A&P URINARY SYSTEM Instructor Terry Wiseth. 2 Urinary Anatomy Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra.

A&P

URINARYSYSTEM

Instructor Terry Wiseth

2

Urinary Anatomy

Kidney

Ureter

Bladder

Urethra

3

Functions of Urinary System

Clears blood of waste products of metabolismUremia

accumulation of toxic levels of wastes in blood

maintain normal

H2O and electrolyte balance

fluid volumesblood pressurebody pH

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Kidneys

Excretory OrganIntestine, Skin, Lungs

Excretes

N2 wastes

Toxins

H20

Electrolytes

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Microscopic Structure

Nephronunit of function1.25 million /

kidneyHighly

vascular20% of blood

pumped / min

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Functions

1) maintain fluid balance2) maintain electrolyte

balance3) maintain acid-base balance

4) remove N2 wastes

urea5) synthesize prostaglandin's6) influence rate of secretion

of hormonesADH / Aldosterone

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Kidney Failure

blood constituents cannot be held in normal concentrations

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Nephron Anatomy

1) Glomerulus1) GlomerulusArteriolesBowman’s Capsule

2) Tubule2) TubuleProximalLoop of Henle

AscendingDescending

DistalCollecting

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Urine Formation

Actions in forming urine1) filtration2) reabsorption3) secretion

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Glomerular Filtration

blood flows through glomerular capillaries

H2O and solutes filter out into Bowman’s Capsule

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blood flows through glomerular capillaries

H2O and solutes filter out into Bowman’s Capsule

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pressure gradient causes filtrationsome kidney diseases

permeability of glomerulus increasesallows blood proteins to filter out into

the capsule

13


High blood pressure in the glomerulus forces small molecules from blood into the Bowman’s capsule

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TEM of filtration slits from capillaries in Bowman’s Capsule

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Stress can lead to constriction of afferent arteriolescauses filtration rate to lower and renal suppression “kidney

shutdown”

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glomerular filtration ratedirectly related to systemicblood pressure

↓ BP = ↓ glomerular filtration

↑ BP = ↑ glomerular filtration (slight)

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Tubular Reabsorption

movement of substances from tubular fluid out to bloodreabsorption from proximal

convoluted tubules to blood

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movement of substances from tubular fluid out to bloodreabsorption from proximal

convoluted tubules to blood

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Glucose, amino acids, ions and other useful substances are actively transported from the tubule into blood

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Proximal Tubules

Water follows passively by osmosis

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Glucose Reabsorption

if blood glucose levels exceed threshold amount (150mg/100ml)not all glucose is reabsorbed

22

Renal Diabetes

congenitalsometimes maximum transfer capacity

is reduced and excess glucose appears in urine even though blood glucose level is normal

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Reabsorption from Loop of Henle

Descending LoopWater diffuses out of the tubule by

osmosis

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Ascending LoopSalts are actively transported out of

the tubule, but water cannot follow because the walls of the tubule are impermeable to water

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NaCl is trapped in interstitial fluid of kidney medulla

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Reabsorption from Distal Tubules

proximal tubules reabsorb 2/3 of Na+

distal tubules reabsorb 1/10 of Na+

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Reabsorption from Distal Tubules

distal tubules reabsorb H2O if antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is present

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Distal Tubule

K+, H+ and other ions, and certain large molecules are actively transported from the blood into the tubule, regulating the pH and ionic concentration of the blood

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Collecting Duct

As the urine passes down the duct, water moves by osmosis from the duct into the blood

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Collecting Duct

As the urine passes down the duct, water moves by osmosis from the duct into the blood

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ADH

cause distal tubules to become permeable to H2O

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ADH

small concentrated volume of urine is excreted

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ADH

if no ADH in blood, then large volumes of urine produced (dilute concentration)

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Regulation of Urine Volume

1) ADH2) Aldosterone3) Extracellular fluid volume4) Urine solute concentration

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1) ADHPresence

decrease Urine VolumeAbsence

increase Urine Volume

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2) Aldosteroneincreases Na+ reabsorption in distal

tubule with H2O following

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3) urine volume relates directly to extracellular fluid volume (ECF)

ECF ↓ urine volume ↓ECF ↑ urine volume ↑rapid ingestion of large

amount of fluid and resultingincreased ECF leads toincreased urinary output

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4) high solute concentration in urine increases urine volume by osmotic pressureuntreated diabetes

void large amounts of urine because excess glucose in blood “spilling over”

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Influence of Kidney on Blood Pressure

Renal Hypertensiondecreased blood

flow to kidneyconstriction of

arteriolesincreased BP

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Ureters

Tubes leading from kidney to bladderUrine moves by

peristaltic movement

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Ureters

Renal Calculistones develop in kidney, washed out

by urine into ureterdistend ureter walls

pain

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Bladder

collapsible, elastic bagUreters

2BladderUrethra

1

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Functions of Bladder

1) reservoir for urine2) expels urinedistended causes sensation and desire

to void

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Urethra

passageway for eliminating urine

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Urethra

passageway for eliminating urine

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Urine

H2O

95%

N2 wastes

ElectrolytesToxinsPigmentsHormones

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Artificial Kidney

Dialysis

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Artificial Kidney

Dialysis

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Artificial Kidney

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)dialysis fluid administered to

peritoneal cavity

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Kidney Transplant

ENDURINARY SYSTEM

A&P URINARY SYSTEM Instructor Terry Wiseth. 2 Urinary Anatomy Kidney Ureter Bladder Urethra.

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