AP® Human Geography - Unit 3: Cultural Geography

Part 2: Language

Copyright © 2013 - All rights reserved - Daniel L. Eiland

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Intro to Culture *

• Concepts of Culture

• Schools of Thought

• Cultural Hearths

• Cultural Diffusion

• Acculturation

• Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

• Cultural Differences

Popular and Folk Culture *

• Folk Culture

• Popular Culture

• Cultural Landscapes and Identity

Language

• Intro to Language

• Language families, Languages, and dialects.

• Language Barriers

• Toponymy

* You can find part one of AP® Human Geography: Unit 3 at http://tinyurl.com/aphug3-2. Part 3 will be available soon!

Unit 3:

Part 2 Outlin

e

Intro to Language

Indo-European

The English Language

Part 1: Intro to Language

Language

Introduction to

Language

Linguistic Geography

Categorizing

Language

Section A: What is Language

Language is a system of communication that uses signs, gestures, marks, or

vocal sounds to communicate thoughts, feelings, and ideas.

What is the purpose of language?

Gives us the ability to communicate.

Allows us to teach new skills.

Provides us tools to transmit culture.

Create a context-sentence using the following words:

Language, Diffusion, Culture

Is this Language?

Is this Language?

Is this Language?

How do languages differ?

Differences In

Language

Writing Directio

n

Alphabets

Allowable

Sounds

Grammar

Section B: Linguistic Geography

What is Linguistic Geography?

Linguistic Geography is the study of speech areas and their local variations.

Interesting Facts about Language:

There are an estimated 7,100 languages spoken in the world.

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish are the mother tongue or second

language of about half of the world's population

Approximately 80% of languages are spoken by less than 100,000 people.

Approximately 50 languages are only spoken by one person.

How do we track the history of language?

Spatial Interaction between speakers break down causing new words to develop. British/Americans

Language breaks into dialects and then into new tongues.

Language Divergence

Two languages become one because of close spatial interaction.

This can also cause Language extinction

Language Convergen

ce

We track languages by looking at language divergence and

convergence.

•Albanian: kryq•Aromanian: crutse•Catalan: creu•Dalmatian: crauc•English: crux, crucial•French: croix•Galician: cruz•German: Kreuz•Italian: croce

•Occitan: crotz•Old Portuguese: cruz•Portuguese: cruz•Romanian: cruce•Romansch: crusch, crousch•Sardinian: cruche, crugi, cruxi, gruche, grughe, gruxi•Serbo-Croatian: krȋž / кри̑@ж•Spanish: cruz•Venetian: cróxe

Latin: Crux

We can tell what languages played part in the development of others.

Section C: Categorizing Language

How do we categorize languages?

Language Fa

milies

• Languages with a shared, but fairly distant origin.

Languages

• Culturally Defined.• Standard Languages are those recognized by people for

use in schools, government, media, and general use.

Dialects

• Regional Variants of a Standard Language.

What does the map above reveal about the diffusion of language?

Language families by speakers.

Language Family Approx. # of Speakers % of Pop1. Indo-European 2.562 billion 44.78%2. Sino-Tibetan 1.276 billion 22.28%3. Niger-Congo 358 million 6.26%4. Afro-Asiatic 340 million 5.93%5. Austronesian 312 million 5.45%6. Dravidian 222 million 3.87%7. Altaic 145 million 2.53%8. Japanese 123 million 2.16%9. Austro-Asiatic 101 million 1.77%10. Tai-Kadai 78 million 1.37%

List the following languages in order of greatest to least based on number of native speakers:

Arabic, Bengali, English, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish,

Standard German

Commonly spoken languages by native speakers.

Language % of Pop1. Mandarin Chinese 12.44%2. Spanish 4.85%3. English 4.83%4. Arabic 3.25%5. Hindi 2.68%6. Bengali 2.66%7. Portuguese 2.62%8. Russian 2.12%9. Japanese 1.8%10. Standard German 1.33%

Part 2: Indo-European

Indo Europea

n

What is Indo

European

The Indo-

Iranian Branch

The Europea

n Branch

Section A: What is Indo European?

Indo-European is

the language

family spoken by 46% of the

world’s population.

Where did Indo-European originate?

Sedentary Farmer Hypothesis

Sedentary Farmer

Hypothesis

Developed by Colin Renfew

Also called the “Renfew

Hypothesis”

Indo-European started in the

Fertile Crescent.

Language diffused peacefully

through agricultural trade.

Kurgan MigrationNomadic Warrior Thesis

Developed by Marinja Gimbutas

Also called the “Conquest Theory”

Indo-European began in the vicinity of

Russia.

Kurgan Warriors brought the language

with them as they conquered other

areas.

Section B: The Indo-Iranian Branch

Indo-Irania

n

Indic:

Hindi 15 Others

Iranian Farsi

Pashto

Kurdish

The Iranian Languages

Green - FarsiPurple – PashtoTurquoise – KurdishRed – LurishYellow - Baloch

The Indian Languages

Hypothesize: Why would people in the same country speak so many different languages?

What is Linguistic Fragmentation?

Linguistic Fragmentation occurs when people in a

country speak many different languages. This is often caused by physical or cultural barriers.

Papua, New Guinea has over 850 languages making it the most

linguistically diverse place on earth.

Predict: How would people in a linguistically diverse country have a central government?

Many countries that experience linguistic fragmentation also have an official

language. India’s official language is English.

What is an official language?

An official language is the language used by the

government when making laws, reports, public objects,

money, and stamps.

Why would India’s official language be English?

Example: New Zealand’s Official Language is only

spoken by 5% of the Population

An official language is not always the majority language of an area.

Example:Switzerland has Four: German, French, Italian, and Romansch

Some countries have more than one official language.

Section B: The European Branch

Romance Languag

esFrench

Spanish

Italian

Romanian

Portuguese

Germanic

Languages

English,

German,

Danish,

Norwegian

Swedish

Slavic Languag

esRussian

Polish

Czech

Ukrainian

Slovenian

Serbo-Croatian

Basque is a language isolate.

What is a language isolate?

A language isolate is a language that is not related to any other language around it.

They are like a language family of only one language.

Part 3: The English Language

The English

Language

The Origins

of English

Diffusion of

English

American English

English as a

Global Lingua Franca

Toponymy

Section A: The Origins of English

Review: What language family and language branch is English a part of?

The Origins of the English Language

English

Germanic Tribes

Latin

Old Norse

Norman French

Celtic Tribes

Where did English come from?

Old English• 450CE-1100CE

Middle English• 1100CE – 1470-CE

Modern English• 1470CE – 1650CE

The Lord’s Prayer in Old English

Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum;Si þin nama gehalgodto becume þin ricegewurþe ðin willaon eorðan swa swa on heofonum. urne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todægand forgyf us ure gyltasswa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendumand ne gelæd þu us on costnungeac alys us of yfele soþlice

Oure fadir that art in heuenes, halewid be thi name; thi kyndoom come to; be thi wille don in erthe as in heuene: gyue to us this dai oure breed ouer othir substaunce; and forgyue to us oure dettis, as we forgyuen to oure gettouris; and lede us not in to temptacioun, but delyuere us fro yuel.

The Lord’s Prayer in Middle English

Section B: The Diffusion of English

Map of Great Britain and its Colonies

Connect: What types of diffusion may explain the movement of English from place to place.

Explain.

Britain

British Colonies

United States

United States Annexes

(Philippines)

The Diffusion of English

Hypothesize: Does English sound the same wherever it is spoken?

The English Language: Dialects

What is a dialect?

A dialect is a regional variation of a language distinguished by

distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.

Section C: American English

Differences between British and American English

• Different because settlers in America encountered new objects, animals, etcetera.

• New animals, for example, were given Native American Names.• As new inventions appeared they received different names.

Vocabulary

• Spelling diverged from a strong national American Identity. • Webster, an American dictionary publisher had an American agenda

Spelling

• Largely explained by distance and time.

Pronunciation

Engage: How does the English language differ within the United States?

What is an isogloss?

An isogloss is a geographic boundary line delimiting the

area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.

Isoglosses in the United States

East Coast

Isoglosses

Northern

MidlandsSouthern

Predict: How has Mass Media and the Internet affected the English language?

Section D: English as a Global Lingua Franca

What is a Lingua Franca?

A Lingua Franca is a language systematically used to make

communication possible between people not sharing

an original language.

Predict: What systems of communication are largely dominated by English?

Systems that Use English

The Internet

ESLGlobal Commerce

Countries with English as their official or dominant language.

Many areas do not learn full English but a Pidgin.

What is a pidgin?

A Pidgin is a simplified version of a language.

Debate: Would text-speak be considered a Pidgin?

A pidgin that becomes the major language of a people is

called a creole language.

Section D: Toponymy

What is toponymy?

Toponymy is the study of place names. It can often show us historical concepts long after the event has happened or

person has died.

Toponyms can show us:

• The History of a Place– Colonization• Most Brazilian Toponyms are Portuguese• French Toponyms in Louisiana

• The Culture of a People– George Washington Bridge, – Martin Luther King Blvd, – Jacksonville, Florida

Descriptive Toponyms -

The Rocky Mountains

Associative Toponyms -

Pensacola Beach, Florida

Commemorative Toponyms -

New York City, New York

Manufactured Toponyms -

Truth and Consequences, New Mexico

Incident Toponyms -

Battle Creek, Michigan

Possessive Toponyms -

Johnson City, Texas

End of Unit 3: Part 2