AP European History Mr. Blackmon

Chapter 14 World War I and the Russian RevolutionCauses

1 The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the nineteenth centurycreated the most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following?a. Austria and Prussiab. Austria and Russiac. France and Prussiad. Russia and Greecee. Russia and Prussia

2 "The Sick Man of Europe" was a term used in the nineteenth century to describe the slowdecline of which regime? A Russia B British Empire C Germany D Ottoman Empire E Austria-Hungary

3 Which country was most anxious in the years before 1914 to acquire ports that wouldgive it access to international trade twelve months a year? A Turkey B Russia C Austria-Hungary D Poland E Denmark

4 Who was the most influential statesman in Europe for the two decades before 1890, andwhy was he so powerful? A Prime Minister Cavour because a united Italy had become a major player on the

world stage B Kaiser Wilhelm I because Germany had become the world's leading industrial

power C Chancellor Bismarck because the unification of Germany had upset the

European balance of power D Emperor Franz Joseph because he headed the rejuvenated monarchy of Austria-

Hungary E Prime Minister William Gladstone because England had acquired an empire upon

which "the sun never set" 5 All of the following contributed to the outbreak of World War I EXCEPT

A rival alliances B conflicting colonial claims C Slavic nationalism D a naval arms race E Japanese militarism

6 Emperor William II of Germany committed all of the following acts of folly EXCEPT

A defended Belgian neutrality B allowed the Reinsurance treaty with Russia to lapse C made an alliance with Turkey D entered a naval race with Britain E sent a gun boat to Morocco

7 The vast increase in German military expenditures in the two decades preceding the FirstWorld War occurred because GermanyA. Had extended its imperialistic activities to the Far EastB. Was planning to militarize the provinces of Alsace and LorraineC. Was extending military aid to RussiaD. Feared an attack from FranceE. Was rapidly expanding its navy

8 An important cause of the Anglo-German rivalry from the last decades of the 19thcentury to 1914 was A competition in world trade and territorial expansion B the declining strength of the German navy C the conflict over the Berlin to Baghdad railway D Britain's Entente Cordial with France E traditional enmities between the nations

9 The significance of the Algeciras Conference of 1906 was that A it granted Morocco independence from France B it gave Germany a foothold in North Mrica C it demonstrated the resolve of the Triple Alliance D it solidified the rivalry of the two camps, the Triple Alliance and the Triple

Entente E it embarrassed Kaiser Wilhelm II

10 The Triple Entente in 1907 was composed ofA England, France and Russia B Italy, France, and England C Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy D Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary E Turkey, Germany, and Austria-Hungary

11 On the map above, the shaded state isA. PolandB. HungaryC. GreeceD. SerbiaE. Bulgaria

12 The spark that ignited the Balkan "powder keg" was the assassination of A Archduke Francis Ferdinand B Emperor Francis Joseph C Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg D Tsar Alexander II E Tsar Nicholas II

13 The Archduke Francis Ferdinand was assassinated at Sarajevo in June 1914 becauseA Tsar Nicholas II wanted him dead B he was known to advocate a Triple monarchy giving Slavs autonomy within

the Habsburg empire C his uncle the Emperor Franz Joseph was jealous of his popularity and hated his

morganatic wife D the Turks saw him as a threat to the Berlin - Bagdad railway E the English were upset with his plans to expand Austrian power in the

Mediterranean 14 ''The crime at Sarajevo has aroused among the Serbians an expectation that in the

immediate future the Hapsburg states will fall to pieces; it was this on which they had set

their hopes even before; there has been dangled before their eyes the cession of thoseterritories in the Monarchy which are inhabited by the Southern Slavs, a revolution inBosnia and Herzegovina and the unreliability of the Slavs regiments this is regarded asascertained fact and had brought system and apparent justification into their nationalisticmadness."

The above passage was written in 1914 by aA Serbian in Vienna B Austrian in Belgrade C German in Vienna D Russian in BelgradeE Serbian in Berlin

15 After the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in June of 1914, the infamous "blankcheck" issued by Germany to Austria A promised support in whatever action Austria took against Russia B was matched by a "blank check" from Russia to Serbia C limited Austria's response to Serbia D created a rift between Russia and France E brought an ultimatum from Britain to Germany

Fighting on the Fronts

16 The German Schlieffen Plan failed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A it was based on the strategy of attrition in a drawn-out war B Russian mobilization was too swift to allow the "holding action" in the east C Belgian resistance to their violated neutrality was stiff D German divisions were transferred from France to East Prussia E the French counterattack at the Marne was successful

17. The Schlieffen Plan, which convinced the Germans they could win a war with France andRussia, provided for A dividing the German army equally between the Eastern and Western Fronts B using amphibious landings on the Baltic coast of Russia C a knock out blow to France first and then deal with Russia D a knock out blow to Russia first and then deal with France E making a naval assault on Great Britain to draw off French forces

18 War on the Western Front from late 1914 through most of 1918 can best be characterizedas A a series of clashes over vast areas by mobile armies B a stalemate during which offensive operations exacted high casualties C a seesaw conflict in which each side repeatedly gained then lost vast areas D spectacular cavalry operations supported by infantry attacks and aircraft bombing E a series of tank battles followed up by infantry assaults

19 The battle on the Western Front during World War I quickly settled into a four yearstalemate in 1914 because A the German army proved incompetent under battle conditions

B the Russian army collapsed quickly, which allowed Germany to concentrate moreof her forces in the West

C England failed to come quickly to the assistance of France D military technology favored defensive over offensive tactics E Belgium remained neutral

20 Generally, the offensives on the Western Front A made significant territorial gains B were minor skirmishes C saw the slaughter of massed infantry units D were won by the attacking army E were fought in one or two days

21 Trench warfare was established along the Western Front early in World War I becauseA airplanes allowed most of the fighting to be done in the skies B improvements in the rifle made snipers the principal combatants C neither side had cavalry regiments to break: holes in the line D defensive weapons had gained the advantage over offensive ones E the terrain made it difficult to assemble large armies

22 What was the three word phrase that described the soldiers leaving the trenches to fightthe enemy? A Jumping the gun B No man's land C Duck and cover D Over the top E Facing the enemy

23 War on the Eastern Front A quickly degenerated into static trench warfare B was similar in character to that on the Western Front C involved a defensive stand by the German armies against the numerically superior

Russians D was characterized by decisive German victories, horrific Russian losses, and

the acquisition of vast territories E was marked by spectacular Austrian victories against the Turks and the Russians

24 Which was an innovation first employed in World War I? A Massed artillery B Tank warfare C Naval blockade D Large-scale infantry assaults over a broad front

E Trench warfare 25 All were weapons first employed in combat during World War I EXCEPT

A armored tanks B poison gas C observation balloons D diesel-powered submarines E fighter aircraft

26 “We see men living with their skulls blown open; we see soldiers run with their two feetcut off. . . . . Still the littlest piece of convulsed earth in which we lie is held. We haveyielded no more than a few hundred yards of it as a prize to the enemy. But on every yardthere lies a dead man.”

The quotation above presents a major theme in A. Emile Zola’s GerminalB. Albert Camus’ The StrangerC. T.S. Eliot’s The Waste LandD. James Joyce’s UlyssesE. Erich Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front

27 These buildings were constructed in 1916 to houseA rockets B bombers C seaplanes D helicopters E zeppelins

28 The one battle during World War I when Britain could have lost the war in an afternoonwasA the Dardanelles B the Somme C Jutland D Verdun E Chateau Thierry

29 The United States entered World War I in 1917 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A the Russian Revolution B Woodrow Wilson's belligerent policy C Anglophilia D sinking of the Lusitania E the Zimmermann telegram

30 The Balfour Declaration of 1917A declared unrestricted submarine warfare illegal B offered a separate peace to Austria-Hungary C promised assistance to Zionism in Palestine D urged establishment of the League of Nations E accepted Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points

Organizing for Total War

31 World War I had been called a "total war" for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A campaigns were fought on every continent B it involved the whole civilian population of the belligerents C the entire resources of the nations at war were marshaled for the war effort D those not serving in the military, including women, were expected to work in war

plants, buy bonds to support the war, and morally back the nation's aims E there were more civilian than military casualties

32 The Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey) had all of the followingassets during World War I EXCEPT A plentiful raw materials B good internal lines of communication C the high quality of the German army D the ability to isolate Russia E high level of technology and education in Germany

33 Which of the following was NOT involved in producing weaponry and explosives?A Skoda B Krupp C Armstrong-Vickers D Nobel E Beaumarché

34 The belligerent nations directed the war effort by instituting all the following controls ontheir civilian populations EXCEPT A press censorship B allocation of raw materials for industry C mobilization of industrial output for war production D outlawing of labor strikes E denial of religious freedom

British Empire 9,500,000France 8,200,000Russia 13,000,000Italy 5,600,000USA 3,800,000Others 2,600,000

Total 40,700,000

Germany 13,200,000Austria - Hungary 9,000,000Bulgaria & Turkey 2,800,000

Total 25,000,000

"From The Rise and Fall of Great Powers, by Paul Kennedy. Copyright © 1987 by PaulKennedy. Reprinted by permission of Random House House, Inc."

35 This table of total mobilized forces 1914-1919 indicates which of the following?A Germany had the single most powerful anny B the sides were evenly matched in World War I C Rumania, Portugal, and Canada have been left out of the Allied totals D every country mobilized to its fullest capacity E if Italy had stayed in the Triple Alliance it could have changed the balance

36 The purpose of the British poster shown above was toA. Shame able-bodied men into volunteering for military serviceB. Encourage fathers to remain at home with their childrenC. Discourage enlistment by white-collar workersD. Commemorate those who had died in the First World WarE. Highlight the difference between the First and the Second World Wars

38 Which of the following factors most stimulated the entrance of large numbers of womeninto the labor force in many European countries during the First World War?A. The decline in the average size of familiesB. The increase in divorce ratersC. Woman suffrageD. The spread of Wilsonian principlesE. The shortage in the labor supply

The Treaty of Versailles and Revolution

39 Aristocratic power suffered a serious setback in Germany, Austria, and England in whichyear? A 1714 B 1750 C 1789 D 1848 E 1918

40 Which of the following countries did NOT cease to be a monarchy by the early 1920s? A Austria-Hungary B Italy C Germany D Turkey E Russia

41 All of the following were among President Wilson’s Fourteen Points EXCEPTA. An independent PolandB. Absolute freedom of navigationC. The limitation of armamentsD. The autonomous development of the peoples of Austria-HungaryE. The autonomous development of the peoples of the Russian Empire

42 Of the following of Wilson’s Fourteen Points was fully implemented?A. “Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to

the lowest point consistent with domestic safety.”B. “Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at . . . “C. “A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims.”D. “All French territory should be freed and the invaded portions restored, and

the wrong done to France by Prussia in 1871 in the matter of Alsace-Lorraine . . . should be righted . . . “

E. “A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearlyrecognizable lines of nationality.”

43 “Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at” was the central plank inA the Munich Agreement B the Locamo Agreement C the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk D the Versailles Treaty E Wilson's Fourteen Points

44 Who among the following was NOT one of the Big Four at Versailles?A David Lloyd George B Vittorio Orlando C Georges Clemenceau D Alexander Kerensky E Woodrow Wilson

45 President Woodrow Wilson of the United States compromised on a number of issues atthe Versailles peace conference in 1919 in order to achieve A independence for colonial empires B open covenants openly arrived at

C freedom of the seas D creation of a League of Nations E generous treatment for Germany

46 Germany initially refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles becauseA it established a League of Nations B of the reparations payment schedule C it confiscated German colonies D of the War Guilt clause E it broke up Austria-Hungary

47 John Maynard Keynes attacked the Versailles settlement because itA was too soft on Germany B was too harsh on Germany C did not solve the problems of central Europe D would make the German economy too powerful E left out Italy

48 The Versailles Treaty was criticized primarily because it did which of the following?A. Included war guilt and reparations clausesB. Contained obscure languageC. Excluded United States negotiatorsD. Established a balkanized GreeceE. Established an independent Algerian state

49 Which was NOT a provision of the Treaty of Versailles? A Germany accepted sole responsibility for starting World War I. B Austria was required to pay reparations to the Allies. C Germany was effectively disarmed. D The Rhineland was demilitarized. E Germany was to pay the cost of damage done to the property of Allied civilians.

50 All of the following states were granted independence at the peace conferences that endedWorld War I EXCEPT A Poland B Czechoslovakia C Yugoslavia D Hungary E Romania

51 Which of the following was NOT newly independent in 1920?A Czechoslovakia B Latvia C Romania D Poland E Finland

52 Which of the following best describes a League of Nations “mandate”?A. A colonial territory assigned to a member nation to be administered for the

LeagueB. A League action requiring parties in a dispute to observe a “cooling-off period”C. A call on member nations to take action against an aggressor

D. An appointment of a member nation to the Council of the League of NationsE. A report of a finding by the League that an act of aggression has been committed

53 The League of Nations was clearly revealed as a failure when itA refused to return the Saarland to Germany B refused to intervene in the Spanish Civil War C failed to dislodge Mussolini from Ethiopia D could not find a country to provide a headquarters E failed to block the election of Hitler

54 All are important reasons for the failure of the League of Nations EXCEPT A each member nation of the Assembly got one vote regardless of its . power B the United States never joined C economic sanctions could be ignored by member nations D the league could but never did raise an international force to repel aggressIOn E Italy and Japan's defiance ofleague mandates in the 1930s reduced its credibility

55 Most historians would agree with which of the following descriptions of the Treaty ofVersailles of 1919?A. A treaty that spelled out the Soviet Union’s reparation obligationsB. A triumph of farsighted political and economic planningC. A treaty that dismantled the British EmpireD. A destructive peace dictated by the United StatesE. A treaty that the defeated thought too harsh and the victors thought too

lenient

56 The 1919 cartoon shown above suggests thatA a second world war will occur in twenty years B the "Big Four" should become school teachers C the Versailles Treaty was misunderstood by the young D younger nations were left out of the peace conferences E Clemenceau and Wilson were too old for their jobs

Russian Revolution: Importance and Causes

57 Russia was which of the following between 1894 and 1914?A growing rapidly in heavy industry B growing rapidly in light industry only C economically stagnant D declining slightly in wealth E in a serious economic depression

58 All of the following were results of Russia's dramatic industrialization in the 1890sEXCEPT A the doubling of its railroad mileage B vastly increased exports C the growth of the proletariat D the growth of the commercial middle class E private ownership of all industry

59 Tsar Nicholas II was forced to make political concessions in 1905 due toA his wife and Rasputin wanting him to do so B successful and peaceful protest marches C the loss of the Russo-Japanese war D communist influence E pressure from the nobility

60 All are results of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) EXCEPT A Russian forces were decisively defeated B Japan was given some of the Sakhalin Islands C Russia was forced to pay Japan an indemnity D Japan got Russia's railway concessions in Manchuria E Japan's Korean protectorate was recognized

61 The immediate cause of the 1905 Russian Revolution was social strains resulting fromA. The agitation of the Russian Social Democratic PartyB. The mass emigration of skilled workers to the New WorldC. Attempts by the government to reform the Russian Orthodox churchD. The demands of ethnic groups for political autonomyE. Russian losses in the Russo-Japanese War

62 The subject of the above cartoon isA the Russian defeat of Japan at Mukden in 1904 B the assassination of Alexander II in 1881 C the loss of the Crimea in 1856 D the march on the Winter Palace in 1905 E famine in Russia in 1815

63 Which of the following resulted from the Russian Revolution of 1905?A. Emancipation of the serfsB. Legalization of the Bolshevik partyC. Universal suffrageD. A free pressE. The creation of the Duma

64 Which is the most valid statement regarding the October Manifesto issued by TsarNicholas II in 1905? A It precipitated a general strike that paralyzed the economy.

B It brought about significant constitutional reform of the government. C It created a Duma (national legislature), to which the tsar's ministers were directly

responsible. D It was an expedient and temporary promise of reform in response to civil

unrest. E It imposed martial law and suppressed antigovernment political activities.

March (February) Revolution and Provisional Government

65 The Russian people's support for Russian participation in World War I changeddrastically A when Rasputin took virtual control of the government B after the Battles of Masurian Lakes and Tannenberg C because the Duma was reconvened in 1916 D when the Germans and Austrians went on the offensive in 1915 E after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

66 The leading figures in the Provisional Government of Russia in 1917 wereA Tsarist officers and officials B anarchists and Marxists C liberals and socialists D Bolsheviks E Mensheviks

Bolshevik Revolution

67 Lenin’s theory of revolution included all of following EXCEPTA non-violence and civil disobedience B armed uprising by the proletariat C scientific dictatorship D a professional revolutionary class E slow withering away of the state

68 Which is the best characterization of Lenin's program at the Russian Marxist PartyConference in Brussels and London, 1903? A Democratic socialism open to all new members B Professional revolutionaries with a small, elite leadership C Rank and file participation in policy formulation D Party division along the lines of autonomous national groups E Party cooperation with liberal and socialist parties

69 Lenin was able to reach Russia in 1917 by means ofA an English warship B a German train C the Russian spy network D the French underground E intervention of the League of Nations

70 In 1917 the Bolsheviks sought to rally support from the Russian people with which of thefollowing slogans?A. “Peace, land, bread”B. “Socialism in one country”C. “Blood and iron”D. “Family, work, fatherland”E. “Liberty, equality, fraternity”

71 The slogan "Peace, Land, and Bread" is most closely associated with A the Duma liberals B Alexander Kerensky's moderates C Prince Lvov's coalition government D Lenin's Bolsheviks E Tsar Nicholas's cabinet

72 Which of the following best explains the motivation of the Bolshevik government insigning the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918?A. The Bolshevik government made no claim to authority in non-Russian speaking

territoriesB. Lenin was sympathetic to the German cause and felt that the treaty would aid the

German war effort on the western frontC. Lenin was attracted by German promises to aid Russian industrial developmentD. Lenin was not willing to risk his limited power base through further struggle

against a foreign enemyE. The Bolsheviks thought that the treaty could be discarded soon because the

Germans would lose the war in a few months.73 Events in Russia after 1917 occurred in which order from first to last?

A the Bolshevik Revolution, War Communism, NEP, the first Five Year Plan B the Bolshevik Revolution, NEP, the ftrst Five Year Plan, War Communism C War Communism, the Bolshevik Revolution, NEP, the ftrst Five Year Plan D NEP, the Bolshevik Revolution, the ftrst Five Year Plan, War Communism E the Bolshevik Revolution, the first Five Year Plan, NEP, War Communism

74 Within a year after the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks had accomplished all of theseEXCEPT A the abolition of the provisional government B the establishment of the Council of Commissars to rule Russia C the election of the National Constituent Assembly to frame a new government

D the nationalization of large industries E the confiscation of Russian Orthodox Church lands

75 During the Russian Civil War, 1918-1921, all of the following opposed Bolshevik ruleEXCEPT A tsarists B the middle class C peasants

D urban workers E the Allied Powers of World War I

76 Which of the following was a major factor responsible for the Bolshevik victory in theRussian Civil War (1919-1921)?A. The Bolsheviks controlled the periphery of the countryB. The governments of France and Great Britain supported the Bolshevik cause with

food and war suppliesC. Trotsky created a disciplined and effective Red ArmyD. The Bolsheviks had the undivided support of the peasantsE. The Bolsheviks refused to use the Cheka to subdue the opposition

77 Which of the following comparisons most accurately describes the French and Bolshevikrevolutions?A. Although different in their origins, both revolutions were considered very

radical in their timeB. The French Revolution was in many ways conservative, whereas the Bolshevik

Revolution was quite radicalC. Neither revolution had significant popular supportD. Both revolutions were meticulously plannedE. Both revolutions made use of the guillotine.

USSR

78 Why was Lenin depicted in the painting above with this group of people? A It is good propaganda to depict Lenin with common men. B These are the men Lenin took the palace with. C It is a revolution and they are military men. D It illustrated how powerful he looks in black. E It makes him look more important to be the only one wearing a tie.

79 In 1922, after the Civil War had ended, Lenin undertook his "nationalities reform." Itaccomplished all of the following EXCEPT A uniting the major ethnic groups into a federation B giving smaller ethnic groups autonomous regions within the major republics C allowing schools to teach native languages D encouraging cultural uniqueness E requiring that instruction in schools be exclusively in Russian

80 The original purpose of Comintern (Communist International), a congress of socialistparties in 1919, was to A combat Fascism and Nazism B foster democratic socialism worldwide C establish Moscow's leadership in fomenting Marxist revolution around the

world D improve relations with the capitalist West E encourage socialists to join in coalition governments with other parties in the

West

81 The organizer of the Red Army who lost the struggle for leadership of the Soviet Unionto Stalin after Lenin's death was A Alexander Kerensky B Alexander Nevsky C Leon Trotsky D General Kornilov E Nikita Khrushchev

82 All of the following describe aspects of Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) EXCEPTA. State ownership of heavy industry, banks, and transport endedB. The growth of a group of prosperous, independent peasants was encouragedC. There was a tactical retreat in communist economic planningD. Industries employing fewer than twenty workers were denationalizedE. All agricultural requisitions ended and were replaced by conventional taxes

83 Which of the following best describes Lenin’s New Economic Policy?A. The first systematic application of Marxist principles to the economic life of a

stateB. The First Five Year Plan for Soviet economic developmentC. A state plan for the collectivization of agricultureD. A compromise with capitalist economic principlesE. An important element in Lenin’s “April Theses”

84 In explaining the ultimate success of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917) a historian whobelieves in economic determinism would probably attach greatest significance to whichof the following factors?A. The discontent caused by the growth of the factory system and foreign

investment in RussiaB. Popular resentment against the privileges enjoyed by the aristocracyC. Demands by middle-class reformers that political power reflect economic realityD. The influence and heritage of earlier revolutionary movements in EuropeE. The military defeats suffered by Russia in the First World War

Results of WW I and the Russian Revolution

85 As a result of the war, all of these empires ended EXCEPT A the French B the Ottoman C the Austro- Hungarian D the Russian E the German

"Irving Gordon Review Test in World History, AMSCO School Publications, Inc. 1984.Reprinted by courtesy of AMSCO School Publications, Inc."

86 This map represents the British Empire and Commonwealth inA 1650 B 1720 C 1820 D 1920 E 1960