AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) STYLEALICE T. VALERIO

APA Stylerules or guidelines observed to ensure clear, consistent presentation of the printed word

concerns uniform use of punctuations and abbreviations, construction of tables, selection of headings and citation of references and other elements that are part of a manuscript.

General Instructions in Manuscript PreparationPaper 8 X 11, heavy white bond paperTypeface12-pt Times New Roman12-pt Courier New12-pt Sans SerifSpacingdouble space; single space for table titles and headings, figure captions, references, footnotes and long quotations.Triple- or quadruple-spacing after chapter titles, before major subheadings, before footnotes, and before and after tables in the text.

General Instructions in Manuscript PreparationMargins 1 left margin, 1 top, bottom, and right margins Paginationnumber all pages, except the artwork for figure and major chapterspreliminary pages usually carry lowercase roman numeralsIntroduction (Chapter I) Arabic numeralspage numbers continue throughout the appendixFigures, Tables, and Footnotesshort tables may appear on a page with some textlong tables and each figure are placed on a separate page immediately after the page on which the table or figure is first mentioned

General Instructions in Manuscript PreparationFigures and figure captionsFigure number is italics; text of the caption is not italicized; capitalize only the first word and any proper nouns; figure captions are typed below; Minimum size 8 pt, maximum size 14 ptParagraphs and IndentationsFirst line of every paragraph and the first line of every footnoteBibliography has a hanging indent format (first line is set flush left and the subsequent lines are indented)Uppercase and Lowercase lettersHeadingsCENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING

Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading

Indented, italicized, uppercase only the first word and proper noun, paragraph heading ending with a period.

Editing StylePeriodused in initials of names (R. A. Santos); abbreviation for United States when used as an adjective (U.S. Navy); latin abbreviations (a.m., cf., i.e., vs.), and reference abbreviations (Vol. 1, 3rd ed., p. 10)No periods for abbreviations of state names (NY, NH, NC), acronyms (APA, WB, IQ), and metric and nonmetric measurement abbreviations (cm, ft, hr, kg, min, ml) except in.Comma used between elements in a series of three or more items; before and and or Ex: Imus, Bacoor, or Indang In a study conducted by Sandoval, Campos, and Reyes (2005) . . .to set off a nonessential or nonrestrictive clause, that is, if removed would leave the grammatical structure and meaning of the sentence intact.Ex. Ex-President Estrada, the 13th President of the Philippines, was accused of plunder.

Editing StyleDo not use commabefore an essential or restrictive clauseEx. These were the infrastructures that were especially built in tourism.between the two parts of a compound predicate Ex. The results contradicted Valerios findings and indicated that the effect was not significant.to separate parts of a measurement Ex. 5 years 2 months, 5 min 20 s

Editing Style3) Semicolonto separate two independent clauses that are not joined by a conjunction Ex. The freshmen students incurred higher expenditures; the sophomore incurred lower expendituresto separate elements in a series that already contain commasEx. The order of pilot testing was Silang, Imus, Bacoor; or Imus, Bacoor, Silang.4) Colonused between a grammatically complete introductory clause (one that could stand as a sentence) and a final phrase or clause that illustrates, extends, or amplifies the preceding thought.Ex. There are two sources of pollution: the point sources and non-point sources.

Editing Style If the clause following the colon is a complete sentence, it begins with a capital letter.

Ex. The result was worth noting: The Philippines is the leading exporter of banana in the world.

Do not use a colon after an introduction that is not a complete sentence. Ex. The formula is Y = a + bX5) Dash to indicate only a sudden interruption in the continuity of a sentence. Ex. The respondents50 members, 40 nonmemberswere considered separately.

Editing Styleem dash (two hyphens) to set off an element added to amplify from the main clause; no space before and after Ex. Students--undergraduate and graduate- -are exempted.Quotation Marksto introduce a word or phrase used as an ironic comment, as slang, or as an invented or coined expression (no quotation marks after the initial usage) Ex. Ex-President Estrada was accused as the biggest jueteng lord in the country.to enclose quotations in text Ex. Dizon (2003) found that the ill-gotten wealth of Ex- President Marcos amounted to US$50 billion.

Editing Styleto set off the title of an article or chapter in a periodical when it is mentioned in the text.Ex. Dizons (2004) study on the Impact of the Exchange Rate on Export Volumes pointed out . . . .to reproduce material from a test item or verbatim instructions to participants.Ex. The performance was categorized as high, average, and low.Note: Use single quotation marks within double quotation marks to set off material that in the original source was enclosed in double quotation marksEx.. Dizon (2003) stated, The ill-gotten wealth of Ex-President Marcos amounted to US$50 billion.

Editing StyleParenthesisto set off reference citations and page number in textEx. Reyes (2001) and Santos (2002) reported that. . . . (p. 245).to introduce an abbreviation, Ex. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP)to enclose statistical values, Ex. (p < .05) Do not use parenthesis to enclose material within other parenthesis Ex. (National Statistics Office [NSO], 2005)Slashto separate numerator from the denominator ( e.g. X/Y)to cite a republished work in text . Ex. Reyes (1996/2000)

Editing StyleBrackets used to enclose material inserted in a quotation by some person other than the original author.

Ex. Boserup (1999) stressed that mans influence on the quality of the environment depends on the damage he does [alteration in a cultural system] and the effort devoted to undoing that damage.

If a complete sentence ends with a parenthesis, the period follows the closing parenthesis. Ex. The Philippine agriculture is characterized by a relative scarcity of land (in relation to people).If a complete sentence is enclosed in a parenthesis, the period is placed inside the closing parenthesis.

Ex. (The Philippine agriculture is characterized by a relative scarcity of land in relation to people.)

Editing Style Seriation

To show seriation within a paragraph or sentence use lowercase letters in parentheses.Ex. The three principal thrusts are (a) institute a new program, (b) strengthen support services, and (c) Increase saving rates.

To indicate seriation of separate paragraphs (e.g., itemized recommendations or procedures) number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral followed by a period.

Ex. The following immediate recommendations are: 1. Launch a massive rural infrastructure programs in the poorest regions. 2. Immediate land reform program in poorest areas.

Editing Style QuotationsShort quotations (fewer than 40 words) should be incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks. Ex. Cruz (2003) stated, The Philippine agriculture is characterized by a relative scarcity of land in relation to people (p. 300). Long quotations (40 or more words) no quotation marks to enclose block quotationsEx. Cruz (2003) found the following:

Many developing countries have depended on export promotion as a road to economic development for many reasons . . . (p.300).

Editing StyleEllipsis points used to indicate omitted materialType three periods with a space before and after each period to indicate an omission within a sentence.Type four periods to indicate an omission between two sentences. 14) SpellingMerriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary standard spelling reference for APAEx. aging, canceled, appendix- appendixes, matrix-matrices

Editing StyleHyphenationCompound words may take forms as (a) two separate words, (b) a hyphenated word, or (c) one unbroken, solid word. Ex. follow up, follow-up, followupPermanent compound compound words found in the dictionary (e.g. caregiver, lifestyle, high school, self-esteem, database)Do not hyphenatea compound including an adverb ending in ly (e.g. widely used, randomly assigned)a compound including a comparative or superlative adjectiveEx. less informed, better written, higher order learningforeign phrases used as adjectives or adverbsEx. a priori, ad hoc, fed ad lib but ad-lib feedingcommon fractions used as nouns Ex. one third of the participants

Editing StylePrefixes that do not require hyphens after, anti, bi, co, counter, equi, extra, infra, inter, intra, macro, mid, mini, multi, non, over, post, pre, pro, re, semi, socio, sub, un, under

Prefixed words that require hyphensan abbreviation (e.g. pre-WW II), a number (e.g. post-1960), capitalized (e.g. pro-Arroyo)all self- compounds, whether adjectives or nouns Ex. self-liquidating accounts, the students are self-supportingwords that could be misunderstoodEx. re-pair (pair again), re-form (form again), un-ionizedwords in which the prefix ends and the base word begins with the same vowel.Ex. co-occur, pre-existing, meta-analysis, anti- intellectual

Editing Stylewhen two or more compound modifiers have a common base, this base is sometimes omitted in all except the last modifier, but the hyphens are retained.Ex. long- and short-term periods, 1-, 2-, and 3-hr examination Other cases: student-centered approach but The approach was student centered t-test results but results from t tests

Capitalization

In titles and headings, capitalize:major words within the body of the paper (excluding conjunctions, articles and short prepositions); however, capitalize all words of four letters or more. Ex. In her study, Demand Function for the Travel Industry in Tagaytay City . . .

Editing StyleDo not capitalizenames of laws, theories, models, or hypothesesEx. law of supply and demand, Maslows hierarchy of needs, life cycle hypothesisnouns that precede a variable (e.g. item y, experiment b)

17) Italicizing WordsUse italics for titles of books, periodicals, and microfilm publicationsEx. In the book , Introduction to Macroeconomicsgenera, species, and varietiesintroduction of a new, technical, or key term or label (do not italicize for the next usage)

Editing Stylewords that could be misread (e.g. the small and big groups designations not group size)

letters used as statistical symbols or algebraic variablesperiodical volume numbers in reference lists (e.g. 15, 56-67)anchors of a scale Ex. Self-reliance ratings ranged from 1 (low) to 3 (high)

Do not use italics forforeign phrases and abbreviations common in English (main entries in Websters Collegiate Dictionary) Ex. a priori, et al., ad lib, vis-a-vis, per se

chemical terms (e.g. Hg, NaCl)trigonometric terms (e.g. sin, tan, cos)

Editing StyleAbbreviations

A term to be abbreviated, on its first appearance, must be spelled out and followed immediately by its abbreviation in parentheses.APA permits the use of the following abbreviations that do not need explanation in text (e.g. IQ, AIDS, HIV) Latin Abbreviations used only in parenthetical material; otherwise, use the English translation cf. compare i.e., - that is e.g., - for example viz., - namely etc. -, and so forth vs. versus, against

Editing StyleScientific AbbreviationsUse abbreviations and symbols for metric and nonmetric units of measurement that are accompanied by numeric values (e.g., 5 in., 3 cm, 12 min, 20 hr, 5 lb) but not for the units of time (e.g., month, year, day, week)Plurals of Abbreviations add s alone, but not italicized, without an apostrophe (e.g., IQs, Eds, vols, but pp.)

19) Statistical and Mathematical CopyEx., F(2,_10)_=_8.32,_ p_

Editing Style20) Numbers Expressed in FiguresUse figures to expressall numbers 10 and above (e.g., 10 members, 12 years old)all numbers below 10 that are grouped for comparison with numbers 10 and above (e.g., 3 out of 10, of 10 groups, the 5th group, 6 of the 20 respondents)numbers that immediately precede a unit of measurement (e.g., 5-ft wood, 3-mg dose)numbers that represent time; dates; ages; sample, subsample, or population size; scores and points on a scale; exact sums of moneyEx: 2 hr 30 min $2 each 3 weeks ago 2:30 a.m. 5 rats October 6, 1955 scored 3 on a 5-point scale

Editing Stylenumbers that denote a specific place in a numbered series, parts of books and tables, and each number in a list of four or more numbers.Ex: Grade 5 (but fifth grade);Table 2; page 25; chapter 4; row 2; 3, 4, 6, and 10 students, respectively)

21) Numbers Expressed in Wordsnumbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements and that are grouped for comparison with numbers below 10 (e.g. nine experiments, five trials, three-way table, zero-based budgeting, one-line statement)any number that begins a sentence (e.g. Forty-five percent of the respondents . . ., Ten patients improved, and 5 patients did not improve.)common fractions (e.g., one fifth of the class, two-thirds majority, increased by three fourths)

Editing Style22) Combining Figures and Words to Express Numbersrounded large numbers (starting with millions)Ex: almost 5 million Filipinos A budget of PhP5.2 billionback to back modifiersEx. first 5 items, ten 5-year-olds, 2 two-way tables eleven 7-year-old students, first 10 items (but first two items)

23) Decimal FractionsUse a zero before the decimal point when numbers are less than 1. (e.g., 0.56 cm, 0.23 in., 0,56 s, 0.9 ft)Do not use zero before a decimal fraction when the number cannot be greater than 1. (e.g., p < .05, r = -.65)

Editing Style24) Commas in Numbers - Use commas between groups of three digits in most figures of 1,000 or more (except serial numbers, degrees of temperature, page numbers)

25) Plurals of Numbers - Add s or es alone to form the plurals of numbers whether expressed as figures or as words (e.g. Threes and sixes, 1990s, 2000s, 10s and 20s)

26) Style for Metric Units - Use the metric symbol to express a metric unit when it appears with a numeric value (e.g 2 m), otherwise, spell out the unit in text (e.g. measured in meters) - use the metric symbol in column and sub headings of tables - use lowercase letters when writing out full names of units, unless used at the beginning of the sentence (e.g. meters, kilograms, giga, mega, deci)

Editing Style -TablesTable 1

Volume and Value of Philippine Gold Exports, 1980-2003_______________________________________________________________ Year Volume Growth rate Value Growth rate (MT) (%) (US $) (%)_______________________________________________________________

1980 1,140,352 544,974,421 1981 1,138,628 (0.15) 429,376,458 (21.21)

1982 1,060,405 (6.87) 312,447,026 (27.23)

________________________________________________________________Average 266,322 (11.79) 90,261,726 (8.24)_________________________________________________________________Note. From Title of Article, by Author and Author, 2004, Title of Journal, 50,p. 30Copyright 2005 by the Name of copyright Holder. Reprinted with permission.

Editing Style28) Reference ListReferences cited in text must appear in the reference list; each entry in the reference list must be cited in textThe text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling and yearEntry contains the following: author, year of publication, title, volume numbers (if journals or periodicals), page numbers and publishing dataAcceptable Abbreviationschap.Chapterp. (pp.)page (pages) ed.EditionVol.Volume (Vol. 3) Rev. ed.revised editionvols.Volumes 4 vols.)2nd ed.second editionNo.NumberEd. (Eds.)Editor (Editors) Pt.PartTrans.TranslatorsTech. Rep. Technical Reportn. d.no dateSuppl.Supplement

Editing Style29) Reference Citation in TextOne Work by One Author author-date method of citation (do not include Jr.) Ex. a) As Tan (2000) points out . . . . b) Both tenants and landless workers in nonrice and corn lands number about . . . (Ledesma, 2001). c) In 2001, Ledesma found that . . . . d) In a study on . . ., Ledesma (2001) emphasized that . . . Ledesma also found . . . .

One Work by Multiple Authors Two Authors always cite both names every time the reference occurs in text

Editing StyleThree, four or five authors cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations, include only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraphEx. Sy, Tan, Co, and Dy (2001) found that . . . .[Use as first citation in text] Sy et al. (2001) found. . . . [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph thereafter].Sy et al. (Omit year from subsequent citations after first citation within a paragraph)

If two references with the same year shorten to the same form (e.g. Sy, Tan, and Co, 2003, and Sy, Co, Tan, and Dy, 2003, shorten to Sy et al., 2003) cite the surnames of the first authors to distinguish the two references as:

Sy, Tan, and Co (2003) and Sy, Co et al. (2003)

Editing StyleSix or more authors cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, provide the initials and surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, Ex. Sy, Tan, Co, Dy, Lee, and Ong (2005) Sy, Tan, Lim, Ong, Chan, and Cruz (2005)

In text, cite them, respectively as: Sy, Tan, Co, et al. (2005) and Sy, Tan, Lim, et al. (2005)

In parenthetical material, tables and captions, and reference list, join the names by an ampersand (&)

Ex. Cruz and Chavez (2002) pointed that . . . . . . . as has been shown (Cruz & Chavez, 2002)

Editing StyleGroups as AuthorsThe names of groups (e.g., corporations, associations, study groups, etc.) are spelled out each time they appear in a text citation; the names of some group authors are spelled out in the first citation and abbreviated thereafter especially if the name is long and familiar or readily understandable.

Ex. (Bureau of Forest Development [BFD], BFD), PAGASA, NEDA, WB, UP, DLSU, IRRI, US, University of Peru, Central Bank

Works with No Author or Anonymous AuthorNo author cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the year; use around the title of an article or chapter, and italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or reportEx. . . . as stressed in the Agribusiness Bulletin (1999) . . . profitable for private traders (The Effect of, 2000)

Editing StyleLegal materials - cite materials such as court cases and legislation by the first few words of the reference and the year.For cases: Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Date) Onuh v. Usigan, 234 F. Supp. 345 (March 16, 1995)Anonymous - e.g., (Anonymous, 2003)

Authors With the Same Surnameinclude the first authors initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs.Ex. A. T. Valerio (2004) and T. A. Valerio (2005) also found. . . A. C. Cruz and Ilagan (1998) and C. A. Cruz and Sy (2000)

Two or More Works Within the Same Parenthesesarrange two or more works by the same authors (in the same order) by year of publication.; give the authors surnames once; for each subsequent work, give only the date. Ex. (Cruz & Santos, 1995, 1998)Several studies (Smith, 1995, 1997, 2000; Lim, 1989,1995)

Editing StyleSpecific Parts of a Source

indicate the page, chapter, figure, or table at the appropriate point in text. Ex. (Boserup & Kim, 2000, p.205); (Nakamura, 1995, chap. 2) (Kim, 2001, Conclusion section, para. 2)

Personal Communicationsmay be letters, memos, e-mail, personal interviews,, and the like; cited in text only and not included in the reference listEx. T. J. Santos (personal communication, April 3, 1995) ( F. C. Ilagan, personal communication, June 2, 2004)

Citations in Parenthetical Material(see Table 10 of Sy, Tan, & Co, 2004, for complete data)

Editing Style30) Order of References in the Reference ListAlphabetize namesOne-author entries are arranged by year of publicationEx. Valerio, A. T. (1998) Valerio, A. T. (2000)

One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname Ex. Valerio, A. T. (2000) Valerio, A. T., & Ilagan, F. C. (2001)

31) General Forms (Reference Style)BookMarcos, F. E., & Arroyo, G. M., (2000) Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects (3rd ed.). Washington DC: John Wiley and Sons.

Editing StyleGroup author (government agency) as publisherNational Statistics Office. (2002). Census of population and housing, Sta. Mesa, ManilaDaily newspaperSamson, L. A. (2003, April 20). How to fight obesity. Philippine Daily Inquirer, p. C20.Journal article, more than six authorsChong, S. F., Sy, A. C., Lim, J. G., Tan, L. C., See, K. N., Dy, J. L., et al., (2000). Population pressure, migration and markets: Implications for upland development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 55, 10401049.Magazine articleFalcon, W. P. & Capule, A. G. (1995, June 10). Scenarios for the year 2005. Science, 290, 12-16.Periodical published annuallyRomero, G. M. (2001). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155 - 195

Editing StyleEdited bookGonzales, L. A. & Alviar N. A. (Eds.). (1999), Natural resource economics: Issues, analysis, and policy. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Encyclopedia or dictionarySantos, D. R. (Eds.). (1990). The new science encyclopedia (Vols. 1-20), London:Macmillan.

Proceedings of symposiaMinguez , G. R. (1996). The expanded corn program in the Philippines. In A. F. Salgado (Ed.), Asian Regional Maize Workshop (pp. 120-130), University of Bandung Press. Indonesia.

Editing StyleUnpublished doctoral dissertationCruz, D. D. (1982). Technical and institutional change in renewable resource development (with application for traditional fisheries). Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Madison University of Wisconsin.

Article in an internetEnvironmental sustainability index. (n.d). Retrieved August 24, 2004, from http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/.

Newton, R. T. (2004, July 7). Ten top corporations in the world. In Business word. Retrieved October 10, 2004, from http://www.corp.net.

Thank you.

Figure 2-2 {p.34}