AP Environmental Science Ch. 22 part 2
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Transcript of AP Environmental Science Ch. 22 part 2
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Sustainable Cities
Ch. 22, part 2
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Main Ideas How cities grow Transportation around &
between cities Land-use planning Controlling growth Ecocities
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How Cities Grow Compact cities grow upward
and downward (below ground) Ex: Hong Kong, Toyko
Most transportation by walking, biking, mass transit
Many high-rise apartments have grocery stores, gyms, etc
Singapore
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How Cities Grow Dispersed Cities grow outward
Due to cheap gas, plenty of land, highways
Residents depend on cars Bad for those who cannot drive (elderly) Ex: USA, Canada, Australia
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USA is prime example of dispersed cities and the problems
they cause USA - 4.6% of the
world’s people USA - 35% of the world’s
cars In dispersed areas - 98%
of transportation in cars 75% of workers drive
alone to work Use 43% of the world’s
gasoline
Los Angeles
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Pros and Cons of personal motor vehicles
Pros: Convenient Comfortable Symbols of power,
sex appeal, social status, success
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Much of the economy built around carsProducing cars, supplying fuel, roads, services, repairs
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Pros and Cons of personal motor vehicles
Cons: High risk
1.2 million people/year die (3300/day)15 million injured every year50 million animals (wild and pets) killed every
year In USA - >40K people killed/year
Car accidents have killed more people that all American wars combined!
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Partner Share We are a “car culture” Think of at least 3 ways
cars are celebrated in our country/culture
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Pros and Cons of personal motor vehicles Cons:
World’s largest source of outdoor air pollutionCauses 30K-60K
premature deaths/year (EPA)
Major source of CO2 emissions
2/3 of our oil goes into our cars
1/2 of US land (1/3 worldwide) devoted to roads, parking lots, gas stations
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Ideas to reduce motor vehicle use
user-pays approach Tax gas honestly (full-cost
pricing) to cover actual cost of drivingThis tax would be ~ $12/gallon (&
reduce income, sales tax)Phase tax in gradually to
encourage more use of mass transit, more efficient vehicles
Reduce dependence on foreign oilMoney could be used for
investment in mass transit, bike lanes
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Some are already doing it!
Cities in Europe, Japan, China developing mass transit systems
USA lagging behind
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Challenges in USA Rising gas taxes in US
tricky because: Public doesn’t like it
Most unaware of the hidden costs of vehicle use
Powerful lobbies fight against it
Mass transit not viable in many areas
Dispersed cities make us dependent on cars
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Possible Solutions in USA High parking fees
(already done in some cities)
Tolls of roads and bridges leading into crowded cities
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Possible Solutions around the world
Bike sharing Car sharing Increase/promote bike
lanes Light rail systems High-speed rail for long
distances
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Car Sharing and Ride Sharing
Would you?
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Partner ShareWhat are
the pros and cons of a city designed for pedestrian traffic and not cars?
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Big Businesses Destroyed our Mass Transit System
In 1917 - all major US cities had efficient electric trolley systems
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Big Businesses Destroyed our Mass Transit System
GM, Firestone, Standard Oil, Phillips Pertroleum, & Mack Truck got together to form NATIONAL CITY LINES
By 1950 they had purchased the streetcar systems in 83 cities and promptly dismantled them to encourage car use
Trolley cars awaiting destruction in a GM lot
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Big Business Destroyed our Mass Transit System
Courts found them guilty of conspiracy and charged them $1 each
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Potential Routes for High-Speed Bullet Trains in the U.S. and Parts
of Canadahttp://www.hsr.ca.gov/
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Stopprepare for exam
tomorrowor
work on your lab report
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Land Use Planning Used in most urban (and
some rural areas) to determine best present and future use of the land
Usually focuses on encouraging population growth and economic development without considering environmental and social consequences
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Why? In USA and many other countries, 90% of
the local revenue comes from property taxes So good to promote more buildings, more
homes --> more revenue for cities to pay for schools, police, fire, water, sewer
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Zoning
Designating parcels of land for certain uses Can be used to protect
sensitive areas Can cause problems
when poorly designed
Ex: no businesses in suburban areas --> driving more
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Open Space People crave open spaces Parks within cities Parks just outside cities Greenbelts - open areas just
outside city limits for recreation, light forestry Satellite towns around greenbelt
connected to city with mass transit
Central Park, NYC
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Sample essay prompt