APA Style Fitz

8/2/2019 APA Style Fitz

1/86

APA STYLE


2/86

APA STYLE

rules or guidelines observed toensure clear, consistent

presentation of the printedword

concerns uniform use of

punctuations andabbreviations, construction oftables, selection of headings

and citation of references and


3/86

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONSIN MANUSCRIPT

PREPARATION1. Paper

8 X 11, heavy whitebond paper

2. Typeface

12-pt Times New Roman 12-pt Courier New

12-pt Sans Serif


4/86


PREPARATION3. Spacing

double space;

single spacefor table titlesand headings, figurecaptions, references,footnotes and long

quotations. Triple- or quadruple-

spacing after chapter titles,before major subheadings,

before footnotes, andbefore and after tables in the


5/86


PREPARATION4. Margins 1 left margin, 1 top, bottom, and right

margins

5. Pagination

number all pages, except the artwork forfigure and major chapters

preliminary pages usually carry lowercaseroman numerals

Introduction (Chapter I) Arabic numerals

page numbers continue throughout thea endixGENERAL INSTRUCTIONS


6/86


PREPARATION6. Figures, Tables, and

Footnotes

short tables may appearon a page with some text

long tables and each figure

are placed on a separatepage immediately after thepage on which the table orfigure is first mentioned


7/86


PREPARATION Figures and figure captions

Figure number is italics; text of thecaption is not italicized; capitalize

only the first word and any propernouns; figure captions are typedbelow; Minimum size 8 pt,maximum size 14 pt

Paragraphs and Indentations

First line of every paragraph andthe first line of every footnote

Bibliography has a hanging indent

format (first line is set flush leftand the subsequent lines are


8/86

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS INMANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

7. Uppercase and Lowercaseletters

8. Headings

CENTERED UPPERCASEHEADING

Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase

andLowercase Side Heading

Indented, italicized,uppercase only the first wordand proper noun, paragraph


9/86

STYLE1) Period used in initials of names (R. A.

Santos); abbreviation for UnitedStates when used as an adjective(U.S. Navy); latin abbreviations(a.m., cf., i.e., vs.), and referenceabbreviations (Vol. 1, 3rd ed., p.

10) No periods for abbreviations of

state names (NY, NH, NC),acronyms (APA, WB, IQ), and

metric and nonmetricmeasurement abbreviations cm


10/86

EDITING STYLE

2) Comma

used between elements in a series ofthree or more items; before and and or

Ex: Imus, Bacoor, or IndangIn a study conducted by Sandoval,

Campos, and Reyes (2005) . . .

to set off a nonessential or nonrestrictive

clause, that is, if removed would leavethe grammatical structure and meaningof the sentence intact.

Ex. Ex-President Estrada, the 13thPresident of the Philippines, was

accused of plunder.


11/86

EDITING STYLE

Do not use comma

before an essential or restrictiveclause

Ex. These were the infrastructures thatwere especially built in tourism.

between the two parts of a compoundpredicate

Ex. The results contradicted Valeriosfindings and indicated that the effect wasnot significant.

to separate parts of a measurement


12/86

EDITING STYLE

3) Semicolon

to separate two independentclauses that are not joinedby a conjunction

Ex. The freshmen studentsincurred higher expenditures;

the sophomore incurredlower expenditures

to separate elements in aseries that already containcommas

Ex. The order of pilot testing was

Silang, Imus, Bacoor; or


13/86

EDITING STYLE

4) Colon

used between agrammatically completeintroductory clause (onethat could stand as asentence) and a final

phrase or clause thatillustrates, extends, oramplifies the precedingthought.

Ex. There are two sources ofpollution: the point sources


14/86

EDITING STYLE

If the clause following the colonis a complete sentence, itbegins with a capital letter.

Ex. The result was worth noting:The Philippines is the

leading exporter of banana

in the world.Do not use a colon after anintroduction that is not acomplete sentence.

Ex. The formula is Y = a + bX


15/86

EDITING STYLE

5) Dash

to indicate only asudden interruption inthe continuity of asentence.

Ex. The respondents50members, 40nonmemberswere

considered separately.


16/86

EDITING STYLE

6) em dash (two hyphens)

to set off an element added to

amplify from the main clause;no space before and after

Ex. Students--undergraduateand graduate- -are

exempted.


17/86

EDITING STYLE

7) Quotation Marks

to introduce a word or phrase used as anironic comment, as slang, or as an invented

or coined expression (no quotation marksafter the initial usage)

Ex. Ex-President Estrada was accused as thebiggest

jueteng lord in the country. to enclose quotations in text

Ex. Dizon (2003) found that the ill-gottenwealth of Ex-

President Marcos amounted to US$50


18/86

EDITING STYLE

8) Parenthesis

to set off reference citations and page numberin text

Ex. Reyes (2001) and Santos (2002) reported that.. . .

(p. 245).

to introduce an abbreviation,

Ex. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to enclose statistical values,

Ex. (p < .05)

Do not use parenthesis to enclose materialwithin other parenthesis


19/86

EDITING STYLE

9) Slash

to separate numeratorfrom the denominator( e.g. X/Y)

to cite a republished workin text .

Ex. Reyes (1996/2000)


20/86

EDITING STYLE

10)Brackets

used to enclose material insertedin a quotation by some person

other than the original author.

Ex. Boserup (1999) stressed thatmans influence on the

quality of the environmentdepends on the damage hedoes [alteration in a cultural system]and the effort

devoted to undoing that damage.


21/86

EDITING STYLE

If a complete sentence ends with aparenthesis, the period follows theclosing parenthesis.

Ex. The Philippine agriculture ischaracterized by a

relative scarcity of land (in relation topeople).

If a complete sentence is enclosed in aparenthesis, the period is placed insidethe closing parenthesis.

Ex. (The Philippine agriculture is characterized


22/86

EDITING STYLE

11) Seriation

To show seriation within aparagraph or sentence uselowercase letters inparentheses.

Ex. The three principal thrusts are(a) institute a new program, (b)strengthen support services, and (c)Increase saving rates.


23/86

EDITING STYLE

To indicate seriation of separateparagraphs (e.g., itemizedrecommendations or procedures)number each paragraph with an

Arabic numeral followed by aperiod.

Ex. The following immediate

recommendations are:1. Launch a massive rural

infrastructure programs in thepoorest regions.

2. Immediate land reform programin oorest areas.


24/86

EDITING STYLECONT.

12. Quotations

Short quotations (fewer

than 40 words) shouldbe incorporated into thetext and enclosed bydouble quotation marks.


25/86

Ex. Propst (1996),

professional or registerednurses (RNs) nowadayslack in effectivecommunication practicesthat could affect therecovery and well-being ofthe patients.


26/86

Long quotations (40 or

more words) noquotation marks toenclose block quotations


27/86

Ex. Cruz (2003) found

the following: Manydeveloping countrieshave depended on

export promotion as aroad to economicdevelopment for many

reasons . . .


28/86

13. Ellipsis points used to indicate omitted

materialType three periods with a

space before and after

each period to indicate anomission within a sentence.

Type four periods to

indicate an omission


29/86

Ex.

The core of Nursing is thenurse-client relationshipwherein the nurse establishesand maintains the key to thisrelationship by using his/herknowledge and skills contributes to the clients

health and well being.


30/86

14) Spelling

Merriam-WebstersCollegiate Dictionary standard spelling

reference for APA Ex. aging, canceled,

appendix- appendixes,

matrix-matrices


31/86

15. Hyphenation

Compound words maytake forms as (a) twoseparate words, (b) ahyphenated word, or (c)one unbroken, solidword

Ex. follow up, follow-up,


32/86

Permanent compound

compound words foundin the dictionary


33/86

Do not hyphenate

a compound including an

adverb ending in ly(e.g.widely used, randomlyassigned)

a compound including acomparative or superlativeadjective


34/86

foreign phrases used asadjectives or adverbs

Ex. a priori, ad hoc, fed adlib but ad-lib feeding

common fractions usedas nouns

Ex. one third of theparticipants


35/86

Prefixes that do notrequire hyphens

after, anti, bi, co,counter, equi, extra,

infra, inter, intra, macro,mid, mini, multi, non,over, post, pre, pro, re,

semi, socio, sub, un,


36/86

Prefixed words that requirehyphens

an abbreviation (e.g. pre-WW II), a number (e.g.post-1960), capitalized

(e.g. pro-Arroyo) all self- compounds,

whether adjectives or

nouns


37/86

words that could bemisunderstood

Ex. re-pair (pair again), re-form(form again), un-ionized

words in which the prefix endsand the base word begins withthe same vowel.

Ex. co-occur, pre-existing,


38/86

when two or morecompound modifiers

have a common base,this base is sometimesomitted in all except

the last modifier, butthe hyphens areretained.

- -


39/86

Other cases:

student-centeredapproach but Theapproach was student

centered t-test results but results

from ttests


40/86

16. Capitalization

In titles and headings,

capitalize:

major words within the

body of the paper(excluding conjunctions,articles and short

prepositions); however,


41/86

Ex

In her study, FactorsAffecting the Use of

Therapeutic

Communication


42/86

Do not capitalize

names of laws, theories,

models, or hypotheses Ex. law of supply and demand,

Maslows hierarchy of needs,

life cycle hypothesis nouns that precede a

variable (e.g. item y,

experiment b)


43/86

17) Italicizing Words

Use italics for titles of books,

periodicals, and microfilmpublications

Ex. In the book , Introduction

to Macroeconomics genera, species, and

varieties

introduction of a new,


44/86

words that could be misread(e.g. the small and big groups

designations not group size)

letters used as statisticalsymbols or algebraic variables

periodical volume numbers inreference lists

anchors of a scale


45/86

Do not use italics for

foreign phrases andabbreviations common inEnglish

chemical terms

trigonometric terms


46/86

18. Abbreviations

A term to be abbreviated, on

its first appearance, must bespelled out and followedimmediately by its

abbreviation in parentheses. APA permits the use of the

following abbreviations thatdo not need ex lanation in


47/86

Latin Abbreviations usedonly in parenthetical material;

otherwise, use the Englishtranslation

cf. compare i.e., - that ise.g., - for example viz., -

namely

etc. -, and so forth vs.


48/86

Scientific Abbreviations

Use abbreviations and

symbols for metric andnonmetric units ofmeasurement that are

accompanied by numericvalues but not for the unitsof time


49/86

Plurals ofAbbreviations

add s alone, but notitalicized, without an

apostrophe


50/86

19. Statistical and

Mathematical Copy

Ex., F(2,_10)_=_8.32,_p_


51/86

20. NUMBERS EXPRESSED INFIGURES

Use figures to express

all numbers 10 and above

all numbers below 10 thatare grouped for comparisonwith numbers 10 and above

numbers that immediatelyprecede a unit of

measurement


52/86

numbers that represent time;dates; ages; sample,

subsample, or populationsize; scores and points on ascale; exact sums of money

numbers that denote aspecific place in a numberedseries, parts of books and

tables, and each number in a

21 NUMBERS EXPRESSED


53/86

21. NUMBERS EXPRESSEDIN WORDS

numbers below 10 that do

not represent precisemeasurements and that aregrouped for comparison with

numbers below 10 any number that begins a

sentence


54/86

22. Combining Figures and

Words to ExpressNumbers

rounded large numbers

back to back modifiers


55/86

23. Decimal Fractions

Use a zero before the decimalpoint when numbers are lessthan 1

Do not use zero before adecimal fraction when thenumber cannot be greaterthan 1


56/86

24) Commas inNumbers

Use commas betweengroups of three digits inmost figures of 1,000 ormore (except serialnumbers, degrees oftemperature, page

numbers)


57/86

EDITING STYLE

25. Plurals of Numbers

Add -s or -es alone toform the plurals ofnumbers whether

expressed as figures oras words


58/86

EDITING STYLE

26. Style for Metric Units

Use the metric symbol to express ametric unit when it appears with a

numeric value (e.g 2 m), otherwise,spell out the unit in text

use the metric symbol in column

and sub headings of tables use lowercase letters when writing

out full names of units, unless usedat the beginning of the (e.g.meters, kilo rams, i a, me a,


59/86

EDITING STYLE

27) Reference List

References cited in textmust appear in thereference list; eachentry in the reference

list must be cited intext

The text citation and

reference list entry are


60/86

EDITING STYLE

Entry contains the following: author,year of publication, title, volumenumbers (if journals or periodicals),page numbers and publishing data

Acceptable Abbreviationschap. Chapterp. (pp.) - page (pages)ed. EditionVol. - Volume (Vol. 3)Rev. ed. - revised editionvols. - Volumes 4 vols.)2nd ed. - second edition

No. - NumberEd. (Eds.) - Editor (Editors)Pt. - PartTrans. TranslatorsTech. Rep. - TechnicalReportn. d. - no dateSuppl. - Supplement


61/86

EDITING STYLE

28) Reference Citation in Text

One Work by One Author author-date method ofcitation (do not includeJr.)

Ex. a) As Tan (2000) points out . . . .

b) Both tenants and landless workers in nonriceand

corn lands number about . . . (Ledesma,

2001).

c) In 2001, Ledesma found that . . . .

d) In a study on . . ., Ledesma (2001) emphasized

that . . . Ledesma also found . . . .


62/86

EDITING STYLE

One Work by MultipleAuthors

Two Authors alwayscite both names everytime the reference occursin text


63/86

EDITING STYLE

Three, four or five authors cite all authors thefirst time the reference occurs; in subsequentcitations, include only the surname of the first authorfollowed by et al. and the year if it is the first citation

of the reference within a paragraphEx. Use as first citation in text

Sy, Tan, Co, and Dy (2001) found that . . . .

Use as subsequent first citation perparagraph thereafter

Sy et al. (2001) found. . . . .

Omit year from subsequent citationsafter first citation within a paragraph


64/86

EDITING STYLE

If two references with thesame year shorten to thesame form (e.g. Sy, Tan, andCo, 2003, and Sy, Co, Tan,and Dy, 2003, shorten to Syet al., 2003) cite thesurnames of the first authorsto distinguish the tworeferences as:

Sy, Tan, and Co (2003) and

Sy, Co et al. (2003)


65/86

EDITING STYLE

Six or more authors citeonly the surname of the first

author followed by et al. andthe year for the first andsubsequent citations. In thereference list, provide the

initials and surnames of thefirst six authors, and shortenany remaining authors to etal.


66/86

EDITING STYLE

If two references with six or moreauthors shorten to the sameform,

Ex. Sy, Tan, Co, Dy, Lee, and Ong(2005)

Sy, Tan, Lim, Ong, Chan, andCruz (2005)

In text, cite them, respectively as:Sy, Tan, Co, et al. (2005) and Sy,

Tan, Lim, et al. (2005)


67/86

EDITING STYLE

In parenthetical material,tables and captions, and

reference list, join thenames by an ampersand(&)

Ex. Cruz and Chavez (2002)pointed that . . . .

. . . as has been shown


68/86

EDITING STYLE

Groups as Authors

The names of groups (e.g.,

corporations, associations, studygroups, etc.) are spelled out eachtime they appear in a text citation;the names of some group authorsare spelled out in the first citation

and abbreviated thereafterespecially if the name is long andfamiliar or readily understandable.

Ex. (Bureau of Forest

Development [BFD], BFD), PAGASA


69/86

EDITING STYLE

Works with No Author orAnonymous Author

cite in text the first few words of

the reference list entry (usuallythe title) and the year; use around the title of an article orchapter, and italicize the title of a

periodical, book, brochure, orreportEx. . . . as stressed in the

Agribusiness Bulletin (1999)

. . . profitable for private traders (The


70/86

EDITING STYLE

Legal materials - citematerials such as court casesand legislation by the first few

words of the reference and theyear.

For cases: Name v. Name,Volume Source Page (Court

Date)Onuh v. Usigan, 234 F. Supp.

345 (March 16, 1995)

Anonymous - e.g.,Anon mous, 2003


71/86

EDITING STYLE

Authors With the SameSurname

include the first authorsinitials in all text citations,even if the year ofpublication differs.

Ex. A. T. Valerio (2004) and T.A. Valerio (2005) alsofound. . .

A. C. Cruz and Ilagan


72/86

EDITING STYLE

Two or More Works Withinthe Same Parentheses

arrange two or more works

by the same authors (in thesame order) by year ofpublication.; give theauthors surnames once; for

each subsequent work, giveonly the date.

Ex. (Cruz & Santos, 1995,1998)


73/86

EDITING STYLE

Specific Parts of a Source

indicate the page, chapter,

figure, or table at theappropriate point in text.

Ex. (Boserup & Kim, 2000,p.205);

(Nakamura, 1995,chap. 2)

(Kim, 2001, Conclusion

section, para. 2)


74/86

EDITING STYLE

Personal Communications

may be letters, memos, e-

mail, personal interviews,,and the like; cited in textonly and not included in thereference list

Ex. T. J. Santos (personalcommunication, April

3,1995)

( F. C. Ilagan, personal

EDITING STYLE


75/86

EDITING STYLE

29) Order of References inthe Reference List

Alphabetize names One-author entries are

arranged by year ofpublication

Ex. Valerio, A. T. (1998)

Valerio, A. T. (2000)

EDITING STYLE


76/86

EDITING STYLE

One-author entriesprecede multiple-author

entries beginning with thesame surname

Ex. Valerio, A. T.(2000)

Valerio, A. T., &Ilagan, F. C.

(2001)

EDITING STYLE


77/86

EDITING STYLE

30) General Forms(Reference Style)

Book

Marcos, F. E., & Arroyo, G.M., (2000) Family

mediation: Facts, myths,and future prospects(3rd ed.). Washington DC:

John Wiley and Sons.

EDITING STYLE


78/86

EDITING STYLE

Group author (governmentagency) as publisher

National Statistics Office.(2002). Census of populationand housing, Sta. Mesa, Manila

Daily newspaper

Samson, L. A. (2003, April 20).How to fight obesity. PhilippineDaily Inquirer, p. C20.

EDITING STYLE


79/86

EDITING STYLE

Journal article, morethan six authors

Chong, S. F., Sy, A. C., Lim,J. G., Tan, L. C., See, K. N.,Dy, J. L., et al., (2000).Population pressure,migration and markets:Implications for uplanddevelopment. Quarterly

Journal of Economics,55,

10401049

EDITING STYLE


80/86

EDITING STYLE

Magazine article

Falcon, W. P. & Capule, A. G.(1995, June 10). Scenarios for

the year 2005. Science, 290, 12-16.

Periodical published annually

Romero, G. M. (2001). Socialcognition and social perception.

Annual Review of Psychology, 44,155 - 195

EDITING STYLE


81/86

EDITING STYLE

Edited book

Gonzales, L. A. & Alviar N.A. (Eds.). (1999), Naturalresource economics:Issues, analysis, and

policy. New York: JohnWiley and Sons.

EDITING STYLE


82/86

EDITING STYLE

Encyclopedia ordictionary

Santos, D. R. (Eds.).(1990). The new scienceencyclopedia (Vols. 1-20),London:Macmillan

EDITING STYLE


83/86

EDITING STYLE

Proceedings of symposia

Minguez , G. R. (1996). The

expanded corn program inthe Philippines. In A. F.Salgado (Ed.),AsianRegional Maize Workshop

(pp. 120-130), University ofBandung Press. Indonesia.

EDITING STYLE


84/86

EDITING STYLE

Unpublished doctoraldissertation

Cruz, D. D. (1982).Technical andinstitutional change inrenewable resource

development (withapplication for traditionalfisheries). Unpublisheddoctoral dissertation,Madison University ofWisconsin.

EDITING STYLE


85/86

EDITING STYLE

Article in an internet

Environmental sustainabilityindex. (n.d). Retrieved

August 24, 2004, fromhttp://www.http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/cc.gatech.environ/fcu/..

Newton, R. T. (2004, July 7).Ten top corporations in theworld. In Business word.Retrieved October 10, 2004,from http://www.corp.net.
http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/http://www.cc.gatech.environ/fcu/


86/86

APA Style Fitz

Documents

Transcript of APA Style Fitz