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People

AlbertBandura

Added a cognitive slant tobehavi orism by resear chingviolence and aggression

B.F.Skinner

Believed that internal mentalevents could only be studiedscient ifi cally or not at all;Skinner box

CarlRogers

Developed person -ce nteredtherapy

CharlesDarwin

Theory of natural selection andsaid desirable traits are passedon

DavidHubelandTorstenWiesel

Identified specia lized types ofcells and that individual cellsare more sensitive to complexstimuli

ErnestHilgard

Hypnosis causes dissoc iationin consci ousness

GustavFechner

Published research on theabsolute threshold of humans

HermanvonHelmholtz

Created place theory

J. AllanHobson

Said dreams are side effects ofneural activation

JohnWatson

Founder of behavi orism

LetaStetterHollin ‐gworth

Focused on children with highIQs

People (cont)

LindaBastoshuk

Leading authority in tasteresearch

MargaretWashburn

Second female president ofAPA and wrote "The AnimalMind" which helped behavi ‐orism emerge

MaryCalkins

First female president of APAand founded 1/12 psychologylabs in the U.S.

MaxWertheimer

Discovered phi phenomenon

Neal Miller Conducted studies to showthat animals could be usedfor testing

RobertRosenthal

Said experi mental bias couldlead to influence on subject'sbehavior

RogerSperry andMichaelGazzaniga

Studied split- brain to seewhat makes the hemisp heresunique

RonaldMelzackand PatrickWall

Gate-c ontrol theory

RosalindCartwright

We tend to dream aboutproblems in our lives

SigmundFreud

Founder of psycho ana lysisand coined the term uncons ‐cious; Said we dream to fulfilltasks

People (cont)

StanleyHall

Created APA and first psycho ‐logical research lab at JohnsHopkins

WilhelmWundt

German professor who created acampaign promoting psychologyto become its own field of study

WilliamJames

Founder of functi ona lism; saidwe have a stream of consci ‐ousness in which ideas flow

Genetics

Chromosome Strands of DNA that carrygenetic inform ation

Dominantgene

Gene expressed in ahetero zygous condition

Genes DNA segments that serveas key functional units ingenetic transfer

GeneticMapping

Determines location andsequence of specific genes

Genotype One's genetic makeup

FraternalTwins

Two eggs fertilized bydifferent sperm cells

Hetero ‐zygous

One dominant and onerecessive allele

Homozygous Both alleles are eitherdominant or recessive

IdenticalTwins

Results from a zygotesplitting

NaturalSelection

Favorable genes will bepassed through genera ‐tions

Phenotype Expression of one'sgenotype

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Genetics (cont)

PolygenicTraits

Charac ter istic influenced bymore than one gene

RecessiveGene

Gene not expressed in ahetero zygous condition

Zygote Single cell formed by union ofsperm and egg

Body Scans/ Tests

ElectricalStimul ation

Sends weak electricalcurrents into brain structureto activate it

Electr oen ‐cep hal ‐ograph(EEG)

Monitors electrical activity inbrain over time withelectrodes attached to scalp

Electr omy ‐ograph

Records muscular activity

Electr ooc ‐ulo graph

Records eye movement

Transc ‐ranialMagneticStimul ation

Enhances or depresses partsof the brain

Parts of Brain

BrainPlasticity

Brain is more plastic thanassumed

Broca'sArea

Controls the production ofspeech

CerebralCortex

Folded outer layer of cerebrum

CerebralHemisp ‐heres

Left and right halves ofcerebrum

CorpusCallosum

Connects both cerebralhemisp heres

Forebrain emotional and complexthought; Largest and mostcomplex part of brain

Parts of Brain (cont)

FrontalLobe

Largest human lobe;controls muscle movement

Hindbrain vital functions; Includescerebe llum, medulla, andpons

LeftHemisphere

Verbal proces sing,language, speech, reading,writing, sequential

Midbrain sensory functions; Part ofbrain stem betweenhindbrain and forebrain

OccipitalLobe

Location of visual processing

ParietalLobe

Registers sense of touch,phantom limb

RightHemisphere

Nonverbal proces sing,spatial, musical, visualrecogn ition, parallel

TemporalLobe

Controls auditory processingalong with speech andlanguage compre hension

Wernicke'sArea

Controls the compre hensionof a language

Eye Diagram

Ear Parts

Amplitude Loudness

BasilarMembrane

Runs through center ofcochlea and has auditoryreceptors

Cochlea Coiled tunnel filled with fluidthat has hearing receptors

Externalear (pinna)

Collects sound

Ossicles Hammer, anvil, stirrup(tinniest bones in body)

Purity Timbre

Semici ‐rcularCanals

Passage inside ear thatmaintains equili brium

Wavelength Pitch

Ear Diagram

Types of psycho logsts

Psycho ‐logist

Dedicated to invest igatinghuman behavior in a scientificway

ClinicalPsycho ‐logist

Studies and deals withmentally ill patients

Psychi ‐atrist

Diagnoses and treatspsycho logical disorders

CounselingPsycho ‐logist

Deals with people's everyday problems of modernseverity

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Research Methods

Double -blind

Experi menters nor subjectsknow the hypothesis

CaseStudy

In-depth invest igation on anindividual or topic

Experiment Manipu lating a variable undercontrolled conditions and.observing changes in asecond variable

Natura listicObserv ‐ation

Conducted be observingothers in their natural enviro ‐nment

Quasi- Exp ‐eriment

Indivi duals chosen for a studyhave an equal chance ofbeing in the control or experi ‐mental group

APA Guidelines

Anonymity Not collecting a person'sname during a study

Confid ent ‐iality

Not releasing any specificresponse sources

Debriefing Subjects are told the truth ofan experiment after being liedto

InformedConsent

Allowing partic ipants tochoose whether or not theywant to be in the study afterbeing told about it

RandomAssignment

Assigning indivi duals fromthe sample into the experi ‐mental or control groupwithout bias

RandomSample

Sample of people chosen foran experiment without bias

APA Guidelines (cont)

RandomSelection

Choosing members of apopulation with no bias thataccurately represents thatpopulation

Ways to Represent Data

Correl ‐ation

Relati onship between twovariables

Correl ‐ationCoeffi cient

Degree of relati onshipbetween two variables (-1 to1)

FrequencyDistri ‐bution

Indicates how often anobserv ation or number occurs

Histogram A bar graph

Mean The average of all numbers ina data set

Median The number that lies in themiddle of a data set whenordered from least to greatest

Mode The number that appearsmost often in a set of data

NormalCurve

Bell-s haped curve where theaverage score lies in themiddle

Range Largest number- smallestnumber

Scatte rplot Graph of points showingrelati onship between the xand y axis

StandardDeviation

Average distance from themean in a data set

Ways to Represent Data (cont)

Statis ‐ticalSignif ‐icance

Probab ility that data collectedfrom an experiment are due tochance

Nervous System Subsystems

AutonomicNervousSystem

Nerves connecting to heart,blood vessels, smoothmuscles, and glandsd

CentralNervousSystem

Brain and spinal cord

Parasy ‐mpa theticNervousSystem

Autonomic nervous systemsubset that conservesresources (rest and digest)

PeripheralNervousSystem

Nerves that lie outside CNS

SomaticNervousSystem

Nerves that connect voluntaryskeletal muscles to sensoryreceptors

Sympat ‐heticNervousSystem

Autonomic nervous systemsubset that deals withemergency body resources(fight or flight)

Nervous System Subsets Diagram

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Glands

Adrenal Salt and carbs metabolism

Gonads Sex hormones

Pancreas Sugar metabolism (insulin)

Pituitary Master gland; secretes growthhormones

Thyroid Metabolic rate

Brain Diagram

Brain Diagram

Eye Parts

Cones Visual receptors that help indaylight and seeing colors

BlindSpot

Hole in retina where nervefibers exit; image that falls on itisn't visible

FeatureDetectors

Neurons that respond to veryspecific features of morecomplex stimuli

Fovea Tiny spots in center of retinawhere visual acuity is at itsgreatest; only has cones

Eye Parts (cont)

Lens Transp arent eye structure thatfocuses light rays falling on retine

OpticChiasm

Where optic nerves cross

OpticDisk

Hole in retina where optic nervesexit eye

OpticNerve

Axons that connect eye to brain

Photor ‐eceptor

Rods and cones

Pupil Opening in iris that allows light topass to back of eyes

Retina Neural tissue at back of eye thatabsorbs light, processes images,and sends visual inform ation tobrain

Rods Visual receptors that help withnight vision, peripheral vision,and black and white images

Stages of Sleep

1 Lightest stage; theta waves; 4-7waves on screen; 1-7 minutes

2 Slow waves; all waves; spikes onscreen; slower heart rate; 10-25minutes

3&4 Deep and slow waves; delta waves;slow/long waves; longest NREMstage

REM Waves similar to awake ones; betawaves; dreaming; rapid eyemovement; fast breathing; nocontrol

Approaches

Behavioral Study of observable reactions

Biological Behavior controlled byphysio logical aspects

Cognitive The way that the world isviewed determines one'sbehavior

Cross- cul ‐tural

Focuses on filling the datagap between white males andminorities

Eclectic Treatment approach varies onthe client's problem

Evolut ‐ionary

Views behaviors as humanadaption

Functi ‐onalism

Focuses on purpose ofconsci ousness

Humanistic Emphasizes human qualitiesand potential

Psycho ‐ana lytic

Addresses internal motiva ‐tions and unscon ciousthoughts that affect one'sbehavior

Struct ‐ualism

Analyzes consci ousness inelements and their relati ‐onship

Parts of an Experiment

Confou ‐ndingVariable

Two indepe ndent variables inan experiment

ControlGroup

Group that does not receivespecial treatment

DependentVariable

Variable affected when theindepe ndent variable isaltered

Experi ‐mentalGroup

Group that receives specialtreatment

ExtraneousVariable

Outside variable thatinfluences the dependentvariable

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Parts of an Experiment (cont)

Hypothesis Prediction of what the data willprove at the end of anexperiment

Indepe ‐ndentVariable

Event or condition manipu ‐lated in order to evokechange in the dependentvariable

Operat ‐ionalDefinition

Specific definition of themeasures of the variables inan experiment

Subjec t/P ‐art icipant

People or animals observedin a study

Neuron Parts

ActionPotential

Shift in neuron's electricalcharge that travels along axon

AfferentNerveFibers

Carry inform ation inwa rds toCNS

Axon Long fiber that transmits signalsway from soma to other cells

Dendrites Receives inform ation

EfferentNerveFibers

Carry inform ation outw ardsfrom CNS

Glia Provide support for neurons

MyleinSheath

Insulates axons to speed upsignal transm issions

RestingPotential

Neuron is stable, negativelycharged, and inactive

Reuptake Neurot ran smi tters spongedfrom synaptic cleft by presyn ‐aptic membrane

Neuron Parts (cont)

Soma Cell body which contains thenucleus and main cell parts

Synapse/SynapticCleft

Gap between terminal button ofa neuron and cell membrane ofanother

TerminalButtons

Secretes chemicals

Neuron Image

Drugs

Alcohol Beverages containing ethylalcohol (ex. vodka, rum, beer,whiskey)

Cannabis Plant that makes weed, THC,and hashish

MDMA Related to amphet amines,halluc ino gens, and mescaline(ex. adulte rants, ecstasy,caffeine, heroine)

Narcotics Opiates; relieve pain (Ex.opium, heroin, codeine,oxycodone)

Opiates Narcotics; relieve pain (ex.same as narcotics)

Psycho ‐activeDrugs

Modify mental, emotional, andbehavioral functions

Sedatives Sleep- ind ucting drugs thatdecrease CNS function andbehaviors (ex. sleeping pills)

Drugs (cont)

Stimulants Increase CNS activation andbehaviors (Ex. Cocaine, meth,adderal)

Perception Phenom enons

AbsoluteThreshold

Minimum stimulus that can bedetected

AdditiveColorMixing

More light in a mix than existsin any one light

Afterimage Visual image that persistsafter stimulus is removed

BinocularDepthCues

Clues about distance basedon differing views of two eyes

Conver ‐gence

Eyes go inward when lookingat a close-up object

DarkAdaptation

Eyes become sensitive to lightwith little light present

FeatureAnalysis

Detecting specifics in a visualinput and putting them in amore complex form

Habitu ‐ation

Tendency to have adecreased response tosomething

ImpossibleFigures

Objects that can be repres ‐ented in 2D but not 3D

Inatte ‐ntionalBias

Failure to see visible thingsbecause attention is focused

JustNoticeableDifference

Smallest difference instimulus intensity that can bedetected

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Perception Phenom enons (cont)

LightAdaptation

Eyes become less sensitiveto light in high illumi nation

MonocularDepth Cues

Ability to judge distancewith one eye

MotionParallex

Closer things more quickerthan further items

ParallelProcessing

Processing many aspectsof a problem simult ane ‐ously

PerceptualConstancy

Tendency to experience astable perception whensomething is changing

PerceptualSet

Readiness to perceive acertain stimuli in a particularway

PhiPhenomenon

Moving illusion done bypresenting visual stimuli inrapid order

RetinaDisparity

Objects within 25ft lookslightly different if one eyeis covered

ReversibleFigure

Drawing that can go backand forth with interp ret ‐ations

SensoryAdaptation

Gradual decline in sensit ‐ivity because of prolongedstimul ation

SubliminalPerception

Regist ration of sensoryinput without being aware

Subtra ctiveColor Mixing

Removing wavele ngths tomake a color darker

Sleep Phenom enons/ Disorders

Insomnia Chronic problems gettingadequate sleep

LatentContent

Hidden meaning of a dream

LucidDreams

People thinking clearly whilein a dream and walkingthrough life

ManifestContent

Plot of a dream, the literalplot

NightTerrors

Abrupt awakenings fromNREM with panic

Nightmares Anxiet y-a rousing dreamsthat lead to people wakingup from REM

REM SleepBehaviorDisorder

Acting out while one isasleep

SleepApnea

Reflexive gasps for air thatwake people up

Somnam ‐bulism

Sleepw alking

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