the morphology and texture of nanocarbons. We envisage that the usage of nanocarbons in the energy devices will increase abruptly when considering the clean energy technology oriented society. As an advanced energy device, lithium ion battery with carbon as well as silicon anode, super capacitor with porous carbon electrode and fuel cell will be demonstrated. And it should be emphasized that the further development of well controlled carbons in nanoscale structure for advanced energy devices will be essential for fruitful achievement of green energy era. Presenter’s Biography Dr. M. Endo’s* present post is a Distinguished Professor of Shinshu University and the Director of Endo Special Laboratory at The Institute of Carbon Science and Technology of Shinshu University. His current interests are science and technology of nano-stuructured carbon, for high performance energy storage devices, multifunctional composites for wide range of applications and clean water technology based on nanocarbons.

63

APEnergy 2016 KY-025 Keynote Speech

Materials Chemistry for Rechargeable Li-, Na-, and K-Ion Batteries

Shinichi KOMABA

Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science,Tokyo 162-8601, Japan ESICB, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

* Author’s E-mail: komaba@rs.kagu.tus.ac.jp

Topics: 3. Electrochemical Energy Storage,

10. Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract We have been studying electrode and electrolyte materials for Li-ion batteries. In the past 10 years, we have also studied the materials for Na-ion batteries. Indeed we succeeded high-capacity or high-energy positive / negative electrode materials including binders and electrolytes. Recently, we expand our research target to K-ion batteries, which is potentially expected to show higher-power and higher-voltage than those of Li- and Na-ion batteries. We will talk about our recent achievement on electrode and electrolyte materials and surface chemistry for Na-ion and K-ion batteries and will discuss similarity and difference compared with Li-ion ones. References 1. Naoaki Yabuuchi, Kei Kubota, Mouad Dahbi, and Shinichi Komaba, “Research Development on Rechargeable Sodium-Ion

Batteries”, Chem. Rev., 114 (23), 11636–11682 (2014). 2. Kei Kubota and Shinichi Komaba, “Practical issues and future perspective for Na-ion batteries”, J. Electrochem. Soc.

(Invited Review Paper), 162 (14), A2538-A2550 (2015). Presenter’s Biography Shinichi Komaba is a Professor of Applied Chemistry at Tokyo University of Science and a Project Professor at Kyoto University. After he received his Ph.D. from Waseda University, he joined Iwate University in 1998. From 2003 to 2004, he also worked at Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, France, as a post-doctoral research fellow. In 2005, he moved to Tokyo University of Science as a faculty member and focused on lithium-ion as well as sodium-ion batteries. Professor Komaba received the 2014 Resonate Award for his research in energy storage, which is aimed at making batteries safer, more efficient and affordable, from the Resnick Sustainability Institute at Caltech. He has developed anode and cathode materials and electrolytes, additives, and binders for sodium-ion batteries and safer lithium-ion battery systems. Breakthroughs in these systems show promise towards realizing zero-emission vehicles and mitigating the power variability of incorporating renewable energy into the grid. He has produced more than 170 original papers. Because of his distinguished and pioneering achievement of next generation batteries, he is also honored with JSPS (The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science) Prize and German Innovation Award in 2015.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-026 Keynote Speech

Engineering Cubic AgSbTe2-based and Chalcopyrite CuGaTe2-based thermoelectric materials: their high zT values,

microstructures and related phase equilibria Hsin-jay Wu

Department of Materials and Optoelectronic science, National Sun Yat-sen University 70 Lienhai Rd., Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C

* ssky0211@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

Topics: Thermoelectrics Abstract Among all types of thermoelectric materials, chalcopyrite CuGaTe2 and Cubic AgSbTe2 has been viewed as a promising candidate for use of thermoelectric generator due to its high figure-of-merit (zT) at the high temperatures. The phase relations and microstructures of the Se-doped and Pb-doped AgSbTe2 were investigated with starting compositions of non-stoichiometric Pb-doped Ag20Sb30-xPbxTe50 (x=0-6), Se-doped Ag20Sb30Se50-yTey (y=0-45) and stoichiometric Ag25Sb25Se50-zTez (z=0-45). Alloys with non-stoichiometric or stoichiometric compositions were unidirectional-solidified, using the Bridgman method, or thermally-equilibrated at 673K to understand the phase relation at solid state. For the series of Pb-doped AgSbTe2, nanoprecipitates of ~100nm are observed within the grains as well as in the grain-boundary in selective specimens, leading to reduction of the thermal conductivity. Eventually, the thermal conductivities of the 5at%Pb and 6at%Pb samples approach to the theoretical minimum value, and the peak of zT of Bridgman-grown 5at%Pb reaches 0.75 ±0.06 at 425K. The Se-doped AgSbTe2 alloys, on the other hand, exhibit the cubic phase AgSb(Se,Te)2 as the primary and major solidification phase. However, different secondary phases were shown up with respect to the different (Ag,Sb) ratios. Results of temperature-dependent thermoelectric properties showed dramatic difference between the stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric alloys even with the same Te concentration, presumably due to the presence of different secondary phase. Most importantly, the zT (figure-of-merit) peak value of stoichiometric 40Te alloy (Ag25Sb25Se10Te40) reaches ~1.45 at T=650K, which showed almost 40% and 90% enhancements compared with the pure AgSbTe2 (zT~1) and AgSbSe2 (zT~0.1), respectively. For the ternary Cu-Ga-Te system, a 923K isothermal section is determined, using various thermally-equilibrated Cu-Ga-Te alloys, and ternary CuGaTe2 phase is stabilized within the compositional region of 48.0-53.0at%Te and 25.0at%-30.0at%Cu. Moreover, the solubility of Cu in binary Ga2Te3 and Ga3Te4 compounds at 923K is negligible, while that in GaTe phase reaches 7.9at%Cu. The as-determined isothermal section, depicting the phase stability regime of CuGaTe2, provides options for precisely locating the compositions of CuGaTe2-based materials that lead to promising and reproducible thermoelectric properties. A zT peak of 0.6 has been achieved in the Bridgman-grown Cu25Ga26Te49 alloy at 750K, which is nearly eight times higher than the neighboring Cu28Ga25Te47 alloy, presumably due to the fact that the Cu25Ga26Te49 alloy, which exhibits high phase purity of CuGaTe2, has lower lattice thermal conductivity (κL~1.3 (W/mK) and higher power factor (PF~11.2 (μW/mK2)), comparing with than that of Cu28Ga25Te47 alloy (κL~1.8 (W/mK) and PF~1.9 (μW/mK2)), which locates in a three-phased CuGaTe2+Cu2Te+Cu9Ga4 region, with only a slight deviation in the starting composition. Presenter’s Biography Hsin-jay received her B.S. degree (2007) and her Ph.D. degree (2012) in Chemical Engineering at National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan. Before joining in the department of Materials and Optoelectronic Science at NSYSU as a assistant professor in 2014, Hsin-jay spent one-year as a post-doc at NTHU (2013-2014) and one-year as a visiting scholar at Caltech (2011-2012). During her one-year visiting at Caltech (2011/02-2012/03) with a scholarship from the NSC, she had a productive visit in Dr. Snyder’s group at Caltech Materials Science that specializes in thermoelectric material synthesis and measurement. During her stay, Hsin-jay furthered her studies on phase relations of promising thermoelectric materials systems and measured the thermoelectric properties of selective alloys, and had published several joint papers. Her current research focuses on the solid state chemisty and physics of thermoelectrci materials and engineering of thermoelectric module. She provided qualitative information for multi-component thermoelectric materials systems, determined the homogeneity regime of the ternary compounds and synthesized the quaternary nanocomposites with extremely low thermal conductivity. Moreover, a new category for synthesizing nanostructured material, by using the Bridgman method, was demonstrated, leading to the formation of self-assembling Ag-Pb-Te/Ag-Sb-Te/ Ag-Sb-Te-Pb eutectic alloys. With her enthusiasm for the research of thermoelectricity Hsin-jay received the prestige Acta Student Award in 2012, for the primary contribution to the paper entitled Phase equilibria of Ag-Sb-Te thermoelectric materials, and Young Leader Professional Development Award in 2015.

65

APEnergy 2016 KY-027 Keynote Speech

Colloidal Solution Combustion for Scalable Synthesis of Nanostructures with Porosity Control for Energy Conversion

Kwong-Yu Chan, Chi-Ying Vanessa Li, and Albert Voskanyan Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong

Pokfulam Road Hong Kong SAR, CHINA

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: hrsccky@hku.hk

Oral Presentation Topics: Scalable Synthesis, Solution Combustion Synthesis, Mesoporous Materials, Metal Oxides Abstract The effectiveness of energy conversion devices rely on active materials possessing high porosity and surface area for optimum interfacial processes. Immense progress has been made with synthesis of mesoporous materials with regular porosity controlled via hard template methods [1-7]. These methods are often expensive and difficult to scale up. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time a scalable, economic, energy and time efficient method for the synthesis of a crystalline mesoporous CeO2 catalyst with adjustable porosity [8]. A popular scalable method is the solution combustion synthesis in which a soluble fuel is burnt with a metal nitrate precursor. Porosity is created via evolution of combustion gases but without any control of structure. We modify this conventional solution combustion synthesis by addition of colloidal SiO2 and denote the method as the colloidal solution combustion synthesis (CSCS). Figure 1 illustrates CSCS schematically with the steps of i) heating to combustion, ii) rapid cooling to a product of SiO2-nanocrystalline CeO2 composite, and iii) an optional step of etching away the SiO2 should porous CeO2 be needed. The size and amount of colloidal particles can tune the porosity of the CeO2 nanostructure and alter the heat transfer and energy balance of combustion. As shown in Table 1 for samples ceria-1, ceria-2, and ceria-3, the pore size, pore volume, and surface area of the product can be tuned by incremental amounts of colloid present in the combustion precursor solution mixture. Ceria-0 is the conventional solution combustion synthesis without addition of colloid and has minimum pore volume and surface area. When the amount of colloid is excessive for ceria-4, however, ignition does not take place. Ceria-3, a CeO2 prepared by colloidal solution combustion synthesis (CSCS) possesses uniform 22 nm pores and a 0.6 mL/g pore volume, which is among largest pore volume for CeO2 reported in literature, as shown in Table 1. The CSCS product can be applied in different energy conversion devices such as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). For simplicity, we demonstrate the activity of CSCS synthesized CeO2 for catalytic oxidation of CO. The obtained mesoporous CeO2 catalyst exhibited excellent activity for soot and carbon monoxide oxidation. Results of CO oxidation performed in a Hiden CatLab micro-reactor with on line mass spectrometry is shown in Figure 1. In principle, the CSCS method can be applied to synthesize different high-porosity crystalline oxides. Results will also be shown for CSCS prepared mesoporous CuO. Table 1. Comparison of textural properties for CeO2 synthesized by CSCS and hard templating method.

Sample Template Pore size

(nm)

Pore volume

(ml g-1)

SBET

(m2 g-1)

Ref.

ceria-0 0% v/v colloidal SiO2 9.6 0.06 13.7 This work [7]

ceria-1 4% v/v colloidal SiO2 13.6 0.23 39.3

ceria-2 10% v/v colloidal SiO2 21.7 0.41 62.8

ceria-3 20% v/v colloidal SiO2 22 0.6 81.7

ceria-4 24% v/v colloidal SiO2 no ignition

CeO2 3.5 0.24 198 [1]

CeO2 KIT-6 6.7 0.18 112 [2]

CeO2 CMK-3 5; 35 0.42 148 [3]

CeO2 SBA-15 3.8 0.23 101.3 [4]

CeO2 PS 90; 14.8 0.23 101.1 [5]

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CeO2 PMMA 189 0.41 47.6 [6]

Figure 1. (a) Top panel: Schematic of the CSCS method for synthesizing crystalline mesoporous CeO2 with tailored porosity; (b) Lower left: SEM micrograph of a dried sample of the colloidal solution; (c) Catalytic conversion of CO to CO2 over CeO2 prepared by three samples: ceria-3 synthesized by colloidal solution combustion, ceria-0 without additional of colloids, and a commercial ceria sample; d) Inset: TEM micrograph of colloidal solution combustion synthesized ceria-3 showing spherical cavities of 22 nm dia. surrounded by 2~3 nm dia. nanocrystals of CeO2.

References [1] Laha. S. C.; Ryoo, R. Synthesis of thermally stable mesoporous cerium oxide with nanocrystalline frameworks using mesoporous silica templates. Chem. Comm. 2003, 2138-2139. [2] Shen, W.; Dong, X.; Zhu, Y.; Chen, H.; Shi, J. Mesoporous CeO2 and CuO-loaded mesoporous CeO2: synthesis, characterization and CO catalytic oxidation property. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2005, 85, 157-162. [3] Roggenbuck, J.; Schafer, H.; Tsoncheva, T.; Minchev, C.; Hanss, J.; Tiemann, M. Mesoporous CeO2: Synthesis by nanocasting, characterization and catalytic properties. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 2007, 101, 335-341. [4] Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Ren, J.; Mi, Y.; Zhang, F.; Li. C.; Liu, X.; Guo, Y.; Guo, Y.; Lu, G. Synthesis of morphology-controllable mesoporous Co3O4 and CeO2. J. Solid State Chem. 2010, 183, 277-284. [5] Liu, Z.; Yang, Y.; Mi, J.; Tan, X.; Lv, C. Dual-templating fabrication of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous ceria with hierarchical pores and its use as a support for enhanced catalytic performance of preferential CO oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2013, 38, 4445-4455. [6] Rudisill, S. G.; Venstrom, L. J.; Petkovich, N. D.; Quan, T.; Hein, N.; Boman, D. B.; Davidson, J. H.; Stein, A. Enhanced oxidation kinetics in thermochemical cycling of CeO2 through template porosity. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013, 117, 1692-1700. [7] F. Li, M. Morris and K.Y. Chan*, “Electrochemical Capacitance and Ionic Transport in the Mesoporous Shell of a Hierarchical Porous Core-Shell Carbon Structure”, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 8880-8886. [8] A.A. Voskanyan, K.Y. Chan*, and C.Y.V. Li, “Colloidal Solution Combustion Synthesis: Toward Mass Production of a Crystalline Uniform Mesoporous CeO2 Catalyst with Tunable Porosity”, Chem. Mater. 2016, 28 (8), 2768-2775 Presenter’s Biography Kwong-Yu Chan obtained B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering at University of Alberta, MS and Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University, and was a postdoctoral fellow at Case Western Reserve University. Before postgraduate studies, he was an assistant lecturer in Hong Kong Polytechnic and a project engineer in Hong Kong Oxygen & Acetylene Company. He joined the Department of Chemistry at University of Hong Kong in 1988 and is presently a full Professor. Prof. Chan’s research interests include molecular simulation, fuel cells, batteries, water treatment, porous materials, and electrochemical applications. He has published over 160 papers and is a top 1% cited scientist, according to ISI’s Essential Science Indicators. He has been a Regional Editor of Molecular Simulation and Journal of Experimental Nanoscience and editorial board of Molecular Physics. Prof. Chan has five inventions related to fuel cells, ozone generation, and batteries. He received the Croucher Foundation Senior Research Fellowship (2010), Universitas 21 Fellowship (2010), Salzburg Global Fellowship (2008), and the HKU Outstanding Researcher Award (1998, 2012). Prof. Chan is an active member of The Electrochemical Society (ECS) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).

67

APEnergy 2016 KY-028 Keynote Speech

Flexible and Multifunctional Integrated Supercapacitor Electrodes

Pooi See Lee School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University

MSE, NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue Blk N4.1, SINGAPORE 639798

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: pslee@ntu.edu.sg (l0 point)

Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract The objective of this paper is to fabricate flexible electrodes that deliver high performance bendable supercapacitors with additional integrated functionality apart from energy storage. We demonstrate the use of electrochemical redox active oxides and polymeric hybrid nanomaterials to achieve high energy density supercapacitor electrodes with good mechanical flexibility. Unique synthetic nanomaterials incorporating mixed oxides solid solutions and doping approaches are the key innovative strategies that we adopted for achieving high energy density electrodes. Free-standing supercapacitors made with flexible oxide nanofibers hybrid paper in loosely packed corrugated morphology has significant advantages in facilitating the ingress and digress of electrolyte ions. Paper-like flexible supercapacitor based on the structural-chemistry of molybdenum trioxides can be fabricated. It is shown that the solid-solution of the mixed oxides readily forms a microscopically corrugated two-dimensional entangled network of nanofibers. The surface states of the resultant chemical bondings are evaluated using X-Ray spectroscopy. Multifunctional supercapacitors are demonstrated in our group based on the concept of added functionality to the electrochemical energy storage electrodes. A bifunctional electrochromo-supercapacitor is realized with the use of a hybrid transparent conductor. Optical transmission modulation and charge storage can be realized in this integrated electrochromo-supercapacitor [ref 1]. Furthermore, we realize a self-powered capacitor upon the application of compressive mechanical pressure. Integrated energy storage devices represent a new growth direction for emerging applications such as wearable technology.

References

1. G. Cai, P. Darmawan, M. Cui, J. Wang, J. Chen, S. Magdassi, P. S. Lee, Adv Energy Mat. DOI:10.1002/aenm.201501882, 2016.

Presenter’s Biography Pooi See Lee is a tenured full professor in the School of Materials Science and Engineering (MSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. She received her Ph.D. from the National University of Singapore in 2002. After working on technology and development in the semiconductor industry for two years, Pooi See joined the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore in 2004. She has authored and co-authored more than 200 publications in the field of nanomaterials for electronics and energy such as supercapacitors, electrochromics, piezo-energy, stretchable and flexible devices, nanowire sensors. She has more than 20 patents filed, she has authored 6 invited book chapters and published a book as co-editor. Pooi See received the Nanyang Research Excellence Award in 2015 and she is recipient of the prestigious NRF Investigatorship Award.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-029 Keynote Speech

The System Impact and Implementation of Green Vehicles

James H. Wang Industrial Technology Research Institute

Bldg. 51, 195 Sec.4, Chung Hsing Rd. Chutung, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 310, R.O.C.

E-mail: jhywang@itri.org.tw Abstract Vehicle electrification has become a common goal for automotive industry to reduce the CO2 emission as well as to increase the energy efficiency. In addition to the technology development in high-efficient electric motor and motor drive, high energy and power density battery and management system, high efficient energy conversion module, the total cost and total impact need to be addressed from the national level to promote green vehicle. In this talk, the total CO2 emission and total energy efficiency of traditional internal combustion engine vehicle versus battery electric vehicle are compared to highlight the impacts to the environment and energy systems. The talk will also mentions the issues, challenges and implementation strategy of electric vehicle for all participants to share and stimulate thoughts. Presenter’s Biography

James Wang is the General Director of Office of Strategy and R&D Planning in Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI). James had led many RD projects to develop advanced technologies and products with the automotive and motorcycle industries in Taiwan, USA and Japan including high fuel efficient low emission engine for car, motorcycle, ATV, and propulsion systems for hybrid electric/ battery electric vehicles. James was the Deputy General Director of Mechanical and System Research Laboratories, and in 2015 moved to the Office of Strategy and R&D Planning in ITRI headquarter with the responsibility of multi-disciplinary technology R&D program planning and management.

James also serves as the President of SAE International-Taipei Section, Secretary General of Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers, Advisor to the Vehicle Electronics Committee of Taiwan Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers Association, and Adjunct Assistant Professor in National Tsing Hua University.

James had received many awards in ITRI and Ministry of Economy Affairs for outstanding technology research and development achievements. James was also honored as the Outstanding Young Engineer by the Chinese Institute of Engineers, the Outstanding Engineer by the Chinese Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Technology Development Contribution Award from Ministry of Economy Affairs, and the National Management Excellence Award of R&D.

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APEnergy 2016 KY-030 Keynote Speech

Photo-thermal Energy Conversion Enhancement and Utilizations Using Nanomaterials

Ming-Tsang Lee

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University 145 Xingda Rd., South District, Taichung, 402, TAIWAN R.O.C.

* Author’s E-mail: mtlee@nchu.edu.tw

Topics: Solar-thermal Energy Conversion and Storage, Hydrogen Production Abstract This presentation composes two studies on the photo-thermal energy conversion enhancement and effective utilization with applying nanomaterials. The first section is emphasized on the development of a microscale solar-thermal reformer for hydrogen production with nanocatalyst. Water is a significant source of the hydrogen gas that produced from steam-reformers. The solar thermal steam-methanol reformer is thus an effective way of producing energy from renewable resources. In the reformer section an essential consideration is the surface between the catalyst and the reactants and it is noted that a desirable morphology and structure is compatible with a heterogeneous nanoporous catalyst. The fabrication and investigation of heterogeneous nanoporous catalysts for solar-thermal reformer is then reported. Preliminary experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the nanocatalytics matrix integrated in a solar thermal reformer. Specifically, CuO/ZnO nanowire catalyst for hydrogen production by solar thermal steam-methanol reforming was fabricated. Such nanowire catalyst is more durable than the conventional nanoparticle catalysts by avoiding agglomeration, and it exhibits ideal optical properties (cf. Figure 1). A solar simulator was used as a heat source for the demonstration of the steam methanol reformer. Gas chromatograph measurements confirmed significant production of hydrogen with irradiated solar energy. The nanocatalytic matrix was then fabricated and tested on a large area glass plate substrate demonstrate scaling-up. [1, 2] The second example is a study on solar-drying of porous thin plates with the assistance of nanowire matrix in an attempt on enhancing the solar energy harvesting and utilization. Experiments and analysis were conducted to understand the transport phenomena of the micro-porous thin plate drying processes. It was noted that a significant amount of the energy provided to the drying system was lost and not utilized for drying. Therefore, to utilize the solar energy on drying the porous thin plate more effectively, the usage of a nanomaterial-based solar absorber, silicon nanowires, was investigated. The significantly reduced spectral reflectivity of silicon nanowire to visible light makes it attractive in solar energy applications (cf. Figure 2). The benefit of its use for solar thermal energy harvesting was investigated. Spectral hemispherical reflectivity and transmissivity of the black silicon nanowire array on silicon wafer substrate were measured. It was observed that the reflectivity is lower in the visible range but higher in the infrared range comparing to the plain silicon wafer. A drying experiment and a theoretical calculation were carried out to evaluate the effects of the trade-off between scattering properties at different wavelengths. It is shown that silicon nanowires can significantly improve the solar thermal energy harnessing. [3, 4] Figures and Tables

Figure 1. (a) SEM image and (b) Spectral transmittance of the as-fabricated ZnO/CuO nanowires

70

Figure 2. (a) Appearance (b) SEM image, and (c) spectral optical properties of silicon nanowires References [1] H. Nakajima, D. Lee, M. T. Lee, C. P. Grigoropoulos, "Hydrogen production with CuO/ZnO nanowire catalyst for a nanocatalytic solar thermal steam-methanol reformer." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2016) in press [2] M. T. Lee, M. Werhahn, D.J. Hwang, N. Hotz, R. Greif, D. Poulikakos, C.P. Grigoropoulos. “Hydrogen production with a solar steam-methanol reformer and colloid nanocatalyst.” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 35 (2010) 118-126 [3] A. K. Sekone, Y. Y. Hung, C. T. Yeh, M. T. Lee*. "Experimental study and analysis of porous thin plate drying in a convection dryer." International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 68 (2015) 200-207 [4] A. K. Sekone, Y. B. Chen, M. C. Lu, W. K. Chen, C. A. Liu and M. T. Lee*. "Silicon nanowires for solar thermal energy harvesting: An experimental evaluation on the trade-off effects of the spectral optical properties." Nanoscale Research Letters 11 (1) (2016) 1-8 Presenter’s Biography Dr. Ming-Tsang Lee received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at University of California, Berkeley, in 2008. After graduated, he had been a Postdoctoral Researcher in the University of California at Berkeley and as a Visiting Scientist in Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. He specialized in energy and mass transport phenomena in micro- and nanoscales, solarthermal-hydrogen productions, and laser assisted micro- and nanoscale fabrications. Dr. Lee has served as a faculty in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan, since 2011. His current research interests include: Heat and mass transport phenomena in small-scale thermalfluidic systems, Laser assisted micro/nanoscale additive manufacturing and material processing, and Multiphysics analysis (thermal-fluid-solid mechanics) for advanced energy device and machinery systems.

71

APEnergy 2016 O1-003 Invited Speech

Low Cost Materials for High Energy Sodium-ion Battery

Shu-Lei Chou1*, Weijie Li1, Yunxiao Wang1, Jia-Zhao Wang1, Hun-Kun Liu1 and Shi-Xue Dou1

1Institute for Superconducting and Electronic Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia *Corresponding Author’s E-mail: shulei@uow.edu.au

Abstract Sodium-ion battery is a low cost energy storage device, which are similar in some ways to lithium-ion batteries. In both systems, Na/Li ions are shuttled between the battery’s positive and negative electrodes during charging and discharging. Taking into account recent concerns about a possible lithium shortage with the spread of electric vehicles, it is urgent to search for alternative energy storage systems that could complement the existing Li-ion technology. For this purpose, Na-ion technology can be a suitable choice in terms of battery cost, safety, and raw material abundance. Due to the increased size and heavier weight of the Na atom compared to the Li atom, the volumetric energy density and specific energy density obtainable for the sodium-ion battery would be less than those obtainable with the lithium-ion battery. However, Na-ion batteries would be interesting for very low cost systems for grid storage, which could make renewable energy a primary source of energy rather than just a supplemental one. Here, we will present our work on both anode and cathode materials for sodium ion battery. The anode materials include carbon based materials, Sn-based materials and red phosphorous based composites with high specific capacity and excellent capacity retention. Cathode materials will be focus on the low-cost Prussian blue materials. References 1. W. J. Li, S. L. Chou, J. Z. Wang, H. K. Liu, and S. X. Dou, Nano Lett. 2013, 13(11), 5480-5484. 2. W.J. Li, S. L. Chou, J. Z. Wang, J. H. Kim, H.K. Liu, S.X. Dou, Adv. Mater. 2014, 26(24), 4037–4042. 3. Y. X. Wang, Y. G. Lim, M. S. Park, S. L. Chou, J. H. Kim, H. K. Liu, S. X. Dou, Y. J. Kim, J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2,

529-534. 4. Y. X. Wang, J. P. Yang, S. L. Chou, H. K. Liu, W.X. Zhang D. Y. Zhao, S. X. Dou, Nat. Commun. 2015 6, 8689 Presenter’s Biography Dr. Shulei Chou’s research is focusing on energy storage systems such as Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors, metal air batteries, and sodium ion batteries. I have published more than 100 international journal papers with more than half of papers as first author or corresponding author including Science, Nature Communications, Advanced Materials, Nano Letters, more than 3600 citations and an h-index factor of 33. Research awards include Scopus-Young Researcher of the year 2014, APD fellowship and VC awards. Currently, I am supervising 10 PhD and 2 master students in addition to 7 graduated PhD students. Total research funding is more than 10 million.

72

APEnergy 2016 O1-005 Invited Speech

Self-supported Ni-based nanostructures on nickel foam with enhanced pseudocapacitive properties

Jun Song Chen, and Daniel John Blackwood* National

University of Singapore Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574.

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: msedjb@nus.edu.sg

Oral Presentation Topics: 1. Electrical Energy Storage; 11. Electrochemical Capacitors; 13. Electrode Materials Abstract Self-supported nanostructures on conducting substrate are always an important focus in material science, due to their great potential in energy-related applications. This work aims to develop a facile method to prepare functional electrode material for high-performance supercapactiors. We have established a versatile hydrothermal approach to synthesize different types of hierarchical structures composed of self-supported single crystalline β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets using different nickel salts including nickel acetate, nickel chloride and nickel nitrate. The ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) was selected as a structure directing agent, which allows the formation of films consisting of β-Ni(OH)2 nanosheets on the nickel foam substrate. By conducting different control experiments and analyzing the samples using various characterization methods including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, we discovered that BmimCl plays a dual role in the current synthesis system: it not only controls the formation of the sheet-like structure, but also promotes the growth of the nanosheets on the substrate, building an intimate contact between the active hydroxide film and the conducting metal foam. Such a hierarchical film can also be obtained with different thickness and organization if different nickel salt precursor is used. In the subsequent pseudocapacitor tests, different electrochemical measurements were carried out, including cyclic voltammetry at different scan rates, galvanostatic charge/discharge tests, AC impedance. It was found that these films exhibited promising capacitive properties with a high capacitance of about 700 F·g-1 even at a high charge-discharge current rate of 5 A·g-1 for prolonged cycling. By producing these hierarchical structures, we believe that this highly versatile ionic liquid-assisted system can shed new light on the preparation of other unique nanomaterials for different applications.

Figures and Tables

References J. S. Chen et al, Electrochimica Acta 188 (2016) 863–870. Presenter’s Biography Full Name: Jun Song CHEN Affiliation: National University of Singapore Complete Mailing Address: Department of Materials Science & Engineering National University of Singapore Block E3A #05-16 7 Engineering Drive 1 Singapore 117574 Telephone Number: (+65) 65164299 Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com.sg/citations?user=4LyrY8MAA AAJ&hl=en

73

APEnergy 2016 O3-014 Invited Speech

Synthesis of Spherical NiCo2O4 as Anode for Sodium-Ion Capacitors

Dongfang Yang, Nanjundan Ashok Kumar, and X.S. Zhao* School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia

St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia * Corresponding author’s E-mail: george.zhao@uq.edu.au

Oral Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage; Electrochemical Capacitors; Electrode Materials

Abstract Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) store energy using either ion adsorption (electrical double-layer capacitors, EDLCs) or surface redox reactions (pseudocapacitors) with prominent properties, such as high power density and long cycle life.1

However, their energy density is rather low in comparison with rechargeable batteries.2 Hybrid capacitors that combine the ion intercalation mechanism of rechargeable batteries and the ion adsorption mechanism of EDLCs hold great promise for developing next-generation high-energy density and high-power density electrochemical energy storage technology.3 Using sodium ions as a charge carrier to develop sodium-ion capacitors (Na-ion capacitors) represents a promising approach to developing hybrid capacitors. In this work, nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) with a spherical morphology was synthesized using a solvothermal method. A Na-ion capacitor using NiCo2O4 as anode and commercial active carbon as cathode showed a capacitance of 57 F g-1, an energy density of 52 W h kg-1, and a power density of 2.55 kW kg-1 at a current density of 2 A g-1. The electrocapacitive performance of the anode material prepared in this work is better than that of a previously reported NiCo2O4-based Na-ion capacitor4, comparable to that of a previously reported lithium-ion capacitor.5,6 The enhanced performance is mainly attributed to the mesoporosity and spherical morphology of the NiCo2O4 particles. The presence of mesopores provides low-resistance transport paths for electrolyte ions, which is critical for high-power Na-ion capacitors. The spherical morphology, on the other hand, enables the material to accommodate volume changes upon Na+ intercalation and de-intercalation. This study provides a facile approach to synthesizing novel anode materials and understanding of the influence of porosity and particle morphology on the electrochemical performance of nickel cobaltite in Na-ion capacitors. Figures and Tables

Fig 1. (a) SEM images; (b) XRD patterns; (c) Nitrogen sorption isotherms and associated pore distribution for NiCo2O4;

(d) GCD curves of Na-ion capacitor using NiCo2O4 as anode and active carbon as cathode References

1 Simon, Patrice, and Yury Gogotsi. Nature materials 7.11 (2008): 845-854. 2 An, Kay Hyeok, et al. Advanced Materials 13.7 (2001): 497-500. 3 Yoshino, Akira, et al. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 151.12 (2004): A2180-A2182. 4 Ding Rui, Li Qi, and Hongyu Wang. Electrochimica Acta 114 (2013): 726-735. 5 Sivakkumar, S. R., and A. G. Pandolfo. Electrochimica Acta 65 (2012): 280-287. 6 Dsoke, Sonia, et al. Journal of Power Sources 282 (2015): 385-393. Presenter’s Biography Dongfang Yang received her BS in the School of Material Science and Engineering from Central South University (China) in 2011, where she proceeded with obtaining her MS in 2014. She is now a PhD student in the School of Chemical Engineering at the University of Queensland (Australia) under the supervision of Prof. X.S. Zhao. Her research interest is anode materials for sodium ion energy storage devices.

74

APEnergy 2016 O3-020 Invited Speech The Development of the Electrode Materials of Activated Carbon for Electrical

Double-layer Capacitors

Kai-Hsuan Hung*, Wen-Cheng Liao No. 1Chung Kang Rd., Hsiao Kang

Kaohsiung, 81233, Taiwan *172650@mail.csc.com.tw

Oral Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage, Electrochemical Capacitors, Electrode Materials

Abstract Electrical double‐ layer capacitors (EDLCs, also called supercapacitors), possessing instant charging/discharging ability, ultra-long lifetime, etc., have been widely used in high-power electric applications. ACS-series activated carbons from China Steel Chemical Corporation were specially designed as electrode materials for EDLCs, and among those the energy-type activated carbon ACS20 exhibited the advantages of both high specific capacitance and low DC resistance. In this research, ACS20 was used to fabricate the electrodes for EDLCs by using slurry-coating techniques. By optimizing the slurry composition and coating parameters, ACS20 have been successfully transformed into an energy-type (high capacitance) and a power-type (low DC resistance) electrode for EDLCs.Both types of electrode showed ultra-durable performances in high temperature aging and cyclic charging/discharging tests. Figures and Tables

Figure 1. The initial capacitance and DC resistance of energy and power typeEDLC (1.0 farad). (a)the capacitance and (b) the DC resistance.

Figure 2. The high-temperature aging performances of 1.0 farad EDLCs (a)the capacitance loss, and(b) the DC resistance deviation.

Figure 3. The cycling charge/discharge performances of 1 farad EDLCs. (a) the capacitance loss, and (b) the DC resistance deviation Presenter’s Biography Kai-Hsuan Hung China Steel Corporation No. 1Chung Kang Rd., Hsiao Kang, Kaohsiung, 81233, Taiwan 172650@mail.csc.com.tw Tel:886(7) 8021111 ext 3479 Fax:886(7)805-1107 Website: http://www.csc.com.tw

75

APEnergy 2016 O4-006 Invited Speech Enhanced Melting of Phase Change Nano Composites in Latent Heat Thermal Storage

Systems

Nitesh Das1, Sivasankaran Harish*2 1School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Himachal Pradesh, Kamand, 175-005, India

2International Institute of Carbon-Neutral Energy Research, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.

* Author’s E-mail: kcmharish@gmail.com Topics: Thermal energy storage

Abstract The utilization of latent heat thermal energy storage system based on phase change materials (PCMs) has obtained a substantial attention among various types of thermal energy storage systems owing to its higher energy storage density and the isothermal nature of storage process. Due to lower thermal conductivity of phase change material, practical application of such system is limited. Such limitations can be overcome by seeding nanomaterials of high thermal conductivity. The present study deals with augmentation of phase change rate using spherical (nano diamond), one dimensional (single walled carbon nanotube) and two-dimensional (graphene nanosheets) carbon based nanostructured PCM in shell-tube thermal energy storage systems. Comparison of the melting dynamics of thermal energy storage system with and without nano carbon-enhanced PCM is numerically calculated. The role of interfacial thermal transport between the carbon based nanostructure and the surrounding PCM is taken into consideration. It is found that spherical nano inclusions do not substantially increase the melting rate of PCM due to high interfacial thermal transport. However, 1D and 2D nanostructures significantly enhance the melting rate with increasing volume concentration. It was found that the melting time is decreased by a factor of ~3 at 3 vol % loading of graphene nanostructures.

Presenter’s Biography Dr. Sivasankaran Harish is presently working as an assistant professor in International Institute of Carbon Neutral Energy Research (I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. Before moving to Kyushu University, he worked as an assistant professor in Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, India. He has obtained his Doctorate from the prestigious The University of Tokyo, Japan in 2013. He obtained his Master of Science degree in 2010 from Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands and Bachelor’s degree from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University in 2007. He was a visiting research fellow at Stanford University, USA in 2011 and worked as a research intern at CERN Particle Physics Laboratory, Geneva in 2009. He worked as a JSPS post-doctoral fellow at Kyushu University, Japan from 2013-2015. He is a recipient of ASML-Henk Bodt Fellowship, Royal-Dutch Shell Personal Development Award, Monbukogakusho fellowship from Japan Ministry of Education and Post Doctoral fellowship from Japan Society of Promotion of Science. His research interests include waste heat harvesting using nanostructured thermoelectrics, thermal transport in thin films and porous materials, nanocomposites for electronics and thermal energy storage.

76

APEnergy 2016 O4-041 Invited Speech Recovery of waste heat in radiator with phase change material to produce hot water for recreational vehicle

Xian-Hong Chen, Ruei-Huan Tsai and Jau-Huai Lu

National Chung-Hsing University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, No.145,Xingda Rd, South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan

Email Address:home73795@yahoo.com.tw

Topic: Thermal energy storage Abstract－In recent years, camping becomes a popular leisure activity. There is a need of hot water in the campsite to take

shower or clean the dishes. Portable gas burners are commonly used nowadays with fossil fuel. A new way to produce hot water is proposed in this paper. When we drive a recreational car to the campsite, a substantial amount of thermal energy is wasted by the engine on the way. The energy can be stored and reused when needed. Phase change material is considered to store the thermal energy of engine cooling water. About 40 kg of wax is filled in an insulated metal tank. The tank is inserted between the radiator and the engine. When the engine runs at normal load, the cooling water temperature is around 85℃. The melting temperature of wax is 60℃~65℃. Solid wax is heated up by hot water and melts until its temperature is the same as hot water. It is estimated 5225 kJ of energy can be stored in the tank if the engine runs for more than 60 minutes. After arriving the campsite, at least 50 liters of 40℃ warm water may be produced by the hot wax. That is enough for two persons to have shower provided the cold water is at 15℃. The experiments were carried out in a simulated environment as shown in Fig.1. A fin type heat exchanger was fitted into a metal box which was filled with wax. Hot water flows into heat exchanger until all wax melts.

The inlet water was then switched to cold water and the outlet water temperature as well as the temperature variations inside the metal box was recorded to evaluate the performance of energy storage. Fig. 2 shows the temperature variations inside the metal box during the energy recovery period. It was estimated that around 1380kJ of energy can be recovered to produce hot water of around 40 ℃.

Fig1. Experimental setup of heat recovery

Fig.2 Temperature variations during heat recovery

Keywords: PCM, thermal energy, cooling water

77

APEnergy 2016 O4-042 Invited Speech

Influence of Magnetic Domain Walls and Magnetic Field on the Thermal Conductivity of Magnetic Nanowires

Hao-Ting Huang1,2 and Zung-Hang Wei1,2

1Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems and 2Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University

No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: wei@pme.nthu.edu.tw

Oral Topics: Thermal conductivity, magnetic domain wall, magnon, magnetic nanowire Abstract Heat in a solid crystal is manifested by atomic or lattice vibration from a microscopic perspective. A phonon is the quantized vibration of a crystal lattice. Among various types of quantized vibrations, ferromagnetic materials exhibit magnetic ordering between neighboring magnetic moments because of an exchange interaction that is a quantum mechanical effect, and a magnon is a quantized spin wave. Ferromagnets exhibit various types of magnetic domains depending on the geometry, applied magnetic field, and magnetic history. The number of magnetic DWs influences not only the hysteresis loop but also electron transport properties such as magnetoresistance. We expect the transport of magnons and the thermal conductivity of magnetic materials to be affected by the distribution of magnetic domains and DWs. In this study, we investigated the influence of magnetic domain walls and magnetic fields on the thermal conductivity of suspended magnetic nanowires. The thermal conductivity of the nanowires was obtained using steady-state Joule heating to measure the change in resistance caused by spontaneous heating. The results showed that the thermal conductivity coefficients of straight and wavy magnetic nanowires (see Fig. 1) decreased with an increase in the magnetic domain wall number, implying that the scattering between magnons and domain walls hindered the heat transport process. In addition, we proved that the magnetic field considerably reduced the thermal conductivity of a magnetic nanowire. The influence of magnetic domain walls and magnetic fields on the thermal conductivity of polycrystalline magnetic nanowires can be attributed to the scattering of long-wavelength spin waves mediated by intergrain exchange coupling. Figures and Tables

Fig. 1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the suspended straight Ni nanowires. The nanowires are 37 μm, 860 nm, and 100 nm in length, width, and thickness, respectively. (b) SEM image of the suspended permalloy wavy nanowires. The nanowires are 62.83 μm, 480 nm, and 60 nm in arc length, wire width, and thickness, respectively. The silicon substrate was covered with a 20 nm SiO2 layer. In addition, Au electrodes at both ends of each nanowire were used for four-point probe measurements. Presenter’s Biography Hao-Ting Huang completed an M.S. degree in 2009 at National Central University and Ph.D. degree in 2013 at National Tsing Hua University and joined the Prof. Wei’s group from 2009. He won 2015 Ministry of Science and Technology Postdoctoral Researcher Academic Award, and is currently an assistant research fellow of Department of Power Mechanical Engineering at National Tsing Hua University under the supervision of Prof. Zung-Hang Wei, and has been studying the heat transport properties and thermopower with regard to nanostructure. His research interests include nano heat transport, thermoelectric generator, bio-sensing technique, surface plasmon resonance, and magnetic materials.

78

APEnergy 2016 O7-006 Invited Speech

Electrodeposition of Counter Electrode Materials for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Lu-Lin Li

Department of Energy Engineering, National United University Room A1-707, 2, Lienda,

Miaoli 36063, Taiwan, R.O.C lulin524@gmail.com

Topics: dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, counter electrode, electrodeposition

Abstract

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have attracted much attention in recent years due to their cheap key materials suitable for large production. To improve the cell performance, much effort has been focused on the design and synthesis of counter electrode (CE) materials with highly catalytic performance to sustain devices with highly loaded sensitizers or limitation due to mass transfer of the electrolyte. The reduction, I3

− + 2e− → 3I−, occurs at the CE/electrolyte interface to provide sufficient iodide anions for dye regeneration. To improve the catalytic activity at the surface of the CE, promising materials, such as platinum, carbon nanostructures, conducting polymers, and metal complexes were deposited to increase the rate of reduction.

Electropolymerization synthesis is a successful method to generate nanostructural thin films with well-defined and controllable shapes. Here we report the fabrication of Pt and Pt-free, such as PEDOT conducting polymer, as counter electrode for DSSCs via an electrodeposition method at room temperature that is suitable for flexible devices. A uniform PEDOT thin film with porous morphology was fabricated on transparent conducting oxide substrate by cyclic voltammetry scan in a hybrid solvent electrolyte. Scanning electron microscope top-view images show the porous PEDOT homogeneously distributed on the surface of a fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass. The DSSC device made of porous PEDOT CE and optimized TiO2 photoanode attained an overall power conversion efficiency 8.7%, which is similar to the device with a conventional thermal cluster Pt (TCP-Pt) CE on FTO substrate.

Figure 1. FESEM top-view images of mesoporous PEDOT films obtained on cyclic electro-deposition. Presenter’s Biography Dr. Lu-Lin Li, Assistant Professor of Energy Engineering at National United University, is an experimental chemist with research interests in the area of eletrochemistry and dye-sensitized solar cells. Her research is concerned primarily with the electrochemical synthesis and characterization of nanostructural thin film, studies of dye-sensitized solar cells and charge-transport kinetics by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).

79

APEnergy 2016 O7-013 Invited Speech Post-Annealing Effect on a-Si:H Passivation Layer for Silicon Heterojunction Solar

Cells

Yung-Chih Chen, Yi-Shiou Chen, Min-Chuan Wang, Hsin-Liang Chen Institute of Nuclear Energy Research

(Physics Division) No. 1000, Wenhua Rd., Longtan Dist. Taoyuan City, 32546, Taiwan (R.O.C.)

* yzchen@iner.gov.tw Topics: Solar Cells

Abstract Using hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film to passivate the surface of crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafer has proven to be phenomenally effective, especially in the application of a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells. For a-Si:H deposited at lower temperature (<200 °C) by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), the passivation quality can be improved by post-annealing at a higher temperature, i.e., the excess minority carrier lifetime under photo-illumination improves after the annealing process. To understand the annealing-induced improvement of minority carrier lifetime for a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells, a-Si:H passivated wafers were prepared by PECVD with two different temperatures of 180 and 240 °C, respectively. The c-Si wafer with the 180 °C a-Si:H passivated process has showed a measured lifetime less than 0.1 ms, increasing to more than 3 ms after the post-annealing process. However, the one with the 240 °C passivated process has showed a measured lifetime larger than 1 ms without the post-annealing process. While comparing with the characteristics of silicon heterojunction solar cells, it was found that the 180 °C passivated solar cell with the post-annealing process has showed a slightly higher open-circuit voltage (Voc) than the 240 °C passivated solar cell without the post-annealing process. However, the 180 °C passivated solar cell with the post-annealing process has shown a 10% fill factor (F.F.) degradation than the 240 °C passivated one. As a result, although the post-annealing process has improved the a-Si:H passivation quality, it also causes considerable degradation on F.F.. Figures and Tables

Table 1. The comparison of solar cells with and without post-annealing

Presenter’s Biography Yung-Chih Chen received his Master degree in Optical Science from National Central University (Taiwan) in 2007. He is currently working in Institute of Nuclear Energy Research (Taiwan) as an R&D engineer. His research interests include silicon thin-film solar cells, silicon SHJ solar cells and other thin-film based energy-saving devices, such as electrochromic devices.

as-deposited annealedAfter BSFand emitter

Voc

(mV)Jsc

(mA/cm2)F.F.(%)

η(%)

180 0.09 3.52 1.34 686 29.8 52.4 10.72240 1.42 NA 1.07 678 29.6 62.1 12.45

Solar cell parametera-Si processing

temperature (°C)

Minority carrier lifetime (ms)

80

APEnergy 2016 O7-015 Invited Speech Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by Non-Halide Lead Precursors

Lin Yang, Yi-Ju Cho, Kai-Ming Chiang, Hao-Wu Lin* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University

No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

*Corresponding author’s E-mail: hwlin@mx.nthu.edu.tw

Oral Topics: Solar Cells

Recently, organometallic perovskite solar cells have attracted great attention due to their promising high efficiency, potentials of low-cost fabrication and flexible nature. In these devices, the perovskite active layers are made by chemical reactions of lead halides (PbI2) and organic halides (CH3NH3I). However, the perovskites synthesized from traditional PbI2

precursors usually show inhomogeneous thin-film morphology with many pin-holes owing to fast PbI2 and CH3NH3I reaction. Hence, recently, people start to investigate alternative non-halide lead precursors aiming for a retarded reaction and a smooth, pin-hole-free thin-film morphology. In this work, we comprehensively investigated the potentials of using Pb(OAc)2 precursors in perovskite deposition and device fabrication.

Smooth perovskite thin films were made by 1-step spin coating process of precursor solutions consisted of Pb(OAc)2 and MAI. By incorporation of these perovskite active layers with organic hole and electron transporting layers, efficient devices wi th power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 10.9% were obtained. We further delayed the reaction process by adding CH3NH3Cl into the precursor solutions. The cells fabricated from Pb(OAc)2, CH3NH3I and CH3NH3Cl triple precursors showed outstanding PCEs of 13.6% with Jsc of 21.96 mA/cm2, Voc of 0.88 V and fill factor up to 70%. The efficiency reported here is among highest reported value of perovskite solar cells made by Pb(OAc)2. Figures and Tables

Table 1. Photovoltaic properties of the perovskite solar cells formed from the different lead precursors

Precusor Jsc (mA/cm2) Voc (V) FF PCE (%) Ref. Pb(NO3)2

Pb(SCN)2

Pb(OAc)2

Pb(OAc)2 w/o CH3NH3Cl Pb(OAc)2 w/ CH3NH3Cl

21.81 15.14 20.50 19.64 21.96

0.94 0.91 0.99 0.90 0.88

0.62 0.55 0.69 0.62 0.70

12.6 7.6

14.0 10.9 13.6

[1] [2] [3]

This study This study

Fig 1. (a) Scanning electron microscopy cross-section image of the perovskite thin film deposited from the Pb(OAc)2 precursors. (b) Current density-Voltage characteristics of the optimized cells measured in dark (dash lines) and under AM 1.5G, 1 sun simulated solar illumination (solid lines). Referances [1] T. Y. Hsieh, T. C. Wei, K. L. Wu, M. Ikegami, T. Miyasaka, Chem. Commun., 51 (2015) 13294. [2] G. Balaji, P. H. Joshi, H. A. Abbas, L. Zhang, R. Kottokkaran, M. Samiee, M. Noack, V. L. Dalal, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 17 (2015). [3] W. Zhang, M. Saliba, D. T. Moore, S. K. Pathak, M. T. Hörantner, T. Stergiopoulos, S. D. Stranks, G. E. Eperon, J. A. Alexander-Webber, A. Abate, A. Sadhanala, S. Yao, Y. Chen, R. H. Friend, L. A. Estroff, U. Wiesner, H. J. Snaith, Nat. Commun., 6 (2015) 6142. Presenter’s Biography

Lin Yang is working toward M.S. degree in Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University. Currently, she actively focuses on the research of perovskite solar cells.

81

APEnergy 2016 O10-011 Invited Speech

Metal-hexacyanoferrate as secondary battery material

Yutaka Moritomo1,2,3 and Masamitsu Takachi1 1Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba,Tsukuba 705-8577, Japan

2Center for Integrated Research in Fundamental Science and Engineering (CiRfSE), University of Tsukuba, 3Tsukuba Interdisciplinary Materials Science (TIMS), , University of Tsukuba,

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: moritomo.yutaka.gf@u.tsukuba.ac.jp Oral Topics: Rechargeable Batteries

Sodium-ion secondary batteries (SIBs) are promising candidates for next-generation batteries with safe, environmentally friendly, and low-cost characteristics. These battery device stores the electric energy by utilizing the intercalation/deintercalation process of abundant Na+ (Clark number: 2.63). In this sense, the SIBs are suitable for large -scale batteries for the stable use of solar and/or window energies.

Coordination polymers are promising cathode materials for SIB, reflecting their nanoporous host framework. Among them, Prussian blue analogues (PBAs), NaxM[Fe(CN)6]y (M is a transition metal), exhibit a three-dimensional (3D) jungle-gym-type host framework and cubic nanopores, 0.5 nm at the edge. PBAs exhibit excellent performance as cathode materials for SIB. As one example, we show in Fig.1 discharge curves of NaxCo[Fe(CN)6]0.90 (abbreviated as NCF90) film at various rates. The observed capacity (= 135 mAh/g) is comparable to the value (= 140mAh/g) of actually-used LiCoO2. The thin film electrode exhibits a high capacity of 121 mAh/g (90 % of the OCV value) even at 60 C. The discharge curve exhibits two plateaus at 3.8 and 3.4 V. By ex situ X-ray diffraction and absorption measurements, we will clarify the origin of the plateaus. We further discuss the substitution effect of Mn for Co, mixed crystal effect, and ion diffusion constant, and so on.

References [1] T. Shibata and Y. Moritomo, Chem. Comm. 50 (2014) 12941 [2]Y. Kurihara and Y, Moritomo, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53 (2014) 067101. [13] Y. Moritomo, et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 82 (2013) 0947190. [14] M. Takachi, T. Matsuda, and Y. Moritomo, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52 (2013) 090202. [15] M. Takachi, T. Matsuda, and Y. Moritomo, Appl. Phys. Express 6 (2013) 025802. [16] T. Matsuda, M. Takachi and Y. Moritomo, Chem. Comm. 49 (2013) 2721. [17] Y. Kurihara, T. Matsuda, and Y. Moritomo, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 52 (2013) 017301. [18] Y. Moritomo, et al., Appl. Phys. Express 5 (2012) 041801. [19] T, Matsuda, J. E. Kim, and Y. Moritomo, Dalton Trans.4 (2012) 7620. [20] Y. Moritomo, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 51 (2012) 107301. [21] Y. Moritomo, et al., Appl. Phys. Express, 5 (2012) 041801. Presenter’s Biography 1992 Ph. D in Physics, University of Tokyo 1992-1994 JSPS fellowship 1994-1995 JRCAT post-doctoral fellow 1996-2005 Associated Professor, Graduate school of Engineering, Nagoya University 2005- Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba 2015- Head, division of materials for energy storage and conversion, CiRfSE, University of Tsukuba

Fig. 1: Discharge curves of thin-film electrode of NCF90. The film thickness is 1.1 mm. The inset shows the jungle-gym-type host framework of Prussian blue analogues. Small spheres represent Co and Fe, while bars represent CN.

82

APEnergy 2016 O12-057 Invited Speech Photoelectrochemical Biofuel Cells for

Electricity Generation and Hydrogen Production

Chun-Ting Liu, Che-Wun Hong* Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

E-mail: cwhong@pme.nthu.edu.tw Oral Topics: Hydrogen Production

Abstract Photoelectrochemical electrodes have been studied for nearly thirty years, where the earliest work was done by Honda and Fujishima who proposed the generation of electricity by photons or chemical reactions inside the cells. They successfully used titanium oxide (TiO2) electrode to decompose water with sunlight illumination and also considered introducing the basic principles of manufacturing photoelectrochemical solar cells. Different electrode materials were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, however, the conversion efficiency of the solar cells using TiO2 is still low. In 2003, the research team of Garza used the combination of dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSCs) and electrochemical fuel cells, creating a hybrid cell. The working principle of the anode is the same as a DSSC, while the cathode is composed of a biofuel cell. Tin dioxide nanoparticles were employed as the anode electrode and coated with porphyrin sensitizers. The key operation of the hybrid cell is the electron transfer process between the redox agents in the anode and the sensitizers, as shown in Fig. 1. The efficiency of the cell using tin dioxide as the anode is still not high. In view of this, it is expected to use different types of anode materials improving the efficiency of the electron conductivity between the electrode, biological dyes and redox substances.

In this paper, computational quantum simulations were carried out on the CASTEP (Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package) and DMol3 packages. They are used to perform the first-principles calculations, analyzing the ZnO nanostructure energy bands, density of states, UV-vis spectrum and electronic orbitals. In order to study the optical properties of ZnO and electronic conduction in solar cells, the bandgap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the different ZnO structures, such as nanowires and nanotubes, was studied. This paper will describe the methodology of computational quantum mechanics to model and to predict the photoelectrochemical characteristics of ZnO nanostructures, biological pigments and redox substances. Electricity generation and hydrogen production of this photoelectrochemical biofuel cell will be analyzed.

Fig. 1 Schematic of a photoelectrochemical biofuel cell.

Presenter’s Biography Chun-Ting Liu (s9933503@m99.nthu.edu.tw ), Ph.D. candidate Department of Power Mechanical Engineering National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

83

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(a)

(a) (c)

APEnergy 2016 O13-025 Invited Speech Structural and Magnetic Properties of Ordered Mesoporous LiMPO4 (M = Fe or

Mn)/Carbon Composites

Sourav Khan and Parasuraman Selvam* National Centre for Catalysis Research, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai 600 036, INDIA

*E-mail: selvam@iitm.ac.in Topics: Electrode Materials, Electrochemical Energy Storage and Rechargeable Batteries.

Olivine-structured LiMPO4 (M = Fe or Mn) materials have been considered as prospective cathodes for Li-ion batteries owing to the appealing properties like high theoretical energy density (586 Wh kg−1 for LiFePO4; 701 Wh kg−1 for LiMnPO4), high operating voltage (3.4 V vs Li for LiFePO4; 4.1 V vs Li for LiMnPO4) and low cost1. At the same time, the bulk materials are severely affected by poor electronic conductivity (~ 10−10 S cm−1)2 and large interface volume strain (5.9 − 8.9 %)2. On the other hand, mesoporous materials are promising not only because they can facilitate Li-ion diffusivity but also can accommodate the volume change upon Li-ion insertion-extraction3-6. Therefore, in this investigation, an attempt has been made to prepare ordered mesoporous LiMPO4 (M = Fe or Mn)/Carbon composites using nanocasting hard-template method, in which, LiMPO4 (M = Fe or Mn) engrafted in conductive and interlinked matrix of mesoporous carbon, viz., CMK-8, having large surface area (1167 m2/g) and narrow pore size distribution (4.07 nm). Fig. 1 depicts typical Rietveld refined XRD pattern, Raman spectra and magnetization data. It can be seen from the XRD (Fig. 1a) diffraction pattern the formation of well-ordered LiMnPO4 structure (Fig. 1a) with typical mesopore characteristics. The Raman spectrum (cf. Fig. 1b) of LiMPO4

(M = Fe or Mn) materials show high degree of graphitic carbon as depicted by characteristic G-band at 1598 cm−1 which can be assigned to E2g mode of graphite. Fig. 1c presents the specific magnetization curves of LiMPO4 (M = Fe or Mn)/Carbon composites obtained at room-temperature. It can be seen from this figure that the specific magnetization increases linearly with increasing field up to 15 kOe for the LiMnPO4/Carbon but there is an appearance of a petite hysteresis loop for LiFePO4/Carbon sample confirming the presence of small concentrations of nano-sized weak ferromagnetic impurities such as Fe2P clusters. Thus, the mesocomposite materials developed in the present investigation reveal various benefits in terms of high surface area (~100 m2/g), ideal crystal structure and enhanced graphitic carbon framework which may be advantageous for the application of cathode material for lithium-ion battery.

Figure 1: (a) XRD patterns of LiMnPO4/Carbon; (b) Raman spectra of LiMPO4 (M = Fe or Mn)/Carbon; (c) Specific magnetization of the LiMPO4(M = Fe, Mn)/Carbon at 298 K.

References

[1] Padhi, A. K.; Nanjundaswamy, K.S.; Goodenough, J.B. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1997, 144, 1188. [2] Zhou, F.; Zhu, P.; Fu, X.; Chen, R.; Sun, R.; Wong, C.-P. CrystEngComm. 2014, 16, 766. [3] Wang, Y.; Li, H.; He, P.; Hosono E.; Zhou, H., Nanoscale. 2010, 2, 1294. [4] Selvam, P.; Khan, S.; Bhunia, K.; Milev, A.; George, L.; Gounder, A.; Kannangara, G.S.K. Proc. APEnergy-2014, p.81. [5] Khan, S.; Milev, A.; George, L.; Kannangara, G.S.K.; Selvam, P. Proc. 2nd Natl. Conf. on Materials MECS-2016, p.57. [6] Milev, A.; George, L.; Khan, S.; Selvam, P.; Kannangara, G.S.K. Electrochimica Acta. 2016, 209, 565. Presenter’s Biography Mr. Sourav Khan is currently a Ph.D. student working under the supervision of Prof. P. Selvam at NCCR, IIT-Madras, Chennai, India. His current research is focused on the synthesis and characterization of ordered mesoporous materials as cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. This work is supported by Australia-India Strategic Research Fund (AISRF) under grant No. DST/INT/AUS/P-53/2012(G).

84

APEnergy 2016 O24-007 Invited Speech

Optimization of a volumetric solar collector with plasmonic nanofluids

Caiyan Qin and Bong Jae Lee*

Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology

Daejeon 34141, South Korea * Corresponding author’s E-mail: bongjae.lee@kaist.ac.kr

Oral Topics: Solar-thermal Energy Conversion and Storage Abstract Due to decreasing storage of fossil fuel in the world and its impact on global climate and environment, alternative energy including solar energy is being intensively studied these years [1]. How to improve the performance of a solar collector is a hot issue in solar energy research. Plasmonic nanofluid has been found to be efficient in absorption of solar radiation because metallic nanoparticles in the working fluid can interact with the light and create strong optical resonances, such as surface plasmon [2]. Recently, research has been done to analyze the effect of parameter change to the performance of solar collector with plasmonic nanofluid [3, 4]. In order to further improve the performance of solar collector, systematic parametric analysis will be conducted in this work. Parameters from different aspects will be investigated through COMSOL modelling. These parameters include channel geometry of the collector, the flow characteristics and the fluid property. In addition, with techniques such as Global Pattern Search and Genetic Algorithm, the optimized design of the collector will be proposed. References [1] Leong K.Y., Ong H.C., Amer N.H., Norazrina M.J., Risby M.S., Ku Ahmad K.Z., 2015. An overview on current application of nanofluid in solar thermal collector and its challenges. J. Renew. Sustain. Ener. 53(2016)1092-1105. [2] Lee B.J., Park K., Walsh T., Xu L., 2012. Radiative heat transfer analysis in plasmonic nanofluid for direct solar thermal absorption. J. Sol. Energy Eng. 134 (2), 021009. [3] Jeon J., Park S., Lee B.J., 2016. Analysis on the performance of a flat-plate volumetric solar collector using blended plasmonic nanofluid. Sol. Energy 132, 247-256. [4] Gorji T., Ranjbar A.A, Geometry optimization of a nanofluid-based direct absorption solar collector using response surface methodology. Sol. Energy 122, 314-325. Presenter’s Biography Caiyan Qin (caiyanhit@kaist.ac.kr), Ph.D. candidate Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141, South Korea

85

APEnergy 2016 P3-026 Poster Improving the Electrochemical Performance for the MoS2/Polypyrrole-Based

Supercapacitor Electrode

Bing-Chang Xiao, Chao-Chi Tu, and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. * Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract MoS2 is promising as the electroactive material for supercapacitors (SCs), in which charges are stored in inter/intrasheet of individual atomic layers and accumulated by Faradaic reactions on the Mo center. Combining conductive conducting polymers with MoS2 nanosheets is expected to enhance the connection of MoS2 nanosheets and control the growth of conducting polymers onto nanosheets for charge storage.[1, 2] In this work, layered structures of MoS2 nanosheets are successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method, and pyrrole monomers are oxidative polymerized in the MoS2 solution to prepare the nanocomposites with different ratios of MoS2 and polypyrrole (Ppy), as shown in the TEM images for the nanostructures of the MoS2, Ppy and the MoS2/Ppy nanocomposites with the weight ratios of 1/0.1, 1/0.5, 1/1, and 1/2 for MoS2/pyrrole respectively in Figure 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), 1(d), 1(e), and 1(f). The MoS2 nanosheet presents single layer and graphene-like structure with large specific surface area, while Ppy shows spherical shape with several nanoparticles aggregating together. With the weight ratio of MoS2/Ppy decreasing, the layered structure gradually vanished. A specific capacitance (CF) of 182.28 F/g is obtained for the SC electrode with the MoS2/Ppy nanocomposite (MoS2/pyrrole = 1/0.5), which is higher than those of the SC electrode with MoS2 (40.58 F/g) and Ppy (116.95 F/g), measured by the cyclic voltammetry (CV) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s, due to the larger surface area for charge accumulation and enhanced interconnection networks for charge transportation for the former case. The normalized CV plots present obvious faradic peaks with no distortions when the scan rate increases from 10 to 200 mV/s, indicating the good capacitive behavior and high-rate capability for this system (Figure 2(a)), while the CF value obtained using the current density of 0.5 A/g presents only 2-fold higher as compared with that using the current density of 10 A/g, which is 50-fold larger as compared with 0.5 A/g, again indicating the high-rate capacity for this system (Figure 2(b)). The better performance for the MoS2/Ppy nanocomposite-based SC electrode suggests that combining two materials with complementary advantages in SCs is an attractive way to realize efficient SCs with high performance and good cycling life. Figures and Tables

References 1. J. Wang, Z. Wu, K. Hu, X. Chen, H. Yin, J. Alloy. Compd., 619 (2015) 38-43. 2. G. Ma, H. Peng, J. Mu, H. Huang, X. Zhou, Z. Lei, J. Power Sources, 229 (2013) 72-78.

Presenter’s Biography Bing-Chang Xiao; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: xerioe86507@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The TEM images for (a) MoS2, (b) Ppy, and the MoS2/Ppy nanocomposites with the MoS2/ pyrrole weight ratio of (c) 1/0.1, (d) 1/0.5, (e) 1/1, and (f) 1/2.

Figure 2 (a) The CV plots at different scan rates, (b) the galvanic discharging plots at different current densities for the SC electrode with MoS2/Ppy nanocomposite using the nickel foam and the KCl/KOH mixture as the substrate and the electrolyte, respectively.

86

APEnergy 2016 P3-027 Poster Highly Efficient Cobalt Oxide Supercapacitor Electrode: Effects of the Structure on

the Electroactive Capability

Ying-Yu Huang, Yu-Bin Liu, Lu-Yin Lin*, and Chao-Chi Tu Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract The cobalt oxide is one of the most attractive electroactive materials for supercapacitors (SCs) applying the faradaic reaction to store electrons.[1, 2] To enhance the performance of the SC electrode using cobalt oxides as the electroactive material, the surface area and the conductivity are the most significant factors to be improved. Hence, numerous morphologies of cobalt oxides have been designed to achieve the large surface area and high conductivity. To investigate how the morphology influencing the SC electrode performance, two very different cobalt oxide morphologies were fabricated in this work and applied on the SC electrode to investigate the corresponding electrochemical performance. The CoO nanopillar and nanobrush arrays are synthesized directly on nickel foam to achieve good contact between the material and the substrate. The CoO nanopillar array is well-constructed and larger rhombus nanopillar/nanoplanes were formed by the recrystallization of several single rhombus nanopillars, between which the reduced boundaries leads to less recombination sites and higher conductivity (Figure 1(a)). The nanobrush array is completely composed of small nanoparticles with the diameter of only 10 to 15 nm, and almost none of the single nanobrush grows individually without attaching on the neighbor ones (Figure 1(b)). A higher specific capacitance (CF) of 354.00 F/g is obtained for the SC electrode with CoO nanopillar array at a current density of 1 A/g as calculated using the galvanic charge/discharge (GC/D) plot as shown in Figure 2, comparing to that of 295.56 F/g for the CoO nanobrush array-based SC electrode, due to the larger electroactive surface area and less recombination sites for the former case. The CF value is enhanced by 40% as compared with the initial value after 3,000 cycles of repeated charge/discharge process for the CoO nanopillar array-based SC electrode due to the activation of the material.

Figures and Tables

References [1] Y.Z. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y.L. Xie, T. Cheng, W.Y. Lai, H. Pang, W. Huang, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 14354-14359. [2] D. Yan, H. Zhang, L. Chen, G. Zhu, S. Li, H. Xu, A. Yu, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 6 (2014) 15632-15637.

Presenter’s Biography Ying-Yu Huang; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. Email: vicky8301222002@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM image for the (a) CoO nanopillar array and (b) the CoO nanobrush array.

Figure 2 The GC/D plots for the SC electrode with the CoO nanobrush and CoO rhombus nanopillar arrays measured at a scan rate of 1 A/g.

Figure 1 The SEM image for the (a) CoO nanopillar array and (b) the CoO nanobrush array.

87

APEnergy 2016 P3-028 Poster Effects of the Shell Material at the Nickel Cobalt Oxide Core on the Supercapacitor

Electrode Performance

Lu-Ying Lin and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract The supercapacitor (SC) is one of the most promising charge stored devices due to the potential integration of lithium ion batteries and traditional capacitors with their high energy density and high power density, respectively. Owing to the high electrocapacitive performance and the long-term stable feature, the metal oxides were widely studied as the electrocapacitive material for the SC.1 In addition, novel core-shell nanostructures for the metal oxides were largely designed with the high surface area for charge accumulation and the high electric conductivity for efficient charge transportation as the electrocapacitive material for the SC.2 However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no literature studying the effect of the material category at the same morphology as the shell in the core/shell system on the performance of the corresponding SC electrode. Most of the reports merely pay efforts on optimizing the shell morphology in a fixed material as the electroactive material to improve the corresponding SC performance. Therefore, in this study, several core-shell nanostructures were made with the same core of the NiCo2O4 nanostrucure and different shell materials of NiMoO4, NiO, and the nickel cobalt sulfide, which are expected to be controlled in the same morphology as the nanosheet. The SEM images of the pure NiCo2O4 core, the core-shell structure of NiCo2O4/NiMoO4, NiCo2O4/NiO, and NiCo2O4/nickel cobalt sulfide were respectively shown in Figure 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), and 1(d). The best capacitance of 627 F/g was obtained for the NiCo2O4/nickel cobalt sulfide-based SC electrode by using the galvanic charge/discharge (GC/D) measurement at 4 A/g (Figure 2). The result is probably due to the better intrinsic property of the nickel cobalt sulfide as the electrocapacitive material other than the morphology superiority since the structure variation would be excluded in our cases.

Figures and Tables

References [1] Yuan, C., L. Yang, L. Hou, L. Shen, X. Zhang, and X.W. Lou, Growth of ultrathin mesoporous Co3O4 nanosheet arrays on Ni

foam for high-performance electrochemical capacitors. Energy. Environ. Sci., 2012. 5(7): 7883. [2] Huang, L., D. Chen, Y. Ding, S. Feng, Z.L. Wang, and M. Liu, Nickel-cobalt hydroxide nanosheets coated on NiCo2O4

nanowires grown on carbon fiber paper for high-performance pseudocapacitors. Nano Lett., 2013. 13(7): 3135-9.

Presenter’s Biography Lu-Ying Lin; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: smile60130@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM image of (a) NiCo2O4, and the core/shell structure of (b) NiCo2O4/NiMoO4, (c) NiCo2O4/NiO, and (d) NiCo2O4/nickel cobalt sulfide.

Figure 2 The GC/D plot for the SC electrode with NiCo2O4, NiCo2O4/NiMoO4, NiCo2O4/NiO, and NiCo2O4/nickel cobalt sulfide as the electroactive material.

88

APEnergy 2016 P3-030 Poster Application of the Novel Multiple-Dimensional Cobalt Oxide as the Electroactive

Material for Supercapacitors

Wei-Lun Hong, Lu-Yin Lin*, Yu-Pin Liu, Lu-Ying Lin, and Chao-Chi Tu Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. * Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract The cobalt oxide is one of the attractive materials for supercapacitors (SCs) applying the Faradaic reaction to store electrons. Researchers are devoted to synthesize novel structures of cobalt oxides with different dimensions and design the layer-by-layer configuration composed of different morphologies to pursue multiple functions for attaining better performance of the SC electrode.[1, 2] In this study, a two-step hydrothermal reaction is used to synthesize the cobalt oxide nanostructure composed of one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures on the nickel foam, as shown in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images in Figure 1. Superior to the traditional layer-by-layer configuration, this method is advantageous on simultaneously synthesizing the nanomaterials with multiple dimensions on the substrate, instead of combining the nanomaterials with different dimensions after each material being synthesized separately. The underlayer comprising of the 1D cobalt oxide nanostem processes speedy straight pathways for charge transfer, and the 3D nanoflowers composed of 2D nanopetals distributed uniformly on the top of the nanostem array provides large active surface area for Faradic reactions, as illustrated in Figure 2. A high specific capacitance (CF) value of 2339.84 F/g is obtained for the corresponding SC electrode using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique at a scan rate of 5 mV/s, and the CF value of 2339.84, 1833.83, 1286.01, 716.74, and 360.94 F/g were respectively obtained for the CV curves measured at the scan rate of 5, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mV/s. It is found that when the scan rate increased by 160-fold, the CF value still remains 15% as compared with the initial value, suggesting that performance of this SC electrode may not be seriously reduced even a high rate charge/discharge process was applied, as shown in Figure 3. The results provide a new concept to in situ combine the multiple dimensions of the nanomaterials at once for avoiding the time-consumption and the adherence problem at the interface between different structures.

References 1. X. Zhang, Y. Zhao, C. Xu, Nanoscale, 6 (2014) 3638-3646. 2. X. Wang, S. Yao, X. Wu, Z. Shi, H. Sun, R. Que, RSC Adv., 5 (2015) 17938-17944.

Presenter’s Biography Wei-Lun Hong; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: lf44321@gmail.com; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM image of the cobalt oxide nanostructure grown on the Ni foam.

Figure 2 The scheme for the 1D nanostem at the underlayer and the 3D nanoflower composed of 2D nanopetals at the overlayer, and the SEM images for the nanoflowers with the scale bar of 1 µm.

Figure 3 The CV curves measured at different scan rates for the SC electrode with the cobalt oxide nanostructure as the electroactive material.

89

APEnergy 2016 P3-032 Poster Studying the Function of TiO2 in the Light-Assisted Pyrrole Electropolymerization for

Supercapacitors

Hong-Qin Chen, Zong-De Ni, Yung-Tao Song, and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract The n-type TiO2 nanorod array is used as the support for the controllable growth of the p-type polypyrrole (PPy) on fluorine-doped tin oxide glasses as the supercapacitor (SC) electrode. During the pyrrole electropolymerization process, the ultraviolet light is applied on the TiO2 nanorod array to promote the charge generation from TiO2 to provide photoholes for oxidation and therefore to enhance the charge-transfer between the pyrrole and TiO2.1, 2 The UV light is found to be necessary for the electropolymerization and the pulse condition with the rest time for pyrrole monomer diffusion leads to even better coverage of PPy on the TiNA, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1(a) shows the sample prepared in the dark condition, presenting the incomplete coverage of PPy on the top of the TiO2 nanorod array. Figure 1(b) and 1(c) respectively show the top and side views of SEM images of the PPy/TiO2 electrode prepared under the pulse UV light, while Figure 1(d) and 1(e) show the top and side views of SEM images of the PPy/TiO2 electrode prepared under the full UV light, respectively. The better adhesion of PPy on the TiO2 nanorod array is obtained for the sample prepared under the pulse UV light. The scan rates of 5, 20, 50, 100, and 200 mV/s were applied on measuring the cyclic voltammetry plots as shown in Figure 2(a). The highest CF value of 400.91 F/g was obtained at the scan rate of 5 mV/s, and the CV curves do not distort quickly with the increasing scan rate, suggesting the good capacitive behavior. The galvanic charge/discharge (GC/D) plots were compared using the current densities of 1, 2, 5, and 10 A/g, as shown in Figure 2(b). A CF value of 225.93 F/g was obtained at the current density of 1 A/g, and the CF values of 119.56, 94.68, and 45.00 F/g were respectively achieved for the GC/D plots measured at the current density of 2, 5, and 10 A/g. Nearly all of the curves measured at various current densities present typical linear and isosceles triangle shape with the symmetric discharge curves to their corresponding charge counterparts, indicating the high-rate capability for this PPy/TiNA-based SC electrode. After 1,500 repeated charge/discharge processes at 2 A/g, the GC/D plot do not distort a lot and the CF retention of 72% is attained as compared with the initial value, as respectively shown in Figure 2(c) and 2(d).

Figures and Tables

References 1. Y. Jia, P. Xiao, H. He, J. Yao, F. Liu, Z. Wang and Y. Li, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2012, 258, 6627-6631. 2. E. Ngaboyamahina, H. Cachet, A. Pailleret and E. M. M. Sutter, Electrochim. Acta, 2014, 129, 211-221.

Presenter’s Biography Hong-Qin Chen; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. Email: s0970305686@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM images of the PPy/TiNA films electropolymerized (a) in dark, (b,c) under the pulse UV light, and (d,e) under the full UV light.

Figure 2 (a) The CV plots at different scan rates and (b) the GC/D plots at various current densities, (c) the relation between the specific capacitance and the cycle number, and (d) the GC/D plots for the first and last four cycles in the repeated 1,500 charge/discharge cycle process for the PPy/ TiNA electrode.

ms he

90

APEnergy 2016 P3-033 Poster Effect of the pH Value for Synthesizing Nickel Cobalt Sulfides as the Electrode

Material

Zih-Hao Yeh, and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract Nickel cobalt sulfides have been greatly studied as the electroactive materials for the pseudocapacitors due to the multiple oxidation states for the Faradaic redox reactions and the high electronic conductivity because of the coupling of bimetallic transition metal species.1, 2 Usually, the nickel cobalt sulfide electrode was fabricated by adding the nickel and cobalt precursors in the hydrothermal reaction. However, when using the Ni foam as the substrate, the nickel precursor is not necessary to add during the hydrothermal reaction if using the acidic solution, since the nickel ions can be released from the Ni foam in the acidic condition, as reported in the previous literature.3 This concept is advantageous on reducing the cost of the chemical and saving the precursor preparing time. Therefore, to apply this concept, the pH value of the solution for the hydrothermal reaction with only the cobalt precursor and the Ni foam participated was varied to tune the nickel to cobalt ratio in the nickel cobalt sulfide, which may have large influences on the morphology and the SC performance. The solution for the hydrothermal reaction with the pH value of 4.7, 3.7, 2.9, and 2.1 was prepared to synthesize the nickel cobalt sulfide on the current collector of the Ni foam. The corresponding scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were shown in Figure 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), and 1(d). All the samples present layered structure, and the larger and thinner nanosheet was obtained when more acidic solution was applied for the hydrothermal reaction. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curve showed two obvious redox peaks for the cases prepared using the hydrothermal solution with the pH value of 4.7 and 3.7, and when the pH value for the hydrothermal reaction decreases, the corresponding CV curves presented only one couple of the redox peaks, as shown in Figure 2(a), probably due to the larger redox peaks for nickel ions to overlap the redox peaks for the cobalt ions. Also, the specific capacitance (CF) was evaluated by using the galvanic charge/discharge (GC/D) plots, as shown in Figure 2(b). The CF values of 1.95, 2.18, 2.24, and 1.36 F/cm2 were obtained for the nickel cobalt sulfide SC electrode prepared using the solution with the pH value of 4.7, 3.7, 2.9, and 2.1, respectively, likely due to the large surface area of the nanosheet as compared with the cases prepared using the solution with the pH value of 4.7 and 3.7, and due to the more vertical growth of the sheet to accelerate the charge transfer and to release more spaces for the diffusion of the ions in the electrolyte, as compared with the case prepared using the solution with the pH value of 2.1.

Figures and Tables

References 1. L. Yu, L. Zhang, H. B. Wu and X. W. Lou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2014, 53, 3711-3714. 2. W. Chen, C. Xia and H. N. Alshareef, ACS Nano, 2014, 8, 9531-9541. 3. L. Mei, T. Yang, C. Xu, M. Zhang, L. Chen, Q. Li and T. Wang, Nano Energ., 2014, 3, 36-45.

Presenter’s Biography Zih-Hao Yeh; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: aa25893323tw@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM image of the nickel cobalt sulfide prepared using the solution with the pH value of (a) 4.7, (b) 3.7, (c) 2.9, and (d) 2.1.

Figure 2 (a) The CV plots and (b) the GC/D plots for the nickel cobalt sulfide SC electrode prepared using the solution with various pH values.

91

APEnergy 2016 P3-034 Poster Highly Efficient Supercapacitor Electrode with 2D WS2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide

Hybrid Nanosheets

Yu-Shiang Chen, Chao-Chi Tu, and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. * Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract Two-dimensional (2D) nanostructures with their high surface area and large in-plane conductivity have been regarded as promising materials for supercapacitors (SCs).[1, 2] Tungsten disulfide (WS2) is highly suitable for charge accumulation with its abundant active sites in the interspacing between the 2D structures and the intraspacing of each atomic layer, as well as on the tungsten centers with the charges generated by the Faradaic reactions. This study proposes the preparation of well-constructed WS2/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets using a simple molten salt process as the electroactive material for SCs. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of WS2, RGO, and the WS2/RGO nanosheets were shown in Figure 1(a), 1(b), and 1(c), respectively, presenting two-dimensional (2D) structures for WS2 and RGO as well as perfect combination of these two 2D nanostructures. A much higher CF value of 1355.67 F g-1 was obtained for the WS2/RGO-based SC electrode, as compared with those of 398.5 and 119.9 F g-1 for the electrodes with WS2 and RGO, respectively, measured using the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique at the scan rate of 10 mV s-1, as shown in Figure 2(a). The WS2/RGO hybrid-based SC electrode presents nearly symmetric charge and discharge curves as well as the longest discharge time of 255 s which corresponds to a high CF value of 1275 F g-1 in the galvonic charge/discharge curve, while the WS2 and RGO-based SC electrode shows relatively smaller CF value of 335 and 155 F g-1, respectively. The better performance of the WS2/RGO hybrid-based SC electrode is because of the synergic effect of WS2 with its large charge-accumulating sites on the 2D planes and RGO with its highly enhanced conductivity and improved connections in the WS2 networks. The excellent cycling stability of 98.6% retention after 5,000 cycles charge/discharge process and the Coulombic efficiency close to 100% for the entire measurement are also achieved for the WS2/RGO-based SC electrode. The results suggest the potential for the combination of the 2D metal sulfide and carbon materials as the charge storage material to solve the energy problems and attain a sustainable society.

Figures and Tables

References [1] H. Tang, J. Wang, H. Yin, H. Zhao, D. Wang, Z. Tang, Adv. Mater., 27 (2015) 1117-1123. [2] L. Jiang, S. Zhang, S.A. Kulinich, X. Song, J. Zhu, X. Wang, H. Zeng, 3 (2015) 177-183.

Presenter’s Biography Yu-Shiang Chen; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: mouse84328@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM image of (a) WS2, (b) RGO and (c) WS2/RGO hybrid.

Figure 2 (a) The CV plots measured at 10 mV s-1 and (b) the GC/D curves measured at 2 A g-1 for the SC electrodes with WS2, RGO and WS2/RGO hybrid as the electroactive material.

92

APEnergy 2016 P3-036 Poster Synthesizing NiCo2S4 Nanosheet for Supercapacitors Using Thiourea as

Structure-Directing Agent and Sulfur Source

He-Xin Lai, Jheng-Fong Yu and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract Transition metal oxides, hydroxides and sulfides with their multiple oxidation states for reversible Faradaic redox reactions have been intensively investigated as the supercapacitor (SC) electrode materials.1, 2 It has been intensively reported that the bimetallic compounds can exhibit higher specific capacitance (CF) as compared with those for the single metal-based SC electrodes, owing to the richer redox reactions and higher electronic conductivity attributed from the coupling of two transition metal species,3 among which cobalt and nickel are two of the most studied transition metals due to the high redox activity for their metal ions. In this study, a facile one-step hydrothermal method is developed by using thiourea as the structure-directing agent and sulfur source to synthesize effective nickel cobalt sulfide nanosheets with high electroactive area for multiple Faradic reactions and vertical growth direction for the efficient electron transfer. The reaction time for the hydrothermal synthesis plays a significant role on the morphology of the nickel cobalt sulfide and the electrocapacitive performance for pertinent SC electrodes. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images for the samples hydrothermally reacted for 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h were respectively shown in Figure 1(a), 1(b), 1(c), 1(d), 1(e), 1(f), 1(g) and 1(h). The sheet-like structure is more obvious for the sample with shorter hydrothermal time. The optimized SC electrode presents a high CF value of 3,144.0 F/g measured by using the galvanic charge/discharge (GC/D) technique at the current density of 5 A/g, and the high-rate charge/discharge capacity is attained with a large CF value of 2,365.4 F/g at 128 A/g, as shown in Figure 2. The cycling stability of 94.5% retention as compared with the initial CF value after 2,000 cycles charge/discharge processes measured by the GC/D technique at the current density of 12 A/g as well as the Columbic efficiency higher than 96.0% for the entire measurement are also achieved, as shown in Figure 3. The well-performed SC electrode as well as the cheap and time-saving synthesis method proposed in this study suggests the potential for the bimetallic compound as the energy storage material to solve serious energy problems and create a sustainable world.

References 1. X. Y. Yu, L. Yu, H. B. Wu and X. W. Lou, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2015, 54, 5331-5335. 2. N. Kumar, N. Raman and A. Sundaresan, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 2014, 640, 1069-1074. 3. Y. Li, L. Cao, L. Qiao, M. Zhou, Y. Yang, P. Xiao and Y. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 6540.

Presenter’s Biography He-Xin Lai; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: smile60130@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 2 The GC/D plot for the SC electrode with the nickel cobalt sulfide as the electroactive material prepared using different hydrothermal times.

Figure 3 The CF retention and the Columbic efficiency as the function of the cycle number for the SC electrode with nickel cobalt sulfide prepared using 2 h hydrothermal reaction time.

Figure 1 The SEM image for the nickel cobalt sulfide prepared using (a) 1, (b) 2, (c) 3, (d) 4, (e) 5, (f) 12, (g) 18, (h) 24 h as the hydrothermal time.

93

APEnergy 2016 P3-039 Poster Application of Polypyrrole as the Electroactive Material on the Supercapacitor

Electrode

Yong Xiang Zhang, Sheng-Sian Yang and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract The conducting polymer of polyaniline (PANI) has been widely studied as the electroactive material for the supercapacitor (SC) electrodes due to its excellent pseudocapacitance properties, light weight, high electrochemical stability, and comparatively high conductivity.1 Zhou et al. prepared nanostructure-covered rectangular submicrotubes of PANI in the doping state via the oxidation polymerization of aniline in the acidic solution of anionic surfactant, and discuss the temperature dependence of morphology,2 but the electrochemical performance of the as-prepared PANI was not reported. On the other hand, graphene has attracted great attention due to its excellent electronic conductivity caused by π–π conjunction system, and was widely used as the carrier of pseudocapacitance materials and current collector in supercapacitor electrode because of its high specific surface area. Therefore, in this study, nanostructure-covered rectangular submicrotubes of PANI was synthesized and applied as the electroactive material for the SC electrode, and the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was incorporated in the electrode to improve the electrochemical performance of the PANI-based SC electrode. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of PANI synthesized by using a solution method for 24 hours was shown in Figure 1. The submicrotubes were obviously observed with several small protuberances distributed on the surface uniformly. The specific capacitance (CF) value of 179 F/g was obtained for the PANI-based SC electrode by using the galvanic charge/discharge (GC/D) measurement at 1 A/g (Figure 2). Furthermore, the RGO was mixed with PANI by using one and two-step solution methods to improve the cycling stability of the SC electrode.

Figures and Tables

References 1. M. Yu, Y. Ma, J. Liu and S. Li, Carbon, 2015, 87, 98-105. 2. C. Zhou, J. Han and R. Guo, Macromolecules, 2009, 42, 1252-1257.

Presenter’s Biography Yong Xiang Zhang; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: a67621p@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM image of PANI (a) in the low magnitude and (b) in the high magnitude. Figure 2 The GC/D plot for the PANI-based

SC electrode.

94

APEnergy 2016 P3-053 Poster Synthesis and characterization of F-doped Na3V2(PO4)3 as cathode materials for

sodium-ion batteries

Rasu Murugananthama, Hung-Ta Lua, Tai-Feng Hungb, Wei-Ren Liua* aEnergy and Electronic-opto Materials Lab,

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University,

200 Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li Dist, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan. b New Energy Technology Division, Energy & Environment Research Laboratories (GEL)

Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), 195, Sec. 4, Chung Hsing Rd., Chutung, Hsinchu, 31040 –Taiwan.

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: WRLiu1203@gmail.com

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Energy Storage, Rechargeable Batteries, Electrode Materials.

Abstract: Sodium vanadium phosphate/carbon (Na3V2(PO4)3/C) nanocomposites with sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) structure have been regarded as one of the most promising candidates for sodium-ion batteries owing to the high theoretical energy density (ca. 400 Wh kg-1), good thermal stability (450℃) and highly covalent three-dimensional (3D) framework with large interstitial channels for fast sodium-ion migration.1-2 To explore the influence of F-doping on the electrochemical properties of the Na3V2(PO4)3/C, the F-doped Na3V2(PO4)3/C nanocomposites were synthesized via citric acid assisted sol-gel method. The crystalline structure, morphology and surface area were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique, respectively. Their electrochemical performances were analyzed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge procedures and impedance spectroscopy. The prepared materials were confirmed as a rhombohedral phase of NASICON structure with a space group of R-3c and the F-doping did not alter the structure of rest material. The F-doped Na3V2(PO4)3/C exhibited the porous network as revealed by SEM micrograph (Figure 1), which would be beneficial for electrolyte penetration and sodium-ion transportations. As the results, the electrochemical performances were remarkably enhanced as compared to that of the bare NVP. Figures

References 1. J.Z. Guo, X.L. Wu, F. Wan, J. Wang, X.H. Zhang, R.S. Wang, Chem. Eur. J. 2015, 21, 17371-17378. 2. T.F. Hung, W.J. Cheng, W.S. Chang, C.C. Yang, C.C. Shen, Y.L. Kuo, Chem. Eur. J. 2016, in press. Presenter’s Biography Dr. Rasu Muruganantham Energy and Electronic-opto Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University 200, Chung Pei Rd., Chung Li Dist., Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan murugaphd@yahoo.com, mobile: 0978448442.

95

APEnergy 2016 P4-082 Poster

First Principles Molecular Dynamics Simulation of High Temperature Electrolytes and FEM Analysis of Thermal Batteries

Yi-Chia Cheng, Chung-Fu Chen, Che-Wun Hong*

Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: cwhong@pme.nthu.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Thermal Energy Storage Abstract This research aims to develop some novel ternary and quaternary molten electrolytes to enhance the overall performance of a high-temperature molten salt battery. The methodology in this study is based on the multi-scale simulation technique, combining first principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) with finite element method (FEM) to calculate both material properties in micro-scale and thermal electrochemical performance of molten-salt batteries in macro-scale at different operating conditions. Our objective is to optimize the novel electrolytes with the greatest ionic conductivity and lowest melting point, also to develop the multi-cell system with the optimized I-V performance without thermal run-away and short-circuit.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of multi-scale simulation technique for the thermal battery design. Presenter’s Biography Yi-Chia Cheng is a M.S. student in Department of Power Mechanical Engineering at National Tsing Hua University. She received a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering from National Cheng Kung University in 2014. She has engaged in thermal battery research for years, supported by both National Chung-Shan Institute of Science & Technology (NCSIST) and Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST).

96

APEnergy 2016 P6-019 Poster Mechanistic study of urea electro-oxidation on Ni catalyst by using surface enhanced

Raman spectroscopy

Zheng Fan1, Xu Yang1, Haoyue Zheng1, Zucheng Wu1,*, Dennis Y.C. Leung2,* 1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Energy Storage; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy

Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China. 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China

*Zucheng Wu. Tel:0571-85660839, E-mail: wuzc@zju.edu.cn; ycleung@hku.hk Oral Topics: Fuel Cells

Urea, an ideal H2 and CO2 storage medium with high energy density (16.9 MJ L-1, 10.1 weight percent of H2) as well as safe and convenience in transportation1,2, can be directly used in the direct urea fuel cell (DUFC). In a DUFC system, nickel catalyst, an inexpensive metal, shows high activity and stability.3 The process mechanisms were not proposed well based on the data obtained using electrochemical measurements due to the lack of species identification participating on the reaction. Hence the electrocatalytic oxidation mechanism of urea on Ni-catalyst has to be investigated with an in situ tool like Raman spectroscopy, which allows real time observation of the catalyst surface and identification of the composition of the active phase while applying a potential.

Herein, this paper is attempting to identify the mechanism for the electro-oxidation of urea on a Ni based catalyst using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The electrochemical tests were carried out in a three-electrode cell setup, with the carbon cloth coating NiAu/C catalyst as working electrode, platinum (Pt) wire as counter electrode, and Hg/HgO as reference electrode. The SERS spectra were recorded at room temperature.

In situ Raman spectroscopy has been successfully used to identify the electrochemical reaction mechanism for the oxidation of urea on Ni based catalyst in alkaline medium. The electro-oxidation of urea on Ni based catalyst surface in alkaline medium follows the mechanism shown in Eqs. (1) that has been proved in this study.

CO(NH2)2(aq) + 6OH- → N2(g) + 5H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 6e- (1)

Keywords: Urea, Ni catalyst, In situ Roman spectroscopy, mechanism

Reference

[1] Lan, R. & Tao, S. Preparation of nano-sized nickel as anode catalyst for direct urea and urine fuel cells. J. Power Sources 196, 5021–5026 (2011).

[2] Lan, R., Tao, S. & Irvine, J. T. S. A direct urea fuel cell - power from fertiliser and waste. Energy Environ. Sci. 3, 438–441 (2010).

[3] B.K. Boggs, R.L. King, G.G. Botte, Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine, Chemical Communications (2009) 4859–4861.

97

APEnergy 2016 P6-021 Poster

Optimization of Mass Transfer Condition to Improve the

Performance of Direct Urea Fuel Cell Zucheng Wu1*, Gang Li1, Zheng Fan1, Xu Yang1, Haoyue Zheng1

Department of Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Energy Storage; State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.

*Zucheng Wu. Tel:0571-85660839, E-mail: wuzc@zju.edu.cn Oral Topics: Fuel Cells

The direct urea fuel cell (DUFC) can directly convert chemical energy into electricity due to the N-H bond of urea, a metabolic waste of urine, is a good hydrogen storage material [1]. Researchers currently focused on the improvement of current efficiency. However, the polarization curve at high current density appears a large turning point indicates a block of mass transfer inside DUFC probably [2]. Thus, this necessitates clarifying the effect of mass transfer on DUFC efficiency.

The anion exchange resin was added to improve the migration ability of OH- in the electrode catalyst layer. The carbon cloth was pretreated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with wealthy porous layer and served as electrodes to improve the water and gas mass transfer condition [3]. The polarization curves, power density curves and electrochemical impedance spectra of the DUFC were obtained to determine the optimal parameters of mass transfer.

The results showed that the optimization of cathode mass transfer condition were cathode carbon cloth contained anion exchange resin of 2mg·cm-2 and PTFE of 30wt%, in the micro porous layer the carbon content was 1 mg·cm-2, PTFE content was 40wt%. As for the anode, the anion exchange resin content was 3mg·cm-2, PTFE content was 15wt% in the carbon cloth. Under these conditions, when operating temperature was 40°C, the maximum power density of DUFC was increased from 0.31mW·cm-2 to 2.26mW·cm-2, and even 3.34mW·cm-2 at 60°C.

The efficiency of DUFC can be effectively enhanced by the improvement of the electrodes, construction of gas diffusion layer so as to reduce the internal resistance of DUFC. This work provides a foundation study for treating wastewater with high concentration urea in a DUFC system.

Key words: Urea; direct urea fuel cell; mass transfer conditions; electricity efficiency

Reference

[1] LAN R, TAO SW, IRVINE JTS.A direct urea fuel cell-power from fertiliser and waste. Energy & Environmental Science, 2010, 3(4):438-441.

[2] LAN R, TAO S W. Preparation of nano-sized nickel as anode catalyst for direct urea and urine fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196(11):5021-5026.

[3] SONG J M, CHA SY, LEE W M. Optimal composition of polymer electrolyte fuel cell electrodes determined by the AC impedance method. Electrochemistry, 2015, 83(2):80-83.

98

APEnergy 2016 P6-086 Poster N-doped zeolite-templated carbon as a metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

Yonghyun Kwonab, Kyoungsoo Kimb and Ryong Ryoo*ab aDepartment of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)

Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea bCenter for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)

Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea * Author’s E-mail: kwonyonghyun@kaist.ac.kr

Topics: Fuel cells Abstract Porous carbons supporting Pt metal are widely used as an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst in the cathode of fuel cells and metal-air batteries. But, high cost of the metal is an obstacle in the fuel-cell technology. It is highly desirable to replace the expensive metal by a low-cost metal or other elements. In response to the need for economical ORR catalyst, an emerging approach is to use N-doped carbons as an ORR catalyst instead of metal-supporting carbons [1]. This approach is based on the concept that N atoms incorporated into a carbon induce uneven charge density distribution and thereby create catalytic active sites for the ORR.

In the present work, we prepared N-doped carbon by hard templating synthesis method using a mixture of acetonitrile and water vapors as an N-containing carbon source, and beta zeolite as a template. The resultant carbon, denoted by N-doped zeolite-templated carbon (N-ZTC), had a three-dimensionally interconnected, ordered microporous structure with uniform micropore (0.94 nm) and a large surface area (1860 cm2 g-1). Moreover, 13C NMR spectroscopy of the carbon showed no other carbon peaks except for sp2 carbon, indicating that the carbon was likely to have a graphene-like framework. N atoms were incorporated in the carbon framework at approximately 4.1 wt%. We tested the carbon as an electrocatalyst for the ORR. In the electrocatalytic ORR, the N-ZTC showed a notably high current density and a positive onset potential as compared to N-doped reduced graphene oxide. Characterization by Kelvin probe force microscopy indicated that the surface of this carbon also had a lower work function than that of planar graphene nanosheets. The high catalytic performance with the low work function of this carbon seems to come from two plausible reasons: 1) better accessibility to catalytic active sites due to its high-surface area microporous topology, 2) charge density difference between adjacent carbon atoms induced from curved graphene-like surface. Thus, the porous structure consisting of curved graphene-like walls can provide beneficial effect for high ORR catalytic performance. Such N-ZTC had a promising potential to be highly efficient metal-free electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction. References [1] Gong K.; Du F.; Xia Z.; Durstock M.; Dai L. Science 2009, 323, 760. Presenter’s Biography Yonghyun Kwon has a bachelor’s degree in Chemistry from Hanyang University in Republic of Korea and he is an integrated master and Ph. D. course student in Ryong Ryoo’s group at KAIST in Republic of Korea since 2013.

99

APEnergy 2016 P8-029 Poster Application of MoS2 and Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite as the Catalyst for the

Hydrogen Evolution

Hong-Syun Lin and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. * Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Photoelectrochemical Cell

Abstract Exploiting noble-metal-free co-catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of the urgent priority for solving the energy issue and creating a sustainable society. MoS2 has been largely studied as the catalytic material for HER, due to that the edge of MoS2 can play as the efficient active sites for conducting the hydrogen evolution reaction. Nevertheless, the performance for HER based on the catalysis of MoS2 is still poor, mainly due to the low density of the active sites and the poor electric conductivity of MoS2. Therefore, to enhance the active sites and the electric conductivity, here we proposed an electrode for HER composed of the metallic 1T-MoS2 nanosheets array and the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a highly performed noble-metal-free co-catalyst grown on the carbon cloth (MoS2@RGO).[1] The 1T-MoS2 nanosheet is synthesized directly on the carbon cloth current collector by exfoliating the 2H-MoS2 semiconductor during the hydrothermal reaction with the finely controlled pH value for the hydrothermal solution and with the carbon cloth substrate participated in the reaction. Figure 1 shows the low-magnification scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of MoS2 on the carbon cloth current collector, suggesting the full coverage of the MoS2 nanosheet on the carbon cloth in the vertical direction. Also, the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) plots were measured for the MoS2, MoS2@RGO and Pt electrodes, as shown in Figure 2. MoS2@RGO presented smaller on-set potential and larger reduction current density as compared with those for the MoS2 electrode, suggesting the RGO is advantageous on improving the HER performance probably regarding to the enhance electric conductivity.

Figures and Tables

References [1] Z. C. Xiang, Z. Zhang, X. J. Xu , Q. Zhang , C. W. Yuan, Carbon, 2015, 10, 71

Presenter’s Biography Hong-Syun Lin; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C., Email: lullaby1623@gmail.com ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM images of the MoS2 nanosheet on the carbon cloth current collector.

Figure 2 The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) plots for the MoS2, MoS2@RGO and Pt electrodes.

Figure 2 The linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) plots for the MoS2, MoS2@RGO and Pt electrodes.

100

APEnergy 2016 P8-031 Poster Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation Using the TiO2/Reduce Graphene

Oxide/Sb2S3 Heterojunction

Jia-Yo Hong, Yung-Tao Sung, and Lu-Yin Lin* Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology

1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: lylin@ntut.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Photoelectrochemical Cell

Abstract TiO2 is one of the ideal candidates for water oxidation due to the low cost, good photocatalytic activity and chemical stability properties, but the large band gap (∼3.2 eV) of TiO2 makes it only can harvest the light in the ultraviolet region.1 Sb2S3 is a suitable coating material for TiO2 nanorod array (TiNA) to perform oxygen generation due to its small band gap (~1.65 eV) for visible light absorption and suitable band positions for performing heterojunction with TiO2,2 and reduce graphene oxide (rGO) is also widely used as the coating material to improve the conductivity of the system. In this study, rGO and Sb2S3 were self-synthesized and coated on the TiNA layer-by-layer to enhance the conductivity and improve the visible light absorption. The electrode with TiNA, TiNA/Sb2S3 and TiO2/rGO/Sb2S3 were made for comparison, as presented in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Figure 1(a), 1(b), and 1(c), respectively. Highly ordered growth of the TiNA was observed with the diameter for the nanorods of 100 to 150 nm and the gaps between the nanorods of around 200 to 300 nm. After coating the Sb2S3 layer on the top, the Sb2S3 nanoparticles with the size of 400 to 500 nm were found to uniformly distribute on the surface, but there are still several TiO2 NRs remained uncovered at the top layer. However, when the Sb2S3 nanoparticles were deposited on the rGO layer for the TiO2/rGO/Sb2S3 electrode, the more uniform growth of the Sb2S3 nanomaterial on the top layer was observed. The corresponding XRD patterns along with the Sb2S3 powder shown in Figure 1(d) presents pure rutile TiO2 pattern in all the patterns and Sb2S3 peaks (JCPDS 42-1393) in both of the patterns for the TiO2/Sb2S3 and TiO2/rGO/Sb2S3 electrodes. A higher photocurrent density of 1.38 mA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs. RHE was obtained for the TiO2/rGO/Sb2S3 electrode, as shown in Figure 2, mainly due to the enhanced visible light absorption and better electrical conductivity benefitted respectively by Sb2S3 and rGO. The heterojunction configuration was also presented in Figure 3 to illustrate the relative band positions of the materials. Figures and Tables

References [1] J. Luo et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 113, 11956 [2] Boxi et al., J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 1579

Presenter’s Biography Jia-Yo Hong; Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology; 1 Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan, R.O.C. Email: k33692006@yahoo.com.tw ; Tel: +886–2–2771–2171 ext. 4772; Fax: +886–2–2731–7117

Figure 1 The SEM images for the (a) TiO2, (b) TiO2/Sb2S3, and (c) TiO2/rGO/Sb2S3 electrodes, and the (d) the corresponding XRD patterns along with that for the Sb2S3 powder.

Figure 2 The photocurrent density/ voltage curves for the TiO2, TiO2/Sb2S3, and TiO2/rGO/Sb2S3 electrodes.

Figure 3 The schematic representation of band energies and charge transfer for the TiO2/rGO /Sb2S3 electrode under illumination.

101

APEnergy 2016 P9-022 Poster Temperature for Lithium-Ion Electrodes of Carbon Nanospheres during Charging

B. C. Chen, C. Y. Ho, J. W. Yu and Y. H. Tsai

Department of Chinese medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi 622, Taiwan Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hwa Hsia University of Technology, Taipei 235, Taiwan

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: hcy2182@yahoo.com.tw Poster Topics: Thermoelectrics

Abstract Temperature is one of important factors affecting the life time, efficiency and performance for li-ion batteries. Over high temperature possibly leads to expansion, burning, and even explosion of li-ion batteries. Temperature rise is obvious for li-ion battery in the charge/didcharge process. Nanospheres are usually employed as the supercapacitor electrodes due to the high ratio of area to volume. The performance and quality of batteries are influenced by the temperature rise of the electrodes made up of these carbon materials in the charge/discharge process. This paper investigates temperature rise for electrodes of carbon nanospheres in the charge/discharge process. Using the ballistic-diffusive transient heat transfer equation, this study computes the temperature fields in carbon nanospheres and compares its results with the available measured data. Fig. 1. Temperature variation with time for different discharging processes at electrical heating source=1 and Knudsen number=1

Fig. 1. Temperature variation with time for different discharging processes at electrical heating source=1 and Knudsen number=1

102

APEnergy 2016 P10-016 Poster Unravelling Mutual Impact between Inner-Lattice Variables and Li-ion Diffusion of

LiNi0.54Co0.23Mn0.23O2 under High-Voltage Charging by A Coupled In-Situ Measurement

Qi Wang1 , Yue-Feng Xu1, Chong-Heng Shen1, Ling Huang1*, Jun-Tao Li2, Shi-Gang Sun1, 2*

1 College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 2 College of Energy & School of Energy Research, Xiamen University,

Xiamen 361005, China * Corresponding author’s E-mail:: huangl@xmu.edu.cn; sgsun@xmu.edu.cn

Poster Topics: Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract: Ni-rich layered materials (LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)O2 (x≥0.5)) can exhibit high specific capacity, good rate capability and relatively low toxicity due to relatively high content of Ni. However, they also endure some problems needed to be solved such as poor cycle performance and structural instability under high voltage. In this work, the Ni-rich layered LiNi0.54Co0.23Mn0.23O2 material with similar spherical morphology was successfully synthesized through the carbonate co-precipitation method. This material can deliver a initial discharge capacity of 190.5 mAh g-1with a coulombic efficiency of 78.7 % at 0.2 C. The large irreversible capacity loss may be attributed to the decomposition of electrolyte at high voltage and some side reactions. The capacity retention is 74.9% after 100 cycles even coulombic efficiency is maintained close to 100%. A continuous tightly-locked testing technique, which is coupled combination of Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (PITT) and in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), was deployed to capture the structural changes and Li-ion diffusion coefficient of LiNi0.54Co0.23Mn0.23O2 material during the first cycle. With perspective of XRD patterns and High-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) image, a changing spinel framework of Fd-3m space group was detected out along with a rapid-decreasing lattice-parameter c and lattice-distortion under high voltage, which causes poor kinetics as regard to Li mobility. The new-born framework is stuck in body structure to the end of discharge with high voltage to damage the surface stability during subsequent cycles. The established coupled measurement could be applied to determine capacity fade in other high-voltage cathodes from both structural and kinetics point in the future.

References:

1. Y. K. Sun, B. R. Lee, H. J. Noh, H. M. Wu, S. T. Myung and K. Amine, J. Mater. Chem., 2011, 21, 10108-10112.

2. H. B. Xie, K. Du, G. R. Hu, J. G. Duan, Z. D. Peng, Z. J. Zhang and Y. B. Cao, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 20236-20243.

3. K. J. Park, B. B. Lim, M. H. Choi, H. G. Jung, Y. K. Sun, M. Haro, N. Vicente, J. Bisquert and G. Garcia-Belmonte, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 22183-22190.

103

APEnergy 2016 P10-023 Poster

Reduction of Electrode Overpotential of Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Tin Whisker Growth

Cian-Tong Lu1,*; Yen-Wen Chiu2; Mei-Jing1 Li1; Kan-Lin, Hsueh1; Ju-Shei Hung2

1 Dept. of Energy Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, TAIWAN 2 Dept. of

Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, TAIWAN

* E-mail: ciantonglu@gmail.com

MOST 105-3113-E-194-002 Oral Topics: Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract The metal–air battery is one of the potential candidates for grid-scale electric energy storage due to high energy density, low environmental constraints, and low ecological impact [1]. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is taking place on the air electrode during battery charging. Voltage loss of OER is one of the major factors cause efficiency loss. Recent researches are focused on the development of new catalysts such as N-doped, MnOx, and Fe/Co/Ni catalysts for increasing the battery efficiency [2–4]. But these catalysts still doesn’t solve the OER voltage loss problem due to blockage of generating gas bubbles on the electrode surface. Several past studies fabricated 3D electrode structures by using electroplating and carbonization, to increase the active surface area and capacitor capacity [5-7]. These fern-like or snowflake-like 3D, nanowire structures are nano-size dendrites. The gas bubbles formed at the tip of the dendrites could collapse to form a big bubble before escaping from the electrode. Whiskers are thin hair-like protrusions which is micro-size. Bubbles formed on whiskers are separated from each other. This study proposes a method for improving the OER electrode performance (Fig. 1). The method involves the sequential deposition of a Ni underlayer, Sn whiskers, and a Ni protection layer on the metal mesh (Fig. 2). Small and uniform gas bubbles are formed on the Ni/Sn/Ni mesh, leading to low overpotential and a decrease in the overall resistance of the OER electrode. A simulated life cycle test indicates that the Ni/Sn/Ni mesh has a life cycle longer than 1,300 cycles when it is used as the OER electrode in 6 M KOH (Fig. 3). Figure 1 Polarization curves of Ni/Sn/Ni-deposited meshes in 6.0 M KOH.

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Figure 2 SEM images of Sn electrodeposition on the SS mesh at different electrodeposition currents and for different

electrodeposition times: (a) electrodeposition of Ni underlayer; (b) 50 mA cm−2 and 500 s; (c) 100 mA cm−2 and 250 s; (d) 150 mA cm−2 and 166 s; (e) 250 mA cm−2 and 100 s; (f) 300 mA cm−2 and 83 s.

Figure 3 Life cycle test for a simulated metal–air battery in 6 M KOH. References [22] M. A. Rahman, X. Wang, C. Wenz, J. Electrochem. Soc. 160 (2013) A1759. [23] H. M. A. Amin, H. Baltruschat, D. Wittmaier, K. A. Friedrich, Electrochim. Acta 151 (2015) 332. [24] W. Yan, Z. Yang, W. Bian, R. Yang, Carbon 92 (2015) 74. [25] Y. Li, H. Dai, Roy. Soc. Chem. 43 (2014) 5257. 5. R. P. Salunkhe, K. Jang, H. Yu, S. Yu, T. Ganesh, S. H. Han, H. Ahn, J. Alloys Compds 509 (2011) 6677. 6. W. Ye, J. Yan, Q. Ye, Z. Feng, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 15617. 7. T. Y. Ma, S. Dai, M. Jaroniec, S. Z. Qiao, J. Am. Chem. Soc 136 (2014) 13925. Acknowledgment This project was conducted under the National Energy Program (NEP) (MOST 105-3113-E-194-002). The author thanks the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) for financial support and the Industrial Technology Research Institute/Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories (ITRI/GEL) for technical support. Presenter’s Biography Full Name: Cian Tong, Lu Affiliation: National United University Complete mailing address: 2, Lienda, Miaoli 36063, Taiwan, R.O.C E-mail address: ciantonglu@gmail.com Telephone and Telefax: +886 37-382387 and +886 37-382391

105

APEnergy 2016 P10-047 Poster

Conductive Carbon Additives of Cathode for Lithium-ion Battery

E-Kuan Lin and Jarrn-Horng Lin* Department of Material Science Engineer, National University of Tainan

33, Sec. 2, Shu-lin St., Tainan, 70005, Taiwan

* Corresponding author’s E-mail janusjhlin@mail.nutn.edu.tw Poster Topics: 10. Rechargeable Batteries

Abstract. Recently, lithium-ion battery (LIB) has became the most popular energy storage devices for portable 3C products

and electricial vehicles. The major merits of LIB are its high energy density, non-memory effect and wide working temperatures. Therefore, numerous articles have been published to discuss with the developments of LIB in both anode and cathode electrodes, eletrolytes and seperators. One of the key issue for improving the performance of the cathode in LIB is electronic conductivity. Because the materials used in cathode are usually metal oxides, e.g. LiCoO2 or LiFePO4, with low electronic conductivity. Normally, carbon-coated cathodes and using conductive carbon are two main ways to improve e-conductivity for cathode in LIB. Here, we apt to compare with the LIB performances using different conductive carbons, e.g. Super P, XC-72, N550, and CNTs. We find that XC-72 has the best electrochemical performance in LIB.

Figures Figure 1. Different conductive of LiFePO4 cathode’s electrochemical performance. Right panel: cycle life, the electrode which use XC-72 additives had the highest Discharge capacity in 1C. Left panel: C-rate test, the electrode which use XC-72 additives had the best performance in high Charge/Discharge rate (10C). References [1] M. E. Spahr et al., Journal of Power Sources, 196, 3404-3413, 2011. [2] X. Qi, et al, Carbon, 64, 334-340, 2013. [3] F. Zhou et al, Electrochimica Acta, 151, 16-20, 2015.

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APEnergy 2016 P10-051 Poster Electrochemical properties of spinel-based anode materials for Li-ion batteries

Irish Valerie B. Maggay and Wei-Ren Liu (劉偉仁)*

Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University No. 200 Zhongbei Rd, Zhongli District Taoyuan City, 3202, Taiwan (R.O.C)

* WRLiu1203@gmail.com Poster Topics: Rechargeable Batteries, Electrode Materials, Electrical Energy Storage

Abstract Vanadium oxide spinel anode materials AV2O4 (A = Co and Fe) anode materials were successfully prepared via hydrothermal route. After hydrothermal synthesis, the samples were sintered at different temperatures of 400, 500 and 600 ºC. The post heat treatment induced the formation of the spinel compounds. However, further increase of temperature resulted in the formation of metallic Co and Fe. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical test. The initial discharge capacities of CoV2O4 and FeV2O4 were 805.76 and 1202.41 mAh∙g-1, respectively in the voltage range of 0 V – 3.0 V at 100 mA∙g-1 with corresponding initial Coulombic efficiencies of 79.47% and 80.9%. The cycle stability, cycling performance, cyclic voltammetry and impedance of the battery were also carried out in this study. Figures and Tables

Figure 1. XRD patterns of (a) CoV2O4 and (b) FeV2O4 after sintering at 400, 500 and 600 ºC under Ar atmosphere for 12

hours.

Figure 2. Voltage versus capacity profiles of (a) CoV2O4 and (b) FeV2O4 for the 1st and 2nd charge-discharge cycles at a current rate of 100mA∙g-1 in the voltage window of 0 – 3.0 V versus Li. References Zhu, Xiaoming, et al. "Nanophase ZnV2O4 as stable and high capacity Li insertion electrode for Li-ion battery." Current Applied Physics 15.4 (2015): 435-440. Yin, Longwei, et al. "Spinel ZnMn2O4 Nanocrystal‐Anchored 3D Hierarchical Carbon Aerogel Hybrids as Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries."Advanced Functional Materials 24.26 (2014): 4176-4185. Presenter’s Biography Irish Valerie B. Maggay, MSc. Energy and Opto-Electronics Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University Mailing Address: 桃園市中壢區中北路 200 號 715 室 Contact Info: +886978850142 or 032654144, irish.maggay@gmail.com

107

APEnergy 2016 P11-043 Poster Synthesis and enhanced supercapacitor performance of Cu/RGO nanocomposites

Yi- Xiu Chen, *Ruey-Chi Wang

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung 700, Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan, R.O.C.

*E-mail: rcwang@nuk.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electrochemical Capacitors Abstract Cu nanoparticles (CNPs) /reduced graphene oxide (RGO) composites were synthesized by wet processes and low-temperature annealing, and the resulting composites were characterized and studied for supercapacitor application. The size and area density of the CNPs in the composites were controlled by varying the concentration of precursor Cu(NO3)2(aq) from 0.005 to 0.25 M. The as-prepared samples have been characterized by SEM, TEM, and FT-IR to confirm the morphology, crystallography and microstructure of composites and the degree of reduction of RGO. Their electrochemical performances for supercapacitors are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge / discharge (GCD) curves. The best composite shows a high specific capacitance(SC) of 353F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, high energy density of 247 Wh/kg, and high power density of 805 W/kg at a current density at 1 A/g. The high performance is attributed to the smallest size and highest area density of CNPs. The electrodes exhibited excellent cyclability and was activated to 132% of initial specific capacitance even after 1000 cycles. The results demonstrated the potential of the Cu/RGO composite electrodes for fabricating high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. Figures

Fig.1-SEM image for (a) RGO, (b) Cu/RGO composites; TEM (c) bright-field image, (d) electron diffraction pattern of Cu/RGO composites; (e) FTIR spectra of different Cu/RGO composites before and after annealing

Fig.2- (a) CV curves at a scan rate of 10 mV/s, (b) SCs with varying scan rate, (c) GCD at a current density of 1 A/g, (d) energy densities, and (e) power densities of Cu/RGO composites with different copper contents; (f) cycle performance of RGO and Cu/RGO composites

Presenter’s Biography Dr. Ruey-Chi is currently a professor in the department of chemical and materials engineering at National University of Kaohsiung (NUK), Taiwan, R. O. C. She received the Young Investigator Award (Ta-You Wu Memorial Award) from the National Science Council (NSC), Taiwan, in 2010. Her current research interests are focused on nanomaterials and nanodevices. Mr. Yi-Xiu Chen is currently an undergraduate student in the department of chemical and materials engineering at National University of Kaohsiung (NUK), Taiwan, R. O. C. His current research interests are focused on nano- supercapacitor.

108

APEnergy 2016 P11-049 Poster Bio-nanocarbon from NaOH-activation of polysaccharides for

high performance electric double layer capacitor

Kenji Takeuchi*, Tomoaki Ishida, Yoshihiro Kunieda, Yosuke Kato, Yusuke Tanaka, Masatsugu Fujishige, Morinobu Endo

Institute of Carbon Science and technology, Shinshu University 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, JAPAN

* Corresponding author’s E-mail: takeuchi@endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp Topics: Polysaccharides, Nanocarbon, EDLC

Abstract With increasing unused resources of agricultural, forest and fishery products, its effective utilization is becoming important. Polysaccharides, utilized as food, are produced from natural plants such as seaweeds, grains, etc. Because food residue originated from polysaccharides is ecofriendly, cheap and available in large quantity, it has a bright prospect as feedstock of bio-nanocarbon. Polysaccharides possess a large number of pores in it. Such pores remain after carbonization so that appropriate activation creates functional bio-nanocarbons. In addition, the fact that polysaccharides contain oxygen in their structure is also advantageous for producing highly porous carbonaceous materials through pyrolysis and post-activation.

Many studies on the pyrolysis of biomass materials have been reported [1,2]. For example, hydrothermal carbonization and post-activation of lignocellulosic feedstock brought about carbonaceous adsorbent with high surface area of 2511 m2/g applicable for selective CO2-adsorption. On the other hand, a variety of carbon materials is applicable for the electrode of electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC) [3-5]. The present study aims at clarifying electrochemical behavior of bio-nanocarbon for the application to the electrode of EDLC. Because EDLC accumulates electric charge through adsorption of ions, high rate charging and discharging is possible and discharging density is very large. Since it includes carbon for anode and cathode, the performance depends largely on the structure of carbon.

Here we proposed a highly functional bio-nanocarbon prepared through carbonization of polysaccharides and post-activation by sodium chloride as the EDLC electrode. By optimizing the carbonization and activation conditions (600 ºC and 250 wt. % of supplied amount of sodium chloride), large capacity (46.1F/g, 26.4 F/cm3) and high rate performances (74%) have been observed. These values are superior to 42.9 F/g, 19.7 F/cm3 and 60%, respectively, reported for currently used commercial electrode.

Capacity and rate performances are generally in a relation of trade-off. Therefore, commercial EDLC electrodes are classified to two types: large capacity type and rapid charging and discharging type (high rate performances). On the other hand, the present bio-nanocarbon has both large capacity and high rate characteristics, possible to use a variety of applications. In addition, the activation process is efficient with sodium hydroxide than with potassium hydroxide. This feature is advantageous to reduce the cost of EDLC. References 1. A. Sadaka, H. Liechty, M. Pelkki, M. Blazier, BioResources 10, 4498-4518 (2015). 2. K. Yang, Q. Gao, Y. Tian, W. Qian, L. Zhu, C. Yang, Chem. Eur. J. 22, 3239-3244 (2016). 3. Y. Kim, C. Yang, K. Park, K. Kaneko, Y. Ahm, M. Noguchi T. Fujino, S. Oyama, M. Endo, ChemSusChem 5, 535-541 (2012). 4. Y. J. Kim, I. Y. Jang, K. C. Park, Y. C. Jung, T. Oka, S. Iinou, Y. Komori, T. Kozutsumi, T. Hashiba, Y. A. Kim, M. Endo,

Electrochimica Acta 55, 5624–5628 (2010). 5. Y. J. Kim, Y. Abe, T. Yanaglura, K. C. Park, M. Shimizu, T. Iwazaki, S. Nakagawa, M. Endo, M. S. Dresselhaus, Carbon 45,

2116-2125 (2007). Presenter’s Biography Kenji Takeuchi Institute of Carbon Science and technology, Shinshu University takeuchi@endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp Tel: +81-26-269-5656, Fax: +81-26-269-5667

109

APEnergy 2016 P13-048 Poster

Carbonized material from Bamboo cellulose fiber solutions

Masatsugu FUJISHIGE1*, Ichiro YOSHIDA1, Yumiko TOYA1, Yasuo BANBA1, Kenji TAKEUCHI1, Kyouichi OSHIDA2, Morinobu ENDO1

1 Shinshu University, Institute of Carbon Science and Technology 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan

2 Nagano national college of Technology [26] Tokuma, Nagano, 380-8550, Japan

[27] Corresponding author’s E-mail: fshige@shinshu-u.ac.jp Poster

Topics: Carbonization, Cellulose fiber, Bamboo (10 point) Abstract

Cellulose is the main material of the plant cell wall. There are many existences of this quantity on the earth, but the much isn't used. The use of cellulose fiber solution is regarded as promising future material, and the research is active. On the other hand, in Japan, the Takegai on forests (phenomenon which Bamboo erodes disorderedly with the forest’s vegetation) becomes a problem. In this research, it investigated the carbon material which carbonized from Bamboo cellulose fiber solution. This material is expected as the pole of energy devices in future. We report the analysis result of SEM, TEM, TG, Raman spectra and so on. Figures and Tables

50 μm 1 μm Figure 1 FE-SEM images of Carbonized sample from Bamboo cellulose fiber solutions by heat-treatment.

Acknowledgement

This research was supported by grants from the Project of the NARO Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (Integration research for agriculture and interdisciplinary fields). Presenter’s Biography Masatsugu FUJISHIGE Shinshu University, Institute of Carbon Science and Technology 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, 380-8553, Japan E-mail : fshige@shinshu-u.ac.jp Tel : +81-26-269-5670 Fax : +81-26-269-5667 http://www.shinshu-u.ac.jp/institution/icst/english/

110

APEnergy 2016 P15-044 Poster Nonlinear Dynamics and Control in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for

Electric Vehicles Shun-Chang Chang

Jui-Feng Hu Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, Da-Yeh University, No.168, University Rd., Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan(R.O.C.) * Corresponding author’s E-mail:changsc@mail.dyu.edu.tw

Poster Topics: Electric, Fuel Cell and Hybrid Vehicles Abstract In most situations, the high performance of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) depends on an absence of chaos; consequently, suppressing chaos becomes quite important. Therefore, this study confirms the chaotic motion and then applies synchronization to a chaotic PMSM system to control chaos. Rich dynamics of the PMSM system are studied using a bifurcation diagram, phase portraits, a Poincare map, frequency spectra and Lyapunov exponents. First, the largest Lyapunov exponent is estimated using synchronization to identify periodic and chaotic motions. Next, complex nonlinear behaviors are thoroughly observed throughout a range of parameter values in the bifurcation diagram. Finally, a proposed continuous feedback control method based on synchronization characteristics eliminated chaotic oscillations. Numerical simulations are utilized to verify the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed control technique. Figures and Tables

Figure 1. Chaotic motion. Figure 2. Chaotic motion was controlled to a desired stable equilibrium point.

References Benettin, G., Galgani, L., Giorgilli, A., and Strelcyn, J.M. (1980a). Lyapunov exponents for smooth dynamical systems and

Hamiltonian systems; a method for computing all of them. Part I: theory. Meccanica 15, 9-20. Benettin, G., Galgani, L., Giorgilli, A., Strelcyn, J.M. (1980b). Lyapunov exponents for smooth dynamical systems and

Hamiltonian systems; a method for computing all of them. Part II: numerical application. Meccanica 15, 21-30. Chan, C.C. and Chau, K.T. (1997). An overview of power electronics in electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Industrial

Electronics 44, 3-13. Chau, K.T. and Chen, J.H. (2003). Modeling analysis and experimentation of chaos in switched reluctance drive system. IEEE

Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundament Theory and Applications 50, 712-716. Chang, S.C. (2006). Application of synchronization and continuous control to a chaotic automotive wiper system. Proceedings of

the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 220, 1119-1130. Presenter’s Biography Full Name: Shun-Chang Chang Affiliation: Da-Yeh University Complete mailing address: No.168, University Rd., Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan(R.O.C.) E-mail address: changsc@mail.dyu.edu.tw Telephone and telefax numbers: 886-4-8511888 and 886-48511224

111

APEnergy 2016 P24-040 Poster Spectral properties and thermal stability of CrN/CrON/Al2O3 spectrally selective

coating Ting-Kan Tsai*, Shu-Wei Yang, Jun-Hao Chen

Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Formosa University No. 64, Wun Hua Rd., Huwei

Yunlin, 632, TAIWAN * Corresponding author’s E-mail: dktsai@nfu.edu.tw

Poster Topics: 24.Solar-thermal Energy Conversion and Storage

Abstract Spectrally selective absorbers utilized for solar photo-thermal conversion have been extensively studied for several decades [1-3].

The transition metal nitride and oxynitride based coatings have been widely used for solar thermal applications because of their unique optical properties, excellent thermal stabilities, and outstanding resistance against oxidation [4-6]. In this work, multilayered CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON/Al2O 3 spectrally selective coatings, designed with a gradually decreasing refractive index from the base layer to the top layer, were deposited on stainless steel substrates by reactive DC magnetron sputtering. The thicknesses of the CrN(H), CrN(L), CrON, and Al2O3 layers were optimized to achieve the best spectral properties. The thermal stability test was carried out at 300-500 °C in air. The normal reflectance (R) was measured in the wavelength interval of 300-20000 nm. An Ultraviolet/visible/near-infrared spectrophotometer embedded with a BaSO4-coated integrating sphere was applied for the region of 300-2500 nm. A Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere was used for the region of 2500-20000 nm. The normal solar absorptance (α) and the normal thermal emittance (ε) were calculated from the equations: [20]

where Isol is the AM 1.5 normal solar irradiance and Ip is the Plank black body distribution at 100 °C. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to investigate the microstructures of the studied samples before and after thermal stability testing. An absorptance of 0.93 and a thermal emittance of 0.14 were obtained when the CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON/Al2O3 multilayer coating comprised 60 nm-thick CrN(H), 50 nm-thick CrN(L), 40 nm-thick CrON, and 40 nm-thick Al2O3 layers. The CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON/Al2O3 was thermally stable up to 400 °C in air. Oxidation of the CrN(L) layer and phase transformation of the CrON layer destroyed the multilayered structure and degraded the spectral properties when the CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON/Al2O3 was heated at 500 °C in air. Figures and Table

Reflectance spectra of SS substrate (a), SS/CrN(H) (b), SS/CrN(H)/CrN(L) (c), SS/CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON (d), and SS/CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON/Al2O3 (e) in the solar irradiation region.

Reflectance spectra of the as-deposited and heat-treated CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON/Al2O3.

TEM cross-sectional images of the CrN(H)/CrN(L)/CrON/Al2O3 after heating at 500 °C in air

References [1] C.E. Kennedy, Progress to develop an advanced solar-selective coating, 2008 14th Biennial CSP SolarPACES (Solar Power and

Chemical Energy Systems) Symposium, 4-7 March 2008, Las Vegas, Nevada; 2008[NREL/CD-550-4270]. [2] D. Barlev, R. Vidu, P. Stroeve, Innovation in concentrated solar power, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 (2011) 2703-2725. [3] Y. Tian, C.Y. Zhao, A review of solar collectors and thermal energy storage in solar thermal applications, Appl. Energy 104

(2013) 538-553.

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[4] L. Rebouta, A. Pitães, M. Andritschky, P. Capela, M. F. Cerqueira, A. Matilainen, K. Pischow, Optical characterization of TiAlN/TiAlON/SiO2 absorber for solar selective applications, Surf. Coat. Technol. 211 (2012) 41-44.

[5] N. Selvakumar, N.T. Manikandanath, A. Biswas, H.C. Barshilia, Design and fabrication of highly thermally stable HfMoN/HfON/Al2O3 tandem absorber for solar thermal power generation applications, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 102 (2012) 86-92.

[6] N. Selvakumar, S. Santhoshkumar, S. Basu, A. Biswas, H.C. Barshilia, Spectrally selective CrMoN/CrON tandem absorber for mid-temperature solar thermal applications, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 109 (2013) 97-103.

[7] J.A. Duffie and W.A. Beckman, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 3rd edn. (New York, NY: Wiley, INC. 2006), p. 184 Presenter’s Biography Zhen-Sheng Hu; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Formosa University No. 64, Wun Hua Rd., Huwei, Yunlin, 632, TAIWAN; Email: f652a9@gmail.com