AP European History - Grosse Pointe Public School...
Transcript of AP European History - Grosse Pointe Public School...
AP European HistoryQuarter 2 Definitions
Chapter 16
Richelieu: closest advisor to Louis XIII. Was a politique in spite of being a cardinal
Treaty of the Pyrenees: 1659 ended a series of wars between Spain and France in which Spain lost substantial territory to France. The treaty signaled the end of Spain being a great power
Triennial Act: England. Parliament must meet at least once every three years
Moliere: Playwright at Versailles who produced comedies
Racine: Playwright at Versailles who produced tragic dramas
Mercantilism: advocated a nation’s self-sufficiency by a government’s rigid control of the economy through colonies, a favorable balance of trade, bullionism, and the encouragement of industry at home. Economic theory supported by Hobbes in The Leviathan
Mazarin: closest advisor of Louis XIV
Colbert: French Finance Minister who was the biggest fan of Mercantilism
French 17th Century Classicism: the official artistic style of Louis XIV’s court characterized by classical balance and restraint
Versailles: Baroque palace built by Louis XIV to glorify himself
Absolutist Government: a government in which the monarch has absolute power
John Locke: wrote The Second Treatise of Civil Government in celebration of the Glorious Revolution
Oliver Cromwell: established a Puritan military dictatorship in England during the Interregnum
Interregnum: the period after the English Civil War until the restoration in 1660
Restoration: 1660 when the Stewart dynasty was restored to the English throne
Long Parliament: when Parliament sat from 1640-1660
William of Orange: Stadtholder of the Netherlands who, with his wife, was invited to take the crown in England
Bodin: French political philosopher who was a strong proponent of absolutism during the reign of Louis XIV
Bossuet: Bishop who championed the cause of Divine Right of Kings during the reign of Louis XIV
Stadtholder: Netherlands political and military leader always from the House of Orange
Sully: Henry IV’s closest advisor
Fronde: French nobles who tried to keep Louis XIV from the throne
Paulette: (French) an annual fee paid by royal officials to the crown to guanantee heredity of their offices
Intendants: had fiscal, judicial, and political authority of the king in each of the 32 French districts. They reported directly to the king and were intensely loyal (middle class roots)
The Bill of Rights 1689: signed by William and Mary signaling the Clorious RevolutionThe Test Act: After the Restoration, the Anglican Parliament ruled that only those who took communion at Anglican services could vote, assemble, teach, etc.
The Leviathan: written by Thomas Hobbes advocated rigid control of government and the economy
War of the Spanish Succession: Charles II, the last Spanish Hapsburg king left his throne to Louis XIV’s heir and grandson-a Bourbon- inspiring everyone else in Europe to make war on France and Spain in order to prevent a superpower emerging in Europe
The Sun King: Louis XIV
Peace (Treaty) of Utrecht: ended the War of the Spanish Succession
Cervantes: wrote the first modern novel: Don Quixote
Edict of Fontainebleau: revoked the Edict of Nantes
Hobbes: wrote The Leviathan
Corvee: (France) All free peasants gave one month of labor to the king each year.
Chapter 17
Holy Roman Empire: 300-plus sovereign principalities in what is now present-day Germany. The Emperor has been Hapsburg since Charles V but power is nominal since the Peace of Westphalia.
Ottoman Empire: At its height of power under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent. After 1566. Empire began to diminish after the Siege of Vienna. Called, “The Sick Old Man of Europe.”
Sulieman the Magnificent: Sultan of the Ottoman Empire at its height.
Janissary Corps: Christian boys who served loyally in the Ottoman army.
Poland: Disappeared from the map of Europe after the partitions of the 1770’s and 1790’s. Was undone by the Liberum Veto.
Liberum Veto: Rule of the Polish Parliament that any governmental action needed unanimous vote of the legislature.
Serfdom: was reimposed in Eastern Europe during the early modern period to pacify the nobility in exchange for the nobles’ support of the king, tsar, emperor.
Robot: 3-4days of unpaid labor each week that a free peasant in Eastern Europe owed to the local noble.
Austrian Empire: Ruled by the HRE and included Hungary, Bohemia, Austrian Netherlands, etc.
Bohemia: Present-day Czech Republic. Birth place of the 30 Years’ War, was part of the Hapsburg Austrian Empire.
Hungary: Part of the Austrian Empire. Largest ethnic group: the Magyars
Leopold I: Successfully defeated the Turks during the Seige of Vienna
Siege of Vienna (1683) The Ottoman Turks’ last effort to expand into central Europe. Ottomans were repelled by successful efforts of HRE Leopold I
Pragmatic Sanction (1713): HRE’s Charles VI efforts to safeguard his daughter’s inheritance. Provided that the HRE never be broken up and that his heir was his daughter, Maria Theresa
Prussia: aka Sparta of the North. Ruled by the Hohenzollerns
Frederick William “the Great Elector” Hohenzollern. Unified Brandenburg, Prussia, Rhine holdings into a single state
Junkers: Prussian Nobility
Frederick William I: aka The soldiers’ king. The most important Hohenzollern in terms of paving the way for absolutism in Prussia
Sparta of the North: Prussia under the reule of the Hohenzollern dynasty
Muscovy: became the basis of what later became Russia
Boyars: Russian Nobility
Ivan III (the Great): established himself as hereditary ruler of Muscovy, ending Mongol rule (1480). Tried to make Moscow the Third Rome
Cossacks: Free Russian Peasants who ran off to the outskirts of the Russian Empire to avoid serfdom and formed outlaw gangs.
Ivan IV: aka The Terrible. His death (and the death of his son, Theodore) led to the Time of Troubles. He was first to have the title, “Tsar.”
Time of Troubles: The period of civil war in Russia between the death of Ivan the Terrible (and his son) and the establishment of the Romanov dynasty.
Romanov Dynasty: Established by Michael Romanov in 1613. His election ended the Time of Troubles
Old Believers: Russian Orthodox Catholics who refused to modernize their religion and were persecuted. They reacted to the persecution by setting themselves on fire.
Peter the Great: Tried to modernize and westernize Russia. Defeated the Swedes to gain his “Window on the West” and built St. Petersburg. He was the nth degree of Eastern European Absolutism.
Strelski: The Moscow guard who tried to keep Peter the Great from the Russian throne.
Window on the West: St. Petersburg. Land on the Baltic was gained by Russia as a result of winning the Great Northern War against Sweden.
St. Petersburg: The new capital of Russia. Was built by the forced labor of Russian peasants. Russian nobles, craftsmen, shopkeepers were forced to build and live in St. Petersburg.
Winter Palace: Peter the Great’s palace built in St. Petersburg in the Baroque style.
Chapter 18
Scientific Revolution: Sparked by the work of Copernicus. A movement that encouraged reliance on logic and reason rather than on superstition and tradition.
Copernicus: introduced the heliocentric view of the universe with his On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric View: introduced by Copernicus. The sun, rather than the earth, is the center of the universe.
Tycho Brahe: Europe’s leading astronomer of the 16th century. Collected massive data that was later used to support Copernican theory though Brahe, himself, did not support Copernicus’s New World View.
Johannes Kepler: Proved Copernican theory with mathematics. Was Brahe’s assistant and the first great Protestant scientist of the Scientific Revolution. Was responsible for the Three Laws of Planetary Motion.
Galileo: Supported Copernican theory with his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems. Was responsible for the Three Laws of Motion and was forced to recant his findings by the Catholic Church and placed under house arrest until his death by the Church.
Telescope: a tool used by astronomers. Galileo built his own.
Francis Bacon: introduced the Inductive method of reasoning which, combined with the deductive (empirical or experimental) method, became the Scientific method used today.
Empiricism: The experimental or inductive method
Inductive Method: the experimental or empirical method
Rene Descartes: responsible for the Deductive method (logic) which, when combined with the inductive method (formalized by Bacon) made up the modern scientific method.
Cogito Ergo Sum: IO think therefore I am . Rene Descartes proved his existence using the deductive method.
Cartesian Dualism: Everything in the universe was either physical (and best examined using the inductive method) or spiritual (best examined using the deductive method. Brainchild of Descartes
Scientific Method: result of the combination of the inductive and deductive methods.
Isaac Newton: responsible for the Universal Principles of Gravitation. Wrote Principia. Introduced the notion of the natural laws of the universe. Invented Calculus
Principia: (Newton) the greatest book on science ever written
Vesalius: wrote The Structure of the Human Body
William Harvey: wrote On the Movement of the Heart and Blood
Van Leeuwenhoek: Father of Microscopy. The first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, and other living organisms using a microscope
Royal Society: England 1660. The most successful and prestigious of the Scientific societies in Europe
Enlightenment: fostered the Idea that science and reason could explain all aspects of life. Promoted a new reliance on logic and reason
Deism: The rational religion of the enlightenment
John Locke: Tabula Rasa. Two Treatises of Civil Government , Essay Concerning Human Understanding. The Natural Rights of man and the purpose of government.
Philosophes: Understood and communicated the work of the philosophers of the Enlightenment
Voltaire: Candide. Believed that an Enlightened Despot was the best government one could hope for. Was violently opposed to a religious education. Was patronized by Frederick the Great.
Essay concerning Human Understanding: by John Locke introduced the notion of Tabula Rasa. Believed that environment was the key to human nature. Progress through education (and controlling the environment)
Montesquieu: wrote Spirit of Laws. Was Mr. checks and balances.
Rousseau: Introduced the idea of the General Will. Wrote Emile was the Father of Romanticism…undermined the Enlightenment reliance on reason and science
The Social Contract (1762): Rousseau’s version of government authority (the General Will)
“Noble Savages” Rousseau’s term for those who are as one with nature (like Naïve Americans)
Diderot: compiled The Encyclopedia. Was patronized by Catherine the Great
The Encyclopedia: 1765 A collection of articles from philosophers, scientists, philosophes, etc. which promoted reliance on reason and skepticism. Was banned in France and made it to the list of Index of forbidden Books
Beccaria: Italian Wrote On Crimes and Punishment. Promoted equality under the law, an end to torture, the right to face one’s accuser in court, the right to a speedy trial, etc.
Quesnay: French Physiocrat who believed in free market capitalism when it came to French grain.
Physiocrats: Professional economists
Adam Smith: Promoted free-market capitalism in all areas. Believed that prices and wages would be held in check by the “Natural Laws” of economics (supply and demand)
Wealth of Nations: written by Adam Smith. Was the Bible of capitalism
Salon Movement: Wealthy French women hosted regular gatherings of Philosophers, scientists, etc. So that Ideas could be shared
Mary Wollstonecraft: English. Wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women
Paul d’Holbach: Undermined the Enlightenment. Was a public atheist and introduced the philosophy of Determinism
David Hume: Scottish philosopher. Undermined the Enlightenment by denouncing faith in reason (as well as in faith)
Jean de Condorcet: wrote Progress of the Human Mind in which he identified 9 stages of human development and claimed that perfection was at hand
Immanuel Kant: came up with the Categorical Imperative. The greatest of the Germen Enlightenment philosophers
Classical Liberalism: the belief in laissez-faire capitalism, individual liberty, natural rights of man and the government’s job to protect these rights. Rights of citizenship and economy that most western countries’ citizens take for granted
German Pietism: a reaction against the rational religion of the Enlightenment. The quest for a personal God, faith, mystery in religion. Was called the Second Great Awakening in the U.S. Methodism and its “born again” philosophy was a part of it.
John Wesley: Founder of Methodism
Jansenism: a Catholic sect that incorporated some Calvinism in the form of predestination. Jansenists were persecuted in France by the Jesuits with the approval of Louis XIV
Methodism: founded by Wesley. “Born Again” philosophy
Silesia: was taken by Frederick the Great from Maria Theresa’s Austria
Enlightened Despotism: a belief that absolute rulers should enact reforms for the good of the people.
Frederick the Great: Prussia Began the War of the Austrian Succession. Took Silesia from Austria. An Enlightened Despot to a degree. Patronized Voltaire
Seven Years’ War: aka The French and Indian War. Attempt by Maria Theresa to regain Silesia and crush Prussia
First Servant of the State: was what Frederick the Great called himself
War of the Austrian Succession: In 1740 Frederick the Great of Prussia attacked Maria Theresa’s Austria and took Silesia
Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War. No change to the European continent. Signaled the end of France as a colonial power.
Catherine the Great: Czarina of Russia. Wife of Peter III. Daughter of the Enlightenment. Least enlightened of the Enlightened despots. Did improve culture at Russian Court. Ended persecution of the Old Believers.
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756: Arranged by Maria Theresa. Allied with France and Russia against Britain and Prussia in preparation for the Seven Years’ War.
Polish Partitions: 1770’s and 1790’s Russia, Prussia and Austria divided Poland among themselves.
Joseph II: The most enlightened but least effective of the Enlightened Despots. Freed the serfs in Austria.
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713: Charles Vi of Austria tried to safeguard the inheritance of his daughter, Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa: inherited the Austrian Empire in 1740 and was immediately at war with Frederic the Great of Prussia. Was the author of the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and went to war in that same year in an attempt to regain Selisia.
Liberum Veto: The rule of the Pollish legislature calling for a unanimous vote before any action could be taken. Made Poland vulnerable .
Pugachev Rebellion: Large scale Cossack rebellion causing Catherine the Great to forgive noble taxes and military service in order to gain their help in her efforts to crush this rebellion.
Chapters 19 and 20
Agricultural Revolution: was characterized by crop rotation, selective breeding of livestock, reintroducing nitrogen to the soil with crops such as clover and turnips, drainage, and other features.
Open Field System: was the way farming was done prior to enclosure and the Agricultural Revolution
Cornelius Vermuyden: Was the most important European authority on drainage
Charles Townsend: brought the Agricultural Revolution to England from the Netherlands
Crop Rotation: the introduction of different crops to fields on a rotating basis in order to replenish the soil
Jethro Tull: used the scientific method to invent the seed drill
Seed Drill: invented by Jethro Tull. Allowed a more efficient, productive method of planting seeds
Robert Bakewell: was foremost in selective breeding of livestock
Columbian Exchange: European crops were introduced to the New World and New World crops were introduced to Europe (also disease, animals)
Enclosure Movement: The first was limited to England and involved enclosing fields and raising sheep instead of crops. The second began in England and spread slowly to the continent and involved fencing in farm land to introduce new crops and new methods of production.
Corn Laws: (England) made it illegal to import foreign grain, allowing domestic producers to charge artificially high prices for their product. Prices were so high that many could not afford grain or bread. It was the most obvious example of Parliament favoring the interests of the wealthy land owners over the well-being of most of the population
Population Explosion: Began after a plateau period (1650-1750) and directly related to more food and a variety of food being available after the Agricultural Revolution.
Proto-Industrialism: just prior to the steam engine being introduced to the machinery of the textile industry. Was characterized by cottage industries.
Cottage industry: many of those thrown off of the land during the enclosure movement supplemented the family income by producing goods within their homes
Flying Shuttle: allowed the weaver to push the shuttle with only one hand. Invented by John Kay
Spinning Jenny: Hargreaves mechanized the spinning wheel
Water Frame: Arkwright improved thread spinning
Spinning Mule: Crompton combined features of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame
Mercantilism: the predominant economic theory of the 16th century. Encouraged the government to micromanage the economy. Was championed by Hobbes in The Leviathan
Atlantic Economy: European powers enriched themselves with trade with their colonies
Sugar: The crop most responsible for the introduction of the American form of slavery
Bullionism: a feature of mercantilism. The effort to amass great amounts gold and silver and to keep it within the country
Bank of England: was second only to the banks in the Netherlands whose interest rates were better
Act of Union 1707: Scotland and England joined to create Great Britain in order for the Scots to benefit from English trade
Navigation Acts (England): 1651, 1660 & 63: designed to steer colonial trade exclusively to the Mother country
Triangular Trade: different trade routes including England, her American colonies, Africa, and the British West Indies
Dutch Republic: Began the Agricultural Revolution in order to feed the burgeoning urban population
Anglo-Dutch Wars: a series of wars between the English and the Dutch which generally began as trade wars. Contributed to the decline of the Dutch Golden Age
Slave Trade: (asiento) the Portuguese began the slave trade in order to obtain workers for its sugar plantations
Middle Passage: the route between the western coast of Africa and the Caribbean which was used most often to transport slaves to the New World
South Sea Bubble: the first great financial disaster of modern times. Began as a scheme to pay off the English debt
Succession (War of the): Spain and France v the universe. Began when Charles II (Sp.) left his throne to the grandson and heir of Louis XIV
Mississippi Bubble: Financial disaster in France similar to the English South Sea Bubble
Treaty of Utrecht: ended the War of the Spanish Succession (1713)
Asiento: the slave trade. Went to England from Spain as a result of the Treaty of Utrecht
Seven Years’ War: called the French and Indian War in the New World. In Europe it was a result of Maria Theresa’s Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 and her effort to regain Silesia from Frederick the Great
Treaty of Paris: 1763 Ended the Seven Years War and signaled the end of France as a major colonial power
American Revolution: with French and Spanish help, the American colonies successfully broke their ties to England
Creoles: had Spanish parents but were not born in Spain
Mestizos: those with European and Native American blood
Edward Jenner: introduced the smallpox vaccine
Pietism (German): religious reaction against the rational influence of the Enlightenment. People wanted a personal God who was interested in their day-to-day affairs. Was called the Second Great Awakening in America
Spare the rod… creditied to Defoe. The belief that a parent’s most sacred duty was to break the will of the child and make him obedient
Wesley: introduced Methodism. The belief that one could foster a personal relationship with God through a “born again” kind of experience
Methodism: introduced the concept of the “born again” religious experience. Was a part of German Pietism.
Chapter 21
Louis XV: great grandson of Louis XIV. Allowed his friends and mistresses to have great influence over the French court. Went into great debt as a result of the War of the Austrian Succession and his mistress was the most famous of the 18th century (Madame Pompadour)
Madame de Pompadour: Mistress of Louis XIV
Parlement: the French court system theoretically independent of the crown
Rene de Maupeou: was instructed by Louis XV to dissolve the Paris Parlement
Louis XVI: King of France, guillotined during the Reign of Terror
Marie Antoinette: daughter of Maria Theresa and wife of Louis XVI
First Estate: The French Clergy
Gallican Church: the official religion of France (Catholic)
Second Estate: French nobility
Third Estate: the bulk of the population in France (not the clergy or nobility)
Bourgeoisie: French upper middle class
Corvee: France. The labor obligation that an independent peasant had to the monarch
Lettre de cachet: arrest without cause. Universally hated in France
Ancient Regime: Feudal French Society
Jacque Necker: French minister of finance under Louis XVI who tried to tax the French nobility but was blocked by the Paris Parlement
Assembly of Notables: high-ranking nobles and clergy called together by Louis XVI who refused to allow themselves to be taxed and who insisted that any change in taxation be approved by the Estates General
Estates General: a meeting of the representatives of the three French estates
Cahiers de doleances: List of grievances that Louis XVI asked the Estates General to produce
Abbe Sieyes: member of the third estate who wrote What is the Third Estate and who later arranged for Napoleon to take power through the Coup d’Etat Brumarie
What is the Third Estate? : written by Sieyes explaining why the Third Estate was the true representative of the French people
Age of Montesquieu: The first phase of the French Revolution whose constitution provided for a constitutional monarchy
National Assembly: formerly the Third Estate who pledged to continue to meet at Versailles until they had written a constitution
Tennis Court Oath: the pledge of the National Assembly to continue to meet until they had finished writing a constitution for France
Storming the Bastille: The mobs in Paris, fearful that the king’s soldiers were getting ready to crush those involved in bread riots, broke into the Bastille in an effort to arm themselves against the soldiers
Great Fear: inspired by rumors from Paris, peasants in the French Countryside attacked nobles and their estates
Declaration of Rights and Man: the French constitution written by the National Assembly
Olympe de Gouges: wrote Rights of Women. Was guillotined during the Reign of terror
The Rights of Women: written by de Gouges, an early French feminist, as a reaction to The Declaration of Rights of Man which ignored the rights of women
Wollstonecraft: (English) wrote Vindication of the Rights of Womenin support of The Rights of Women
Madame de Stael: hosted intellectual salons and was a writer during the Romantic period. Was an early advocate for women’s rights and was banished from France by Napoleon (daughter of Jacque Necker)
Vindication of the Rights of Women: written by Wollstonecraft (English) in support of Rights of Women
Assignats: paper money whose value was backed by confiscated Church lands and which became worthless over time
Women’s March to Versailles: Parisian fish wives and others marched to Versailles, killed the king’s guards, and demanded that the royal family live at the Tuleries Jean-Paul Marat: incited the Paris mobs with his newspaper editorials and who constantly called for heads to roll
Edmund Burke: wrote Reflections on the Revolution in France defending the monarchy and nobility and cautioned the English to go slow with reform. He predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the Revolution
Thomas Paine: wrote propaganda for the French Revolution and defended the revolution against Burke and others with Rights of Man
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy: provided for the election of the clergy and that the clergy take an oath of allegiance to the new revolutionary government and renounce their ties with the Pope. Was perhaps the biggest mistake of the revolutionaries as it polarized the country
Jacobins: Republicans of the Revolution
Rights of Man: written by Paine in defense of the French Revolution
Flight to Varennes: un unsuccessful attempt by the French royalty to escape Paris and gain support for a counterrevolutionary army
Girondins: Republican revolutionaries in the National convention who fought with the Mountain to control the government
The Tuleries: the royal residence in Paris
Reflections on the Revolution in France: written by Burke. Was the most famous defense of monarchy and nobility and privilege He predicted anarchy and dictatorship in France as a result of the revolution
Sans-Culottes: the French working-poor who had the sympathy of Robespierre and the Mountain
Legislative Assembly: the lawmaking body under the new French Republic
Brunswick Manifesto: a warning issued by Prussia and Austria to the French Revolutionaries cautioning the French to do no harm to the French royal family
Robespierre: led France during the Reign of Terror as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety
Declaration of Pillnitz: a bluff by Leopold II and Prussia saying that they would be willing to send troops to France if order was not restored soon
Paris Commune: a revolutionary provisional government centered in Paris and headed by Danton took power from the Legislative Assembly
Lazare Carnot: reorganized the French Revolutionary Army during the War of the First Coalition
Emigres: French nobles who fled France and who tried to form counterrevolutionary armies to take France from the revolutionaries
The First Coalition: The alliance of Prussia and Austria against the French Revolutionary Army
Law of Suspects: tribunals were established during the Reign of Terror allowing for the arrest and execution of enemies of the state
Danton: colleague of Robespierre who was ordered to his execution by Robespierre after questioning the continuation of the Reign of Terror
Age of Rousseau: the phase of the French revolution characterized by the republic and the Reign of Terror
Louis Saint-Just: a confidant of Robespierre who arranged for the arrests under the Law of Suspects.
National Convention: the lawmaking body of the new French Republic that sentenced Louis XVI to death
Enrages: (Angry men) even more violent than the Sans-Culottes. Wanted economic reform. Were farther left than the Jacobins
Reign of Terror: Rousseau’s “General Will” The execution of tens of thousands as enemies of the state often with the new, humane guillotine.
Committee of Public Safety: Usurped the power of government from the National Convention. Was led by Robespierre and commenced the Reign of Terror while fighting the War of the First Coalition
Law of Maximum: to provide for maximum production, employment, and prices
Levee en masse: the drafting of all French citizens into the army
Cult of the Supreme Being: the rational religion introduced to France by Robespierre
Temple of Reason: the former Notre Dame Cathedral
The Directory: The Government of France after the fall of Robespierre
Thermidorian Reaction: Signaled the fall of Robespierre after he had Danton and others executed and after introducing the Cult of the Supreme Being
Conspiracy of Equals: led by Babeuf against the Directory. Hoped to enforce equality with a dictatorship
Coup d’Etat Brumarie: overthrew the Directory in favor of Napoleon who was invited to join by Adde Sieyes
Consulate Era: Napoleon was first Consul for the Consulate which ruled in france from 1799-1804
Plebiscite: an election featuring universal male suffrage. A plebiscite approved of Napoleon’s rule by a huge majority
Napoleon Bonaparte: Born to a noble family in Corsica. Was an artillery specialist who was able to rise through the ranks of the French Revolutionary army due, in part, to the absence of the emegris
War of the Second Coalition: Austria, England & Russia v France
Consulate Period: 1799-1804. Napoleon was First Consul
Treaty of Luneville: ended the War of the Second Coalition in Napoleon’s favor
Empire Period: 1801-1814 with Napoleon as Emperor of France
First Consul: Napoleon as head of government 1799-1804
Jacques-Louis David: painted The Death of Marat
Grand Empire: France proper and Napoleon’s continental conquests
Napoleonic Code: Napoleon’s legal, criminal, penal code which was spread throughout Europe as he conquered. It was his longest-lasing and most wide-spread reform.
War of the Third Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria v France after Napoleon conquered Italy
Milan Decree: part of Napoleon’s continental System concerning neutral countries
Battle of Trafalgar: 1805 England’s Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon at sea
Horatio Nelson: Defeated Napoleon in the Battle of the Nile (1799) and the Battle of Trafalgar but he died here
Battle of Austerlitz: 1805 Napoleon’s victory against the British on land. Was the reason for the building of the Arc de Triomphe
Concordat of 1801: Napoleon’s peace with the Catholic Church
Arc de Triomphe: was built by Napoleon to celebrate his victory at Austerlitz
Treaty of Tilsit: 1807 Prussia ceded land and ½ of its population to France and Russia acknowledged Napoleon’s dominance of the European Continent and agreed to respect Napoleon’s Continental System
Bank of France: created to help to stabilize the French economy
Continental System: Napoleon’s effort to starve the British out. The Berlin and Milan Decrees
Berlin Decree: part of Napoleon’s Continental System which closed most European ports to the British
Confederation of the Rhine: Napoleon’s reorganization of the HRE
Order in Council: England’s answer to Napoleon’s Continental System
Peninsular War: Began with Napoleon’s invasion of Spain to get to Portugal and was met with Spanish guerilla fighters
Duke of Enghien: was executed by Napoleon although he proved to be no threat and the execution without cause
Russian Campaign: Napoleon’s ill-fated invasion of Russia
Battle of Borodino: 1812 France v Russia ended in a draw
War of the Fourth coalition: 1813-14 England, Austria, Russia, Prussia v France
Battle of Leipzig: aka Battle of the Nations The largest battle in world history until the 20th century
Frankfort Proposals: Metternich’s generous offer to Napoleon to end the fighting. Napoleon refused
Quadruple Alliance: England, Austria, Russia, Prussia (1814) allied to fight Napoleon to the finish
Louis XVIII: Brother of Louis XVI who was restored to the French throne after Napoleon’s defeat
Charter of 1814: French constitution providing for a constitutional monarchy. Was given to the French people by Louis XVIII
First Treaty of Paris: Ended the War between the Quadruple Alliance and Napoleon in 1814
Congress of Vienna: was dedicated to the balance of power in Europe after Napoleon’s defeat and was successful in preventing liberalism and nationalism with few exceptions until Germany and Italy formed and also prevented world war for 100 years
Metternich: Austrian minister who was the foremost diplomat in Europe from 1814-1848
Legitimacy: The effort of the congress of Vienna to restore legitimate families to their respective thrones after Napoleon’s defeat
Compensation: The Congress of Vienna was careful to compensate those who helped to defeat Napoleon
Balance of Power: a third principle of settlement that concerned the congress of Vienna
German Confederation: The result of the Congress of Vienna reworking the Confederation of the Rhine
Hundred Days: from Napoleon’s escape from Elba until his final defeat in 1815
Battle of Waterloo: Napoleon’s final defeat at the hands of Wellington in 1815
Concert of Europe: the Congress System and the Quadruple alliance worked together to safeguard the status quo (harmony) and the balance of power in Europe beginning in 1815
Holy Alliance: brainchild of Alexander I of Russia asking world powers to sign off agreeing to treat each other with Christian values of charity,etc. The Ottomans, the English, and the Pope refused to sign (only the Russians took it seriously)
Alexander I Czar of Russia who offered the Holy Alliance