1. A&P Module 1Introduction to Anatomy andPhysiology

2. So, What is What? How would you define Anatomy? Anatomy is the study of the structureof the body and its parts. How would you define Physiology? Physiology is how those parts functionand work together. 3. Different Types of Anatomy Developmental Anatomy Surface Anatomy Regional Anatomy Gross Anatomy Microscope Anatomy Systemic Anatomy Comparative Anatomy 4. Developmental Embryology The study of the changesthat begin at conceptioninto adulthood. A division ofDevelopmental Anatomythat studies the first 8weeks followingconceptionTypes of Anatomy 5. Surface Anatomy Regional Anatomy This type of anatomy isused for diagnosis Analysis of a specific partof the body Podiatrist, Cardiologist,Internest, OBGYNMore 6. Gross Anatomy Microscope Anatomy Studying items you see meaning LARGE Also known asMacroscope Anatomy The study of what youcan only see using amicroscopeTypes of Anatomy 7. Systemic Anatomy Comparative Anatomy Groups of organs relatedby shared functions Digestive System Whatorgans do they share? Comparing the study ofhuman anatomy to non-humananatomy Bat, Human, Porpoise,BirdTypes of Anatomy 8. 11 Of Them!ORGANIZATIONALLEVELS OF THE HUMANBODY 9. SkeletalBCoanrteilas gaend 10. Nervous SystemControls the Brain,spinalcord, and all the nerves 11. The CirculatorySystemHeart, Veins, andArteries 12. The RespiratorySystemLTurancghse aand 13. The DigestiveSystemTeeth, Tongue, Esophagus,Stomach, Liver, Small and LargeIntestines 14. Muscular SystemTMeunsdcolenss & 15. IntegumentarySystemSNkaiinls, Hair and 16. Lymphatic SystemLymph Notes andVessels 17. Urinary SystemBKiladdndeyesr and 18. Endocrine SystemPituitary Gland andThyroid Gland 19. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMFemales:Ovaries andUterus 20. ReproductiveSystemaMnadles: TestesPenis 21. Define Organ: A group of tissuesspecialized for a particularfunction Tissues: Group of cells formingvarious building materials of thebody There are 4 Basic Kinds ofTissues 22. Nervous Tissue Brain, spinal cord, and nerves Ability to conduct electricalsignals 23. Muscular TissueMuscles that enable yourskeleton to move, heart tobeat and internal organs topush food along 24. Connective TissueBone, cartilage, deeper layerof the skin, and the bindings orconnectors around andbetween organs 25. Epithelial Tissue Surface of your skin, inner lining of therespiratory passages, digestive tract,urinary tract, reproductive tract, thyroidgland and liver 26. AtomMoleculesOrganellesCell 27. 7 Levels of Organization of anOrganism1. Whole Organism 11 Organ System2. Organ Systems Groups of organsthat work together to perform relatedfunctions3. Organs Consist of different tissues4. Tissues Consist of similar types ofcells and materials around them 28. 7 Levels of Organization of anOrganism5. Cells Made up of organelles6. Organelles Little Organs made upof molecules7. Molecule Made up of atoms, thatinclude DNA, RNA, proteins, fattyacids, and carbohydrates 29. Homeostasis What do you think of when youthink of Homeostasis? Homeostasis = A state of dynamicequilibrium in the body withrespect to its internal environmentand functions. 30. Example A normal body temperature should bebetween 98.2F and 98.8F If it rises only a few degrees, youcould die from overheating (like106F) where many enzymes stopfunctioning OR if it falls lover than80F, your heart may fail Too hot: Overheating during exercise Too Cold: Hypothermia shivering 31. If your calcium levels are too highyou can slip into a coma. If too low, your heartbeatbecomes irregular 32. Constantly Changing We live in a constantly changingenvironment, so our body has tochange to bring it into balance =Homeostasis Temperature, fluids, salts, pH,nutrients, and gases 33. Look at the Handoutattached to your notes 34. Question If the girl in cold temperatures startsjogging, how would the controlmechanism in her skin respond as sheruns? Answer: Her skin would respond theway it does in hot temperatures.Pours would open, sweat glandswould release water to cool the body 35. Also called receptors Gather info about conditions inside and outsidethe body Sensors in your skin & nasal passages gatherdata about air temperaturesSensors Your brain receives the info from the sensors Sends a message to the communication system Control Center Controlled by the nervous & endocrine system Carries messages to the body in the form ofnerve impulses or hormones telling targets in thebody how to respondCommunicationSystem 36. Question Why is it so important to maintainhomeostasis within the body? Answer: The process is necessary forlife to work best within a narrow rangeof conditions. To maintain these ranges, the internalenvironment of the body must remainstable. 37. Feedback Feedback = All the sensors, control centers,and communication systems work togetheron a feedback loop. Negative Feedback = Help keep the internalenvironment stable (like a thermostat on thewall). It is also the reason you cant holdyour breath very long. Lets look at the other handout and discuss 38. Question If you continued to breathe rapidly anddeeply for too long (as in Step 4 on thehandout), how would this affect the negativefeedback loop? Answer: Sensors would detect too muchoxygen and too little carbon dioxide in theblood. Your breathing would stop or slowdown for a short time until the gassesreturned to their set points; then normalbreathing would resume. 39. Quick Lab on NegativeFeedback Loop Materials: Hardcover book at least 6x9 Problem: How does the negative feedbackloop work? Procedure: Balance the hardcover book on your head Walk 3 meters forward and backward once with eyes open, then with eyesclosed 40. Analyze and Conclude 1. Analyze: Describe the negativefeedback loop that helped keep the bookbalanced on your head. How did closingyour eyes affect your ability to balance thebook? 2. Connect: Think of another example of anegative feedback loop that you mightobserve in your everyday life. Explain howyou think this loop works. 41. Positive Feedback Positive Feedback = A controlcenter uses information fromsensors to increase the rate ofchange away from the set points.This is needed when rapidchange is needed. 42. You cut your fingerPositive Feedback mechanismsincrease the rate of change inclotting to seal the woundOnce healed, another Positive FeedbackLoop occurs as chemicals are releasedto dissolve the clot 43. Another Example Your body releases certainhormones during puberty higherlevels of hormones to accomplishall the changes that will takeplace. Raging hormones! 44. Question Why are most of the functions of the bodyregulated by negative feedback, rather thanby positive feedback mechanisms? Answer: Negative Feedback is the meansby which the body maintains homeostasis.Positive Feedback only occurs in situationsin which a change away from set values isneeded. 45. Lets Review about Homeostasis andFeedback Systems 1. A system to maintainhomeostasis must have at leastfour parts that function together.Name these parts briefly andexplain what each one does.Work with a partner 46. Review 2. What is the main differencebetween the way negativefeedback and positive feedbackmechanisms regulate change inthe body?Work with a partner 47. Review 3. Predict: When a newbornbaby nurses, the mothers body isstimulated to produce milk. Whatwould happen to the milk supply ifthe mother chose to bottle feedrather than breast feed? Why?Work with a partner 48. Review 4. Suppose you go on a long hikein hot weather. Describe apossible negative feedback loopthat would keep your body fromoverheating.Work with a partner 49. Animal Cell 50. The following images are from SlideshareTHE CELL IS LIKE ASCHOOL