APA Referencing

Where does this workshop fit?

Workshop Overview• Referencing and Plagiarism

• APA format defined

• In-text referencing

• Direct quotes and paraphrasing

• End-of-text referencing

Referencing and Plagiarism

• Acknowledging and identifying information sources is called Referencing

• Using others’ ideas, without giving credit, is Plagiarism

• Plagiarism has serious consequences

Why Reference?• To acknowledge or mihi to the person

you got the information from

• To direct readers to specific information sources

• Shows the reader:o How widely we have reado The quality of our sources

We use APA referencing

In text & end-of-text referencingIn-text – paraphrasing, summarising or direct quotes in our sentences and paragraphs

End of text - the reference list at the end of the assignment

In-text referencing - Direct quotesAs a guide, don’t use more than 5% of the total essay word count as direct quotes

• Include quotes less than 40 words as part of the essay

• Separate quotes more than 40 words with a line space and indentation

• Include the page number for all direct quotes

In-text referencing - Paraphrasing

• Accurately putting the ideas into our own words

Paraphrased ideas still need to be referenced!

In-text referencing - Summarising

• Providing an overview of an idea or piece of research

• More general than a direct quote or paraphrase

A summary still needs to be referenced!

Quotes, paraphrases, summaries

RESEARCH

Quote: Very specific

Paraphrase: Identifies one main idea

Summary: Very general overview

In-text referencing

• Citing or including a citation

• Include:1. The author’s surname/s2. The year of publication3. Page number for direct quotes

• Depends number of authors

In-text referencing – 1 author

• One author:o Smith (1999) suggested that…o … is one theory (Smith, 2000).

• Two authors:o Smith and Jones (1999)

suggested that…o … is one theory (Smith & Jones,

1999).

In-text referencing – 3-5 Authors

• First reference o Smith, Jones, Davis, and Douglas

(2005) suggested that…o … is one theory (Smith, Jones, Davis,

& Douglas, 2005).

• Subsequent referenceso …was developed as well (Smith et

al., 2005).

In-text referencing – 6 or more Authors

• Surname of the first author and ‘et al.’ every time we refer to them:

o Smith et al. (1999) suggested that…

o … is one theory (Smith et al., 1999).

End-of-text Referencing

• Needs to be exact – down to commas, full stops, italics and capital letters.

• Specific to the type of reference (e.g. book, website, journal article).

• Use a quick guide, go to Stylewizard.com or use the reference wizard in Word 2007.

Quick referencing hand out

17

End-of-text ReferencingReference list needs:

• A heading: References• Alphabetical order of the first author

of each reference• Indented after the first line of each

reference• Extra line between each reference

End-of-text Referencing

• Referencing books:Author, A.A., Author, B.B., &

Author, C.C. (Year). Title of book. Place: Publisher.

Smith, K.L. (2000). Communication theory. New York: Plenum Press.

Smith, K.L., & Jones, P.J. (2005). Media studies. Sydney: Oxford Press.

End-of-text Referencing• Referencing book chapters:

Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Year). Title of book chapter. In A.A. Author, & B.B. Author (Eds.), Title of book (pages of book). Place: Publisher.

Smith, K.L., & Jones, K.P., & Douglas, J.J. (2000). Communication theory. In A.J. Smith & K.L. Jones (Eds.), Communication and the media (pp.2-34). New York: Plenum Press.

End-of-text Referencing• Referencing journals:

Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (Year). Title of article. Journal name, Issue number, pages.

Smithers, R.K. (1976). English morphology for Asian speakers. TESOL Studies, 17, 19 – 27.

Smithers, R.K., Sweeney, G., & Sutherland, P.E. (1979). English phonology for Asian speakers. TESOL Studies, 18, 39 – 46.

End-of-text Referencing• Referencing electronic journals:

Surname, Initials. (Year). Title of article. Journal name, Edition number, pages. Retrieved month, day, year, from source.

Smith, K.L., (2000). Role of supervisors in performance. Performance Management, 2, 23-45. Retrieved August 23, 2006, from http://www.performance.com/article1.

End-of-text Referencing• Referencing websites (if no author is given, start

with the title):Surname, Initials. (Year, month day). Name of web

page. Retrieved month day, year, from Name of Web Site: www.url.co.nz

Smith, K.L. (2000, February 20). Role of supervisors in performance. Retrieved November 28, 2009, from Performance Management: http://www.performance.com/supervisors

Summary• Referencing acknowledges the ideas of

others• We refer to those ideas by summarising,

paraphrasing or quoting• References need to be written in specific

ways• We don’t need to memorise the format,

but can look it up each time we need it• A reference list includes all the references

included in the assignment

Remember…

If you need more help, just ask your Kaiako, Librarian or

Student Support Advisor.

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