AP Population Table Review Unit 2 Barron Ruben
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APHG Unit 2 Population Barrons & Rubenstein Words Definitions Age-sex distribution A model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid. Baby boom A cohort of individuals born in the U.S. between 1946&1964,which was just after WW II in a time of relative peace and prosperity.These conditions allowed for better education & job opportuni¬ties, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility. Baby bust a). Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the U.S dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, caus¬ing them to marry later in life. Baby bust Continued b). As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high. Carrying capacity The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support. Chain migration The migration event in which individuals follow the migra¬tory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community. Cohort A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit. Cotton Belt The term by which the American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. Crude birth rate The number of live births per year per 1,000 people. Crude death rate The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people. Demographic accounting equation An equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a partic-ular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration. Demographic transition model Demographic transition model A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. Demography The study of human populations, including their temporal and spatial dynamics. Dependency ratio The ratio of the number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. This is usually expressed in the form n : 100, where n equals the number of
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Transcript of AP Population Table Review Unit 2 Barron Ruben
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APHG Unit 2 Population Barrons &Rubenstein
Words Definitions
Age-sex distributionA model used in population geography that describes the agesand number of males and females within a given population;also called a population pyramid.
Baby boom
A cohort of individuals born in the U.S. between1946&1964,which was just after WW II in a time of relativepeace and prosperity.These conditions allowed for bettereducation & job opportuni¬ties, encouraging high rates of bothmarriage and fertility.
Baby bust
a). Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertilityrates in the U.S dropped as large numbers of women from thebaby boom generation sought higher levels of education andmore competitive jobs, caus¬ing them to marry later in life.
Baby bust Continued b). As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrastto the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high.
Carrying capacity The largest number of people that the environment of aparticular area can sustainably support.
Chain migrationThe migration event in which individuals follow the migra¬torypath of preceding friends or family members to an existingcommunity.
Cohort A population group unified by a specific common characteristic,such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.
Cotton BeltThe term by which the American South used to be known, ascotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of theregion.
Crude birth rate The number of live births per year per 1,000 people.Crude death rate The number of deaths per year per 1,000 people.
Demographic accounting equationAn equation that summarizes the amount of growth or declinein a population within a country during a partic-ular time periodtaking into account both natural increase and net migration.
Demographic transition modelDemographic transition model A sequence of demographicchanges in which a country moves from high birth and deathrates to low birth and death rates through time.
Demography The study of human populations, including their temporal andspatial dynamics.
Dependency ratio
The ratio of the number of people who are either too old oryoung to provide for themselves to the number of people whomust support them through their own labor. This is usuallyexpressed in the form n : 100, where n equals the number of
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dependents.
Doubling time Time period required for a population experiencingexponen¬tial growth to double in size completely.
Emigration The process of moving out of a particular country, usually theindividual person's country of origin.
Exponential growth
Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people isadded to a population each year. Exponential growth iscompound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population.
Forced migration The migration event in which individuals are forced to leave acountry against their will.
Generation X
A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland todescribe people born in the United States between the yearsof 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will haveto support the baby-boom cohort as they head into theirretirement years.
Immigration The process of individuals moving into a new country with theintentions of remaining there.
Infant mortality rate The percentage of children who die before their first birthdaywithin a particular area or country.
Internal migration The permanent or semipermanent movement of individ-ualswithin a particular country.
Life expectancy The average age individuals are expected to live, which variesacross space, between genders, and even between races.
Thomas Malthus
Author of Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) whoclaimed that population grows at an exponential rate while foodproduction increases arithmetically, and thereby that,eventually, population growth would outpace food production.
Migration A long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction toanother.
Natural increase rate The difference between the number of births and num¬ber ofdeaths within a particular country.
Neo-Malthusian Advocacy of population control programs to ensure enoughresources for current and future populations.
OverpopulationA value judgment based on the notion that the resources of aparticular area are not great enough to support that area'scurrent population.
Population density A measurement of the number of persons per unit land area.
Population geographyA division of human geography concerned with spatialvariations in distribution, composition, growth, and movementsof population.
Population pyramid A model used in population geography to show the age andsex distribution of a particular population.
Pull factorsAttractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as apleas¬ant climate and employment or educational
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opportunities.
Push factors Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as aharsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.
Refugees People who leave their home because they are forced out, butnot because they are being officially relocated or enslaved.
Rust Belta). The northern industrial states of the United States,including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavyindustry was once the dominant economic activity.
Rust Belt continued
b). In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much oftheir economic base to economically attractive regions of theUnited States and to countries where labor was cheaper,leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate.
Sun BeltU.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern andsouthwestern states, which has grown most dramatically sinceWorld War II.
Total fertility rate The average number of children born to a woman during herchildbearing years.
Voluntary migrationMovement of an individual who consciously and vol-untarilydecides to locate to a new area-the opposite of forcedmigration.
Zero population growth Proposal to end population growth through a vari¬ety of officialand nongovernmental family planning programs.
Agricultural density The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of landsuitable for agriculture.
Agricultural revolution The time when human beings first domesticated plants andanimals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.
Arithmetic density The total number of people divided by the total land area.Census A complete enumeration of a population.
Crude birth rate (CBR) The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 peoplealive in the society.
Crude death rate (CDR) The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 peoplealive in the society.
Demographic transition
The process of change in a society's population from acondition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate ofnatural increase to a condition of low crude birth and deathrates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher totalpopulation.
Demography The scientific study of population characteristics.
Dependency ratio The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64,compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Doubling time The number of years needed to double a population, assuminga constant rate of natural increase.
Epidemiological transition Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographictransition.
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Ecumene The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent humansettlement.
Industrial Revolution A series of improvements in industrial technology thattransformed the process of manufacturing goods.
Infant mortality rate (IMR) The total number of deaths in a year among infants under oneyear old for every 1,000 live births in a society.
Life expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected tolive, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years anewborn infant can expect to live.
Medical revolution (Improved medicalpractices have eliminated many of thetraditional causes of death in poorercountries and enabled more people to livelonger and healthier lives.)
revolution Medical technology invented in Europe and NorthAmerica that is diffused to the poorer countries of LatinAmerica, Asia, and Africa.
Natural increase rate (NIR) The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed asthe crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Overpopulation The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of theenvironment to support life at a decent standard of living.
Pandemic Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects avery high proportion of the population.
Physiological density The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which island suitable for agriculture.
Population pyramid A bar graph representing the distribution of population by ageand sex.
Sex ratio The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Total fertility rate (TFR) The average number of children a woman will have throughouther childbearing years.
Zero population growth (ZPG) A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the naturalincrease rate equals zero.
Brain drain Large-scale emigration by talented people. Branch (of areligion) A large and fundamental division within a religion.
Chain migration Migration of people to a specific location because relatives ormembers of the same nationality previously migrated there.
Circulation Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on aregular basis.
Counterurbanization Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developedcountries.
Emigration Migration from a location.
Floodplain The area subject to flooding during a given number of yearsaccording to historical trends.
Forced migration Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors.
Guest workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries ofNorthern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and
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Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of higher-paying jobs.
Immigration Migration to a new location.Internal migration Permanent movement within a particular country.International migration Permanent movement from one country to another.Interregional migration Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.
Intervening obstacle An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape thathinders migration.
Intraregional migration Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Migration Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to anew location.
Migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results fromindustrialization, population growth, and other social andeconomic changes that also produce the demographictransition.
Mobility All types of movement from one location to another.
Net migration The difference between the level of immigration and the levelof emigration.
Pull factors Factors that induce people to move to a new location.Push factors Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
QuotaIn reference to migration, a law that places maximum limits onthe number of people who can immigrate to a country eachyear
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country andcannot return for fear of persecution because of their race,religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or politicalopinion.
Undocumented immigrants People who enter a country without proper documents.Voluntary migration Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
