APA Referencing

REFERENCING

Referencing is the method used to ensure that other research influences are recognised within your paper.

Includes two main parts: a citation within the text of your papera list of references at the end of

your paper

Why is referencing important?

• The idea is that you acknowledge the source and intellectual property of the authors, while providing the reader of your workwith pointers towards the original sources of information, should they wish to investigate further.

Why is referencing important?

• Correct referencing helps ensure that you avoid being accused of plagiarism.

• Referencing ensures that you can demonstrate how your ideas build upon the research of others.

• If someone is reading your work, they should be able to use your referencing to find the articles you used in your paper.

Referencing is important in research…

How do I do referencing the proper way? How do I cite a book? Journal?

A thesis?

MLA and APA

MLA APA

Modern Language Association• Cross-referencing• Manuscript guidelines• In-text (parenthetical) citations• Works Cited (not a

bibliography)• Supporting documents

(if required): annotated bibliography footnotes and/or endnotes

American Psychological Association

• Cross-referencing• Manuscript guidelines• In-text (parenthetical) citations• References (not a

bibliography)• Supporting documents

(if required):• author note• abstract• footnotes • appendix: brief materials

(descriptions, lists, etc)

Differences MLA APA

• author-page method of citation

• created for scholars in English composition and literature

• author’s full name on first mention

• use of the “right”language for the audience being addressed

• author-date method of citation

• created for researchers in the social sciences

• authors’last names only

• objective tone, scientific writing

• economy of expression

MLA APA

• present tense verb in signal phrase vs. past tense

• medium of publication designation (ex. Print, Web, etc.)

• many purposes for writing and research

• past or present perfect tense verb in signal phrase*

• DOI (digital object identifier) or document number

• two purposes for writing and research

• * Present tense is used “to discuss implications of

• the results and to present conclusions” (APA 66).

Purpose for writing and conducting research MLA and APA

• to analyze, argue, compare, contrast, define, describe, discuss, evaluate, explain, illustrate, inform, interpret, narrate, report, show cause and effect, summarize, trace

• To report original research (your own)

• To review literature previously written about a research topic

Features of APA Style• Title page required with running head• Abstract• Use of headings to help readers follow the

organization of the paper. For an original research report: Method, Results,

Discussion. The introduction is not given a heading.

• Page numbers for quotations, paraphrases, and summaries.

• Thesis statement—answers a research question or hypothesis.

• For an original research report, what the experiment has proven.

• For a literature review, conclusions made by researchers about the topic.

• Types of evidence: reports of empirical (experimental)

studies; reviews; case studies, meta-analyses, etc.double spacing

Title Page

CITATIONS IN THE TEXT

1. APA uses the author-date method of citation. The last name of the author and the date of publication are inserted in the text in the appropriate place.

2. When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number, as well.

3. When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text and use quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free-standing indented block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.

DIRECT QUOTATION

“At the crux of any discussion concerning the sixties, one inevitably comes up against the word revolution” (Green, 1999; p17).

Citation within the text

For example:

Ayra (2003) critically re-evaluated the structure of their

research and opted to include a greater level of detail

about citations and referencing of sources.

OR

you can do this by putting the author’s name and publication year in round brackets at the end of the sentence to which the citation refers; prior to the full-stop.

For example:

It was further argued that a number of structural elements were missing from the design of the original study (Ayra, 2003)

OR

you can provide the date and then the author(s) surnames.

For example:

In 2003, Ayra’s study surrounding the design of structural elements demonstrated that…

• In the reference list, you then put the full details of the reference to enable a reader to trace the source of information that you used:

Example:

Ayra, C. (2003). Design of structural elements. London: Spon Press.

Do I cite the author of the text book in which I found the information or the author

of the original article or theory they are talking about?

• For example, you wanted to paraphrase some information about Broadbent’s (2000) theory and research that you found in Eysenck and Keane’s (2003) cognitive psychology text book.

• This refers to the ‘cited by’ convention, which is discouraged and therefore best avoided wherever possible.

“Broadbent’s theory of attention (Broadbent, 2000, cited by Eysenck and Keane, 2003) states that…” etc.

• If you wished to just cite Broadbent (2000) for example, you would look in Eysenck and Keane's references list for the reference to which this relates. Then put the relevant Broadbent reference in your references section.

“Cited by” convention…

• If you wanted specifically to pick up on Eysenck and Keane’s argument about Broadbent’s theory, you could perhaps use the following:

“Eysenck & Keane (2003) raise a particularly pertinent point about Broadbent’s (2000) theory of attention…” etc. – and then include the references for both the text book and the original Broadbent source in your references section.

• You do not need to include the Eysenck and Keane book in your references section UNLESS you have cited them specifically in the main body of the assignment..

The idea is that as you progress through your course you will rely less and less on text books, going to the original journal articles instead and forming your own conclusions.

What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

Reference list - list of all the information sources that you have cited in your text

Bibliography - list of items that you have read, and has informed your thinking, but not specifically cited in your assignment

• Make sure that for every different cited author (or authors) you come across, that there is the original source listed in your references section.

• There must be an exact match between the sources cited and the references listed.

Rules! Rules!

IN TEXT CITATION

AUTHOR RULES

1. With One Author

2. With Two Authors

3. With Three to Five Authors

4. With Six or more Authors

5. No Identified Author

6. Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation

Works by multiple authors:

• When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the work in the text.

When a work has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time the reference occurs and then subsequently include only the first author followed by

et al.

• If there are more than six authors, give the first surname followed by et al.

• In the reference list, all authors should be listed..

Works by no identified author:

• When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title).

• Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or Web page. Italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report.

• For example: The site seemed to indicate support for

homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).

The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).

Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation:

• Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in the order they appear in the reference list (i.e., alphabetically, then chronologically).

Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith, 1990) suggest that...

Specific parts of a source

• Always give the page number for quotations or to indicate information from a specific table, chart, chapter, graph, or page. The word page is abbreviated but not chapter. For example:

The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85).

Specific parts of a source

• If, as in the instance of online material, the source has neither visible paragraph nor page numbers, cite the heading and the number of the paragraph following it.

• This allows the reader to locate the text in the source. For example:

The patient wrote that she was unimpressed by the doctor’s bedside manner (Smith, 2006, Hospital Experiences section, para. 2).

Author has published 2 or more items in the same year

• If two or more documents are by the same author(s) in the same year, add lower-case letters after the year (a, b, c, etc.) to distinguish between them in your text and in your reference list.

Example:

Morris (1999a) concludes that…

Author as organisation • If an organisation’s name is given instead of a

personal name, then list this as the author

Example: British Psychological Society (2007)

BOOKS

PRINTED MATERIALS

CITATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST

• In general, references should contain the author name, publication date, title, and publication information. Include the issue number if the journal is paginated by issue.

• For information obtained electronically or online include the DOI.

All citations must be in the Hanging Indent Format with the first line flush to the left margin and all other lines indented.

• Publications with a group author (e.g. annual reports or government documents) are often published by the group itself. In these cases the publisher is listed as Author and the place of publication is often the city of the corporation’s head office.

JOURNALS

JOURNAL ARTICLES

1. Journal Article with One Author

2. Journal Article with 2 to 7 Authors

3. Journal Articles with 8 or more Authors

REFERENCE LIST

Journal with Eight or More Authors

• If an article has EIGHT OR MORE authors, list the names of the first 6 followed by “…” and then the last author’s name in the reference entry.

OTHER REFERENCES….

Journal Article - Online

• NEW to the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association: DOI

• APA no longer requires you to indicate if you found the article in a library database (such as one provided by EBSCO or Proquest). The exceptions to this are items found through online archival databases, such as JSTOR or ERIC, which may be difficult or impossible to find elsewhere. If the items are not easily located (e.g. are from ERIC or JSTOR), include the URL for the database’s search page.

• Citing an online journal article is very similar to citing a paper version.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

• a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet

• typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice.

• When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed. Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx

DOI

important

Electronic Books

• Electronic book references are very similar to print book references. Include either the URL or DOI in the reference.

Online Documents (such as Government documents)

Online Images

Citing Electronic Statistical Information and Data

Data Sets • When citing a data set (raw data) from an aggregator such as DLI, ICPSR, Equinox

or <odesi>, use the following convention. First provide the name of the author, then the year of the dataset release in parentheses. Then, give the full name of the dataset in italics followed by the descriptor

e.g. [Data file and code book]. Include the following statement at the end of the citation to indicate the URL where you found the data set: “Retrieved from http://xxxxxx”.

Blogs, Electronic Mailing Lists, etc

• In Text – follow the ‘author, date’ format as shown in other resource examples.

General Reference: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of post [Description of form]. Retrieved from http://www.xxxx

• If only a screen name is available, use it, as in the second blog example below. Note that there are no italics used in these reference entries.

Blogs, Electronic Mailing Lists, etc

Blogs, Electronic Mailing Lists, etc

Personal Communications • Personal communications can include letters, memos,

emails, personal interviews or telephone conversations.• Unlike published sources, personal communications are

cited within the text but generally not in the reference list at the end of the paper as they are irrecoverable data.

• In the in-text citation, the initials and surname of the communicator should be included as well as an exact a date as possible. The APA guidelines do not require that you specify the type of personal communication (email, interview, etc.). .

In Text: (P. K. Smith, personal communication, October 23, 2003)

Lecture Notes (class notes, WebCT and PowerPoint)

• According to formal APA guidelines, course lecture notes taken by the student are considered a form of personal communications (unpublished, ‘non-recoverable data’). As such, they would only be listed in an in-text citation and not in the reference list.

Lecture Notes (class notes, WebCT and PowerPoint)

In Text: In a lecture on January 15, 2008, to a COMM 1000 class, Professor Smith said…

• …(A. B. Smith, COMM 1000 lecture, January 15, 2008).

THESES

CONFERENCES

OFFICIAL REPORTS

MAPS

Tip: When you are referencing online maps make sure you note the author and not just the search engine, for example Tele Atlas produce Google maps not Google themselves.

IMAGES

Tip: If you are referencing an image from a website make sure you reference the actual site and not the search engine used such as Google images.

YOUTUBE AND PODCASTS

TELEVISION

Examples of Audio-visual Material

Example of a Reference List

• REFERENCE LIST

Motion Picture, Video

GROUP WORK

1. Each group is provided with an envelope, containing journal articles, and some papers.

2. Group 1- 3 are to write a REFERENCE LIST based from the paper that was given.

3. Group 4 – 6 are to write “as if writing

their research paper, using all the reference given (See envelope.)

GROUP WORK

4. You are given 30 minutes to complete your work.

5. You can use your laptops to look for the copies of the journals.

5. Choose a leader to present to class.