APAppt (ARW)

7/31/2019 APAppt (ARW)

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APA Reference Style for

University Assignments

Library Tutorial


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Learning OutcomesIn the tutorial, you will

Learn the basic rules using the APAreference style for formatting citations.

Be able to cite ideas from someones worksusing the APA style in your essay.

Be able to create a reference list of books,journals & online documents (webpages)using the APA style.


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Acknowledge Citations Once you find a useful idea to support your

essay argument, the source must be

acknowledged. Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author

directly, you must credit the source.

An essay without the acknowledgement ofsources will be considered as plagiarism.

Your research paper will be complete when an

adequate reference list is attached!


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Todays ContentsIntroduction:What is APA? Why APA style?

Step 1: Formatting text citations.

Step 2: Formatting bibliographic informationfor a reference list.

Step 3: Referencing online resources in theAPA style.

Step 4: Listing formatted references in your

reference list.


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What is the APA style? APA stands for American PsychologicalAssociation.

It is also known as an Author-DateSystem, in contrast to a Note System.


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TheAuthor-Date Style: Citations inthe text refer to references in the

bibliography at the end of essay.


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Note Style(the footnote citation style)where numbers in the text refer to

references in the footer area.


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Why APA style? There are many Author-Date citation styles.

Inthe Harvard style, a citation would be:

(Woods: 2001: 45)

In theAPA style, it would be:(Woods, 2001, p. 45)

APA is the most popular international author-date reference style for Social Sciences &Management journals.


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Why APA style? APA publishes an excellent user manual on

referencing & editorial style.

The library has many copies of the manual inmany sections of the Library. Some copies canbe loaned.

This tutorial is based onthe APA Publication Manual

(BF11.A69 20015th edition)


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STEP 1:

Formatting Citationsin Your Essay with

APA style


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An Essay in APA styleIntroduction:

Your thesis statement.An outline of your essay.

The Body: Your arguments (Your answer to the question)e.g. It is discussed that. (Anderson, 2002, p.35)

Conclusion:

The summary of your answer.

Reference List:Anderson, S. (2002).Adventure tourism: An introduction.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

A parenthetical reference

refers to Reference List.


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References within text

Example 1: Direct quotationsLanguage involves attaching meaning to world symbols(Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 286).

According to Coakley (1994), the success of a professionalsporting event is no guaranteed as it requires people in asociety must have time (pp. 303-304).

As Taylor (1983) points out,

All society establishes hierarchies, In few society arethey so widespread or important as in Japan. For the

Japanese, rank is so finely determined that (p. 42).

If your directquotation is more

than 40 words,indent the quotedsection without

quotation marks.


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Example 2: Indirect quotations (paraphrasing /summarizing)

He spends years cultivating his clients, building long-termrelationships based on reliability (Hall, 1983).

Lormax (1968) found that song and dance styles of acountry were related to its level of social cohesion and

collectivism (pp.54-55).

As discussed above, electronic commerce is typicallycharacterised by disintermediation of supply chain. (Gould,

2001; New Zealand Tourism, 2003, pp.34-37).

When paraphrasing or referring to an idea

contained in another work, you dont have toprovide a location reference (e.g. a page orparagraph number). Nevertheless, you are

encouraged to do so.

If an idea comesfrom two different

sources, use a

semicolon (;).


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Example 3: Citations from a secondarysource (e.g. from a text book)

According to Steinberg and McDonalds study (as cited inMcNeil, Ballard, Atkins, & Hall, 1996), it is not always true.

However, it is always best to cite the original source,

especially if you are a graduate student.(1) References could be cited incorrectly.

(2) That would be dishonest.

If you want to use an idea from

an author cited by anotherauthor, use as cited in.

In the reference list, list only thesecondary source.


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STEP 2:

FormattingBibliographic Data for

List of Referenceswith APA style


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List of References

Once your references are cited in the text, youneed to append a reference list to

acknowledge cited materials. The reference list provides the information

necessary to identify and retrieve each source.

Our purpose of listing references is to enablereaders to retrieve and use the sourcesreference data must be correct and complete.


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List of References

All references cited in the text must appear inthe list.

Conversely, each entry in the reference listmust be cited in the text.

Make sure that the text citation and reference

list entries are identical.


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List of References (Exception)

Your lecturers comments in your lecture or personalemail, interviews must be acknowledged in the bodyof your essay, but these do not need to be listed in a

reference list.

e.g.

In his lecture for Introduction to Sociology on 16

April 2002, Prof. Harris said thator

Thus, it was proved to be 3.7%. (P. Harris, personalcommunications, April 16, 2002)


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The Components What is the minimum information to retrieve

source information?

Basic bibliographic data that are usuallyincluded in each citation are:

Authors Name

Publication Date (& Access Date)

Title of Item

Publication Information

It must be italicised(or underlined)


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Listing Components

A bibliographic reference should not be like:

Author: John W. Creswell (1994)

Title: Research Design Qualitative &Quantitative approaches.

Publisher: Sage Publication, London

Call number: H62.C71 1994

But it should be like...Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative &

quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.

Reference

List doesntneed library

call numbers.


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1. Authors Name

Invert all authors name give surnames andinitials.

White, R. Dryden, G., & Vos, J.

Robbins, S. P., Bergman, R., & Stagg, I.

For editors, use (Ed.) or (Eds.) after initials ofeditor(s).

Duncan, G. M. (Ed.).

Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.).


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2. Publication Date

Books, Journals & Audiovisual media need aPublication Year.

White, R. (1997). Knop, N., & Pope, C. (1998).

Magazines & Newspapers etc. need Year,

Month, Day. Creswell, J. (1993, June). [Monthly]

Smith, A. (1994, September 28). [daily & weekly]

Pope, C. (n.d.). [Work with no date available]


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3. Title (Books)

Examples:

Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.) (1997). Interculturalcommunication: A reader. (8th ed.). New York:Wadsworth Publication Company.

Gannon, M. J. (1997). Irish conversations. In L. A.Samovar, & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Interculturalcommunication: A reader. (8th ed.). (pp. 125-133). NewYork: Wadsworth Publication Company.

Enclose additional informationafter the title. (trans.) (press.) or

[CD], [Motion Picture]

Additional informationfor authors such as

(Director), (Producer)


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3. Title (Periodicals)

Periodicals are journals, magazines etc.

Deutsche, F. (1993). Husbands at home: Predictors ofpaternal participation in childcare and housework.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(3),1154-1166.

Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot.Time. 135, 28-31.

Gill, M. A. (2001, December 13). Ringing endorsement.

Waikato Times. Edition 2, p. 15.


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4. Publication Information

Publication Information is:

1: Publication Place: Publishers name (for Books,

Audiovisual media etc.)Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative &

quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.

2. Issue Number, Page Numbers (for periodicals).Volume numbers are a part of Journal Titles

Zhang, Z. (1988). A discussion of communicative culture.Journal of Chinese Language Teacher Association, 23

(2), 107-112.

No Publishers name & Place ofPublication


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4. Publication Information

Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative &quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.

Robbins, S. P., Bergman, R., & Stagg, I. (1997).Management. Maryborough, Victoria, Australia: PrenticeHall.

Well-known publication places such

as Tokyo and New York do not needstates or country names.

If two or more publisher locationsare given, give the location listedfirst in the book or the location of

the publishers home office.


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STEP 3:

Referencing OnlineResources in APA style.

No matter whether it is online or print,your reference needs four basic elements:

(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title &

(4) Publication InformationURLs/Databases name


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Access Date

A reference of an electronic source needs all fourbasic elements, and also date of retrievalbeforepublication information.

Palmquist, S. (2004) Kant on the web. RetrievedOctober 6, 2004, from

http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/Kant.html


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Author

Wherever possible, identify the authors ofdocuments. Be mindful of the quality of onlinedocuments (of unknown authorship!)

On the other hand, you might find more than oneauthors name the host organisation and webpageauthor(s) are not the same


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Suppose you want to use a webpage aboutHamilton Zoo as a reference for your

essay What are four reference elements?

Lets practice


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The URL (PublicationInformation) is in theaddress bar.

Webpages title isalways on the top bar

of your browser.

If you cannot find theauthors name or

publication date, scrolldown the browser.


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At the bottom of thewebpage, you normally findthe copyright information

(Author & Publication Date).

Otherwise, go to the homepage ofthe website and/or find link to

About me. Or About Us


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Write it in order

We identified all four basic elements:

Author: Hamilton City Council (& Hamilton Zoo).

Date: 2001 Title: Hamilton Zoo

Pub.Info: URL & Date of Access

This webpage will be referenced as: Hamilton City Council. (2001). Hamilton Zoo.

Retrieved October 7, 2004, from the Hamilton ZooWebsite: http://www.hamiltonzoo.co.nz/

No underline

Acknowledge websites author beforethe URL if its different from the

websites host (e.g. GovernmentAgency, University department)


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Websites/Webpages1. A webpage (A document in an Internetonly journal)

New Zealands Information Network. (n.d.).Hamilton Visitor's Guide & Visitor Information -Hamilton City, Waikato, New Zealand. RetrievedOctober 11, 2004, from

http://www.newzealandnz.co.nz/hamilton/


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Websites/Webpages2. A website (multiple documents)When Internet documents comprises multople

pages (it has different URLs), acknowledge itshomepage:

American Psychological Association. (2003).APAstyle; Electronic References. Retrieved October 7,2004, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html


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Online Articles1. An online article based on a print source

(The same journal is available on the WWW:

i.e. PDF version)Adderly, B. (2001). Mother natures medicine chest

[Electronic version]. Better Nutrition, 63(8), 30-32.

2. An Articles in a Library Database (A HTMLdocument)Adderly, B. (2001). Mother natures medicine chest. Better

Nutrition, 63(8), 30-32. Retrieved September 30, 2004,

from Academic Research Library database.


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How to quote it?

1. Use PDF version if possible.

PDF is a scanned printed article. Page numbers

should be available as printed articles.2. Online Article in the HTML version.

There will no page numbers. If paragraph numbers arevisible, use them in place of page numbers.

Use the symbol or the abbreviation para.

(Adderly, 2001, para. 5) or (Adderly, 2001,. 5).


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How to quote it?

3. Online Article in the HTML version.If there are headings in the document, use the heading andthe paragraph number.

Privacy has long been defined as the night of an individualto be left alone and to be able to control the flow ofinformation about him or herself (Liu & Armett, 2002,Influence on E-commerce, para. 1)

The current system of managed care and the currentapproach are shortsighted (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion

section, para. 1).


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STEP 4:

Listing BibliographicReferences in Your

Reference List withAPA style


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Listing Entries The list should be placed after the body of

your essay.

List all reference entries alphabetically.

If no author is known, the entry should startwith its title (ignore the or a an).

Some webpages & many newspaper articlesdo not have authors name.


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Listing Entriese.g.

Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003,

March 7). THE TIMARU HERALD. p.1.

In the text, use a short title (or the full title ifit is short) for the parenthetical citation.

e.g. (Drivers reject fuel, 2003)


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Listing Entries

If there are two or more references by the sameauthor in the same year, add alphabet after thepublication year.

e.g.Statistics New Zealand (2002a). The annual report.Wellington, New Zealand: Author.

Statistics New Zealand (2002b). The NewZealand Official Year Book. Auckland, NewZealand: Author.

Use Author if Author and

Publisher are identical.


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Listing Entries

In the text

According to Statistics New Zealand (2002b, pp.

306-310), international tourisms contribution to NZeconomy is tremendous.


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Final Check!

When you have completed your reference list,make sure that:

each entry has four basic elements. each entry referenced appears in both the text

and the list.

the text citation and reference list entry areidentical in spelling and year.

Always check with the APA manual if youare not sure - use indexes.


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Conclusion

You have learned:

How to format citations in text using the APA

reference style. How to make a reference list using the APA

reference style.

How to use the Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological Association (CallNumber: BF11.A69).
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_tuts.shtmlhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_tuts.shtml

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