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APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 1
APA Citation Style
Media Library
Office of Educational Development and Internationalisation
Last update: 13/01/2016 19:27
GENERAL INFORMATION
Copying elements from different sources without crediting the source is considered plagiarism. If you
verbally copy a text (quotation) or want to refer to a publication in your text (citation), you have to do
this adequately and clearly. In order to make adequate quotations and citations, we aim at agreements
made by and for this educational institution. We follow the APA style that was developed by the
American Psychological Association and has received international recognition.
INDEX
B A S I C R U L E
►In-Text Citations
►Basic Rule
►Author
►Year of Publication
►Main Features
►Multiple Authors
►Lists
►Author
►Source
►Appendices,
Illustrations and Tables
►Reference List
►Basic Rule
►Layout
►1. Author
►2. Year or Date of
Publication
►3.Title
►Extra Information
►4. Information about the
Publication
E X A M P L E S
R E F E R E N C E L I S T
►Book
►Journal Article
►Document on a Website
►Electronic Version of a
Journal Article
►Audio Visual Material
Q U O T A T I O N S A N D
P A R A F R A S E S
►How to Quote
►How to Paraphrase
T I P S & T R I C K S
►Add References through Word
►Add References through Other
Programs
SUPPORT
►Contact
►Reference List
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 2
BASIC RULE
Twofold rule for correct references according to the APA style:
- Firstly, mention the reference (author’s last name and year of publication) in the text.
- Finally, add the complete source to a reference list at the back of your text.
In-Text Citations
Basic Rule
In the text, briefly refer to the source you are using. Only mention the author’s last name and the year of
publication.
There are several ways to do this: functionally within the sentence, adding information in parentheses, or
a combination of these two options.
a) Davison (2011) researched the use of social media, which shows that ...
b) Research into the use of social media (Davison, 2011) has shown that ...
c) Davison’s research in 2011 has shown that the use of social media ... (less common)
Author
Only mention the author’s last name.
Year of Publication
The second element is the year of publication. It is very important that you mention the publication year
of the publication that you worked with. In case there are several dates, the most recent date is
sufficient. If the publication does not have a date, use ‘n.d.’ for ‘no date’.
Main Features
Multiple Authors
It is possible that a publication was written by multiple authors. We distinguish between references in
the text or in parentheses.
Follow the appropriate grammar rules if the reference appears within the sentence. If there are two,
three, four or five authors, separate the last and second last name by using the conjunction ‘and’.
Separate the other authors by using commas. In the text, mention all authors in the same sequence used
in the publication. If there are six or more authors, only use the first author’s name followed by ‘et al.’.
For a reference in parentheses, mention the author followed by a comma and the year of publication. If
there are two authors, separate the first and last name by an ampersand (&). For three, four or five
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 3
authors, put a comma between the first names and a comma followed by an ampersand between the
second last and last name. For six or more authors, use the first author’s name followed by et al.
For the following references in a text written by three or more authors, you only have to use the first
author’s name followed by et al.
Number of authors Author(s) in the main text Author(s) and year of publication in
parentheses
1 Smith (2011) states ... … (Smith, 2011)
2 According to Norton and Williams
(2005) …
Another research (Norton & Williams, 2005)…
3, 4 or 5 O’Sullivan, Stevens and Richards
(2004) postulate that …
… (O’Sullivan, Stevens, & Richards, 2004)
6 or more Katz et al. (2010) demonstrate that … (Katz et al., 2010)
Lists
The following rules have to be followed for a list of different sources:
If you refer to multiple publications of different authors in a text, classify them alphabetically, based on
the author’s last name and separate them by a semicolon. If you refer to different publications of the
same author(s), the last name followed by the years of publication and separated by commas is
sufficient. Different publications of the same author(s) in the same year can be distinguished by adding a
letter. That letter also has to be added to the reference list.
List in parentheses with two or several… Example
publications of different authors Different studies (Higgins & Jones, 2010;
Vanderstraeten, 2005; Williamson, 2007) indicate …
publications of the same author(s) Polsma (2000, 2005, 2008) did extensive research …
publications of the same author(s) from the same
year
In different publications, Janssens (2007a, 2007b)
demonstrates that ...
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 4
Author
If the author is not a person but an organisation (e.g. department, working group, association,
government institution, etc.), use the full name for the first reference. If an organisation is often referred
to with an abbreviation, you may use this abbreviation in your text. If the name of the organisation is
mentioned in parentheses, use square brackets. Note: write down the full name in the reference list.
(Vlaamse Vereniging voor Ergotherapeutische Schoenzolen1 [VVES], 2008)
From then on: (VVES, 2008)
If a publication does not mention any author, use the title. Only use the first words for longer titles.
Italicise the (first words of the) title of a journal or book. Use double quotation marks for the (first words
of the) title of an article, book chapter or webpage.
Several recent initiatives concerning health in Flemish secondary schools
(“Gezondheidsbeleid op school”2, n.d.) show that the official recommendations for a better
health policy are taken seriously.
Although there has been a lower illiteracy rate in our society in the last decades, the ‘digital
divide’, a new form of illiteracy, is constantly increasing (Het onderwijs: een bondgenoot3,
2006).
Write the following title in the reference list:
Gezondheidsbeleid op school4 [Website]. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
http://www.gezondopschool.be
Het onderwijs: een bondgenoot in de bestrijding van armoede en uitsluiting. (2006). Ghent:
Beweging van Mensen met Laag Inkomen en Kinderen.5
Source
A source can also be a type of personal communication, e.g. emails, personal class notes or phone calls. These information sources need a very detailed reference in parentheses in the main text:
the initials and surname of the person from whom you received the information
the announcement that it concerns personally obtained information
the date on which you received the information, e.g. the date on which you received the
email or had the phone call
1 Flemish Association for Therapeutic Shoe Insoles 2 Health Policy at School 3 Education: an Ally 4 Health policy at school 5 Education: an ally in the reduction of poverty and exclusion. (2006). Ghent: Movement of People with Low Income and Children.
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 5
This information should never be included in the reference list because it is not relevant for the reader or
third parties. However, you do have to mention the initials of the first name.
According to K.W. Schaie (personal communication, 18 April 2012)…
If you are referring to an entire website, mention the URL in parentheses.
I found the following information concerning digital literacy on the website of the
Department of Educational Studies (http://www.ond.vlaanderen.be).
If you were not able to consult the original (primary) source, you can make an indirect reference to a
secondary source in which your original source was cited. Write down the original source with a
reference to the secondary source in parentheses. Put the (secondary) source you consulted yourself in
the reference list. Because you cannot check whether your secondary source has dealt with your original
source correctly, we advise you to use as little secondary sources as possible.
… the Claeys note (as referred to by Vanden Broeck, 2011)
Appendices, Illustrations and Tables At the back of your paper or bachelor’s thesis, you may also add appendices. List the appendices with a
capital letter and give them a title. This way, you can also refer to them in parentheses in the text.
(see appendices A and B)
The appendices will be listed in the appendix list in the same order they were mentioned in the text.
Illustrations and tables in the text have to be listed with a number. They also get a title. If the illustration
or table was taken from an article, book or website, you have to put the reference under the
illustration/table. If possible, also include the page number. This reference also has to be mentioned in
the reference list.
Illustration 1: Unshelved
Ambaum, G., & Barnes, B. (2012, 16 April). Unshelved. Retrieved 9 May 2015 from
http://www.unshelved.com/2012-4-16
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 6
REFERENCE LIST
Basic Rule
The reference list is an overview of all sources consulted. Each source you referred to, has to be found in
this list. Conversely, a reference that has not been referred to in the text, may not be mentioned in the
reference list. Personal communication such as emails or phone calls are also not mentioned in this list.
Alphabetise each source you mention in the text (books, journals, websites, etc.) by the author’s
surname. Refer to the source that you actually used. Is it the third or fifth edition, an English version or
Dutch translation, etc.
Copy the information from the title page. In other words, use the language of the source. For a Dutch
book, add (Red.) for the editor after the author(s), followed by a full stop. For an English book, add (Ed.)
for one editor or (Eds.) for multiple editors. Also copy the edition and place of publication from the title
page.
Each reference in the reference list consists of four basic elements:
1. author(s): surname(s) and initial(s)
2. year or date of publication
3. source title
4. information about the publication
Each part is followed by a full stop, except after a website.
Piot, P., & Carael, M. (2009). Over aids: de aidsepidemie en de mondialisering van de risico’s. 6
Antwerp: Houtekiet.
Smet, P. (2009). Beleidsnota onderwijs 2009-2014: onderwijs, samen grenzen verleggen voor
elk talent. 7Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.vlaanderen.be
Layout
Start the reference list on a new page after your paper or bachelor’s thesis and give it the title ‘Reference
List’. Each reference has a hanging indent. The first line starts next to the margin, any other lines should
be indented 0.5 inch or 1.27 cm from the left margin. You can adjust this in the paragraph settings in
Word or by dragging the lower part of the hourglass in the ruler to the appropriate option.
6 On aids: the aids epidemic and the globalisation of the risks. 7 Policy document education 2009-2014: Education, stretching the boundaries for each talent together. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.vlaanderen.be
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 7
Author
Start with the author’s surname, followed by a comma and one up to maximum three initials.
The reference list is alphabetised by author or by the first word of the title if the author is not mentioned.
Keep the following guidelines into account:
nothing comes before something:
Jansen, V.
Janssen, F.
Van Den Broeck, A.
Vandenbroeck, A.
authors with the same surname have to be alphabetised by their initial:
De Smet, B.
De Smet, H.
different publications of the same author have to be classified chronologically:
Boonen, B. (2007)
Boonen, B. (2011)
different publications of the same author in the same year are distinguished by a letter after the
year of publication:
Eyre, J. (2006).
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 8
Eyre, J. (2008a).
Eyre, J. (2008b).
sources that are written by one author come before sources written by him/her in cooperation
with others. These are alphabetised by the second author’s name.
Wilder, K. (2005).
Wilder, K. (2008).
Wilder, K., & Grant, C. (2006).
Wilder, K., & Rubens, S. (2005).
sources of organisations are entered into the list with their full name:
American Psychological Association. (2009).
sources without an author are alphabetised by the first significant word in the title, i.e. no article
or conjunction:
‘De vijand in de televisie8’ is classified under ‘v’.
If there are two authors, use an ampersand (&) between both names. If there are three to seven
authors, write all names in full, put a comma between the two successive authors and put a comma and
ampersand before the last author. Do not write more than seven authors. It there are eight or more
authors, only mention the first six, followed by three dots and the last author.
Neven, L.,Vanhauwaert, E., & Morren, K. (2012). Bewust eten: kiezen, kopen en
klaarmaken. 9 Leuven: Acco.
Piot, P., & Carael, M. (2009). Over aids: de aidsepidemie en de mondialisering van de
risico’s. 10 Antwerp: Houtekiet.
If the author is indicated as editor, write the name of the author followed by (Ed.) in parentheses. This is
usually the case for a collection.
De Vos, M. (2012). Communicatie en cultuur. In S. De Bie & W. Standaert (Red.),
Communicatiemanagement11 (pp. 102-127). Leuven: Acco.
Year or Date of Publication
Put the year of publication in parentheses next to the author. Also indicate the month of publication for
articles from monthly journals. Write the year, day and month for articles from popular magazines and
newspapers. If the year or date of publication is unknown, use ‘n.d.’ for ‘no date’.
Janssens, N. (2010).
Stevens, M. (2009, 3 May).
8 The Enemy in the Television 9 Conscious eating: deciding, buying and preparing. 10 On aids: the aids epidemic and the risk globalisation. 11 Communication and culture. In S. De Bie & W. Standaert (Ed.), Communication management
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 9
Maes, A. (n.d.).
Title
Copy the title from the title page. In Dutch titles, only the first word of the title is capitalised. English titles
capitalise all major words. Italicise the entire title.
If it is part of a different source, indicate this by italicising the main source’s title, e.g. for a journal article
or a book chapter.
Schmidt, A. (1990). Drie ouwe ottertjes. In T. Van Buul (Red.), Als je goed om je heen kijkt
zie je dat alles gekleurd is12 (p. 109). Amsterdam: Querido.
Van Zanten, M. (2012). Commissaris is de sigaar: RvC moet nodig werken aan coming-
out. Communicatie13, 18(1/2), 24-28.
Extra Information After the Title of the Source
For a book, also mention the edition you consulted, except when it is the first edition. Do not mention
the issue.
Descamps, L. (2012). De autisme survivalgids (3de dr.). 14 Sint-Niklaas: Abimo.
If it is part of a book, e.g. a quotation or a reference to a book chapter, let the page precede by p. or pp.
A journal article requires the volume and issue number. The volume refers to the number of years the
journal has been published. The issue number refers to the number of an issue in the relevant year.
A contribution to an unbound work does not require the pages but all information necessary to find it
again. Put this information in parentheses.
If there is uncertainty about the source or merely to clarify, put the type of source in square brackets
after the title.
[CD-ROM]
[Electronic Version]
[Manual]
[Website]
12 Three old otters. In T. Van Buul (Ed.), If you look carefully around you, you will notice that everything is coloured 13 Commissioner gets the blame: supervisory board needs to work on coming out. Communication 14 The autism survival guide (3rd edition)
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 10
Information About the Publication
The last information in the reference is the ‘place of publication: name of publisher’. If there are multiple
places, mention the first one.
If no name of the publisher or place of the publication is given, write n.p. (no publisher/no place).
Examples Reference List
BOOK
Basic Rule
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book: any subtitle (edition/issue). Place of
publication: publisher.
Example
Budde, E. (2012). Alle kikkers in de kruiwagen: steun in de rug voor de manager15. The Hague:
Academic Service.
Struyven, K., Baeten, M., Kyndt, E., & Sierens, E. (2009). Groot worden: de ontwikkeling van baby
tot adolescent: handboek voor (toekomstige) leerkrachten, opvoeders en verzorgers.16 Leuven:
LannooCampus.
Vandeweghe, W. (2004). Grammatica van de Nederlandse zin (3de herz. dr.) 17. Antwerp: Garant.
Main Features
Bachelor’s Thesis
If the source is a bachelor’s thesis, mention this in square brackets. Instead of the publisher, write down
the name of the educational institution and perhaps even the study programme/department.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the bachelor’s or master’s thesis: any subtitle [Bachelor’s Thesis].
Place of publication: Name of the educational institution Study programme/department.
Deblauwe, M., & Vandewalle, C. (2011). Wegen van geboorte naar dood: rituelen rond de
geboorte en dood bij het jodendom, christendom en de islam18 [Bachelor’s Thesis]. Ghent:
Artevelde University College Bachelor of Secondary Education.
Vandewiele, M. (2001). De impact van toerisme op Cuba: van revolutie tot evolutie19 [Bachelor’s
Thesis]. Ghent: Artevelde University College Bachelor of Management.
15 All frogs in a wheel barrow: support for the manager. 16Growing up: the development of baby to adolescent: manual for (future) teachers, educators and caretakers. 17 Grammar of the Dutch sentence
18 Paths from birth to death: rituals for birth and death in Judaism, Catholicism and Islam 19 The impact of tourism on Cuba: from revolution to evolution
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 11
Book without Author
The title is moved to the place of the author. Put a full stop after the title.
100 paarden onder de motorkap: ontdek alles over techniek en auto's20. (2006). Tielt: Lannoo.
Editorial Book
For a Dutch book, write (Red.) after the author(s), followed by a full stop. An English book requires (Ed.)
for one editor or (Eds.) for more editors.
Author, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of the book: any subtitle. Place of Publication: Publisher.
Oonk, W. (Red.). (2010). Reken-wiskunde in de praktijk: bovenbouw.21 Groningen: Wolters-
Noordhoff.
Course Book
An unpublished course book has to be put in square brackets. Instead of the publisher, write down the
name of the educational institution and perhaps even the study programme/department.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book: any subtitles [Course Book]. Place of publication: Name of
the educational institution Study programme/department.
Van Damme, V. (2012-2013). Microbiologie22 [Course Book]. Ghent: Artevelde University College
Bachelor of Nursing.
Book Chapter
If you are only referring to a part of a book, italicise the book title instead of the chapter title.
If there are only two editors, do not put a comma between both names.
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the book chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of the book (pp. xx-xx).
Place of publication: Publisher.
Sierens, E., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2009). Wanneer “meer minder betekent”: motivatieprofielen
van leerlingen in kaart gebracht. In A. Desoete & P. Ghesquière (Red.), Leerproblemen evidence-
based voorspellen, onderkennen en aanpakken: bijdragen uit onderzoek23 (pp. 73-87). Leuven:
Acco.
Internal Document
You could use an internal document spread within but not beyond the own organisation. You could, for
example, withdraw information from certain research results that were spread by staff members, refer to
a policy plan, etc.
20 100 horses underneath the bonnet: discover everything about engineering and cars. 21 Calculation-mathematics in practice: primary school. 22 Microbiology 23 When “more means less”: recorded motivation profiles of pupils. In A. Desoete & P. Ghesquière (Ed.), Predicting, recognising and approaching learning problems in an evidence-based way: research contributions
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 12
Dienst Onderwijsontwikkeling & Internationalisering. (2011). Organisatorische werking van de
dienst O&I24 [Unpublished internal document]. Ghent: Artevelde University College.
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Basic Rule
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the article. Journal title, volume number(issue
number), xx-xx.
Italicise the journal title instead of the title of the article.
Examples
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting
Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
Faber, O. (2009). Erfgoededucatie. Praxisbulletin25, 26(6), 24-28.
If the pages of the journal are numbered continuously within the same volume, you do not have to
mention the issue number of the journal.
Sierens, E., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., Goossens, L., & Dochy, F. (2006). De authoritatieve
leerkrachtstijl: een model voor de studie van leerkrachtstijlen. Pedagogische studiën26, 83, 419-
431.
Main Features
Newspaper Article
Author, A.A. (year, day and month). Title of the article. Title of the newspaper,
p./pp. xx-xx.
Unlike a journal article, a newspaper article requires the date of the publication. Furthermore, the page
number is preceded by p. or pp. for multiple pages. If an article is spread over multiple consecutive
pages, you have to put a hyphen between the first and last page of the article. If the article is spread over
non-consecutive pages, use a comma.
Dumon, P. (2012, 30 March). Uw smartphone is smarter dan u denkt27. De Morgen, pp. M2-M3.
24 Office of Educational Development & Internationalisation. (2011). Organisation of the office E&I 25 Heritage education. 26 The authoritative teaching style: a model for the study of teaching styles. Educational studies 27 Your smartphone is smarter than you think
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 13
Hancké, C. (2007, 12 September). Islamitische school begint morgen28. De Standaard, p. 6.
Unbound Work
Vanotterdijk, R. (2002, June). ICT als kwaliteitsstandaard in het Vlaams onderwijs [Contribution in
an unbound work]. In ICT en onderwijsvernieuwing (Onderwijs en leren - Algemeen kader -
Eindtermen en ontwikkelingsdoelen 1)29. Mechelen: Wolters Plantyn.
DOCUMENT ON A WEBSITE
Basic Rule
Author, A. A. (year or date on which the information was drawn up). Title of the
source/text. Retrieved day month year from http://www...
No full stop after a website.
Because the content of a website can change from time to time, you always have to mention the date on
which you consulted the source.
Example
Anne Frank [Website]. (n.d.). Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.annefrank.org/nl
Jacobs, M. (2002). Fraude en plagiaat voorkomen30. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
http://www.digitaledidactiek.nl/wp/?p=119
Smet, P. (2009). Beleidsnota onderwijs 2009-2014: onderwijs, samen grenzen verleggen voor elk
talent31. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://www.vlaanderen.be
Wormald, A. M. (2011). Autism Spectrum Disorder: examining current diagnosis strategies and
assessment tools [Master’s Thesis]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
http://search.ebscohost.com
Main Features
E-book
Van Putten, M. A. (2008). Voeten en diabetes32. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. Retrieved 9
September 2015 from http://link.springer.com
28 Islamic school starts tomorrow 29 ICT as qualitative standard in Flemish education. In ICT and educational innovation (Education and learning – general frame – attainment targets and development goals 1) 30 Prevention of fraud and plagiarism 31 Policy document education 2009-2014: Education, stretching the boundaries for each talent together 32 Feet and diabetes
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 14
Facebook Message
The publication manual and the website of APA do not give any guidelines for social media (yet).
Therefore, the following examples have to be considered as suggestions: for Twitter, use the complete
message (never more than 140 signs); for Facebook, use the first sentence of the message due to the lack
of titles.
Mediatheek Kantienberg. (2012, 20 February). Wist je dat je ook bij andere bibliotheken van de
Associatie Universiteit Gent gratis kan ontlenen?33 [Facebook]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
https://www.facebook.com/mediatheekkantienberg
Twitter Message
Digibieb. (2012, 29 March). Facebook wordt het internationale paspoort voor inloggen op sites
#db201234 http://pic.twitter.com/ZWU54BVJ [Twitter]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
https://twitter.com/#!/digibieb/status/185347913638084609
App
Author, A. A. (year). Title software or program (version) [App]. Retrieved day
month year from http://xxxxx
Skyscape. (2013). Skyscape Medical Resources (version 1.17.42) [App]. Retrieved 9 September
2015 from http://itunes.apple.com
ELECTRONIC VERSION OF A JOURNAL ARTICLE
Basic Rule
Author, A. A. (year). Title of the Article. Journal title, volume number(issue
number), xx-xx. Retrieved day month year from http://www...
The normal rules apply for references to electronic versions of journals. Give the link through which you
found the article.
In most databases, you will find a permanent link to the article, such as a DOI code. If there is no
permanent link, give the main link of the database.
Example
Audenaert, M., Denys A., & Van de Veire, H. (2010). Handelingsgericht samenwerken: school-
ondersteuning in de praktijk. Caleidoscoop35, 22(1), 34-40. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
http://www.caleidoscoop.be/index.php?ID=41484
33 Media Library Kantienberg. (2012, 20 February). Did you know that you can also borrow books from other libraries of Ghent University Association? 34 Digi Library. (2012, 29 March). Facebook is becoming the international passport to log in on sites #dl2012 35 Cooperation in an action-oriented way: academic support in practice. Kaleidoscope
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 15
Main Features
Article with DOI
Most articles in a database give you a DOI code (Digital Object Identifier). This code contains a permanent
link to the article. If a document has a DOI code, you have to mention this at the back of the reference.
Write doi: (in small letters) followed by the code as the final information of your reference. Do not add a
full stop. For example, if you would find the reference to the doi in a database such as
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.005, change it to doi:
10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.02.005.
Magiati, I., Moss, J., Yates, R., Charman, T., & Howlin, P. (2011). Is the Autism Treatment
Evaluation Checklist a useful tool for monitoring progress in children with autism spectrum
disorders? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(3), 302-312. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
2788.2010.01359.x
Article without DOI
For an article without a DOI code, you have to give the website or the main URL of the database on
which you found the article.
Van Boven, C. (2012). Klachten en aandoeningen van het (geh)oor in de huisartsenpraktijk.
Bijblijven36. 28(2), 7-17. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://link.springer.com/bsl
Online Newspaper Article
For an online newspaper article, add the link of the newspaper’s homepage.
De Koning, M. (2012, 30 March). Slopen met subsidie: Griekse traditionele bootjes vernietigd met
Europees geld37. De Standaard. Retrieved 9 September 2015 form http://destandaard.be
Did you consult an article through GoPress? Give the main URL of the database.
Artevelde-studenten zorgen zaterdag voor Omloop-onthaal38. (2012, 23 February). De
Gentenaar. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://academic.gopress.be
36 Complaints and disorders of the (h)ear(ing) in the medical practice. Keeping up-to-date. 37 Demolition of subsidy: traditional Greek boats demolished with European money. 38 Artevelde students in charge of Omloop reception.
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 16
AUDIO VISUAL MATERIAL
Basic Rule
For special material, we advise you to mention the type of source between square brackets.
CD
Van Loo, B. (2011). Chanson: een gezongen geschiedenis van Frankrijk39[CD]. Brussels: Klara.
CD-ROM
Van Meenen-Claassen, R., & van Heijningen, F. (2011). Woorden te kort: werkboek voor afasie- en
andere taalgroepen40 [CD-ROM]. Antwerp: Garant.
DVD
Van Es, K. (Director). (2010). Verdwaald in het geheugenpaleis41 [DVD]. Antwerp: Associate
Directors.
Online Video
Mediatheek Artevelde. (2011, 8 November). Mediatheek Kantienberg Introductie [Online
Video]42. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from http://youtu.be/3zuySN8IOx8
Canvas. (2012, 18 April). Virus 18/4: come fly with me[TV Show]. Retrieved 9 September 2015
from http://www.canvas.be/programmas/virus
Podcast
Trio, W. (Host). (2014, 14 June). Trio [Podcast]. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
http://www.klara.be
QUOTATIONS AND PARAPHRASES
How to Quote
Quoting someone means you copy text written by someone else. Of course, you always have to mention
the reference and the page after your quotation. You may never translate a quotation written in a
different language to the language used in your paper or bachelor’s thesis.
39 Chanson: a musical history of France 40 Lack of words: workbook on aphasia and other language groups 41 Lost in the memory palace 42 Media Library Artevelde. (2011, 8 November). Media Library Kantienberg Introduction
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 17
Copying a text means you also have to copy any language or typing errors. To indicate that you have
noticed the error, put the word sic between square brackets ([sic]), immediately after the incorrect word.
If you leave out part of a quotation, put three dots between square brackets ([…]).
Avoid unnecessary use of quotations.
Short Quotations (up to 40 words):
If the quotation consists of less than 40 words, you may put it in the text between double quotation
marks.
Mitchell (1996) suggests that “these are the best business processes for the future” (p.17).
The author rightly states: “Waarom zouden we nog insppanningen [sic] leveren om het
begrotingstekort aan te pakken?”43 (Peeters, 2001, p. 102).
Michiels (2006) already talked about a “onheilspellende situatie van de financiële markten […]
waarin de banken een voor een zouden sneuvelen44” (pp. 67-68).
Block Quotations (40 words or more):
Use an indent of 1.3 cm for the entire quotation of 40 words or more and put it in a separate paragraph.
Do not use any quotation marks.
The first explanation is that climate change is not likely to require substantial changes to public health practice other than increased investment and program expansion, that is, increasing resources and implementing adaptive measures are the primary means of increasing adaptive capacity. This perspective holds that climate change will primarily amplify known public health stressors, which affect vulnerable populations most dramatically. (Hess, 2012, p. 172)
How to Paraphrase
Paraphrasing a text means you represent the content of another author’s text in your own words. In this
case, you always have to refer to your source.
For example, Lumpkin (2008) paraphrases Gough (1998) in ‘Teachers as Role Models – Teaching
Character and Moral Virtues’:
According to Gough (1998), the ultimate goal of character development occurs when each person
reaches the point where doing “good” becomes automatic or habitual. (Lumpkin, 2008, p. 46)
43 Why would we try any harder to tackle the budget deficet [sic]? 44 “an ominous situation of the financial markets […] in which the banks would succumb”
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 18
Illustration 2: Unshelved
Ambaum, G., & Barnes, B. (2012, 18 April). Unshelved. Retrieved 9 September 2015 from
http://www.unshelved.com/2012-4-18
TIPS & TRICKS
Add References
Through Word
You can find more information in our manual
TIP: Word allows you to easily list your references according to the APA standards.
However, we advise you to always double check your references.
a) Click on the tab References and choose the format style APA in Citations and Bibliography.
b) Move the cursor to the place where you want to enter the shortened reference of your source. Click
Insert Citation in the tab References and then Add New Source. Tick Show All Bibliography Fields. After
you have filled in the necessary information, the author(s) and the year of publication (= step 1 of the APA
style) will appear in your text.
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 19
c) Word keeps record of the inserted sources. To display them as a reference list, go to References, next
Citations and Bibliography and finally Bibliography (= step 2 of the APA style).
Other programs
There are several programs that help you make the correct citations and quotations. On the website, you
can find manuals for Zotero, Mendeley and Reference Manager. Some, like Endnote or Reference
Manager, require a fee; others, like Zotero or Mendeley have a free basic version. You will find more
information and a trial version on their website.
APA Citation Style – Artevelde University College Media Libraries 20
Support
Contact
This file will be updated on a regular basis by Liesbeth De Vogelaere and Jo De Waele.
Reference List American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6thed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel. (2010). APA-richtlijnen Faculteit Taal & Letteren (editie 2010)45. Retrieved on
9 September 2015 from http://www.hubrussel.net/Pub/HUBrussel/HUBNET-PUBLIC-NL-
%28PUBLIC%29/Bijlagen/Eindproef/Taal-en-letteren/Taal-en-letteren-APA-richtlijnen-voor-de-
referentielijst.pdf
45 HUBrussels. (2010). APA Guidelines Department Language and Literature (edition 2010)