AP Test Review
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Transcript of AP Test Review
AP Test ReviewTopics we may have missed…
2012The AP Environmental Science Exam covers a one-
semester introductory college course in environmental science with laboratory. The questions included in Section I are designed to cover the breadth of students' knowledge and understanding of environmental science. There are four questions in Section II. One is a data-set question, which requires students to analyze and interpret a given set of data. One is a document-based question in which students answer questions related to a given document (such as a pamphlet, advertisement, or newspaper article) and apply their knowledge of environmental science to contexts that are current, relevant, and authentic. Two are synthesis questions, which are in-depth, often multi-part essays.
College Board -- AP multiple choice sampleCollege Board – AP short answer questions
(2010 & 2011)Practice AP TestAll answers
AP Passhttp://appass.com/calculators/environmentalscienceExam Scoreshttps://apstudent.collegeboard.org/exploreap/the-rew
ards/exam-scoresMultiple choice Scoreshttp://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/courses/
212187.htmlDoes your college accept AP credits?http://collegesearch.collegeboard.com/apcreditpolicy/
appolicy.jsp?match=true&collegeId=1225&searchType=APCredit&type=qfs&word=east%20stroudsburg(best to contact your college directly)
4/30 ATB
This type of water pollution causes pipes to be encrusted and decreases the effectiveness of soap.
A) Minimata diseaseB) EutrophicationC) Fecal coliformsD) SedimentE) Calcium ionsToday:
Go over the AP practice testLook at the short answers
5/1 ATB
Which of the following factors accompanies urbanization?A) increased price of property in rural areasB) increased standard of living in rural areasC) increased specialization of jobs in urban areasD) Decreased crime in urban areasE) Decreased amount of energy used per capita
Don’t forget – meeting at DeRenzis ThursdayAfter we talk, some are going to Kettle Creek to
“preview” some of the areas.Fish and Game commission guy?Non-APers Turn in 10 article questions
Peak oil
Acid DrainageOr Acid Mine DrainageAs water fills up an old mine (or runs over newly
exposed rock) and reacts with oxygen and sulfide minerals, sulfuric acid is produced.
This acidic water then also leaches metals from rocks it flows over, adding to the pollution (in high concentrations = organism death)
Pyrite is a common example – (iron sulfide)
5/2 ATB
Which pair of phrases best describes the effect that O3 molecules have on the environment?A) greenhouse effect; lung tissue irritantB) Ozone depletion; greenhouse effectC) Blocks UV rays; lung tissue irritantD) Ozone depletion; carcinogenE) Greenhouse effect; causes nerve damage
Today:Finish review for AP testDon’t forget Meeting afterschool in DeRenzis’ roomFriday: Envirothon
Need Photo Release Form and Field Trip Permission Form Dress for the weather No cell phones are allowed while you are taking the test Lunch is provided Bus is probably going to leave from the fitness center
Catalytic converterFilters air pollutants from vehicle exhaustHelps to improve air quality
The catalytic converter: green technology
Even a banana split has ties to the environment
Population Doubling Time Estimate
Rule of thumb…Book says: take 70 and divide by annual growth
rate to estimate how long it will double.Practice AP test says: take 72 and divide by
annual growth rate(Doubling x percent growth = 72)(Doubling = 72 / percent growth)
Population Doubling Time Estimate
A population is increasing at 1.8% per year. How long will it take the population to quadruple?A) About 39 yearsB) About 78 yearsC) About 45 yearsD) About 30 years
Environmental DisastersBhopal, India (December 2-3, 1984)
Gas leak from the industrial pesticide plant run by Union Carbide India Limited
Considered one of the worlds worst industrial accidentsOver 500,000’s of people exposed to chemicals that lived
in the shanty towns surrounding the plant (methyl isocyanate)
Death toll: 3,787 (estimates go up to 8,000)
Minamata, Japan (1956)Minamata Disease -- Severe mercury poisoning Caused by the release of methylmercury in the
industrial wastewater from the Chisso Corporation’s chemical factory
It bioaccumulated in shellfish / fishDeath toll: 1,784 died and over 10,000 received
compensation from Chisso Corporation
Love Canal, NY (1976)Niagara Falls, NYThe canal was built to connect Niagara River to Lake
Ontario – never completedSite began being used to dump waste by Hooker Chemical
(21,000 tons of toxic waste)Site was sold in 1953 and houses were built ---- pollutants
started leaking from the site into backyards, pools, etc.Miscarriages, birth defects resultedNow a superfund site – federal law to clean up sites
contaminated with hazardous substances
Three Mile Island, PA (March 28, 1979)Partial meltdown of a nuclear reactorsThrough the 5 day ordeal there were major
concerns the plant may explode140,000 pregnant women / children evacuatedNo cited major release of nuclear material (small
amounts released) Illustrated need for closer monitoring of plants
Chernobyl, Ukraine (April 26, 1986)Was in Soviet UnionWorst nuclear event in history (tied at a level 7 event with
FukushimaAbout 340,000 people evacuated and resettledMeltdown and explosion of a nuclear power plant –
massive amounts of radioactive materials released into the atmosphere
68 direct deaths from radiation Increased cancer rates
Fukushima, Japan – March 11, 2011Tsunami struck Japan (9.0 magnitude)Power and cooling triggering a nuclear meltdownAll three cores melted downLarge amounts of radioactive materials released
(most into ocean)100,000 people evacuated (no major sicknesses /
death reported)Level 7 nuclear event (highest event)
Exxon Valdez (1989)Ran aground in Prince Williams Sound, AlaskaSpilled 100,000’s barrels of oil (10+ million gals)2nd largest oil spill in US history
Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill (July 15, 2010)Largest oil spill in US history
(2nd largest in world)Occurred in Gulf of Mexico Operated by BP - $4.525 billion fineOil flowed for 87 days (4.9 million barrels or 210 million
gals)11 died
Oil slick from space (NASA)
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) Colorless, tasteless Used primarily as an insecticide after WWII (1948ish) Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring “questioned the logic of releasing large
amounts of chemicals into the environment without fully understanding their effects on ecology or human health”Book started the modern environmental movementGet it? Silent spring?
Fat soluble so it easily bioaccumulates in organisms Birds especially affected, causing thinning of shells resulting in population
declines (especially predatory birds) Toxic at certain levels to many organisms Banned in US agriculture in 1982. Banned worldwide in the Stockholm
Convention (2004)
Solar output and ocean absorption influence climate
Solar output = drives temperature change on Earth’s surfaceThe Sun varies in the radiation it emitsVariation in solar energy (i.e., solar flares) has not
been great enough to change Earth’s temperatureOcean absorption = the ocean holds 50 times more
carbon than the atmosphere and absorbs it from the atmosphereCarbon absorption by the oceans is slowing global
warming but not preventing itWarmer oceans absorb less CO2 because gases are
less soluble in warmer water – a positive feedback effect that accelerates warming
Ocean circulation and ENSO influence climate
Ocean circulation = ocean water exchanges tremendous amounts of heat with the atmosphere, and ocean currents move energy from place to place
El Niño-southern oscillation (ENSO) = a systematic shift in atmospheric pressure, sea surface temperature, and ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific
El NiñoNormally, winds blow from east to west along the equator, from high to low pressure
Westward-moving surface waters allow nutrient-rich upwelling along the coast of Peru
ENSO occurs when air pressure increases in the western Pacific and decreases in the eastern Pacific, causing the equatorial winds to weaken
Water flows eastward, suppressing upwellings, shutting down delivery of nutrients that support aquatic life
Coastal industries are devastated, global weather is changed
La Niña eventsThe opposite of El Niño events
Cold surface waters extend far westward in the equatorial Pacific and weather patterns are affected in opposite ways
ENSO cycles are periodic, occurring every 2-8 yearsGlobally warming air and sea temperatures may be
increasing their frequency and strength
Thermohaline circulationThermohaline circulation = a worldwide
current system in which warmer, fresher water moves along the surface; and colder, saltier water moves deep beneath the surfaceWarm surface water carries heat to Europe
North American Deep Water (NADW) = the deep portion of the thermohaline circulation, consisting of dense, cool water that sinks
Interrupting the thermohaline circulation could trigger rapid climate change
NADW is vulnerableIf Greenland’s ice melts, freshwater runoff would
dilute ocean waters, making them less dense, and stopping NADWSome data suggest thermohaline circulation is
slowingEurope would rapidly cool, as shown in The Day
After Tomorrow, a movie which exaggerated the impacts
CITESConvention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)Multilateral treaty (1975)“Its aim is to ensure that international trade in
specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species in the wild, and it accords varying degrees of protection to more than 34,000 species of animals and plants”
Laws and ActsEndangered Species Act (ESA)
Signed into law by Nixon in 1973“Designed to protect critically imperiled species from
extinction as a consequence from of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation”
Administered by US Fish and Wildlife Service and National Oceanic and Atmosphereic Administration (NOAA)
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA)Federal law (1977) that regulates the environmental
effects of coal mining in the USTwo programs:
One for regulating active coal minesOne to reclaim abandoned mine lands
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) Passed in 1938 giving the US Food and Drug Administration authority to
oversee food, drug and cosmetic safety
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) - 1980 Known as the superfund Designed to clean up all sites contaminated with hazardous substances
that are endangering public health and / or the environment Allows EPA to identify responsible parties and compel them to clean up
the site.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Signed into law by Nixon in 1970 “the law was established to foster and promote the general welfare, to
create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony, and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans.”
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)1976 – Federal Law that governs the disposal of
solid and hazardous wasted“Gives the EPA the authority to control hazardous
waste from the cradle-to-grave.” This includes transportation, storage, disposal
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)“law that set up the basic US system of pesticide
regulation to protect applicators, consumers and the environment.”
Administered by the EPA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)Part of the US Department of LaborMission is to “assure safe and healthful working
conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance”.
Enforces whistleblower statues and regulationsFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Part of the US Dept. of Homeland SecurityMain role is to coordinate response to disasters
that occur in the US (ones that states cannot handle, and they declare a state of emergency)
States must request the help of FEMA
Agreements / ConferencesKyoto Protocol
…to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Treaty that sets obligations on industrialized nations to reduce emissions of greenhouse gasses
“The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing "dangerous" anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system.”
Ontario AgreementThe Canada-Ontario Agreement Respecting the
Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem is the federal-provincial agreement that supports the restoration and protection of the Great Lakes basin ecosystem. The Agreement outlines how the governments of Canada and Ontario will cooperate and coordinate their efforts to restore, protect and conserve the Great Lakes basin ecosystem
Environmental mitigation –Terms used to “describe projects or programs
intended to offset known impacts to an existing historic or natural resource such as a stream, wetland, endangered species, archeological site or historic structure. To "mitigate" means to make less harsh or hostile.”
Environmental crediting / debit system: you get a credit when you improve / preserve a resource and you get a debit when you damage one
Buy credits to offset damage a building project may generate
Brownfield – area of dubious toxicity (high liability to future
owners)
From wikipedia…
Energy Sources
Fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas)NuclearHydroelectricWindSolarGeothermalWaveTidalBiomass /
biofuels
The End
Montrose Chemical Superfund