AP European History, CH 15

7/30/2019 AP European History, CH 15

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Chapter 15

Advanced Placement European History

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Overview of the Chapter

Growing secularism,

declining religion

Seventeenth century

seen as turningpoint in modern

state system

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Overview of the Chapter

United Christian

Europe gives way to

Secular states

Secular politics Secular

intellectualism

Religious wars gave

religion lesscredibility

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Overview (cont)

A yearning for order

Absolute monarchies,

or absolutism, was a

means to order

King Louis XIV

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Overview (cont)

King Louis XIV is seen

as perfect example of

absolutism

Said to love truth,

justice, order, andreason

Also said to be vain

Absolute and limited

monarchies were thetwo opposite poles of

state building

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Overview-Two Poles of State

Building

Absolute Monarchy Limited Monarchy

Western Europe

France, best example

Unquestionable control

and power over all

aspects of government

England

Limited by representative

assemblies

Limited control and

power over government

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Economic conditions

Population trendsTemperature reduction

War

Famine

Plague

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Social Crises, War, and

Rebellions

Europe was facing financial decline

Fewer imports of silver

Across the board for all countries

Population increase

Warmer climate

More food production

First major recovery since Black Death ofmid 14th century

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Social Crises, War, and

Rebellions

War, famine, and plague continued to

effect populations

Little Ice Age after mid 16th century

limited harvests and caused famines

All problems created social tensions

peeking during the witchcraft craze

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The Witchcraft Craze

Hysteria effected

Europeans in 16th

and 17th centuries

England, Scotland,Switzerland,

Germany, France,

New England

(America)

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The Witchcraft Craze

Witchcraft part of

villages for centuries

Medieval churches

began to linkwitches with the

devilnot Biblically

acceptable

Enforcement turnedover to secular

authorities

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The Spread of Witchcraft

Increased numbers

from 16th to 17th

centuries

Perhaps 100,000people prosecuted

Cities first then

spread to rural areas

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Torture forced

confession

Incantations, special

ointments, andpowders to wreak

havoc on neighbors

were part of

confessions

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Religious passions of

Protestantism verses

Catholicismone

side accused the

other of being in

league with the devil

Where controversies

raged or where

Protestantism was

recently victorious

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Social conditions as

major reason:

New economic ethic

self sufficiency

More fearful of growing

numbers of poor

Psychologically, the

poor became agents

of the devil

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Old women thought to

sell potions and other

remedies to survive

were handy

scapegoats Women seen as

inferior-- becoming

witches for pleasure

seeking

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Women held in low

esteem

Judges were biased

against women Nicholas Remy

(judge), not

unreasonable that

this scum of humanity

(witches) should bedrawn chiefly from the

feminine sex

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Most theologians,

lawyers, and

philosophers

believed in early

modern Europe

believed in natural

inferiority of women

Found it plausiblefor women to be

witches

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Decline of Witchcraft

Fewer magistrates

willing to accept the

divisive conditions of

the trials

People found it

contrary to reason to

accept the old view

of a world hauntedby spirits

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The Thirty Years War

The first half of the

17th century was

plagued by crises

A devastating wareffected much of

Europe

Another war

fomented byreligious differences

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Called the last of the religious wars(1618-1648)

Europe wide struggle

Some historians consider it part of Bourbon(France) and Habsburg (Spain) and HolyRoman Empire struggles

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Peace of Augsburg

ended religious

warfare but

Lutherans and

Catholics continued

to struggle for

control of

principalities

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Peace of Augsburg had not recognizedrights of Calvinists

Some German states had adopted

Calvinism

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The Calvinist ruler ofthe Palatinate,Elector PalatineFrederick IV, formed

the ProtestantUniona league ofGerman Protestantstates

Duke Maximilian ofBavaria counteredwith the CatholicLeague

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The Thirty Yearss War

By 1609, Germany

was dividing into two

armed camps

Anticipating religiouswar

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Exacerbated by constitutional issues

Hapsburg emperors wanted to consolidate

authority with Holy Roman Empire

Resisted by German princesconcerned aboutGerman liberties

Hapsburg looked to Spain for help, ruled by

another branch of the Hapsburg family German princes looked to France for help,

the enemies of Spain

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The divisions in the Holy Roman Empire

and Europe made almost inevitable that

war would be widespread and tough to

stop The war was generally divided into four

phases

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The Bohemian Phase

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The Bohemian Phase

1618-1625

One of four phases

Bohemian states soon became unhappy

with Archduke Ferdinand

Many nobles were Calvinists

Ferdinand was a Catholic

He fostered re-Catholicizing Bohemia Wanted to strengthen royal power

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The Bohemian Phase

Bohemian states originally accept

Hapsburg Archduke Ferdinand as king

Ferdinand was Catholic, but many

Bohemian nobles were Calvinists

Ferdinand began to reprocess

Catholicism and garner increased royal

power

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The Bohemian Phase

Protestant nobles rebel in 1618

Threw two Hapsburg governors and a

secretary out the window of the royal castle

in Prague The seat of the Bohemian government

They survived the fall

Catholics story: Intercession of Mary

Protestants story: They fell into manure pile

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The Bohemian Phase

Bohemian rebels deposed Ferdinand

Elected Palatinate, Elector Frederick V, head of

Protestant Union

Ferdinand, elected Holy Roman Emperor,refused to accept his disposition

The imperial forces (Ferdinand) defeated

Frederick and the Bohemian nobles at the

Battle of White Mountain

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The Bohemian Phase

Spanish troops go

on to conquer the

Palatinate

Frederick flees intoexile

Contemporary

Prague

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The Bohemian Phase (cont)

The Spanish took control of the western

part of Platinategaining access route

from Italy to Netherlandsrenewed

attacks on the Dutch Maximilian took the rest of territory

Ferdinand declared Bohemia a

hereditary Habsburg possession andestablished Catholicism as sole religion

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The Bohemian Phase

Ferdinand

confiscates land of

Protestant nobles

Spanish renew theirattack on Dutch

At this point,

Catholicism seemed

on the road tovictory

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The Danish Phase

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The Danish Phase

The Second Phase, 1624-1629 King Christian IV of Denmark led an army

into northern Germany

Made anti-Catholic/Habsburg alliancewith the United Provinces and England

Christian wanted some Catholic territories

in Northern Germany to benefit family

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The Danish Phase

Albrecht von Wallenstein, Bohemian nobleman,

defeated Protestants at Dessau

Wallenstein had won confidence of Ferdinand and had become

rich in the process Christian IV defeated by Catholic League under Count

Tilly

Christian suffers even greater loss from Wallenstein

the following year Meant the end of Danish supremacy in the Baltic

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The Danish Phase (cont)

Imperial Ferdinand II at height of power

Issued Edict of Restitution

Prohibited Calvinist worship and restored

property taken by Protestant princes thepast 75 years

Dismissed Wallenstein because princes

feared loss of independence

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The Swedish Phase

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The Swedish Phase

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden,enters war

1630-1635

Military geniusbrought well trainedand equipped army to northernGermany Devout Lutheran who felt compelled to help

fellow Lutheran in Germany

Gustovus killed at Battle of Luten Swedes defeated at Battle of Nordlingen

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The Swedish Phase

Gustavuss forces initially swept into the

heart of Germany

Ferdinand recalled Wallenstein for help

The Swedish forces prevail at the Battle

of Lutzen, but Gustavus is killed

Ferdinand has Wallenstein assassinated

Swedes are defeated at the Battle ofNordlingen

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The Swedish Phase (cont)

Battle of Nordlingen guaranteed southern

Germany remained Catholic

Emperor agreed to annul Edict ofRestitution to make peace with German

princes

Swedes wanted to continue

French per Cardinal Richelieu enters war

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The Franco-Swedish Phase

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Religion begins to lose significance in the war

Catholic French support Protestant Swedes against

Catholic Habsburgs of Germany and Spain

French defeat Spanish at Battle of Rocroi bringing an

end to Spanish military greatness

French defeat Bavarian armies

All parties ready for peace and Thirty Years War ended

by Peace of Westphalia in 1648

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War between France and Spain

continued until the Peace of the

Pyrenees (1659)

Spain had become second class power

France emerged as the dominant nation

of Europe

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Thirty Years War Outcomes

German states free to determine own

religion

Territory changes

France gained parts of west Germany andcontrol of Franco-German border

Sweden and German states of Brandenburg

and Bavaria gained some German territory

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Thirty Years War Outcomes

Habsburg emperor reduced to figurehead

in Holy Roman Empire

Three hundred states of Holy Romanempire were virtually independent

Religion and politics were now separate

Pope ignored in devising Treaty of Westphalia Religion moved closer to individual matter, not

politics

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Th Thi t Y W


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Outcomes

Economic and social outcomes debated

Many parts of Germany devastated, other

parts did well

Population declined in Germany 21 to 16

million

Most destructive conflict Europe had yet

experienced

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A Military Revolution

By 17th century, war

was larger part of

European affairs

Military power

essential to rulers

reputation and

power

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Seventeenth Century War

Machines

Essential to rulers power

Changes 1560-1650 called military

revolution

Increased use of firearms and cannons,greater flexibility and mobility in tactics,

and better disciplined and better trained

armies

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Gustavus Adolphus,

king of Sweden,

develop first

standing army of

conscripts

Infantry brigades

composed of equal

musketeers and

pikemen, standing 6

deep

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Gustavus Adolphus

of Sweden was

brilliant in tactics

Salvos with all rows

firing at once

Pike charges

Cavalry charges with

swords

Lighter artillery piecesmoved in battle

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A Military Rebellion

Gustavus Adolphus

men fired their

muskets all at once

instead of row by

row

Salvos were

followed by

pikecharge

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Calvary were used

with more mobility

Pistols fired followed

by charge with

swords

Lighter artillery

pieces--flexibility

Changes required

better training and

coordination

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Rebellions

Before/during/after Thirty Years War

Rocked the stability of governments

Monarchs attempted to extend control

Raised taxes and created other hardships

Peasants and lower classes revolt

Clergy, nobles and mercantile groups

Throughout all Europe

English Revolution most famous

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Western Europe

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Absolutism

Ultimate authority

Resting in the hands

of a king

Rules by divine right

King Louis XIV

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Jean Bodin Political Theorist


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Jean BodinPolitical Theorist

on Divine-Right Monarchy

What did sovereignty mean?

Make laws

Tax

Administer justice Control administrative system

Determine foreign policy

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Bi h J B t Th


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Bishop Jacques BossuetTheory on

Divine-Right of Monarchy

His book, Politics Drawn from the VeryWords of Holy Scripture

Government divinely ordained

Humans must live in organized society God established kings

God reigns through the kings

Kings responsible to no onenot evenparliaments--except God

Practical considerations limit power

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Absolute Monarchy in


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France Reign of Louis XIV

(1643-1715) best

example of absolute

monarchy

French culture,

manners, and

language reaches

throughout Europe

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France Stability of Louiss

rule was magnified

by instability that

preceded it

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oun a ons o rencAbsolutism: Cardinal

Richelieu Fifty years beforeLouis XIV came to

power, monarchies

were struggling to

hold the statetogether

The line between

order and monarchy

was narrow

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Foundations of French


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Foundations of French

Absolutism: Cardinal Richelieu Both Louis XIII and

XIV were just boys

Dependent on

competent ministers

Richelieu eliminated

military and political

rights of Huguenots,

but kept their religious

ones

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ou a o s o e cAbsolutism: Cardinal

Richelieu Richelieu wascautious with nobles,

understanding their

important role

Nobles excluded from

central government

and who claimed land

independence were

the dangerous ones

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Absolutism: Cardinal

Richelieu Richelieu actedcautiously in

humbling the pride

of the great men

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Cardinal Richelieu

Efficient spy network

Crushed conspiracies and executed

conspirators

Sent intendents out to effectgovernment policies

Sometimes in conflict with governors

Further strengthened the crown Not good at financesdebt grew

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Cardinal Richelieu

Increased the taille

Direct tax on land/property

Confronting Habsburgs in 30 years war

cost money Increasing expenditures outstripped

revenues

Richelieu died 1642

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Cardinal Mazarin

Richelieu/Louis XIII die within months

Louis XIV at four years old

Richelieus trained successor, Mazarin,

attempts to carry on Richelieus policiesuntil his death in 1661

Naturalized citizen of France, from Italy

Incurred some resentment from thepeople

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Cardinal Mazarin

Continues the anti-Habsburg policies

Continues to cost

money and builds

resentment Many French resented

Mazarin, a naturalized

citizen from Italy

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Cardinal Mazarin

Dealt with a revolt--the Fronde Response to more

centralized power atthe expense of nobles

New taxes for ThirtyYears War

Nobles united,temporarily, united

with members ofparliament

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Cardinal Mazarin

The Parliament ofParismostimportant court inFrance

First Fronde: formedby the nobles of therobelawyers andadministrators 1648-1649: ended in

compromise

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Cardinal Mazarin

Second Fronde: led by nobles of thesword Interested in overthrowing Mazarin for own

interests

Crushed on 1652made easier by infighting

Most French concluded best bet waswith the crown

Louis XIV took over upon Mazarinsdeath in 1661

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The Reign of Louis XIV (1643-


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The Reign of Louis XIV (1643

1715)

Expressed interestfrom the day of

Mazarins death to

be real king and

take over

Louis was 23 years

old

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The Reign of Louis XIV

Louis had aproclivity of fun and

games

getting into the

beds of maids in the

royal palace

Few people took him

seriously at first

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He wrote, Up tothis moment I have

been pleased to

entrust the

government of myaffairs to the late

cardinal. It is now

time that I govern

them myself

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Louis was willing topay the price of

kingship

He considered his

royal profession

grand, noble, and

delightful

Called the SunKingthe source of

light for his people

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(1643-1715 He set the standard

for monarchies and

aristocracies all over

Europe

Grand spectacle in

his Versailles court

Voltaire called 1661-

1715 the Age of

Louis XIV

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(cont) Despite all the centralizing efforts,

France was still a maze of regional

courts, local estates, and lesser nobility

who set had their own authority andwanted to hold it

Both towns and provinces possessed

privileges and powers

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Administration of the


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Government Versailles was self-contained government and

home to Louis, his family and blood nobles

He removed nobles and princes of noble blood

from the Royal Councilthe chief administrative

body of the king and overseer of the centralmachinery of government--and placed them in his

court where he could watch them

Relied on ministers and other nobles

Expected total loyalty I had no intention of sharing my authority with them

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Government Louis structure gave

him control of

central policy

making machinery

Foreign policy

Making of war and

peace

Secular power of

crown over religions Ability to levy taxes

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Government

Louis had less control over internalresponsibilities than international

policies

Nobles, officials, town councils, guilds,and representative Estates were too

powerful and independent

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Government He often bribed

them

Local officials could

still block what they

wanted to block

Absolute in reality

wasnt so absolute

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R li i li


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Religious policy

Religious harmony long an area ofmonarchial power

Louis wanted to keep it and it led to

conflict with Huguenots He didnt want Protestants to practice

their faith in Catholic France

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R li i P li


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Religious Policy

One king, one law, one faith

Issued the Edict of Fountainebleu

Revoked the Edict of Nantes

Destruction of Huguenot churches Closing of Protestant schools

200,000 Huguenots leave France, ma ny

skilled artisans

France weakened--states receiving

Huguenots gain

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Fi i l I


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Financial Issues

Jean-Baptiste Colbert was controller ofgeneral finances

His reforms increased revenues

Improved quantity and quality of goods Stressed mercantilism

Introduced new industries

Built new infrastructure Granted tax exemptions

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Fi i l I


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Financial Issues

Although Colbertwas brilliant at

obtaining revenues

for Louiss high

palaces, wars, andhis opulent court, he

spent the money as

fast as it came in

Peasants still paidhighest price

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Daily Life at the Court of


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y

Versailles

Palace built to impress locals and foreigners

Blood nobles kept involved in palace lifeunder strict protocols King would determine who sat where and who

handed him his shirt

At stake were offices, titles, and pensions

Palace was home to thousands of nobles,seat of Kings government, and receptionhall

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y

Versailles The court was built to impress foreigners

and serve as a visible manifestation of

the superiority of France

Resident to the king Home to high nobility and princes

Keeping nobles involved in palace

details allowed Louis to keep them outof real powerkeeping nobles to a

plane of equality

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y

Versailles There were strict

protocols as to who

could sit on what

kind of chair, where,

and within whatproximity to the king

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y

Versailles Life in the palace

also included much

entertainment

Walks

Boating trips

Plays

Ballets

Concerts

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The Wars of Louis XIV


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France developedprofessional army of

100,000 men

Army rose to

400,000 during time

of war

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Waged war for powerand prestige

Wanted to ensure thedomination of theBourbon dynasty over

European affairs

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Four Wars

Spanish-Netherlands to thenorth, Franche-Compte to the east Triple alliance:

Dutch, English,Swedes alliedagainst him

ReceivedFranche-Compte

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Holly Romanempire

Received Alsaceand Lorraine

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The War of theleague of Augsburg Brought depression

and Famine to France

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War of SpanishSuccession Ended with Peace of

Utrecht and Rastatt

Little achievement

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Only two years afterthe peace treaty,

Louis died

Appeared to have

some remorse

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To his successor, his great grandson,five years old at the time, he said,

Try to remain at peace with your neighbors

Do not follow me in that (war) andoverspending

Do what I have had the misfortune not to do

myself

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The Decline of Spain


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The Decline of Spain

Appeared wealthy, but coffers empty

Philip II overspent on war and his court

Controlled much of South America, parts

of Africa and Asia Greedy Duke of Lerma made matters

worse when Philip let him run country

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Reign of Philip IV


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Reign of Philip IV

Attempted to reform internally to increase centralpower

Limited success due to large numbers of aristocrats

fighting the changes

Attempt to limit power of Catholic Church Involvement in Thirty Years War and civil wars

resulted in exposing Spain for its weakness

Peace of Westphalia and Peace of the Pyrenees

meant giving up land and prestige

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Absolutism in Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe

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Overview


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Overview

During the seventeenth century, adevelopment of great importance for the

modern Western world took place in

central and eastern Europe, theappearance of three new powers:

Prussia, Austria, and Russia

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The German States


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The German States

The Peace of Westphalia ended theThirt Year War in 1648 and resulted in

dividing Germany into three hundred

little Germanys Two emerged as great powers

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The Rise of Brandenburg-


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Prussia

Evolved from lands originally Hohenzollern

Foundation set by Frederick William the Elector

Raised and maintained standing army

Gave nobles unlimited power over peasants tosupport his policies

Established mercantile policies

Aided Holy Roman Emperor in War of Spanish

Succession and officially granted title of King ofPrussia

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The Emergence of Austria


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The Emergence of Austria

The Austrian Habsburgs had hoped forunited Germanynot to be

Leopold I urged the westward

movement of the Austrian Empire, akingdom of several divergent states

joined together

The Habsburg Empire was three

empires in one, but together loyal to the

Habsburgs

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Italy: From Spanish to Austrian


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Rule

Emperor Charles Vdefeats French

armies

Charles gives his

son Phillip the duchyof Milan

Charles transfers all

imperial rights over

Italy to Spain

Italy continues tosuffer from the

Catholic Counter-

revolution

The Inquistion

The Index

The Jesuits

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Russia: From Fledgling


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Principality to Major Power Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584)

expanded Russian

territories eastward

First to take title ofCzar (Caesar)

Extended autocracy

by crushing the

boyars (Russiannobility)

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Russia: From Fledging


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Principality to Major Power In 17th century,

Russian society was

highly stratified

Abundance of land

and shortage ofpeasants fostered

serfdom-type to the

land laws

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Russia: From Fledgling


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Principality to Major Power Unsettling conditions

and frequent

contacts with the

west

Western ideasbegan to take hold

End of 17th century,

Peter the Great

accelerated western

progress

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The Reign of Peter the


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Great Peter the Great

Highly unusual man

Six feet none inches

tall

Coarse in tastes andrude in behavior

Vicious punishments

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Great After trip to the

West, he returned

determined to

westernize Russia

Peter admiredwestern technology

Needed technology

to modernize his

military

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Great Formed first Russian

navy

Conscripted

peasants for 25

years service

Built standing army

of 210,000 men

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Great Organized central

government along

Western lines

Created senate for

supervisingadministrative

machinery of

government while

out of country

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Great Created colleges,

boards of

administrators, to

supervise functions

like foreign affairs,war, and justice

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118/231


G t


119/231

Great Peter attempted to

create a new nobility

based on merit

Peters efforts at

new nobility was notcontinued by

successors

11/20/2012 John 3:16 119


G t


120/231

Great He absorbed four-

fifths of revenues to

support military

Adopted Western

mercantilism tostimulate growth

11/20/2012 John 3:16 120


G t


121/231

Great Tried to increase

exports by exploiting

natural resources

like iron

Military needs wereendless

Relied too much on

the usual, raising

taxes on poor

Peasants becomingever more burdened

by Peter

11/20/2012 John 3:16 121


G t


122/231

Great Sought to gain

control of Russian

Orthodox Church

Eliminated patriarch

Installed the Holy

Synod

At the head was a

procurator

Represented interests

of the tsar

11/20/2012 John 3:16 122


G t


123/231

Great Introduced western

customs

Western manners

First Russian book of

etiquette Russian beards

shaved

Coats shortened

Enforced dresscodes on people

arriving and leaving

towns

Anyone failing toconform were to be

beaten without

mercy

11/20/2012 John 3:16 123


G t


124/231

Great Women benefitted

from Peters reign

Observing Western

women, he told

women to removetraditional face

Fostered social

gatherings where

men and womencould meet, talk,

dance, etc.

11/20/2012 John 3:16 124


G t


125/231

Great Women could marry

of their own free will

11/20/2012 John 3:16 125

Russia as a Military Power


126/231

uss a as a a y o e

Domestic reformswere to make

Russia a great state

and military power

Wanted to open awindow to the West

His only route was

through the Baltic

Baltic controlled bySweden

11/20/2012 John 3:16 126


127/231



128/231

y

Peter fights back Defeats Charles at

Battle of Poltava

War dragged on for

12 years Peace of Nystadt

gave formal

recognition to Peter

Peter acquired

Estonia, Livonia, andkarelia

11/20/2012 John 3:16 128



129/231

y

Peter achieved thegreat European

state he sought

Began construction

of new grand city,Saint Petersburg

Window to the West

Symbol of westward

looking

11/20/2012 John 3:16 129


130/231



131/231

y

Western culture onlyreached upper

classes

Forceful ways of

Peter resulted inmany people not

embracing Western

culture

11/20/2012 John 3:16 131

The Great Northern States


132/231

Denmarks andSwedens territorial

ambitions kept them

at almost in constant

rivalry in 17th century

11/20/2012 John 3:16 132

Denmark


133/231

Christian IV Little success in

expansion

Monarchs forced to

share power withnobility

War machine

sustained losses in

30-Years War and

Northern War

Bloodless revolutionin 1660

Christian V

established as

monarch

Absolutist

constitution

Nobility as chief

officeholders

11/20/2012 John 3:16 133

Sweden


134/231

Sweden was poorcompared to

Denmark

Gustavus Adolphus

expanded centralgovernment

Nobility formed First

Estate occupying

bureaucratic postions

11/20/2012 John 3:16 134

Sweden


135/231

Swedens newstable monarchy

helped Gustavus to

create powerful

military Killed, 30 Years War

Strong central

government and

state building

11/20/2012 John 3:16 135

Sweden


136/231

Gustavuss daughterabdicated throw to

her brother, King

Charles X

Reestablisheddomestic order

King Charles XI

weakened the

nobility, subdued thechurch, and

improved the military

His son, Charles XII,inherited a powerful

state that dominated

northern Europe

Review Strong monarchy

Strong bureaucracy

Weakened nobility

Strong military

Weakened church

11/20/2012 John 3:16 136

Sweden


137/231

Charles XIIinterested in military

prowess

Tested his troops in

conflicts withPoland, Denmark,

and Russia

Conflicts resulted in

losing first classstatus as northern

power

11/20/2012 John 3:16 137

The Ottoman Empire


138/231

p

After conqueringConstantinople, tried

to complete their

conquest of the

Balkans

11/20/2012 John 3:16 138

The Ottoman Empire


139/231

Ottoman Empirereplaced Byzantine

Empire which

sprang out of

Roman Empire Began 1300

Mixture of cultures

11/20/2012 John 3:16 139

The Ottoman Empire


140/231

Mehmed II, Sultan ofOttoman Empire

Seeking conquest ofBalkans

Advanced throughWallachia but were

stopped by Hungarians

from advancing further

up Danube River

From 1480 to 1520,

internal problems held

them back from

advancement

11/20/2012 John 3:16 140

The Ottoman Empire


141/231

Ottoman Turks on themove

Sultan Suleiman I theMagnificent

Suleiman brought theTurks back to European

attention

Conquered Belgrade and

Hungary

Stopped at Vienna

Advances made along

the Mediterranean

11/20/2012 John 3:16 141

The Ottoman Empire


142/231

Europe seeks alliancesand trade concessions

Ottoman EmpireAdvancements

Spanish fleet destroyedthe Turkish fleet at

Lepantootherwise, the

Turks would have

controlled the seas

By early 17th century,

Turks were starting to be

accepted as European

nation

11/20/2012 John 3:16 142

The Ottoman Empire


143/231

Constantinople was largerthan any European city

Political intrigue, but thebeat went on

Ottoman politics coulddegenerate to bloody

intrigues

A sultan would kill his

brothers to prevent from

being overthrown

Well-trained bureaucracy

continued to administer

state affairs

11/20/2012 John 3:16 143

The Ottoman Empire


144/231

Janissaries: Christianboys loyal to sultan

Well structured, organizedmilitary

11/20/2012 John 3:16 144

Well organized militaryadded to strength of

Ottoman Empire

Janissaries wereChristian boys taken

from parents, converted

to Muslims, highly

trained, loyal to Sultan

Elite core of 8,000 troops


145/231


146/231

The Limits of Absolutism


147/231

Monarchies powernot absolute

Most people dealt

with local authorities

Kings policies notguaranteed to be

followed

There were entirebureaucracies of

people with

authorities

Most successfulkings used the old

system to best

advantage

Landowners hadgreat power

11/20/2012 John 3:16 147


148/231

Certain states had limited monarchys

11/20/2012 John 3:16 148

The Weakness of the Polish

Monarchy


149/231

Monarchy The merger of

Poland and

Lithuania in 1569

resulted in largest

Christendomkingdom at that time

In the beginning, the

nobles elected the

king

Power of noblesenabled them to

hold on to serfdom

Merger involved the

merger of theJagiello dynasty

11/20/2012 John 3:16 149


Monarchy


150/231

Monarchy Tried choosing

outsiders as kings

Thought to foster new

alliances

Swede Sigismund IIIhad vision of vast

polish empire that

caused the state to

be weak anddecentralized

Kings had to agreeto share power with

Sejm, Polish diet

Two-chamber

assembly Reduced central

monarch authority

Government

reduced to chaos

11/20/2012 John 3:16 150


Monarchy


151/231

Monarchy Poland became

confederation of

semi-independent

states

Landed nobles ruled Became

battleground for

foreign powers,

although difficult torule

11/20/2012 John 3:16 151

The Golden Age of the

Dutch Republic


152/231

Dutch Republic Seventeenth century

often called Golden

Age of the Dutch

Republic

United Provinces wasAtlantic power

Shift in economic

power from

Mediterranean to the

Atlantic seaboard

11/20/2012 John 3:16 152

The Golden Age of theDutch Republic


153/231

Dutch Republic The seven northern

provinces of the

Netherlands, calling

themselves the

United Provinces ofthe Netherlands,

became the core of

the modern Dutch

state

11/20/2012 John 3:16 153

Internal dissension William of Orange

and heirs wanted a

strong central

monarch

The States General

wanted a

decentralized republic

The Golden Age of theDutch Republic


154/231

Dutch Republic

A trading power, theDutch began to

experience a decline

by 1715 due to wars

with France andEngland

11/20/2012 John 3:16 154

Life in Seventeenth-CenturyAmsterdam


155/231

Amsterdam

By the beginning ofthe 17th century,

Amsterdam replaced

Antwerp as the

economic capital ofEurope

Made possible of vast

fleets of ships owned

by Amsterdam

merchants

Dutch invention offluytshallow draftshipadded to

capacity of ship for

carrying goods

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156/231

Amsterdam

Chief port for DutchWest Indian and

East Indian trading

companies

City industriesturned raw materials

into finished goods

Principal supplier ofmilitary goods in

Europe

Gun foundaries

11/20/2012 John 3:16 156



157/231

Amsterdam

As a financial center,trading profits

provided much

capital for

investment The Exchange Bank

of Amsterdam

founded in 1609

Amsterdam StockExchange

Speculation in

commodities

11/20/2012 John 3:16 157



158/231

Amsterdam

Wealthy merchantswere able to control

much of the

governmental

activities of theDutch

Calvinist

backgrounds led to

simple lifestyle

Second half of 17th

century, these

wealthy burghers

reduced their simple

lifestyle and beganwearing more

colorful clothes

11/20/2012 John 3:16 158

ng an an eEmergence of Constitutional

M h


159/231

Monarchy Struggle in England

as to which would

dominate, the king

or the parliament

Complicated byreligious issues

11/20/2012 John 3:16 159

King James I andParliament


160/231

Parliament

The death of QueenElizabeth ended the

Tudor dynasty and

ushered in the

Stuart line King James VI of

Scotland became

Kings James I of

England

11/20/2012 John 3:16 160

King James and Parliament


161/231

England was usedto a balanced

system with the king

and parliament

sharing power, abalanced polity

James believed,

however, in the

divine right of kings

11/20/2012 John 3:16 161

King James I andParliament


162/231

Parliament

The English Puritansalso wanted James

to eliminate the

episcopal system of

church organization James knew the

Anglican church,

bishops appointed

by the crown, wouldhelp him govern

11/20/2012 John 3:16 162


163/231

Charles I and the Movetoward Revolution


164/231

toward Revolution

James conflictcontinues with son

Charles I

Charles reneged on

Petition of Right Parliament must

approve certain

actions before taken

effect

Limited kings power

11/20/2012 John 3:16 164

Charles I and the Movetoward Revolutuion


165/231

toward Revolutuion

Charlescircumvented

Parliament and

collected taxes

through othersources

Ship money on

merchants of

seacoast towns

Merchants becameirritated because

Charles

circumvented

parliament

11/20/2012 John 3:16 165



166/231

to a d e o ut o

Charles married toHenrietta Marie,

Catholic, raising

suspicions about his

religious inclinations Charles and William

laud, Archbishop of

Canterbury,

introduced moreritual into Anglican

services

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167/231

Charles and Williamattempted to impose

Book of Common

Prayer on to the

ScottishPresbyterian church

Scots rose up in

rebellion

Charles strapped formoney

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Charles was forcedto call parliament

into session

Parliament dealt

Charlesbroadsides which

limited his authority

Political battleslasted 1640-1660

Triennial Act ruled

parliament must

meet each threeyears

Some members

pushed for more

change

11/20/2012 John 3:16 168



169/231

Split in Parliamentbetween more

radical members

who wanted to make

more changes Charles tried to take

advantage by

arresting them

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170/231

Response toCharles attempts

was met by John

Pym and fellow

Puritans England slipped into

civil war

11/20/2012 John 3:16 170

Civil War in England


171/231

Parliament createdthe New Model Army

Composed of

extreme Puritans

Known asIndependents

Believed to be doing

battle for the Lord

Oliver Cromwell was

one of groups

leaders

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172/231

Statement byCromwell

Sir, this is none other

than the hand of God;

and to Him alone

belongs the glory

With the aid of the

New Model Army,

parliament captured

Charles

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Split occurs in theParliamentary forces

Some want to restore

Charles to the throne

Charles takesadvantage of

disagreement and

flees to the Scots

Second civil war

results in capture

House of Commonstries and condemns

Charles and

beheads him, highly

unusual act at thattime

11/20/2012 John 3:16 173

Cromwell and NewGovernments


174/231

After death ofCharles I

Rump parliament

abolished monarchy

and House of Lords

England proclaimed a

republic

Oliver Cromwell wasthe most powerful

figure

He had to crush a

Catholic uprising inIreland and an

uprising in Scotland

Cromwell did so in a

most brutal way

Irish and Scotsdespised him

11/20/2012 John 3:16 174

Cromwell and the NewGovernments


175/231

Cromwell facedopposition at home

from groups with

new agendas

Most formidable ofgroups was

Levellers

Freedom of speech

Freedom of religion Democratic republic

Cont> Right to vote for male

householders over 21

Annual parliaments

Womens equalitywith men

Government

programs to care for

poor

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176/231

To Cromwell, acountry gentleman,

only people of

property had the

right to participate inthe affairs of state

Cromwell, you

have no other way

to deal with thesemen but to break

them.

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Cromwell wouldsmash the Levellers

by force

Finding it difficult to

deal with theparliament, he

dispersed it y force

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178/231

The army provided anew government

and drew up the

Instrument of

Government Executive power

vested in Lord

Protector (Cromwell)

New parliament

System failed to work

Cromwell dissolvedparliament

Divided country into

11 regions each ruled

by major general

Levied 10% tax on all

Royalists

Cromwell resorted in

more brutal policies

than Charles I

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179/231

Cromwell died in1658

Monarchy was

reestablished as

Charles II, eldestson of Charles I

Stuart monarchy

restored

11/20/2012 John 3:16 179

Restoration of the Monarchy


180/231

Charles II acceptedparliaments

approval of taxes

and abolition of

arbitrary courts Parliament restored

the Anglican church

as official church of

England

Laws passed toforce Catholics and

Puritan dissenters to

conform to the

church Charles was

sympathetic to

Catholics and

James, his brother,was Catholic

11/20/2012 John 3:16 180



181/231

Charles took strongstep of issuing the

Declaration of

Indulgence

Suspended lawspassed by parliament

against Catholics and

Puritans

Parliamentresponded with the

Test Act of 1673

Only Anglicans could

hold military and civil

offices

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182/231

Debate over the TestAct resulted in two

political groupings

The Whigs

The Tories Whigs

Exclude James

Protestant king

Tolerate dissenters

Tories Support king (despite

dislike for James and

Catholics)

Parliament should not

tamper with rightful

succession to thrown

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183/231

Charles dismissedparliament

Relied on French

subsidies

Died in 1685 James came to the

thrown

Open, devout

Catholic

Opened woundsbetween king and

parliament

James named

Catholics to highgovernment

positions, contrary to

Test Act

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184/231

James issued newDeclaration of

Indulgence

Suspended all laws

barring Catholics and

Dissenters from office

Parliament stopped

short of rebellion

because he was old

man Successors were

Protestant sisters

But, June 10, 1688,a son was born to

James IIs second

wife, also Catholic

Fired Catholicofficeholders for

failing to move the

England quickly to

Catholicism

11/20/2012 John 3:16 184

A Glorious Revolution


185/231

Group of sevenprominent English

noblemen invited

William of Orange

(pictured) to invadeEngland

James had failed to

work with parliament

and had abused hispowers other ways

11/20/2012 John 3:16 185



186/231

William, ongoing foeof King Louis XIV of

France, fighting

Louis with the Dutch

and always trying tostop the spread of

France

Devout Protestant

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187/231

William and Mary(pictured) raised an

army and James

fled with family to

France Their army was

comprised of many

Huguenots

Little bloodshed

11/20/2012 John 3:16 187



188/231

The revolution wasfought not over

whether there would

be a monarch, but

who would be themonarch

James made last

effort at Battle of

Boyne (pictured) butwas defeated

11/20/2012 John 3:16 188

The Glorious Revolution


189/231

The RevolutionSettlement

confirmed William

and Mary as

monarchs The people in

general accepted

the monarchs with

open arms

11/20/2012 John 3:16 189



190/231

In 1689, theConvention

Parliament asserted

James had tried to

subvert theconstitution and they

then offered the

monarchy to William

and Mary (picturedas cousins)

11/20/2012 John 3:16 190



191/231

William and Maryaccepted the throne

on the provisions

provided under the

Bill of Rights, 1688(pictured)

Laid the foundation

for a constitutional

monarchy

11/20/2012 John 3:16 191



192/231

Bill of Rights Affirmed Parliaments

right to make laws

and levy taxes

Made it impossible for

kings to oppose or dowithout Parliament

Standing armies

raised only with

Parliaments consent

11/20/2012 John 3:16 192



193/231

Bill of Rights (cont) Elections and

debates of Parliament

had to be free

Rights of citizens to

petition the sovereign,keep arms, jury trial,

and no excessive bail

11/20/2012 John 3:16 193



194/231

The significance ofthe Bill of Rights

System of

government based on

rule of law

Freely elected

Parliament

Established

foundation for

constitutionalmonarchy

11/20/2012 John 3:16 194



195/231

Bill of Rights didntsettle religious

questions

Toleration Act 1689

Puritan dissentersfree public worship

Catholics excluded

Toleration Act didntmean complete

religious freedom

and equality, but few

people were everagain persecuted for

religious reasons

11/20/2012 John 3:16 195


196/231



197/231

Over the nextcentury, Parliament

would prove to be

the real authority in

the English system

Picture: Teams of

horses used to pull

cannon duringconflicts

11/20/2012 John 3:16 197


198/231

Responses to Revolution


199/231

Generally, Hobbes(pictured) was for

the absolute rule of

man and Locke was

against it

11/20/2012 John 3:16 199


In natures state human Argued against absolute


200/231

Thomas Hobbes John Locke

In nature s state, human

life (before society) was

solitary, poor, nasty,

brutish, and short

Humans led by animal

instincts, not reason

Ruthless struggle for self

preservation

(continued next slide)

Argued against absolute

rule of one man

Wrote, Two Treatise ofGovernment

Early state of nature for

man was state of

equality and freedom

Humans had inalienable

rights

11/20/2012 John 3:16 200


To save themselves Inalienable rights include


201/231


To save themselves,

(war of man against

man) man contracted to

form a commonwealth

The great Leviathon, or that

mortal god Commonwealth placed

powers into hands of a

sovereign authority

(Continued next slide)

Inalienable rights include

Life, liberty, and property

Since there was no

impartial judge found in

nature, people founded

government to mutuallyprotect their rights

Government and people

had mutual obligations

11/20/2012 John 3:16 201


Sovereign authority was Government would


202/231


Sovereign authority was

preferably a single ruler

Served as executor,

legislator, and judge

Possessed unlimited power

Subjects may not rebel

Government would

protect rights

People would act

reasonable toward

government

If government broke its

agreement, people could

form a new government

(Continued next slide)

11/20/2012 John 3:16 202


Community of people


203/231

John Locke John Locke

Community of people

was primarily landholdingaristocracy represented

in Parliament

Not advocate of political

democracy

Ideas important in

American and French

revolutions

11/20/2012 John 3:16 203


204/231

European culture continued to flourish. The era was

blessed with many prominent artists and writers

11/20/2012 John 3:16 204

The Changing Faces of Art:Mannerism


205/231

Artistic Renaissanceended with the style

of Mannerism

Attempt o break down

High Renaissance

principles of balance,

harmony, and

moderation

11/20/2012 John 3:16 205

Mannerism


206/231

Mannerism reflectsuncertainty,

suffering, anxiety,

and yearning for

spiritual experience

11/20/2012 John 3:16 206

Mannerism


207/231

Mannerism derivesfrom critics who

considered these

contemporary artists

to be second-rate

imitators

Painters who

painted in the

manner of a greatartist

11/20/2012 John 3:16 207

Mannerism


208/231

Reached it apogeewith el Greco

Elongated, contorted

figures

Unusual shade of

green and yellow

Intense emotion

11/20/2012 John 3:16 208

The Baroque Period


209/231

Mannerism replacedby Baroque

Embraced by

Catholic reform

movement Sought to combine

classical ideals of

Renaissance art

with religious revivalof 16th century

11/20/2012 John 3:16 209

The Baroque Period


210/231

Known for dramaticeffects to arouse

emotion

Reflected search for

power Large part of 17th

century ethos

Kings and princes

wanted their powerreflected in their art

11/20/2012 John 3:16 210


211/231


212/231

The Baroque Period


213/231

Action, exuberance,profusion, and

dramatic effects

mark the works of

Bernini

Throne of SaintPeter

11/20/2012 John 3:16 213

The Baroque Period


214/231

In his most strikingsculptural work,

Ecstacy of SaintTheresa, Berninidepicts a moment of

mystical experience

in the life of the 16th

century saint

11/20/2012 John 3:16 214


215/231


216/231

French Classicism

Second half of 17th Classicism


217/231

Second half of 17th

century, France

replaced Italy as

cultural center of

Europe

Preferred High

Renaissance

Classicism

Classicism

Clarity

Simplicity

Balance

Harmony of design Rejected baroque

emotionalism

Grande portrayal of

noble subjects

11/20/2012 John 3:16 217

French Classicism

Nicholas Poussin


218/231

Nicholas Poussin

exemplified French

Classicism

principles in his

paintings

11/20/2012 John 3:16 218

Dutch Realism

Wealthy Dutch


219/231

Wealthy Dutch

patricians and

burghers

commissioned

works for buildings

Not classical or

baroque, Dutch

were interested in

realistic portrayal ofsecular life

11/20/2012 John 3:16 219


220/231

Dutch Realism

Judith Leyster


221/231

Judith Leyster

Portrayed everyday

Dutch life in her

paintings

Self-Portrait is the

essence ofintrospection

11/20/2012 John 3:16 221

A Wondrous Age of Theater

Except for academic Much of cultural


222/231

Except for academic

fields, Latin was no

longer the universal

language

Greatest Englishtheater is called

Elizabethan

Much of cultural

flowering of English

culture was during

reign of Queen

Elizabeth

Elizabethan

literature exhibits

England

international exploits

11/20/2012 John 3:16 222

William Shakespeare

William


223/231

William

Shakespeare

Complete man of the

theater

Writer, actor, and

company shareholder

Long recognized as a

universal genius

Master of English

language

11/20/2012 John 3:16 223

William Shakespeare

Language


224/231

Language

proficiency was

matched by his

insight into human

psychology

11/20/2012 John 3:16 224

William Shakespeare

In tragedies and


225/231

In tragedies and

comedies,

Shakespeare

showed remarkable

understanding of the

human condition

Portrait of

Shakespeare being

nursed by twocharacters (pictured)

11/20/2012 John 3:16 225

Spains Golden Century

Professional


226/231

Professional

theaters opened in

Madrid and Seville

in 1590s

Lope de Vega wroteover 1500 plays that

survive today

Picture from one of

his plays, Villainsand Villeins

11/20/2012 John 3:16 226

French Drama

French playwrights Jean-Baptiste


227/231

French playwrights

wrote for elite

audience and were

forced into support

from royal patronage

Louis XIV used

theater to attract

attention to his

monarchy

Jean Baptiste

Racine followed the

line of Greek

tragedies

Focused on conflicts

like love and honor or

inclination and duty

11/20/2012 John 3:16 227


228/231

Conclusion

The divisive effects The door to power


229/231

The divisive effects

of the Reformation

had been

assimilated and the

concept of a united

Christendom was

destroyed by

religious wars

The door to power

politics was now

open

Secular power of the

state reflected thechanges in 17th

century society

11/20/2012 John 3:16 229

Conclusion

Certain In England, landed


230/231

governmental

machinery made it

possible for growing

centralization and

power and more a

move to absolutism

g ,

aristocracy gained

power and set the

stage for a

constitutional

monarchy

Parliament became

focus of power

11/20/2012 John 3:16 230

Conclusion

Concern for power


231/231

p

and expansion led to

conflict

Religious concerns

were losing groundto secularism

Transition to more

secular Western

AP European History, CH 15

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