A.p. lit terms
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Terms which might be useful for the A.P. Literature Exam
by Kathleen CurranFrom Barbara Swovelin’s list
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From the Latin meaning “to or against the man,” this is an argument that appeals to emotion rather than reason, to feeling rather than intellect.
Ad hominem argument
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close repetition of consonant sounds at beginning of words
alliteration
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brief reference to familiar person/thing/incident (often Biblical, historical, mythological or literary)
allusion
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directly addressing an absent or imaginary person
apostrophe
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repetition of vowel sounds
assonance
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narrative poem, originally sung (ballade: a French verse form)
ballad
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excessive pathos
bathos
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pause in line, dictated by rhythm (“A little learning…..is a dangerous thing)
caesura
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close repetition of identical consonant sounds around different vowels (flip-flop, or at the ends of words (hid-bed)
consonance
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two lines of verse, usually rhymed and of same meter
couplet
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events following the climax and falling action (resolution)
denoument
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“god from machine” (saves the day)
Deus ex machina
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the choice of words and their placement in sentences
diction
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juxtaposition of jarring sounds
dissonance
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rough, crudely written verse, usually comic
doggrel
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dignified poem mourning death
elegy
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end of phrase or sentence coincides with end of line (poetry)
end-stopped line
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extended narrative poem, exalted in style and heroic in theme
epic
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extended simile
Epic (Homeric) simile
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short, witty statement, graceful and ingenious
epigram
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final section of speech or written work (peroration)
epilogue
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“showing forth” (Greek), an insight
epiphany
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death inscription (“On the whole, I’d rather be in Philadelphia” W.C. Fields)
epitaph
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term used to characterize a person (Jack the Ripper)
epithet
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truth narrative illustrating a moral
fable
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makes use of figures of speech (techniques comparing dissimilar objects); specific figures of speech are listed separately
Figurative language
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group of syllables forming metrical unit:
iamb trocheeanapest dactyl
foot
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fixed metrical arrangement
form
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lacks regular meter and line length (relies on natural rhythm; most modern poetry)
Free verse
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black humor (like dead baby jokes)
gallows humor
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literary type or class, specific or general (carpe diem poetry, tragedy, novels, etc.)
Genre
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pair of rhymed iambic pentameter lines
Heroic couplet
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deliberate exaggeration
hyperbole
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language which evokes sensory experiences; engaging sight, smell, taste, etc.
imagery
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writer expresses a meaning contradictory to stated or ostensible one: Verbal irony: attitude opposite to
what is literally stated. Dramatic irony: situation
understood in double sense by audience (and not by characters on stage).
Situational irony: circumstances turn out to be reverse of those anticipated
irony
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or meiosis; understatement (in Hamlet, “a play of some interest”)
litotes
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originally (Greek) sung to lyre; lyric poetry expresses feelings of speaker in words which have musical qualities
lyric
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two unlike objects compared (“Life is but a walking shadow”)
metaphor
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figure of speech, name of object substituted for another (“my light [vision] is spent”)
metonymy
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pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables; see foot, a foot being the metrical unit; the following terms refer to number of feet per line: monometer, dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, octometer. Iambic pentameter refers to a line of five feet of iambs
meter
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recurring image, character, verbal pattern, etc.
motif
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tells a story (as does anything narrative)
Narrative verse
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lyric poem of some length, serious in subject and dignified in style
ode
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words whose sounds express or reinforce their meanings
onomatopoeia
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eight lines, iambic pentameter (abababcc)
Ottava rima
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two apparently contradictory terms (cold fires; conspicuous by his absence)
oxymoron
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human characteristics given to inanimate objects
Pathetic fallacy
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quality which evokes feelings of pity, sympathy, tenderness, etc
pathos
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a “mask” which the author assumes to speak to the audience
persona
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inanimate objects endowed with human qualities
personification
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14 lines divided into two parts, an octave (abbaabba) and sestet (cdecde)
Petrarchan sonnet
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stanza of four lines
quatrain
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duplication of an element of language, such as a word, phrase, clause, etc
repetition
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7-line stanza in iambic pentameter (ababbcc)
Rhyme royal
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14 lines, iambic pentameter (abab cdcd efef gg or abba cddc effe gg)
Shakespearean sonnet
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comparison using “like” or “as.”
simile
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same with rhyme of abab bcbc cdcd ee
Spenserian sonnet
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group of lines that form division of a poem
stanza
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the qualities that make up a literary personality or way of writing
style
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a deductive, logical argument, formulated around one major premise, one minor premise, and a conclusion (e.g. All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.)
syllogism
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something that stands for something else, but also exists as an entity itself (a hammer and sickle for the USSR)
symbol
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part represents the whole (all hands on deck)
synecdoche
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the choice of words and their placement in sentences
syntax
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a group of three lines rhyming together or connected by rhyme with the adjacent group or groups of three lines
tercet
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aba bcb cdc etc
Terza rima
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author’s attitude toward (can also be towards audience or both)
tone
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a French fixed form (5 tercets and a quatrain, all with two rhymes)
villanelle
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Those are your terms, learn them and use them when
appropriate. As we continue to read we will
use these terms on a daily basis…know them!