AP Statistics
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Transcript of AP Statistics
Understand the term “random”
Implement different probability models
Use the rules of probability in calculations
Learning Objective:
Chance behavior is unpredictable in the short run but has a regular and predictable pattern in the long run
What does that mean to you?
the more repetition, the closer it gets to the true proportion
- if individual outcomes are uncertain but there is nonetheless a regular distribution of outcomes in a large number of repetitions.
◦ 1- you must have a long series of independent trials
◦ 2- probabilities imitate random behavior
◦ 3- we use a RDT or calculator to simulate behavior.
Random
The probability of any outcome of a random phenomenon is the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions. That is, the probability is long-term relative frequency.
Probability
What is a mathematical description or
model for randomness of tossing a coin? This description has two parts.
1- A list of all possible outcomes
2- A probability for each outcome
6.2 Probability Models
x H TP(x) ½ ½
Sample space S- a list of all possible outcomes.
Ex: S= {H,T} S={0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9}
Event- an outcome or set of outcomes (a subset of the sample space)
Ex: roll a 2 when tossing a number cube
Probability Models
If we have two dice, how many combinations can you have?
6 * 6 = 36
If you roll a five, what could the dice read? (1,4) (4,1) (2,3) (3,2)
How can we show possible outcomes? list, tree diagram, table, etc….
Example:
If you can do one task in a number of ways and a second task in b number of ways, then both tasks can be done in a x b number of ways.
Ex: How many outcomes are in a sample space if you toss a coin and roll a dice?
2 * 6 = 12
Multiplication Principle-
Ex: You flip four coins, what is your sample space of getting a head and what are the possible outcomes?
S= {0,1,2,3,4}Possible outcomes: 2 * 2 * 2 * 2 =
160 1 2 3 4
TTTT HTTT HHTT THHH HHHH
THTT HTHT HTHH
TTHT HTTH HHTH
TTTH THHT HHHT
TTHH
THTH
Ex: Generate a random decimal number. What is the sample space?
S={all numbers between 0 and 1}
Example
With replacement- same probability and the events remain independent
Ex: Without replacement- changes the
probability of an event occurring Ex:
#3-
#4- Disjoint- A and B have no outcomes in common (mutually exclusive)
P(A or B)= P(A) + P(B)
Probability Rules
Union: “or” P(A or B) = P(A U B)
Intersect: “and” P(A and B) = P(A ∩ B)
Empty event: (no possible outcomes)
S={ } or ∅
What is the sum of these probabilities?1
P(not married)=1- P(M)= 1 – 0.574 = 0.426
P(never married or divorced)= 0.353 + 0.071 = 0.424
Marital StatusMarital Status
NeverMarried
Married Widowed Divorced
Probability 0.353 0.574 0.002 0.071
A= {first digit is 1} P(A)=.30
B= {first digit is 6 or greater}P(B)=.222
C={first digit is greater than 6}P(C)=.155
Benford’s LawFirst Digit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Prob. .301 .176 .125 .097 .079 .067 .058 .051 .046
D={first digit is not 1}P(D)= 1- 0.301= 0.699
E={1st number is 1, or 6 or greater}P(E)=0.522
F={ODD}P(F)=0.609
G={odd or 6 or greater}P(G)=0.727
Benford’s Law Cont.
If a random phenomenon has k possible outcomes, all equally likely, then each individual outcome has probability 1/k. The probability of any event A is:
P(A)= count of outcomes in A count of outcomes in S
Equally likely outcomes
Try 6.18 with your partners A) 0.04 B) 0.69
Try 6.19 A) 0.1 B) 0.3 C) regular: 0.5 peanut: 0.4
Pg. 330: 6.18, 6.19
Rule 5:
P(A and B)= P(A) P(B)(only for independent events!)
The Multiplication Rule for Independent Events