AP REVIEW SESSION

FOUNDATIONS UNIT: 8,000 BCE – 600 CE

AP WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS

Be able to recognize and name the various regions of the world

In using the AP Time Periods, have a general understanding of what countries existed in the various regions

AP World Themes

1. Patterns and impacts or interaction among major societies: trade, war, diplomacy, and international organizations

2. The relationship of change and continuity across the world history periods covered in this course.

3. Impact of technology and demography on people and the environment (population growth and decline, disease, manufacturing, migrations, agriculture, weaponry).

Themes continued

4. Systems of social structure and gender structure (comparing major features within and among societies and assessing change).

5. Cultural and intellectual developments and interactions among and within societies.

6. Changes in functions and structures of states and in attitudes toward stat4es and political identities (political culture), including the emergence of the nation-state (types of political organization).

Habits of Mind

First Category• Constructing and evaluating arguments• Using docs & other primary data: developing

the skills necessary to analyze p.o.v., context, bias, and to understand and interpret information

• Developing the ability to assess issues of change and continuity over time

• Enhancing the capacity to handle diversity of interpretations through analysis of context, bias, and frame of reference

Habits of Mind

Second Category• Seeing global patterns over time and space while also

acquiring the ability to connect local developments to global ones and to move through levels of generalizations from the global to the particular

• Developing the ability to compare within and among societies, including comparing societies reactions to global processes

• Developing the ability to assess claims of universal standards yet remaining aware of human commonalities and differences; putting culturally diverse ideas and values in historical context, not suspending judgment but developing understanding.

CHRONOLOGY OF THE COURSE

• Foundations: 8,000 BCE - 600 CE

• 600 CE – 1450

• 1450 – 1750

• 1750 – 1914

• 1914 – the present

THESE ARE YOUR TIME “BREAKS”

FOUNDATIONS:8,000 BCE – 600 CE

Overview

• What is civilization?• Time: periodization in early human history• Sources of change: connection/diffusion vs. independent

invention?• Development of agriculture• Early Civilizations- culture, state, social structures of:

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley (all in ch. 1), China (ch. 2), Mesoamerica / Andean South America (ch. 2)

• Classical Civilizations- China (ch. 5), India (ch.6), Greece (ch.4), Rome (ch.5)

• Major Belief Systems: Polytheism, Hinduism, Judaism, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddhism, Christianity

• Collapse of empires- Han, Rome• The Big Picture

WHAT IS CIVILIZATION?

• Forms of complex social and cultural development characterized by innovative agric tech, demographic density, settled patterns of habitation in towns or cities, trade networks, hierarchical polit/soc systems and the spread of it all….

• Spread of influence through trade and conquest

PERIODIZATION IN HUMAN HISTORY

• Pre-8,000 BCE: Nomads• 8,000 BCE—3,000 BCE: Neolithic or Agricultural

Revolution--move to settled agriculture b/c of cultivation of plants, domestication of animals

• Early Civilizations: 3,000 BCE--• Classical Civilizations: differed by region, roughly 2,000

BCE (Mediterranean); 300—500 BCE (India and China)• Late Classical: 200 CE—600 CE, marked by collapse of

great civilizations

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Nomads: follow food & look for shelter

Foragers (Hu & Gath):• Small grps; tied to

nature• Few possessionsPastoral: domesticate

animals; follow water/food for herds

SHIFT TO

Agricultural Revolution (Neolithic)

• Domesticate plants• Settled communities• Property ownership• Food surplus• Specialization• Complex, organized

societies

MESOPOTAMIA

“land b/t the rivers” Tigris & EuphratesSumer: 1st major Mes. Civ• Cuneiform writing- laws, soc/relig customs• Trade: spread cuneiform via wheel• Polytheistic, zigguratsBabylon: Code of Hammurabi, justice, application

of laws to everyone*Diffusion of cultural heritage, relig, laws, customs,

technology through time. Adoption and adaptation by conquering civilizations

ANCIENT EGYPT

• Nile Flooding• Pharaohs, hieroglyphics• Dependency on trade for

timber & stone from building projects

• Polytheistic- pyramids for the afterlife

• 1st Female ruler in history, Queen Hatshepsut: more rights than Mesopotamia, though subservient to men

Social pyramid:

Pharaoh-> priests-> nobles-> merchants/artisans-> peasants-> slaves

Expansion of empire: became vulnerable to invasion

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS

                                                                               

                

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS2500 BCE—1500 BCE

contact limited b/c of geography: Northwest India

Polytheistic

Aryan dominance: relig belief in reincarnation- foundation of Hinduism

Caste system combined w/ HinduismRigid system, no social mobility

SHANG CHINA1600—1100 BCE

(remember the dynasty song?)• Yellow River valley• Trade-centered, though

limited contact w/ outside world

• Shaped ethnocentric worldview, center of the world

• Spoked wheel, pottery and silk

• Decimal system, calendar

Zhou Dynasty 1100-256 BCE

• Mandate of Heaven• Feudal system: king,

nobles to run the ctry• Bureaucracies

MESOAMERICA & ANDEAN SOUTH AMERICA

Olmec- Mexico; urban. Corn, beans, squash from irrigation techniques; polytheistic

Chavin- Andes Mtns; urban, sea access; metal tools and weapons

Key points: • developed independently of other civ

during same time period• Not in river valleys

CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS: China, India, Greece, Rome

• 300 BCE—500 CE

• Four empires of India and China:

1. Mauryan in India 321-180 BCE

2. Gupta in India 320-467 CE

3. Qin China 221—209 BCE

4. Han China 200 BCE-200 CE

India: The Mauryan Empire321-180 BCE

• Aryan culture and belief systems spread throughout India

• Small Aryan kingdoms united by Chandragupta Maurya

• His grandson, Ashoka greatest leader• Trade in silk, cotton, elephants; strong military• Ashoka converted to Buddhism– preached

nonviolence• Conversion helped spread B’ism in India and SE

Asia

The Gupta Dynasty in India320-467 CE

• Decentralized & smaller than Mauryan• Golden Age: relative peace & advances in art and

sciences• Use of iron for tools and weaponry• Hinduism reasserts dominance, B’ism absorbed into

itCaste system and women: • Strict social structures• Loss of rights– couldn’t own prop, study relig,

participate in sacred rituals• Child marriage at 6 or 7 yrs old

The Qin Dynasty in China221—209 BCE

• Strong agricultural economy• Powerful army w/ iron weapons• Conquered territories & unified region• Built Great Wall of China = organization,

centralized, standardization of weights, writing. No dissent

• Patriarchal• Legalism: tough, rigid laws; rewards &

punishments; strong gov’t, unquestioned authority

HAN CHINA200 BCE—200 CE

• Wu Ti “warrior emperor”, enlarged empire to central Asia

• Trade along Silk Road to Med. Sea; transmission of Buddhism and culture

• Civil service system: highly educated gov’t w/ skilled workers

• Exam: only wealthy could prepare, gov’t bureaucracy w/ stability

• Invention of paper, calendars, use of metals

Greece2000 BCE—336 BCE

Geography: ¾ mtns; peninsula in Aegean Sea; trade via sea, contact w/ Mediterranean peoples; cultural diffusion

Society: city-states (polis) independent

Religion: Greek Mythology, “humanized”

Athens: political, commercial, cultural center of G civ

Sparta: military, disciplined,

The Polis

Three groups in polis:• Citizens: adult males• Free people w/ no political rights• Noncitizens (slaves, 1/3 of people in Athens, no

rights)• Civic decisions made through debate• Not a true democracy– only adult males• Existence of slavery allowed for Greeks to

develop democracy

Golden Age of Athens and Alexander the Great

• Persian Wars united all city-states, era of peace and prosperity under Pericles

• Cultural center, democracy for all adult males• Delian League: alliance led by Athens• Philosophers: S->P->A rational thought, observation• Arts & science gains inspired later Euro Renaissance,

Enlightenment• Athens defeated by Sparta in Peloponnesian War• Macedonians invade– Alex the Great expanded empire

to India (Antigonid, Ptolemaic, Seleucid regions)• Hellenism: culture, ideals, and pattern of life of Classical

Greece spread throughout Alex’s empire and remained

Rome509 BCE--476 CE

Geography: peninsula, crossroads of Med SeaSocial (Roman Republic): patricians- land-owning

nobles; plebians- all other free men• Representative Republic: Senate (patrician

families) & Assembly (patricians, then plebians); governed w/ two consuls

• 12 Tables: civil laws, “innocent until guilty”• Family: pater familias; women could own prop,

though inferior• Slavery, 1/3 of pop at one time; came from

conquered territory

Rome continued…

Military: able to conquer Carthage, control W. Med region

Republic to Empire:• Displacement of small

farmers to cities• Inflation, plebians poor• 1st Triumvirate: Pompey,

Crassus, Caesar• Caesar: emperor for life• Augustus: Pax Romana• Growth of area and arts

and sciences

Religon: Republic, paganism, (polytheist)

• Christianity challenged Roman authority. Both Jews & Christians persecuted by Romans

• Constantine converts 312 CE, official religion of Rome

• Collapse: empire divided W & E by Diocletian; Constantine moved capital to Byzantium;

COLLAPSE OF EMPIRES: Han China & Rome

• Internal: economic depression, social unrest, natural disasters

• External: invading armies

• China: internal collapse; military expenses; rich/poor tensions; famine

• Rome: both! Empire divided, inflation, civil war; invasions by Visigoths, Huns

MAJOR BELIEF SYSTEMS

• Polytheism• Confucianism• Daoism• Legalism• Hinduism• Buddhism• Judaism• Christianity

• What are the basic, overall principles of each?

• What impact did each have on soc, polit, cultural, military developments?

• Did it spread? Where and how? Conflict w/ other religions?

INTERREGIONAL NETWORKS OF TRADE AND RELIGIOUS

DIFFUSION

200-600 CE

• Silk Road: China to Rome; interactions along the way w/ settled, pastoral communities

• Med. Sea trade

• Culture, language, religion, goods, disease

Indian Ocean Trade Network

THE BIG PICTURE:Civilizations

• Agriculture

• Written language

• Use of metals

• Food surpluses, specialization

• Period of peace and prosperity: no rivals, devotion to arts/sciences “golden age”

• Collapse: internal/external pressures

SOURCES OF CHANGE: Connection/Diffusion vs. Independent invention

Cultural Diffusion: change in society b/c of interaction w/ another culture/society

• Most common- trade & conquest• Use of wheel and ironIndependent invention: new invention or use

of something in new way;Innovation & adaptation: inventions spread,

borrowed stuff adapted to own needs

HUMANS VS. NATURE

• Irrigation, canals, plowing

• Development of civ: dealt w/ nature better, threats from other civilizations

• Religion: from appeasing gods to internal peace, salvation

MAJOR COMPARISONS: knowledge of these will improve

essays!!!• Compare major religious and philosophical

systems in terms of social hierarchy (Hinduism contrasted w/ Confucianism

• Role of women in diff’t belief systems

• How and why the collapse of empire more severe in western Europe than in eastern Mediterranean and China

MAJOR COMPARSIONS con’t…

• Compare caste system to other systems of social inequality in early and classical civilizations

• Compare the development of traditions and institutions in major civilizations, e.g., Indian, Chinese, Greek

• Describe interregional trading system, e.g., Indian Ocean trade