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Transcript of APA American Psychological Association. APA by C. Simpson© 2011.
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APAAmerican Psychological Association
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APA
by C. Simpson© 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Parts of a cover page What is APA Why is it used Parts of a cover page Abstract Body of essay In-text citation Secondary citations Headings Sample of headings punctuation
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TABLE OF CONTENTS CONT..
How to reference a book How to reference an article in a periodical How to reference an article in a journal How to reference an article in a newspaper How to reference an article in a magazine How to reference an article in a newspaper How to reference an article on the internet How to reference an online book Resources for teacher References for power point
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WHAT IS APA?WHAT IS APA?
According to American Psychological Association (2011) scientific writing was very difficult, so a group of professionals decided to create a system of writing called APA. This system was to standardize the way scientists documented their findings.
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WHY IS IT NEEDED?
To standardize college essays
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PARTS OF COVER PAGE Header Running head Colon space SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE Not longer than 50 (full caps) Page number beside abbreviated title
OUT of Header Enter 2 spaces down on your vertical margin And type:(must be double spaced) Name Full title Class School
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ABSTRACT Enter page break Re type abbreviated title Do not rewrite the words Running head: Center the word Abstract a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not
indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.
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BODY OF ESSAY
Left aligned Centre‘ Full title of your page Indent Start paragraph Allow computer to use word wrapping Only use enter to start a paragraph
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IN-TEXT CITATIONNO AUTHOR
no date , no author and no pagination include:
Sex Drive: How Do Men and Women Compare? Author :none Date: none "n.d." for no date
A woman’s desire to have sexual intercourse is greatly influenced by societal norms and the environment (“Sex Drive, n.d. para. 1)
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IN-TEXT CITATIONORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR
Use the organization for the author (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009).
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IN TEXT CITATIONS
Quotations If you use the exact words of the author, put
the: quotation in quotation marks. author, date and page numbers in parentheses after
the quotation. Example
Black (as cited in Blue, 2004) stated that "Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water" (p. 459).
It is argued that “Snow white was very naïve and gullible (Cole & Cole, 2000, p. 459"). In contrast, it can be argued that since she was taller than the dwarves she was very abusive and they paid the old woman to get rid of her. However, the dwarves underestimated Snow white’s beauty. Thus, as a result of fear they did not warn the handsome prince of the evil woman called Snow white.
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IN TEXT CITATION
In text According to Smith (2005) short women are
beautiful.
Some men are dogs (Smith, 2005).
References Book (Print)
Smith, S.T. (2005). Counseling as an art : The creative arts in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
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SECONDARY CITINGYOU MUST RARELY USE SECONDARY
CITATION
You read a book by Jennifer Blue Jack and Jill went up the hill (Black, 2004). you use the source you did read in References and the
secondary source(the one you did not read) in the body of essay
In essay you write Black (as cited in Blue, 2004) stated that Jack
and Jill ascended the mound.
Reference List Blue, J. (2004). Hills and Valley (3rd ed.).
Auckland, New Zealand: Addison Wesley Longman.
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HEADINGS First Heading
centered boldface
uppercase and lowercase
Level 2 headings are:
flush left
boldface
uppercase and lowercase
Level 3 and Level 4: indented boldface sentence case (only 1st letter capitalized) followed by a period, and then immediately by words in essay
Level 5 headings are: indented italicized sentence case (only 1st letter capitalized) followed by a period, and then immediately by text
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HEADINGS Level One Heading
Level Two Heading
Level three heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
Level four heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text.
Level five heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text
text text text
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SAMPLE APA for College Students
What is APA
According to American Psychological Association (2011) scientific writing was very difficult, so a
group of so a group of professionals decided to create a system of writing called APA. This system was
to
standardize the way scientists documented their findings. In order to write a research paper , the
student must ensure that the grammar is correct, the punctuation signs are used appropriately and
the body of the essay is formatted using in text citation (American Psychological Association [APA],
2011). However, to avoid plagiarism the student must find credible sources, make an annotated
bibliography, use APA in text-citation and include the said source on the References page.
Finding credible sources. Students must learn to find credible sources. A student can know if
he is using a credible source if the website does not use a tilde sign, the qualifications and area of
expertise of the person’s building the website can be verified by special logos and the absence of
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SAMPLE
phishing (Payton & Procter 2004). In addition, authentic website will not usually ask for personal
information such as user name and password (Procter, n.d.)
Using an annotated bibliography. This list includes a list of all the sources in
alphabetical order. In addition it provides a summary of the source and a paragraph about the
credibility of the sources based on a given topic (Knott, 2004). It also helps the student to check if each
source is relevant to the essay topic (Coe, D. L. & Driscoll D. L., 2011). It also helps the student to
formulate the thesis (Samuels, 2011).
Paraphrasing using APA in text citation. The main ideas from the annotated bibliography
should be formed into sentences. Students must use their own words to paraphrase or summarize the
main ideas relevant to the thesis statement. The student should then include the same source in APA in
text citation on the References page (Northwestern University, 2005).
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SAMPLE
No wonder students are sometimes tempted to plagiarize as the APA format is difficult. Yet,
plagiarism can be avoided if students start the assignment way before the due date and follow
some
simple steps such as evaluating sources, using an annotated bibliography, and adhering to the
APA
rules when writing their college essays. To a college student, writing the APA way is sometimes
difficult but not impossible.
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PUNCTUATION
Students can read chapter 4 from the APA Manual in the library
Basic One space after
Commas Colons Semicolons Full stops that separate reference citations
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HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK
Basic Format for Books Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work:
Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Single Author Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social
development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10.
Two Authors Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood
management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.
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HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK
More than seven Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland,
A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323-335
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HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK
Edited Book, No Author Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).
(1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Edited Book with an Author or Authors Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. K.
V. Kukil (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.
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HOW TO REFERENCE A BOOK Three to seven Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow,
T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
More Than Seven Authors List by last names and initials; commas separate author
names. After the sixth author's name, use an ellipses in place of the author names. Then provide the final author name. There should be no more than seven names.
.
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PERIODICALS
Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
(Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.
Article in Journal Paginated by Volume Journals that are paginated by volume begin
with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.
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JOURNALS
Article in Journal Paginated by Issue Journals paginated by issue begin with page
one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined.
Example Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening.
The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.
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ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS
Example Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for
preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.
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HOW TO REFERENCE A NEWSPAPER
Article in a Newspaper Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes
page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4.
Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made
to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.
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HOW TO REFERENCE A MAGAZINE
Article in a Magazine
Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.
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HOW TO REFERENCE INTERNET
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the
Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0
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ELECTRONIC BOOK
De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the
Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-9780931686108-0
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RESOURCES FOR THE TEACHER
Must watch this website and allow class to see it
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY
Good website to use http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
560/01/ Book Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th edition) in both libraries
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REFERENCES
American Psychological Association. (2011). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.apastyle.org
Gladding, S.T. (2005). Counseling as an art : The creative arts in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association
Loyola Notre Dame Library. (2011). In-Text Parenthetical. Baltimore, Maryland: Author Retrieved from http://www.loyola.edu/library/ref/apastyle.htm#book
The University Of Wisconsin. (2011). APA headings. Madison, WI: Author. Retrieved from
http://writing.wisc.edu/Handboo. k/DocAPAHeadings.html
Women and Sexuality. (n.d.). In Sex Drive: How Do Men and Women Compare? In Women’s Guide (3rd.) Retrieved from
http://www.m-/womenandmen.com/relationships/sexuality.html
University of Canterbury. (n.d.). Citing a source within a source (secondary sources) Christchurch, New Zealand University of Canterbury. Retrieved fromhttp://library.canterbury.ac.nz/services/ref/apa/secondary.shtml