APA 6th edition

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GUIDELINES ON CITATION

APA (6th ed.)

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of theAmerican Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

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Source: http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-e

APA Referencing (6th ed.)

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the AmericanPsychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

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HOW TO USE THE AP A REFERENCING STYLE

When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged inthe text by author name and year of publication.

If quoting directly, a location reference such as the page number or paragraph numberis also required.

1. IN TEXT CITATION (QUOTES/PARAPHRASING)

a. Direct quotation

Use quotation marks and include page numbers.

Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols"(p.188).

Alternatively: "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997,p.188).

A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented blockof text without quotation marks. Note the location of the final full stop.

Weston (1948) argues that:

One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that wouldthrow light on degeneration of the facial pattern that occurs so often in our moderncivilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and thedevelopment of crooked teeth. (p. 174)

If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML baseddocument), use the paragraph number (para.) instead.

"Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated incommunity-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of all pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz,Geibel & Zuckoff, 2009, para. 2).

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b. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar &Porter, 1997).

N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged toinclude them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces oftext (Publication Manual, p. 171).

c. Citations from a secondary source

Arnett (as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage inthe lifespan of humans, covering young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years.

N.B. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.

2. REFERENCES LIST

At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographicinformation for each source cited in text.

Start the list of References on a new page at the end of your assignment - do not usefootnotes (Publication Manual, p. 37)

References must be listed in alphabetical order by author. References should use the hanging indent format

a. Books / Reports / DVDs

Each reference should include four elements:

(1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title (4) Publication Information

e.g. King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand:Viking.

N.B. If the book is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after (3) Title.Exclude (4) Publication Information. See example.

b. Periodicals

Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, areknown as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but excludethe publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead:

(1) Author(s) (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue andPage numbers

e.g. Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. TourismReview, 63(4), 40-57.

N.B. If the article is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after the pagenumbers. See example.

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c. Webpages (unpublished and informally published work)

Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information andadd a retrieval statement in its place.

(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement

e.g. Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved fromhttp://www.stats.govt.nz

N.B. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (PublicationManual, p. 192). See example.

3. KEY POINTS

(1) Author(s):

Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s). Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and

comma after each author's name). Eight or more authors: List first six authors, then insert three elipses (...), followed by

the last author (NEW). Corporate / group author: i.e. an organisation, association or government department. If the author's first name is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop after each

initial.

One author Brown, W. P.

Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.

Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.

Six or seven authors (NEW) Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J.,Senior, V., & Walton, C. See example

Eight or more authors (NEW) Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P.,Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. See example

Corporate / group author Ministry of Education. See example

No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.See example Book with no author / Article with no author

(2) Date:

The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s).

Books and academic journals (1993)

Magazines and newspapers

Monthly (1993, June)

Daily, weekly (1993, June 12)

No date (n.d.)

In press (in press)

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If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add alphabeticalcharacters a, b etc. immediately after the year.

In text:As discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is ... Moreover, Lohan (2009a) concludes ...

In the References list:Lohan, L. (2009a). New management...Lohan, L. (2009b). Organizational culture...

(3) Title of the work:

Book titles are italicised, with the first letter of the first word of the main title and thesubtitle in capital letters. Proper nouns also begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame

Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words inthe journal title begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Journal of Marketing Communications

Chapters in books and journal article titles are in lowercase except for the first letter ofthe first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns (Publication Manual, pp. 102-103).

The book or journal title is italicised, not the chapter or article.

Additional information:

Information such as edition or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately afterthe title (Publication Manual, p. 186).

e.g. Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.)

A description of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. e.g. [DVD],[PowerPoint slides], [Poster], [Letter to the editor]

e.g. Christchurch Methodist Central Mission. (1984). Durham Street Church: 120 yearsanniversary brochure: 1864-1984 [Brochure]. Christchurch, New Zealand: Author.

(4) Publication InformationPlace of publication: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Give the location (city) of the publisher - give the first city listed only. All publishing cities now require the state or province, if applicable, and country (NEW). For the United States, use the city name, then the 2-letter postal code instead of the

United States (Publication Manual, p. 187).

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American cities Thousand Oaks, CA

Non-American cities Hamilton, New ZealandLondon, England

Non-American cities with a state Sydney, NSW, Australia

Publisher: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Do not include words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep words like Books orPress.

Use the first publisher listed if multiple publishers are given. When the author is the publisher of the work, use the word 'Author' in the publisher

field. See example.

N.B. Using a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is the preferred method of identifying onlinematerial such as journal articles, books and reports. For researchers, when a DOI isavailable, no matter whether electronic or print, include it (Publication Manual, p. 189). Seeexample.

HOW TO REFERENCE/CITE MATERI AL

Books

Book - one author

In Reference List In Text Citation

King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of JanetFrame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.

(King, 2000) or

King (2000) comparesFrame with "..." (p. 34).

Book - two authors


Trevio, L. K., & Nelson. K. A. (2007). Managingbusiness ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right.Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

N.B. Use the ampersand (&) between the two authors'names, except when paraphrasing in text where and isused (Publication Manual, p. 175).

(Trevio & Nelson, 2007)or

Trevio and Nelson(2007) illustrate this ...

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Book - three to five authors (NEW)


Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006).Educational psychology for learning and teaching(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia:Thomson.

N.B. For six or seven authors, see example (Journalarticle with DOI or eight or more (Magazine - printversion).

(Krause, Bochner, &Duchesne, 2006) or

Krause, Bochner andDuchesne (2006)recommend "..." (p. 32).

In subsequent citations:According to Krause et al.(2006)

N.B: Cite all authors thefirst time, and insubsequent citationsinclude only the firstauthor followed by etal.(short for et alii. - Latinfor 'and others'). Do notitalicise et al.

Book or report by a corporate / group author


World Health Organization. (2008). WHO global reporton falls prevention in older age. Geneva, Switzerland:Author.

N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same,use Author in the publisher field. List in the Referenceslist by the first significant word of the organisation. Forgroup authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision(Publication Manual, p. 183).

(World HealthOrganization [WHO],2008)

In subsequent citations:WHO (2008) highlightthe ...

N.B. Some group authorsmay be abbreviated insubsequent citations ifthey are readilyrecognisable.

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Book - no author (Anonymous)


Anonymous. (1999). Courage and grace: One womansjourney of recovery from food addiction and obesity.Taupo, New Zealand: Avalon.

N.B. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, useAnonymous in the author field. If no author is stated,see next example.

(Anonymous, 1999)

Book - no author


Joint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington,DC: US Department of Justice, Office of JusticePrograms.

N.B. If no author is stated, the title takes the authorposition, but check to see whether it should be acorporate / group author as above. See dictionary /encyclopedia or newspaper for further examples.

In the book, JointInvestigations of ChildAbuse, ...

N.B. The key words of thebook title are capitalisedwhen used in text, but notin the References list. Seethe Publication Manual,pp. 101-103, 176about capitalisationprotocols in the APA style.

Book - edited


Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997).Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.).Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

N.B. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s).However, a number of authors may contribute to anedited book. See next example for referencing a chapterin an edited book.

See Book - Chapter inedited book.

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Book - Chapter in edited book


Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts fornew markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.),Island tourism: Management principles and practice(pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: Wiley.

N.B. The author and chapter title come first, followed bythe editor(s) and book title. Note the editor's initialscome before the family name. The page numbers of thechapter are also required.

(Helber, 1995) or

Helber (1995) concludesby ...

Book - Electronic (NEW)


Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in theage of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary Readerversion]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and thereis no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of theEbook's homepage (in this example,http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

For undergraduate students, give the name of thedatabase, as in the example above (do not include theURL).

(Will, 2002) or

Will (2002) attributes ...

Book - Translated


Sartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychologicalcritique (F. Williams, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI:University of Michigan Press.

(Sartre, 1962) or

Sartre (1962) is anexample of ...

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Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry


Hwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. InD. Levinson & K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia ofmodern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY:Charles Scribner's Sons.

N.B. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1stedition) include this in parentheses after the title alongwith page number(s).

(Hwang, 2002) or

Hwang (2002) identifiesthe hurdles North Korea ...

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry with no author


Social constructionism. (2009.) In J. Scott & G. Marshall(Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.).Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premiumdatabase.

N.B. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, aretrieval statement takes the place of publisher locationand name. Note the editors' initials precede the familyname.

For undergraduate students, if using a librarysubscription database, give the name of the database,as in the example above (do not include the databaseURL).

("Social Constructionism,"2009)

N.B. Use capital letters forthe first letter of key wordsand double quotationmarks (PublicationManual, p. 176).

Thesis (except from the US) - print version (NEW)


Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhanceteaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublishedmaster's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton,New Zealand.

N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertationafter the title or Unpublished master's thesis for Master'sdegree (Publication Manual, p. 207).

(Dewstow, 2006) or

Dewstow (2006)recommends ...

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Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (NEW)


Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhanceteaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis,The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand).Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

(Dewstow, 2006) or

Dewstow (2006)recommends ...

Thesis from US - electronic version (NEW)


Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common valueauctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio StateUniversity). Retrieved fromhttp://www.ohiolink.edu/etd

N.B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual,pp.207-208.

(Rose, 2006) or

According to Rose(2006) ...

Journals (Academic Scholarly)

Journal article - print version


Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performanceof winter destinations.Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.

N.B. A capital letter is used for key words in the journaltitle. The journal title and volume number are italicised,followed by the issue number in parentheses (notitalicised).

If each issue begins with page 1, give the issuenumber in the parentheses immediately after the volumenumber.

For researchers, the issue number is not required forjournals with continuous pagination.

(Sainaghi, 2008) or

Sainaghi (2008) suggests"..." (p. 47).

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Journal article - electronic version

with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)


Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards anunderstanding of British public attitudes concerninghuman cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2),377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018

N.B. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned bya registration agency to identify content and provide apersistent link to its location on the Internet.

(Shepherd et al., 2007) or

Shepherd et al. (2007)highlight the ...

N.B. If there are six orseven authors, list allauthors in the referencelist. From the first citationin text, use et al. after thefirst author (NEW). Seemagazine example foreight or more authors.

Journal article - electronic version

with no DOI (Digital Object Identifier)


Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of anindigenous knowledge program in a New ZealandMaori-language immersion school. Anthropology andEducation Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved fromAcademic Research Library database.

N.B. For undergraduate students, give the name of thedatabase, as in the example above (do not include thedatabase URL). It is no longer necessary to include thedate of retrieval.

If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is noDOI, you are now required to give the URL of the journalhomepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).

(Harrison & Papa, 2005)or

In their research, Harrisonand Papa (2005)established ...

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Journal article - Internet only


Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology ofheavy metal communities and white supremacy. TeKura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved fromhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka

N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, citethe paragraph number in text.

(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.)or

Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.)identified "..." (para. 3)

Magazines

Magazine - print version


von Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H.,Baker, A., James, R., Peters, G. (2009, October12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific[Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17.

N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month andyear for monthly magazines.

If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, thenthree elipses () and finish with the last author (NEW).

(von Drehle et al., 2009)or

Von Drehle et al. (2009)assert ...

N.B. If an author's namewhich usually begins witha lower case letterappears at the beginningof a sentence, it must becapitalised.

Magazine - electronic version


Robison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. Northand South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved from Australia/NewZealand Reference Centre database

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you arenow required to give the URL of the journal homepage(Publication Manual, p. 199).

For undergraduate students, give the name of thedatabase, as in the example above (do not include thedatabase URL). It is no longer necessary to include thedate of retrieval.

(Robison, 2008) or

Robison (2008)considers ...

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Newspaper

Print version


Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook theworld. The New Zealand Herald, p. B4.

N.B. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This isused for newspapers only, not magazines or journals.p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbersare discontinous, separate page numbers with acomma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.

(Cumming, 2003) or

Cumming (2003)reports ...

Electronic version


Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook theworld. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved fromhttp://www.nzherald.co.nz

N.B. Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper toavoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary toinclude the date of retrieval.

(Cumming, 2003) or

Cumming (2003)reports ...

Newspaper article with no author


Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003,March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1.

N.B. If there is no author, the article title comes first. Inthe in text citation, abbreviate the title, use doublequotation marks and capital letters (Publication Manual,p. 176).

("Drivers Reject FuelPrices," 2003)

N.B. Use capital lettersand double quotationmarks.

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Audiovisual

Film - Motion Picture


Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (2001).Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM HomeEntertainment.

N.B.

1. In the Author field, identify the primarycontributors (i.e. the director or producer or both)but not the presenters.

2. For publication information, give the motionpicture's country of origin and the name of themotion picture studio

3. A description of the form of the work goes insquare brackets [ ] after the title. It is not italicised.

(Vasile & Fellini, 2001)

Music Recording - a song in an album (NEW)


The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be...naked [CD]. Hollywood, CA: Capital Records.

(The Beatles, 2003, track10)

N.B. Include side andband or track numbers.

Television programme


Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle[Television series episode]. In 60 minutes. Auckland,New Zealand: TV3 Network Services.

N.B. Put television series episode or motion picture in [ ]after the title.

(Slater, 2002)

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Audio podcast (NEW)


Noonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistlefrom the blunder: Part 5 [Audio podcast]. Retrievedfrom http://www.radionz.co.nz

N.B. Include as much information as possible, e.g. date,title and identifier

(Noonan, 2008)

Unpublished and Informally published works

Webpage (Informally published work)


Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz

N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is consideredan informally published work (Publication Manual, p.212). See also online report examples.

It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval,unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g.Wiki).(NEW)

(Statistics New Zealand,2007)

N.B. Do not write URLs inthe text

Wiki


University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary.Retrieved July 19, 2009, fromhttp://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works. Includethe date of retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likelyto change over time. For group authors, the parent bodyprecedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).

(University of Waikato,Law Library, n.d.)

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Online discussion (NEW)


Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Onlineforum comment]. Retrieved fromhttp://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

(Chalmers, 2000)

Blog post (NEW)


Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may bescuttled [Web log message]. Retrieved fromhttp://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/


(Wadard, 2009)

Video blog post (NEW)


Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Videofile]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY


(Leelefever, 2007)

Others (Course handouts / Legal Material / Conference / report / Personal

Communications)

Course handout / Lecture notes - print version (Unpublished work)


Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-04B [Lecturenotes]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University ofWaikato, Department of Marketing.

N.B. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to thegroup "unpublished papers, lectures from an archive orpersonal collections" (Publication Manual, p. 213). In thepublication information field, list the organisation's name(e.g. university, department), city, and country. Put theformat in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecturenotes].

(Brown, 2004)

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Course handout / Lecture notes - electronic version


Brown, P. (2004). Lecture 3: MKTG200-04B[Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved fromhttp://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/MyWeb21/Default.aspx.

N.B. Put the format in square brackets after the title, andadd retrieval statement (URL or MyWeb or Moodle orEdLink etc.).

(Brown, 2004)

Legal Material

APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed.2005) for referencing legal material - see NZ section at p. 297


Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No.121.

(Children's CommissionerAct 2003) or

It is regulated by theChildren's CommissionerAct 2003

N.B. Italicise the name oflegal material when it iscited in text (PublicationManual, p. 177).

Personal Communications (Letters, Telephone conversations, Emails, Personal

Interviews, Lecture notes etc.)


N.B. No information is required in the reference list asthe data is not retrievable.

(H. Clarke, personalcommunication, March 19,2004) or

Professor Clarke(personal communication,March 19, 2004)commented that...

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Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings


Shobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994).Possession phenomena: As a coping behaviour. InG. Davidson (Ed.), Applying Psychology: Lessonsfrom Asia-Oceania (pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic.,Australia: Australian Psychological Society.

N.B. To cite published proceedings from a book, use thesame format as for a book or book chapter (PublicationManual, p. 206). To cite proceedings publishedregularly use the same format as a periodical.

(Shobhadevi &Bidarakoppa, 1994) or

Shobhadevi andBidarakoppa (1994)published their ...

Contribution to Conference or Symposium not formally published - electronic

version


Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in highereducation: Issues to be addressed in developing amentoring program. Paper presented at theAustralian Association for Research in EducationConference. Retrieved fromhttp://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt;

N.B. A capital letter is used for all key words in theconference name. Give the month of the conference(NEW) (Publication Manual, pp. 206-208).

(Bochner, 1996) or

Bochner (1996)addressed this ...

Report - print version


University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence(Information series No. 3). Hamilton, New Zealand:Author.

N.B. If the report has a number, give the number inparentheses immediately after the title. If it is an annualreport, reference it as a book.

(University of Waikato,1967)

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Annual Report - electronic version


Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete,connect, communicate: Annual report 2007.Retrieved fromhttp://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-report-2007.pdf

(Telecom New Zealand,2007)

Report - electronic version

In Reference List InTextCitati

on

Caygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to2006. Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website:http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS-06_Science2.pdf

N.B. If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrievalstatement if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p.205). See next example.

(Caygill,2009) or

Caygill(2009)concludes...

Report - technical or research


Holmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communicationexperiences of ethnic Chinese students in a Westerntertiary institution: Implications for educationproviders (Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, NewZealand: University of Waikato, Department ofManagement Communication.

N.B. If there is a report number, give this in parenthesesafter the title. If the name of the state, province, orcountry is included in the name of the university, thisdoes not need to be repeated in the publisher location.

Give the name of the university first, followed by thedepartment that produced the document (PublicationManual, p. 206).

(Holmes, 2000) or

Holmes (2000) highlightsthe importance ...

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Images, tables and figures

Illustrations, maps and photographs, etc (excluding tables) are referred to as figures. If it is not your own work, the source must be acknowledged in full below the figure or

table as a figure caption or table note. The full citation also goes in the References list.

Figures

The caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption(Publication Manual, pp. 158-167).

As in examples, italicise the heading "Figure" and the number.

Example: From a journal:

Figure 1. Name of Picture. From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. A. Author and B. B.Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx.

Example: From a book:

Figure 2. Name of Picture. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A. A. Author and B.B. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Tables

The caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the tablebeginning with the word Note (Publication Manual, pp. 138-141).

Example: From a journal:

From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal,Volume, p. XX.

Example: From a book:

From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place ofPublication: Publisher.

Copyright

N.B. For PhD candidates (and students submitting a three or four-paper master'sthesis), permission to reproduce copyright material must be obtained. If you arereproducing a graphic, chart, or table, you must provide a note at the bottom of the itemthat includes copyright information and a permissions statement.

Copyright permissions are done as a footnote with the information as above, concludingwith: Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] withpermission.

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For detailed information on copyright and permissions, see Publication Manual, pp. 38,173. See also Copyright Guidelines for Research Students and the University ofWaikato's Copyright Information web pages.

Example:

Figure 4. Hamilton Garden. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A. A. Author and B.B. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright Year by Publisher. Reprinted withpermission.

If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required givingpermission for the photo to be used (Publication Manual, p. 166).

APA 6th edition

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