APA 2014 ExOffender Education Presentation 8-8-14
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Transcript of APA 2014 ExOffender Education Presentation 8-8-14
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Addressing Disparities & Institutionalization
through College Education Programs
Christopher R. Beasley, Ph.D
Department of Psychology
Washington College
APA 2014
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engagementresearch.org/presentations
Slides
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Incarceration
Education
Employment
Reentry Challenges
Prison Education
Reentry Education
Integrated Programming
Future Directions
Overview
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US Incarceration Prevalence1
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Incarceration Trend2
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Ethnic Disparities3
4.8%0.7% 1.9%
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Felons & Ex-Felons4
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Psychological
Trauma & Clinical Illness5
Institutionalization6
Dependence on structure and contingencies Hyper vigilance, distrust, and suspicion
Emotional over-control, alienation, psychological distancing
Social withdrawal and isolation
Incorporation of exploitive norms of prison culture
Diminished self-worth
Post-traumatic stress reactions
Incarceration Consequences
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Collateral7 Legal restrictions
Stigma & discrimination
Careers
Housing
Education
Public benefits
Financial credit
Immigration Parental rights
Travel
Volunteer opportunities
Incarceration Consequences
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Unemployment
National figures notoriously absent
Incarceration reduces employment 10-20%8
10-30% lesser earnings9
Incarceration Consequences
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Employers not very willing to hire ex-offenders
40% would probably or definitely11
Small Lower in smaller, financial, service, & customer
contact10
Persists in tight labor markets11
Employer Concerns12
Lack of skills & experience
Untrustworthiness
Fear of negligent hiring
Sympathetic but protective
Employment Barriers
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Factors in Marketability12
Post prison experiences taken into account11
Work experience11
Training and hard skills help College education
Willingness to hire ex-offenders increased 3x13
Desire for soft skills
Communication skills
Interpersonal skills
Work ethic
Employment Barriers
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Education
Education
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
General Formerly
Incarcerated
White Black Hispanic
Postsecondary Educational Attainment14
Some College No College
8.411.411.448.4 5.5
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Recidivism
Reentry Challenges
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Any Multiple
5-Year Recidivism Rates15
Yes No
76.6 42.3
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Recidivism
Reentry Challenges
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10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
White Hispanic Black Other
3-Year Recidivism Disparity15
Arrests No Arrests
68.8 70.7 74.0 76.6
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Immediate Needs16 Employment
Substance Abuse Treatment
Mental Health
Housing
Transportation
Challenges Institutionalization
Identity
Self-Concept
Environmental Adaptation Built
Technical
Cultural
Reentry
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Programs
Community Colleges
Bard Prison Initiative17
Education Justice Project18 Outcomes
51% lower odds of recidivating19
Prison Postsecondary Education
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Challenges
Security
Administrative Resources
Prison policies and shifting priorities Qualified educators
Limitations
Often do not address transition
Institutionalization still present
Federal funding not available
Prison Postsecondary Education
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Programs
College & Community Fellowship20
College Initiative21
Post Prison Education Program22 Project Rebound23
Returning Student Support Group24
Reentry Education
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Outcomes
College Initiative25
20x less likely to go back to prison compared to national
average
5x more likely to graduate than CUNY GED students
Post Prison Education Program26
0% 1-year recidivism for clients
35% for overflow controls
Reentry Education
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Challenges Student Preparation
Educational attainment
Recent educational experience
Familiarity with systems and technology
Criminal background checks
Continuance of contacts with prison programs
Limitations
Often little coordination with prison programs Recruitment
Student transition
Reentry Education
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Pathways from Prison to PostsecondaryEducation27 5-year Demonstration Project
Michigan
New Jersey
North Carolina
Funding and Technical Assistance Ford Foundation
Sunshine Lady Foundation Open Society Foundations
W.K. Kellogg Foundation
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Prison & Reentry Integration
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Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary
Education27
Postsecondary education and supportive reentry
Links to local employment 2 Years prerelease
2 Years postrelease
RAND Corporation evaluation
Prison & Reentry Integration
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Housing considerations
Living & learning communities
Stigma
College recovery communities
Alumni components
Faces of hope
Hope is related to lesser odds of reincarceration28
Future Directions
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Communicating alternative narratives to
prisoners and greater society
Written stories
Video stories Spoken stories
Policy briefs and statements
Future Directions
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Research Outcomes
Processes Deinstitutionalization
Incarceration conditions, policies, & procedures
Rehabilitation
Replication of outside structure and routine
Opportunities for autonomy
Psychologically and safe settings
Contact with outside world Alternatives to prison culture and norms
Preparation for community release
Services to facilitate reintegration
Future Directions
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Incarceration
Education
Employment
Reentry Challenges
Prison Education
Reentry Education
Integrated Programming
Future Directions
Conclusion
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1. International Cenre for Prison Studies. (2010). World Prison Population List
2. USDOJ (2011). Correctional Populations in the United States, 2010
3. U.S. Census. (2010). Correctional Population in the United States
4. Shannon, S.K.S., Uggen, C., Schnittker, J.,Thompson, M.,Wakefield, S., & Massoglia, M.. (In Progress). Growth in the U.S. Ex-Felon and Ex-Prisoner Population, 1948-2010.
5. Haney, C. (1997). Psychology and the limits to prison pain: Confronting the coming crisis in Eighth Amendment law.
6. Haney, C. (2001). The Psychological Impact of Incarceration: Implications for Post-Prison Adjustment
7. NACDL (2014). Collateral Damage: Americas Failure to Forgive or Forget in the War on Crime
8. CEPR (2010). Ex-Offenders and the Labor Market9. Kling, J. Weiman, D., & Western, B. (2000). The Effects of Mass Incarceration on the Labor Market
10. Holzer, H. J., Raphael, S., Stoll, M. A. (2002). Will Employers Hire Ex-Offenders? Employer Preferences, Background Checks, and TheirDeterminants
11. Holzer, H. J. (2007). Collateral costs: The effects of Incarceration on the employment and earnings of young workers
12. Fahey, J., Roberts, C., & Engel, L. (2006). Employment of Ex-Offenders: Employer Perspectives13. Albright, S. & Denq, F. (1996). Employer Attitudes Toward Hiring Ex-Offenders
14. Harlow, C. (2003). Education and Correctional Populations
15. Cooper, A. D., Durose, M. R., & Snyder, H. (2014). Recidivism Of Prisoners Released In 30 States In 2005: Patterns From 2005 To 2010
16. James, N. (2014). Offender Reentry: Correctional Statistics, Reintegration into the Community, and Recidivism
17. www.bpi.bard.edu
18. www.educationjustice.net19. Davis, L. M., Bozick, R., Steele, J. L., Saunders, J., & Miles, J. N. V. (2013). Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Eduction: A Meta-Analysis
of Programs That Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults.
20. www.collegeandcommunity.org
21. www.collegeinitiative.org
22. www.postprisonedu.org
23. www. asi.sfsu.edu/asi/.../proj_rebound24. www.rssgchicago.org
25. Col lege Initiat ive (2013). Fact Sheet.
26. Lovell, D., Walch, J., & Rhodes, L. A. (n.d.). Preliminary Evaluation: Post-Prison Education Program
27. VERA (n.d.). Pathways from Prison to Postsecondary Education Project
28. Dekhtyar, M., Beasley, C. R., Jason, L. A., Ferrari, J. R. (2012). Hope as a Predictor of Reincarceration Among Mutual-Help
References
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engagementresearch.org/presentations
Slides