AP U.S. History Unit 1 Part 2 1300-1607. The Age of Discovery Portugal 1450’s Prince Henry the...
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Transcript of AP U.S. History Unit 1 Part 2 1300-1607. The Age of Discovery Portugal 1450’s Prince Henry the...
AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. HistoryUnit 1 Part 2Unit 1 Part 2
1300-16071300-1607
The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery PortugalPortugal 1450’s Prince Henry the 1450’s Prince Henry the
NavigatorNavigator Diaz (Dias) 1488 and the Cape of Diaz (Dias) 1488 and the Cape of
Good HopeGood Hope De GamaDe Gama 1498 and India 1498 and India CabralCabral and Brazil (1500) and Brazil (1500)
AfricaAfrica GoldGold SlavesSlaves
Amerigo VespucciAmerigo Vespucci
Claimed to be the first to Brazil Claimed to be the first to Brazil (1501)(1501)
So a German Map-maker called the So a German Map-maker called the New World AmericaNew World America
PortugalPortugal
Portugal had trading stations in Portugal had trading stations in Africa, India, China and the East Africa, India, China and the East Indies Indies
SpainSpain
Columbus Columbus ItalianItalian ““Indians”Indians” The Conquistadors: The Conquistadors: Cortez Cortez and and
PizarroPizarro The Missionaries: Las CasasThe Missionaries: Las Casas SlaverySlavery New SpainNew Spain St. Augustine, Fla. 1565St. Augustine, Fla. 1565
The Treaty of Tordesilles The Treaty of Tordesilles 14941494
In an effort to prevent the two Catholic In an effort to prevent the two Catholic countries, Spain and Portugal from countries, Spain and Portugal from going to war over the New World, the going to war over the New World, the Pope drew a boundary line (which was Pope drew a boundary line (which was later adjusted to accommodate later adjusted to accommodate Portugal’s claim to Brazil)Portugal’s claim to Brazil)
Portugal maintained control of the W. Portugal maintained control of the W. African slave trade …African slave trade …The AsientoThe Asiento
Other Spanish ExplorersOther Spanish Explorers
1513 1513 BalboaBalboa The first European to The first European to see the Pacific from the New Worldsee the Pacific from the New World
1519 1519 MagellanMagellan The first European to The first European to circumnavigate the globecircumnavigate the globe
1513 1513 Ponce de LeonPonce de Leon Discovered Discovered Florida while searching for the Florida while searching for the fountain of youthfountain of youth
More Spanish ExplorersMore Spanish Explorers
CoronadoCoronado sought “Golden Cities” in sought “Golden Cities” in the American Southwestthe American Southwest
CabrilloCabrillo sailed as far north to Oregon sailed as far north to Oregon (justified Spain’s claims here to 1819)(justified Spain’s claims here to 1819)
Spain will not realize true wealth from Spain will not realize true wealth from exploration until after 1540exploration until after 1540
The ConquistadoresThe Conquistadores de Sotode Soto sought gold in the American sought gold in the American
Southeast and crossed the Mississippi. Southeast and crossed the Mississippi. Brutalized the Natives. (1530’s, 40’s)Brutalized the Natives. (1530’s, 40’s)
Cortez Cortez (Cortes) 1519-21 conquered (Cortes) 1519-21 conquered the Aztecs led by Montezuma. Thought the Aztecs led by Montezuma. Thought Cortez was the god, QuetzalcoatlCortez was the god, Quetzalcoatl
PizarroPizarro 1532 defeated the Incas 1532 defeated the Incas
Impact of the Spanish Impact of the Spanish Conquest and subjugation Conquest and subjugation The The Encomienda System:Encomienda System: forced labor forced labor
(mining)(mining) The The Hacienda System:Hacienda System: forced agricultural forced agricultural
laborlabor Mestizos: Mestizos: Amerindian and Spanish Amerindian and Spanish St. Augustine established to protect St. Augustine established to protect
Spanish holdings in the SE and Caribbean Spanish holdings in the SE and Caribbean from the Frenchfrom the French
Is the oldest European settlement in what Is the oldest European settlement in what is now the United Statesis now the United States
By 1609 The Mission By 1609 The Mission SystemSystem
Forced ConversionForced Conversion Santa Fe (NM) FirstSanta Fe (NM) First
Pope’s Rebellion:Pope’s Rebellion: Natives rebelled Natives rebelled against Spanish rule. Was Crushed.against Spanish rule. Was Crushed.
Texas Mission 1716Texas Mission 1716 California mission 1763 (Spain California mission 1763 (Spain
concerned with Brits and Russia in N. concerned with Brits and Russia in N. AmericaAmerica
The Black LegendThe Black Legend
Advanced by Protestant countries in Advanced by Protestant countries in Europe:Europe:
Claimed that Spain alone killed for Christ Claimed that Spain alone killed for Christ by enslaving the natives, forcing labor, by enslaving the natives, forcing labor, infecting with disease, stealing wealthinfecting with disease, stealing wealth
The Spanish had a HUGE impact on the The Spanish had a HUGE impact on the culture of central and South Americaculture of central and South America
Later…Later…
The English The English Jamestown 1607Jamestown 1607 The FrenchThe French Quebec 1608Quebec 1608 The DutchThe Dutch New Amsterdam 1609New Amsterdam 1609
The French in North The French in North AmericaAmerica
Verrazano Verrazano 1524 sailed along the east 1524 sailed along the east coast of N. America from Maine to the coast of N. America from Maine to the Carolinas was probably the first to see NY Carolinas was probably the first to see NY harborharbor
CartierCartier 1530’s explored along the St. 1530’s explored along the St. Lawrence River (causing Spain to establish Lawrence River (causing Spain to establish St. Augustine)St. Augustine)
ChamplainChamplain founded Quebec in 1608 founded Quebec in 1608
More French ExplorersMore French Explorers
Cadillac 1701 founded DetroitCadillac 1701 founded Detroit
La Salle 1682 sailed through La Salle 1682 sailed through Quebec, the Great Lakes and down Quebec, the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi with Native guidesthe Mississippi with Native guides Wanted to hamper the Spanish in the Wanted to hamper the Spanish in the
Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico Named “Louisiana (for Louis XIV)Named “Louisiana (for Louis XIV)
The FrenchThe French
Trading posts established along the Trading posts established along the MississippiMississippi
New Orleans was the most New Orleans was the most important in 1718important in 1718
The French and the The French and the AmerindiansAmerindians
Had harmonious relations with nativesHad harmonious relations with natives Due to trade, necessity (intermarriage)Due to trade, necessity (intermarriage) Beaver pelts in demand in EuropeBeaver pelts in demand in Europe Trade was a “process” to natives = Trade was a “process” to natives =
relationshiprelationship Coureurs de boisCoureurs de bois: runners of the woods : runners of the woods
were French frontiersmen after peltswere French frontiersmen after pelts Voyageurs:Voyageurs: French seamen who French seamen who
recruited natives for fur traderecruited natives for fur trade
The French and the The French and the NativesNatives
The French gifted the natives which The French gifted the natives which was an important intertribal custom …was an important intertribal custom …so much better than the Spanish so much better than the Spanish methods or the English policy of methods or the English policy of exterminationextermination
The The Jesuits Jesuits tried to convert the natives tried to convert the natives and even save them from the French and even save them from the French trappers.trappers.
Were respected by natives for holding Were respected by natives for holding up well under tortureup well under torture
The FrenchThe French
Were allied with the Huron and Algonquin Were allied with the Huron and Algonquin tribes and armed them against the tribes and armed them against the IroquoisIroquois
When the Iroquois and the English allied, When the Iroquois and the English allied, the Iroquois were no longer at a the Iroquois were no longer at a disadvantagedisadvantage
Native population suffered due to warfare, Native population suffered due to warfare, disease, alcoholismdisease, alcoholism
The FrenchThe French
By the 1760’s (the end of the French By the 1760’s (the end of the French and Indian War) the natives made an and Indian War) the natives made an effort not to kill each other and stay effort not to kill each other and stay out of European affairsout of European affairs
In the end…by 1600 the native In the end…by 1600 the native population fell by 90% population fell by 90%
Smallpox was the biggest factorSmallpox was the biggest factor
British explorersBritish explorers
The The Cabot BrothersCabot Brothers (Italian) explored (Italian) explored Newfoundland to Va. For England (1497)Newfoundland to Va. For England (1497)
FrobisherFrobisher (1576) explored the coast of (1576) explored the coast of LabradorLabrador
Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs (like Drake) inspired Elizabeth’s Sea Dogs (like Drake) inspired England by looting Spanish ships on their England by looting Spanish ships on their way to Spain from the New Worldway to Spain from the New World
The War of the Spanish The War of the Spanish Armada 1588Armada 1588
The Spanish fleet was destroyed in The Spanish fleet was destroyed in the English Channel establishing the English Channel establishing England as a great naval power.England as a great naval power.
At the same time, attempts were At the same time, attempts were made by the English to colonize in made by the English to colonize in the New World.the New World.
The EnglishThe English Motives: Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts, Motives: Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts,
idle women, land, primogeniture, entailidle women, land, primogeniture, entail Economic problems made people move outEconomic problems made people move out War created taxesWar created taxes Population explosion but fewer farms and Population explosion but fewer farms and
higher food prices (enclosure)higher food prices (enclosure) Highwaymen: large force of unemployed Highwaymen: large force of unemployed
farm workers were wandering the farm workers were wandering the countrysidecountryside
1601 Queen Elizabeth’s Poor Laws were 1601 Queen Elizabeth’s Poor Laws were draining the treasurydraining the treasury
The EnglishThe English
Cabot brothers explored for the English Cabot brothers explored for the English (1497)(1497)
Henry VIII not much interestHenry VIII not much interest Elizabeth I encouraged private Elizabeth I encouraged private
enterpriseenterprise
English colonies were founded with little English colonies were founded with little help or interference from the crownhelp or interference from the crown
Different for Spain and FranceDifferent for Spain and France
English Advantages in English Advantages in ColonizationColonization
More capital for investment by private More capital for investment by private co’s like merchant companies (Dutch co’s like merchant companies (Dutch too) due to larger middle classtoo) due to larger middle class
Greater social mobilityGreater social mobility Relative freedom for womenRelative freedom for women Lust for landLust for land Government let religious dissenters goGovernment let religious dissenters go Government encouraged permanent Government encouraged permanent
settlementsettlement
The EnglishThe English
Self government allowed: Self government allowed: Mayflower Compact, Virginia House Mayflower Compact, Virginia House of Burgesses, growing religious of Burgesses, growing religious tolerance especially after William tolerance especially after William and Mary signed the English Bill of and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights during the Glorious Rights during the Glorious RevolutionRevolution
Early English AttemptsEarly English Attempts
Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh (and Sir Francis Drake and others)(and Sir Francis Drake and others)
1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered with ½ brother-Raleigh) took an with ½ brother-Raleigh) took an expedition to Newfoundland and traveled expedition to Newfoundland and traveled down the coast but was lost at sea.down the coast but was lost at sea.
Raleigh failed to get $ from Elizabeth but Raleigh failed to get $ from Elizabeth but claimed the land as Virginia anyway.claimed the land as Virginia anyway.
RaleighRaleigh
1585 Raleigh’s cousin and new 1585 Raleigh’s cousin and new partner…Sir Grenville settled a small partner…Sir Grenville settled a small group at Roanoke in N. Carolina.group at Roanoke in N. Carolina.
They terrorized the Indians before they They terrorized the Indians before they left for more supplies.left for more supplies.
Drake arrived some months later with Drake arrived some months later with supplies but the settlers decided not to supplies but the settlers decided not to stay and went back to Englandstay and went back to England
RoanokeRoanoke Raleigh made one more attempt (on his Raleigh made one more attempt (on his
coin) It will bankrupt himcoin) It will bankrupt him 1587 Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women 1587 Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women
and 9 children to Roanoke.and 9 children to Roanoke. Virginia Dare was born there…first Virginia Dare was born there…first
European child to be born in the New European child to be born in the New World.World.
Habitations were built, some crops Habitations were built, some crops planted and Raleigh went back for planted and Raleigh went back for supplies promising to return within a few supplies promising to return within a few monthsmonths
RoanokeRoanoke
Before the ship left for England the settlers Before the ship left for England the settlers were told to carve a message on a certain were told to carve a message on a certain tree if they had to relocate. If they had to tree if they had to relocate. If they had to leave in a hurry, they were to carve a cross in leave in a hurry, they were to carve a cross in the tree…the tree…
When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth would not allow it to return with supplies to would not allow it to return with supplies to America until 1590.America until 1590.
She needed all of her ships and men to fight She needed all of her ships and men to fight the Spanish in the War of the Spanish the Spanish in the War of the Spanish Armada (1588)Armada (1588)
RoanokeRoanoke In 1590, Virginia Dare’s grandfather hired In 1590, Virginia Dare’s grandfather hired
a ship going to the west Indies to stop at a ship going to the west Indies to stop at Roanoke.Roanoke.
No one was there! Carved on the tree was No one was there! Carved on the tree was CROACROA
There WAS a tribe nearby called the There WAS a tribe nearby called the CroatoansCroatoans
Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans attack them?attack them?
RoanokeRoanoke
A true History Mystery…A true History Mystery… The ship captain refused to stay and The ship captain refused to stay and
help to look so grandpa got onto the help to look so grandpa got onto the ship and went to the West Indies and ship and went to the West Indies and no one else ever went back to lookno one else ever went back to look
BUT later… reports of Native BUT later… reports of Native Americans using certain English Americans using certain English words…reports of blond Indianswords…reports of blond Indians
In 1606 King James…In 1606 King James…
Issued charters to two merchant Issued charters to two merchant companies to settle in the New World.companies to settle in the New World.
Private investors could raise large sums of Private investors could raise large sums of $ to finance such ventures$ to finance such ventures
The London Company to settle in the Southern The London Company to settle in the Southern RegionRegion
The Plymouth Company to settle in the The Plymouth Company to settle in the Northern RegionNorthern Region
1607 Jamestown: the first 1607 Jamestown: the first permanent English colony permanent English colony
in the New Worldin the New World The London Co. (later will be called the The London Co. (later will be called the
Virginia Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to Virginia Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to VirginiaVirginia
The Godspeed, Susan Constant, The Godspeed, Susan Constant, and theand the DiscoveryDiscovery
These men were young and in good physical These men were young and in good physical shape and were indentured servantsshape and were indentured servants
Only 104 survived the tripOnly 104 survived the trip
New France, New Spain,New France, New Spain, the English Colonies the English Colonies
Reasons for Exploration Reasons for Exploration and Colonization:and Colonization:
GodGodGoldGoldGloryGlory
ReligionReligion
A true desire to convert new peoples A true desire to convert new peoples to Christianity = missionariesto Christianity = missionaries
Rivalry between Catholics (especially Rivalry between Catholics (especially the Jesuits) and Protestants for new the Jesuits) and Protestants for new soulssouls
Religious freedom (6 of the 13 Religious freedom (6 of the 13 English colonies were founded for English colonies were founded for religious reasons)religious reasons)
CompetitionCompetition
Between the new and growing nation-Between the new and growing nation-states of Europe for power and productsstates of Europe for power and products
Marco Polo and his memoirsMarco Polo and his memoirs
Goods from the East…The Spice IslandsGoods from the East…The Spice Islands A search for an all-water route to the Far A search for an all-water route to the Far
EastEast
The Renaissance The Renaissance
Encouraged new knowledge Encouraged new knowledge New inventions, technologyNew inventions, technology
MapsMaps The CaravelThe Caravel The Lateen SailThe Lateen Sail The AstrolabeThe Astrolabe
The Printing PressThe Printing Press
EconomicsEconomics
Desire for new products, Natural Desire for new products, Natural ResourcesResources
A Need for new MarketsA Need for new Markets
MercantilismMercantilism
The European Colonizing The European Colonizing AgentsAgents
SpainSpain (Monarchy) was the only country (Monarchy) was the only country to bring back real wealth.to bring back real wealth.
The wealth from the Aztec and Inca The wealth from the Aztec and Inca empires inflated the European economy empires inflated the European economy ten times overten times over
The FrenchThe French (Monarchy) found wealth in (Monarchy) found wealth in the Fur Tradethe Fur Trade
The The EnglishEnglish and the Dutch and the Dutch (Constitutional Monarchies) made their (Constitutional Monarchies) made their money by trading with their coloniesmoney by trading with their colonies
ReligionReligion
The Huguenots were expelled from The Huguenots were expelled from France and came to the New WorldFrance and came to the New World
The Spanish (and French) sent The Spanish (and French) sent missionaries to convert the nativesmissionaries to convert the natives
Six of the thirteen English colonies Six of the thirteen English colonies were founded for religious reasonswere founded for religious reasons
The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange
Crops: the potato, cornCrops: the potato, corn Animals: Protein sourcesAnimals: Protein sources Disease…Smallpox, SyphilisDisease…Smallpox, Syphilis
The Europeans The Europeans and the Native Americansand the Native Americans
The SpanishThe Spanish ConquistadorsConquistadors The Encomienda, hacienda, and mission The Encomienda, hacienda, and mission
systemssystems Tried to enslave the nativesTried to enslave the natives The Missionaries: Las CasasThe Missionaries: Las Casas The Slave Trade: AsientoThe Slave Trade: Asiento Spanish SocietySpanish Society
The Europeans and the The Europeans and the NativesNatives
The FrenchThe French: How they colonized: How they colonized The Fur TradeThe Fur Trade Friendly relations with nativesFriendly relations with natives Married into the tribesMarried into the tribes Depended upon the natives for survivalDepended upon the natives for survival
The Europeans and the The Europeans and the NativesNatives
The English…and the PuritansThe English…and the Puritans The English and VirginiaThe English and Virginia The Iroquois were allied with the The Iroquois were allied with the
EnglishEnglish All others were allied with the French All others were allied with the French
so…English policy was exterminationso…English policy was extermination 1637 1637 The Pequot WarThe Pequot War (Conn) (Conn) 1675 1675 King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War (Metacomet was (Metacomet was
the chief of the Wanpanoaga tribe) (Mass)the chief of the Wanpanoaga tribe) (Mass) The New England ConfederationThe New England Confederation
Religious FreedomReligious Freedom
Not an issue for Spain or Portugal…Not an issue for Spain or Portugal…everyone was Catholiceveryone was Catholic
Not an issue for the Netherlands…They Not an issue for the Netherlands…They tolerated all faithstolerated all faiths
France…When the Edict of Nantes was France…When the Edict of Nantes was revoked about 300,000 Huguenots revoked about 300,000 Huguenots (French Calvinists) to the New World (French Calvinists) to the New World (Carolina)(Carolina)
England: Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, England: Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, CatholicsCatholics
MercantilismMercantilism
Thomas Hobbes and Thomas Hobbes and The Leviathan The Leviathan defended mercantilismdefended mercantilism
Adam Smith andAdam Smith and The Wealth of The Wealth of Nations Nations defended free-market defended free-market capitalismcapitalism
What IS Mercantilism?What IS Mercantilism?
MercantilismMercantilism
and the Spanishand the Spanish and the French …Colbertand the French …Colbert and the English Navigation Actsand the English Navigation Acts
End of Unit IEnd of Unit I
Please take a good look at Unit I terms Please take a good look at Unit I terms and definitionsand definitions
Consider: The relationships that Consider: The relationships that developed between the Native developed between the Native Americans and the three main European Americans and the three main European colonizing agents differed markedly. colonizing agents differed markedly. Discuss the differences noting the role of Discuss the differences noting the role of religion, economics, and war.religion, economics, and war.