AP WH Chap 01 First Civilizations

Chapter 1:From the Origins of

Agriculture to the First River-Valley Civilizations

8000-1500 B.C.E.

Unit 1: Chapter 1

Section 1: Before Civilization

Unit 1: Chapter 1: Section 1: Before Civilization

I. Stone (Lithic) Age

A. Paleo-lithic - Old Stone Age

B. Agricultural Revolution

C. Neo-Lithic - New Stone Age


A. Paleolithic Age

1. Communities – Hunter (men) & Gatherer (women)2. Tools – bone, skin, wood, & stone3. Food – vegetables, nuts & fruits - very little meat4. Family – women raised children, cooking, sewing5. Shelter – natural shelters or mobile tents6. Activities – art, tool making, religious practices,

social gatherings7. Religion – belief in afterlife, complicated deity

system8. Results – small, independent, nomadic populations


1. Domestication – plants & animalsa. Agriculture – cultivation- needed fertile

soil & riversb. Animals – transportation and ag. Purposesc. Americas – limited due to few suitable

species – llama S.A.d. Africa & Asia – cattlee. M.E. – camel & donkey

2. Result – Population increase & stable communities

B. Agricultural Revolution


What to Plant?• Mediterranean area - Wheat and

Barley

• Sub-Saharan Africa - Sorghum, Millet, Teff

• Equatorial West Africa - Yams

• Eastern and Southern Asia - Rice

• America - Maize, Potatoes, Quinoa, Manioc


C. Neolithic Communities

1. Culturea. Religion – ancestral worship & nature spirits

(earth, wind, fire); sacred places; deities – mother earth, sky god (male)

b. Astronomy – megaliths – burial chambers, calendar circles, astronomical observations

c. Language – societies began to spread and language began to diversify

2. Townsa. Villages – most people lived in small rural v.b. Cities – few lived in large cities – problem: needed

large food supply to support a large population


Jericho• Located on West Bank of Jordan River

(Israel)• Walled town with mud-brick structures• Dates back to 8000 B.C.E.


Çatal Hϋyϋk

• Located in central Anatolia (Turkey)

• Dates to 7000-5000 B.C.E.• Center for trade in obsidian,

produced pottery, baskets, woolen cloth, beads, leather, and wood products


What does this mean?

• Jericho and Çatal Hϋyϋk tell us that there were the social organizations necessary to support non-food producing specialists such as:– Priests– Craftspeople– Had labor to build defensive walls,

megalithic structures, and tombs.• Unknown if labor to build was free or

coerced.


Due Friday!

•6 Glasses: Chapter 1•Unit 1: Part 1 Test - ch 1-3•World Map Rivers quiz

Due Monday•Reading #1 - Epic of Gilgamesh

Unit 1: FoundationsChapter 1: River Valley Civ.Section II. Mesopotamia

II. Mesopotamia

A. Agriculture & the Landscape

B. Cities, Kings & Trade

C. Society

D. Gods, Priests & Temples

E. Technology & Science

Unit 1: Chapter 1: Section 2: Mesopotamia

A. Agriculture & the Environ.

1. Plain around the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.2. Difficult environment for agriculture:

Little rainfall, floods, rivers change course

3. Warm climate & good soil4. Used cattle-pulled plows and seed planter5. Built irrigation canals to bring water to fields6. + food & animals - no resources7. Early people - Sumerians


Crops and Natural Resources

• Date Palms• Vegetables• Reeds• Fish• Land for grazing

goats and sheep

• No significant wood, stone, or metal resources

• Draft Animals:– Cattle– Donkeys– Camels– Horses

Unit 1: Chapter 1: Section 2: Mesopotamia Do not copy this

B. City, Kings & Trade1. City-State – urban center w/ ag.

territorya. Sometimes traded, sometimes fought

over resources

2. Temples were more important than Palaces

3. Large City-States – Sumer, Babylon, Akkad


C. Society1. 3 Social Classes (kings controlled most of the wealth)

a. Free Landowning classb. Dependent farmers & artisansc. Slaves – POW, minor part of economy

2. Power shift – women men (agriculture)3. Women – no political role

- Could: Own property, Control their dowry, Engage in trade

4. Rise of urban merchant class greater emphasis on male privilege and decline in women’s status.


D. Gods, Priests & Temples1. Each city-state had its own gods

2. Gods were humanlike – anthropomorphic3. Priests were highly honored4. Temples were the 1st monumental buildings5. Ziggaruts were the major part of the temple


E. Science1. Technology=specialized knowledge that is used to transform the

natural environment2. Forms of technology - Irrigation systems, buildings

– Transportation, Bronze metallurgy, Brickmaking– Engineering, pottery & potter’s wheel– Military advances included:

• Paid, full-time soldiers, Horses, Horse-drawn chariot, Bow and Arrow, Siege Machinery

3. Writing: Cuneiform – Sumerians• Complex, hundreds of symbols, sounds, • Only scribes could read & write


Cuneiform Samples

Unit 1: FoundationsChapter 1: River Valley Civ.Section III. Egypt

III. Egypt

A. The Land

B. Divine Kingship

C. Administration & Communication

D. People

E. Beliefs & Knowledge

Unit 1: Chapter 1: Section 3: Egypt

A. The Land1. The Nile - thin strip of land along the

river is good for ag.

2. 2 Parts - Upper (south) & Lower (north)

3. Floods – regular, left fertile silt, good timing

4. Resources – reeds, animals, fish, birds, stone, clay, copper, turquoise, gold


B. Divine Kingship

1. Unification: 3100 BCE – Lower & Upper Nile

2. 3 Periods: Divided into 30 Dynasties

a. Old Kingdom – Pyramid Ageb. Middle Kingdom – Agricultural Agec. New Kingdom – Empire Age

3. Pharaohs – regarded as gods, death was seen as his journey back to the gods

• Funeral/burial rites were very important

4. Pyramids – not all Pharaohs are buried in pyramids!• Early times – flat topped tombs, then stepped pyramids• Great Pyramids of Giza – 2550-2490 BCE – Old Kingdom• Valley of the Kings – tunnels cut into the side of cliffs


C. Administration1. Bureauracy – system of provincial admin.

• Tracked: labor, taxes, & people

2. Tax Collection: support the govt, temples, buildings

3. Writing: Hieroglyphics & Demotic (cursive script)• Wrote on papyrus with reed “pens” (paint brushes) • Were able to decipher with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone in 1799 – 3 languages:

Greek, Demotic & Hieroglyphs

4. Power struggles with provincial governors• Strong central govt – loyal prov. gov.• Weak central govt – autonomous prov. gov.

5. Foriegners – seen as enemies 6. Traded with Levant, Nubia & Punt

• Exported papyrus, grain, and gold• Imported incense, Nubian gold, Lebanese cedar, African ivory, ebony, and animals.


C. Administration


Rosetta Stone

D. People1. Population: 1 – 5 mil.; some darker, some lighter2. Social Classes

a. Kings & high ranking govt. officialsb. Lower level govt. officials, & priestsc. Peasants (majority)

3. The Working Class – Peasantsa. Farming villages, paid taxes, source of govt. laborb. Slavery – limited scale, well treated

4. Women – more rights than Meso. women

a. Subordinate to menb. Right to hold, inherit, and buy propertyc. Retained rights over dowry


E. Beliefs & Knowledge

1. Beliefs based on cyclical view of naturea. Re – Sun godb. Osiris – god of the underworld

2. Religiona. Wealth & resources went into monumental buildingsb. Regular offerings were made to the godsc. Believed in magic and in an afterlifed. Beliefs led to mummification and burials ritualse. Tombs built outside of city in order to save ag. Landf. Contained: food, pictures, transportation, wealth

3. Knowledge• Chemistry, anatomy, mathamatics, astronomy, calendar, irrigation,

engineering, architecture, transportation


Grab a Senteo & Sign in!

Monday• Chapter 1 – Practice Test online• Complete CSG Section 4: Indus

R.V.• Objectives/Short Answer Questions

Tuesday Night: Chapter 1 Test

Unit 1: FoundationsChapter 1: River Valley Civ.Section IV. Indus River Valley

http://mstreitwieser.com/civilization/indus.php

2600 – 1900 B.C.E.

IV. Indus River ValleyUnit 1: Chapter 1: Section 4: Indus RV

A. Environment

B. Culture

C. Transformation

A. Environment1. Present day: Pakistan, India,

Bangladesh

2. 2 regular floods a year3. Carries a lot of silt4. Irrigation allows 2 crops per

year

Unit 1: Chapter 1: Section 4: Indus RV

B. Culture1. Don’t know much about civilization because scholars have not

deciphered their writings2. Evidence suggests standards in city planning, architecture

and even the size of bricks3. 2 Largest Sites: Mohenjo-Daro & Harappa4. Both were surrounded by brick walls, had streets laid out in a

grid pattern and were supplied with covered drainage systems to carry away waste.

5. Had access to more metals than Egypt or Meso.6. Technology – irrigation, potter’s wheel, bricks, bronze,

writing7. Trade – North – Iran, Afghanistan, Meso.


Harappa

Mohenjo-Daro

C. Transformation1. Declined because of natural disasters and

ecological change.2. These changes included:

1. Drying up of the Hakra River2. Stalinization3. Erosion

3. When urban centers collapsed, so did the way of life for the elite, but peasants probably adapted and survived.


AP WH Chap 01 First Civilizations

Education

Transcript of AP WH Chap 01 First Civilizations