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Intext CitationsIntext Citations

OverviewOverview

Basic PrinciplesBasic Principles Follow author-date systemFollow author-date system Credit words and ideas from other authorsCredit words and ideas from other authors Give information on how to locate the sourceGive information on how to locate the source

What about…What about…

How does it work?How does it work?

Used in social sciences toUsed in social sciences to Acknowledge sources of informationAcknowledge sources of information Allow readers to locate original sourcesAllow readers to locate original sources

intext citation reference entry

Based on publication criteria for American Psychological Based on publication criteria for American Psychological Association (APA)Association (APA)

Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database.

Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators.

Author-date system

How does it work?How does it work?

Within a paper

How does it work?How does it work?

Within the field

FERRARIChoi

TiceBaumeister

COAUTHORS

Steel

CITED BY

OPPOSITION

PerryPsychology

Philosophy

How does it work?How does it work?

How does it work?How does it work?

Citations give credit to words or ideasCitations give credit to words or ideastaken from other authors.taken from other authors.

IDEAS IDEAS Tice and Baumeister Tice and Baumeister (1997) reject the idea that procrastination (1997) reject the idea that procrastination can be a productive strategy.can be a productive strategy.

WORDS WORDS “Procrastination is not a“Procrastination is not aneutral or innocuous form of time neutral or innocuous form of time management, let alone a helpful or management, let alone a helpful or beneficial one (as some people claim)” beneficial one (as some people claim)” (Tice & Baumeister, 1997, p. 456). (Tice & Baumeister, 1997, p. 456).

Where do I fit in?Where do I fit in?

Procrastination can be a productiveProcrastination can be a productivestrategy for adapting to rapidly strategy for adapting to rapidly changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005). changing priorities (Chu & Choi, 2005).

Consider this real-life example. The first guidelines given to freelance writers areConsider this real-life example. The first guidelines given to freelance writers areoften amended two or three times as a often amended two or three times as a project begins. Experienced writers learnproject begins. Experienced writers learnto write one lesson and wait for feedback. to write one lesson and wait for feedback.

The key to productive procrastination, The key to productive procrastination, according to Chu and Choi, is to use according to Chu and Choi, is to use delay as a proactive strategy.delay as a proactive strategy.

How does it work?How does it work?

Two elementsTwo elements Intext citations credit words and ideasIntext citations credit words and ideas

(Chapter 6)(Chapter 6) Reference list locates original sourceReference list locates original source

(Chapter 7)(Chapter 7)

intext citation reference entry

Ferrari, J. (2000, Special Issue). Procrastination and attention: Factor analysis of attention deficit, boredomness, intelligence, self-esteem, and task-delay frequencies. Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 15(5), 185-196. Retrieved from Academic Search Elite database.

Author-date system

Ferrari (2000) has classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators.

Author-date system

What are APA’s principles?What are APA’s principles?

Author-date system

Acknowledge any words or ideasAcknowledge any words or ideasfrom other sources.from other sources.

Provide enough information Provide enough information to locate your sources.to locate your sources.

Principle 1: Credit ideasPrinciple 1: Credit ideas

Using APA style Using APA style correctly increases a correctly increases a writer’s credibility writer’s credibility (Boan, Doyle, & (Boan, Doyle, & Shahbahrami, 2009).Shahbahrami, 2009).

ReferencesReferencesBoan, R., Doyle, C., & Boan, R., Doyle, C., &

Shahbahrami, P. (2009). Shahbahrami, P. (2009). American Psychological American Psychological Association (APA) guide for Association (APA) guide for Allied Health Sciences. Allied Health Sciences. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www.midlandstech.edu/http://www.midlandstech.edu/healthsciences/healthsciences/Resources.htmlResources.html

parenthetical; no quotation marks reference entry

PPrinciple rinciple 1: Credit exact words1: Credit exact words

““If the reference is not If the reference is not correct or the article correct or the article cannot be found, the cannot be found, the credibility of the credibility of the document becomes document becomes questionable” questionable” (Boan, Doyle, & (Boan, Doyle, & Shahbahrami, 2009).Shahbahrami, 2009).

ReferencesReferencesBoan, R., Doyle, C., & Boan, R., Doyle, C., &

Shahbahrami, P. (2009). APA Shahbahrami, P. (2009). APA format guide for Health format guide for Health Sciences. Retrieved from Sciences. Retrieved from http://www.midlandstech.edu/http://www.midlandstech.edu/healthsciences/healthsciences/Resources.htmlResources.html

word-for-word; quotation marks reference entry

Principle 1: Credit twicePrinciple 1: Credit twice

Correct use of APA Correct use of APA style makes a writer style makes a writer more credible more credible (Boan, Doyle, & (Boan, Doyle, & Shahbahrami, 2009).Shahbahrami, 2009).

ReferencesReferences

Boan, R., Doyle, C., & Boan, R., Doyle, C., & Shahbahrami, P. (2009). Shahbahrami, P. (2009). APA APA format guide for Health format guide for Health SciencesSciences. Retrieved from . Retrieved from http://www.midlandstech.edu/http://www.midlandstech.edu/healthsciences/healthsciences/Resources.htmlResources.html

Reference list entries point to the original.

Parenthetical citations point to the reference list.

AMBROSE

Did Ambrose give credit?Did Ambrose give credit?

"Up, up, up…” "Up, up, up….”

CHILDERS

Principle 1: Plagiarism checkPrinciple 1: Plagiarism check ""Up, up, up he went, until he Up, up, up he went, until he

got above the clouds. No got above the clouds. No amount of practice could amount of practice could have prepared the pilot and have prepared the pilot and crew for what they crew for what they encountered—B-24s, encountered—B-24s, glittering like mica, were glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds popping up out of the clouds over here, over there, over here, over there, everywhere."everywhere."

——Stephen Ambrose,Stephen Ambrose, The Wild Blue, The Wild Blue, p. 164 p. 164

""Up, up, up, groping through Up, up, up, groping through the clouds for what seemed the clouds for what seemed like an eternity. ... No like an eternity. ... No amount of practice could amount of practice could have prepared them for what have prepared them for what they encountered. B-24s, they encountered. B-24s, glittering like mica, were glittering like mica, were popping up out of the clouds popping up out of the clouds all over the sky."all over the sky."

——Thomas Childers,Thomas Childers, Wings of Morning, Wings of Morning, p. 83 p. 83

Principle 1: Credit carefullyPrinciple 1: Credit carefully

"No amount of practice "No amount of practice could have prepared could have prepared [the pilot and crew] for [the pilot and crew] for what they encountered. what they encountered. B-24s, glittering like B-24s, glittering like mica, were popping up mica, were popping up out of the clouds" out of the clouds" (Childers, 1995, p. 83) (Childers, 1995, p. 83) over here, over there, over here, over there, everywhere. everywhere.

ReferencesReferences

Childers, T. (1995). Childers, T. (1995). Wings of morning.Wings of morning.New York: Perseus.New York: Perseus.

parenthetical reference entry

……In each case, I footnoted the In each case, I footnoted the passage in question, but failed passage in question, but failed to put some words and to put some words and sentences into quotation marks. sentences into quotation marks. I am sorry and will make I am sorry and will make relevant changes in all future relevant changes in all future editions.”—Stephen Ambroseeditions.”—Stephen Ambrose

Ambrose’sapology

Principle 2: Locate the sourcePrinciple 2: Locate the source

Like Hansel and Like Hansel and Gretel, follow the Gretel, follow the breadcrumb trailbreadcrumb trail

Intext Citation FormatIntext Citation Format

Print quotations: (Author, year, page number).

Researcher-focused

Chronology-focused

Idea-focused

Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140).

In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership.

The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).

Intext Citation FormatIntext Citation Format

Paraphrased or no page #: (Author, year).

Researcher-focused

Chronology-focused

Idea-focused

Mann (2005)Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination.

In 2005, Mann2005, Mann developed a unique method for overcoming procrastination, which he calls the (10+2)*5 method.

The (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination has three steps: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour (Mann, (Mann, 2005)2005)..

Intext Citation FormatIntext Citation Format

Quotations from Internet:Quotations from Internet:

(Author last name, Year, section header, (Author last name, Year, section header, paragraph #)paragraph #)

EXAMPLE

Mann (2005)Mann (2005) developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice seems counterintuitive: developed a (10+2)*5 method for overcoming procrastination: work for ten minutes, take a two-minute break, and go back to work, repeating the cycle for an hour. His advice seems counterintuitive: “Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!” “Breaks cannot be missed. Period. Go surf the web. Now. Seriously. GO!” (Important squirrely rules section, para. 3).(Important squirrely rules section, para. 3).

Intext Citations in ¶Intext Citations in ¶

Acknowledge words Acknowledge words with quotation marks with quotation marks and intext citation.and intext citation.

Acknowledge ideas Acknowledge ideas with intext citation only.with intext citation only.

What is procrastination?Steel (2008) has described

procrastination as trading “short-term gain for long-term pain.” Ferrari (2000) classified procrastinators as arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators. In his view, most people occasionally put things off, but some are chronic procrastinators whose delays disrupt their lives: “Remember, 80% of us procrastinate, but 20% are procrastinators” (2005).

Both Steel (2008) and Ferrari (2000, 2005) emphasized the negative. However, Chu and Choi (2005) found strategic delay could

Insert date the first time an Insert date the first time an author’s name is mentioned author’s name is mentioned in a paragraph.in a paragraph.

Intext citations apply to one Intext citations apply to one paragraph.paragraph.

Place any remaining Place any remaining information at the end of information at the end of material from a source.material from a source.

Nonretrievable InfoNonretrievable Info

Retrievable

• books

• magazines

• web articles

• newsgroup postings

• videos

Nonretrievable

Include in reference list

• letters

• emails

• in-person interviews

Cite only in text (S. Oh, personal communication, August 27, 2007)

• phone calls

What’s the error?What’s the error?

Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview with Kaplan Gesundheit, A. (2009, August 28). Interview with Kaplan librarian.librarian.

Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a Plotz, D. (2002, December 11). The plagiarist: Why Stephen Ambrose is a vampire. vampire. Slate.Slate. Retrieved from http://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618 Retrieved from http://slate.msn.com/?id=2060618

INTEXT CITATION ONLYINTEXT CITATION ONLY

(A. Gesundheit, personal communication, (A. Gesundheit, personal communication, August 28, 2009).August 28, 2009).

Details, detailsDetails, details

Principle 1Principle 1• What to quoteWhat to quote• Block quotationsBlock quotations• Placing parenthetical citationsPlacing parenthetical citations• No page numberNo page number

Principle 2Principle 2• No authorNo author• Many authorsMany authors• Quoted quotationQuoted quotation• No dateNo date• Many sourcesMany sources

What to QuoteWhat to Quote

ExceptionsExceptions common languagecommon language

writ of habeas corpuswrit of habeas corpus situational leadershipsituational leadership

theory theory

Raymond Chandler declared that readers should feel that the solution of a mystery is “inevitable.”

At least half the mystery novels published violate the law that the solution, once revealed, must seemto be inevitable.

—Raymond Chandler

common knowledgecommon knowledge widely knownwidely known easily availableeasily available

in standard in standard referencesreferences

Any words from Any words from the original should the original should be quoted.be quoted.

Quotations < 40 wordsQuotations < 40 words

Set off someone else’sSet off someone else’s exact words exact words with quotation markswith quotation marks

Raymond Chandler (1945) believed that a detective should be “the best man in his world.”

“Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid” (Chandler, 1945).

Quotations 40+ wordsQuotations 40+ words

Set off long quotations Set off long quotations as block quotationsas block quotations

Down these mean streets a man must go who is not himself mean, who is neither tarnished nor afraid. The detective in this kind of story must be such a man. He is the hero, he is everything…. He must be, to use a rather weathered phrase, a man of honor…. (Chandler, 1945)

The classic definition of a detective comes from “The Simple Art of Murder”: Use a new line and left indent Use a new line and left indent

instead of instead of quotation marksquotation marks

Preview block quotesPreview block quotes

.5"

Hint: Word will count words if you highlight them and choose Tools, Word Count.

Remember Intext CitationsRemember Intext Citations

Basic format: Basic format: (Author, year, page or section head).(Author, year, page or section head).

Researcher-focused

Chronology-focused

Idea-focused

Burns (2003) has stated that leadership begins “where change begins” (p. 140).

In 1978, Burns published Leadership, a seminal work in an emerging field. In 2003, he proposed solutions to global problems in Transforming Leadership.

The innovator’s approach to leadership is exemplified by Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s first days in office (Burns, 2003, p. 181).

No Page # / Header?No Page # / Header?

If author/date are given in text, that information is If author/date are given in text, that information is not repeated within parentheses at the end.not repeated within parentheses at the end.

According to Tannen (1991), genuine According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has been replaced by an debate has been replaced by an “argument culture” in which people “argument culture” in which people reflexively attack others’ positions. reflexively attack others’ positions.

Use only stable page numbers.Use only stable page numbers. Use section headers for Internet sources that Use section headers for Internet sources that

have them (Steel, n.d., My Definition, para. 1).have them (Steel, n.d., My Definition, para. 1).

no page number / header?

• book

• print version

• PDF

Stable page numbers

Source Reflective StatementSource Reflective Statement

Add comment to show where source material ends and Add comment to show where source material ends and your thoughts your thoughts begin.begin.

According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has According to Tannen (1991), genuine debate has been replaced by an “argument culture” in which been replaced by an “argument culture” in which people reflexively attack others’ positions. people reflexively attack others’ positions. Some Some readers might assume that Tannen believes that readers might assume that Tannen believes that everyone should just try to get along, but her everyone should just try to get along, but her position is not so simplistic. Tannen argues that…position is not so simplistic. Tannen argues that…

source-reflective statement

Quotation SandwichQuotation Sandwich

Top slice of bread: Top slice of bread: introductionintroduction Filling: Filling: material from sourcematerial from source Bottom slice: Bottom slice: relationship to topicrelationship to topic

Ferrari (2005) has studied procrastination in Ferrari (2005) has studied procrastination in college students. college students. He has identified three types He has identified three types of procrastinators: arousal types, avoiders, of procrastinators: arousal types, avoiders, and decisional procrastinators.and decisional procrastinators. Each type puts Each type puts things off for a different reason. things off for a different reason. Knowing what Knowing what triggers procrastination is the first step in triggers procrastination is the first step in overcoming the habit.overcoming the habit.

What about… no author?What about… no author? Start with key words from titleStart with key words from title Use only as much as necessaryUse only as much as necessary Follow standard formattingFollow standard formatting

(“Personality,” 2008).(“Personality,” 2008). ((Types of Procrastinators,Types of Procrastinators, 2005). 2005). (“Procrastination,” 2008a)(“Procrastination,” 2008a) (“Procrastination,” 2008b)(“Procrastination,” 2008b)

What about…many authors?What about…many authors?

Consult the Consult the Publication Manual,Publication Manual, Table 6.1 Table 6.1

What about…quoted quote?What about…quoted quote?

Ideally, find the originalIdeally, find the original Second-best: use Second-best: use as citedas cited inin to direct readers to reference list entry to direct readers to reference list entry

INDIRECT QUOTATION

Procrastinators trade “short term gain for long term pain” according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).Procrastinators trade “short term gain for long term pain” according to Steel (as cited in Kahn, 2008).

REFERENCE ENTRY

Kahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a mathematicalKahn, U. (2008, December 7 ). Academics invent a mathematical equation for why people procrastinate. equation for why people procrastinate. The Telegraph. The Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/

What about…no date?What about…no date?

Use n.d.Use n.d.

INTEXT

Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as Steel (n.d.) defined procrastination as “to voluntarily delay an intended course “to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay.”off for the delay.”

REFERENCE LIST

Steel, P. (n.d.). Steel, P. (n.d.). Definition.Definition. Retrieved Retrieved August 28, 2009, from ProcrastinationAugust 28, 2009, from Procrastination

Central Web site: http://procrastinus.comCentral Web site: http://procrastinus.com

What about…many sources?What about…many sources?

Separate with semicolonSeparate with semicolon Alphabetize within citationAlphabetize within citation

to match order of reference listto match order of reference list

MULTIPLE CITATION

Most researchers emphasize the negative consequences of procrastination (Ferarri, 2005; Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).Most researchers emphasize the negative consequences of procrastination (Ferarri, 2005; Steel, 2008; Tice & Baumeister, 1997).

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