AP English Language and Composition Short Story and...
Transcript of AP English Language and Composition Short Story and...
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
1
Theme vs Motif
Theme provides a unifying point around which the plot characters setting point of
view symbols and other elements of a work of literature are organized The theme provides an answer to the question ldquoWhat is the work aboutrdquo There are too many possible themes to recite them all but each literary work carries its own theme(s) The theme of Robert Frosts Acquainted with the Night is the power of loneliness Shakespeares King Lear contains many themes among which are the impact of blindness and madness Unlike plot which deals with the action of a work theme concerns itself with a works message or contains the general idea of a work Although theme is sometimes used in the same sense as motif to signify recurring concepts in literature the term mainly refers to the argument or general idea expressed by a literary work whether implied or explicitly stated Milton explicitly declares that the theme of Paradise Lost is to assert Eternal Providence And justify the ways of God to men But even where a single theme is stated others can be seen as variations on a central idea For instance some other themes in Paradise Lost are those of pride and the fall from Grace the psychology of temptation and the limited nature of human freedom Generally it is more accurate to refer to a theme than to the theme especially in the majority of works in which no theme is stated
Motif is a recurrent thematic element in an artistic or literary work It includes concepts
such as types of incidents or situations such as the aubade or parting of lovers at dawn plot devices such as the ladys love token which inspires courage in her lover or the recognition tokens in plots of mistaken identity or plot formulas such as the loathly lady who later becomes a beautiful princess or the femme fatale whose attraction proves deadly and character types such as the despairing lover conquering hero or wicked stepmother as well as other archetypal characters In short motif is a tool that aides the development of theme Consider the major themes of The Great Gatsby What motifs helped to further each theme
Theme Motif
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
2
Tone ldquoThe writerrsquos or speakerrsquos attitude toward the subject the
audience or herself or himself the emotional coloring or
emotional meaning of a workrdquo
Source Arp Thomas R and Greg Johnson Perrinersquos Literature Structure Sound and Sense eighth edition Boston Heinle amp Heinle
2002
Tone Words
List 5 distinct words that may describe the tone or attitude of a piece of writing
1 4
2 5
3
Now letrsquos see how many tone words we have discovered Stand up Each person will give the
first tone word on hisher list that has not yet been stated If your tone word has been used put a
check mark next to it Once either you or another student has said all five of your tone words sit
down
SHORT PASSAGES FOR DISCUSSION
Letrsquos begin to practice the analysis of tone by using short passages that use a specific device
such as Diction Images Details Language or Sentence Structure to convey tone Suggest
what tone words you would use to describe the speakers attitude
1 In his A Rose for Emily William Faulkner has created clear tone Identify the tone then
examine and provide examples of diction details imagery and syntax that create the tone
They rose when she entered--a small fat woman in black with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head Her skeleton was small and spare perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her She looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water and of that pallid hue Her eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand She did not ask them to sit She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain
William Faulkner from ldquoA Rose for Emilyrdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
3
Happy New Year Russell Baker
New Yearrsquos Day is always a depressing holiday and for good reason For one thing it
comes in January and to those who ask ldquoIf January comes can spring be far behindrdquo my
answer is yes two months and three weeks behind including February a month that never fails
to last at least nine years
For another thing New Yearrsquos Day is when the annual hike in Social Security taxes
always starts to erode your standard of living For a third thing the day is a nightmare of
football
All right nobody has to watch football orgies but suppose you donrsquot Without any
television narcotic to paralyze the brain you are vulnerable to the fourth horror of New Yearrsquos
Day This is the irresistible impulse to think about your bad habits
I suppose people would think about their bad habits on New Yearrsquos Day no matter what
day it was held on The very idea of a ldquonew yearrdquo makes our calendar-ridden minds dwell upon
the past and how our missteps back there can be corrected to improve the future It is this
impulse that accounts for New Yearrsquos resolutions at least among the young who are too
inexperienced to realize that habitrsquos iron grip is unbreakable by an oath taken on a dark day in
January
With age each new yearrsquos arrival merely mocks you with the memory of all the bad
habits yoursquove failed to break and forces you to concede that you are among other things the sum
of your bad habits
One of my bad habits for example is cutting my fingernails in the living room Because
my fingernails are extremely hard they snap off like flying pellets when the clipper jaws are
applied zoom through the air and end up scattered all over the rug
Socially this creates hardship Many times I have caught guests glancing at the rug and
exchanging meaningful glances that said ldquoWhat are we doing trafficking with people who have
fingernail clippings all over the rugrdquo
After years of futile effort to break the habit I decided to make the most of it Would I
after all still be the authentic individual I am without a rug bearing fingernail clippings Of
course not I would be an eccentric who went outside and sat on the curb every time I wanted to
cut my nails
And yet every New Yearrsquos Day dwelling on the bad habits out of ancient instinct I am
depressed by the realization that this habit has beaten
Humans are the only creatures who allow themselves to be made morose by the turning
of the calendar Some years ago when I yearned to hold dominion over beasts I maintained a cat
whose habits were far from impeccable
Among many idiosyncrasies which made that cat unique was the habit of getting into the
salad bowl and shedding cat hair in it It was an unbreakable compulsion and the cat accepted it
as such and lived with it
Did the cat on New Yearrsquos Day sit around the hearth looking miserable because she
faced another year in which she would be unable to stop shedding hair in the salad bowl Neither
on New Yearrsquos Day nor any other day of the year did that cat ever show one instant of
depression about her evil habits
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
4
Well of course the cat didnrsquot know New Yearrsquos Day from a July afternoon in Key West
Lacking the slightest understanding of the solar systemrsquos mechanics she was not emotionally
enslaved to the dictates of a calendar
Humans treat time as a map and always know where they are located on it and respond
with the appropriate emotion If itrsquos the Fourth of July we are happy to eat hot dogs and if itrsquos
Thanksgiving we are unhappy to eat hot dogs If itrsquos May we are saddened by the sight of a
lovely tree chopped down and if itrsquos December we gather in delighted merriment around a
lovely tree chopped off in the bloom of youth
If itrsquos New Yearrsquos Day we feel the depressing weight of the new rising tax and lurch
toward despair at thoughts of the frigid Sahara separating us from spring We sit in the parlor
powerless to stop ourselves from clipping fingernails into the rug our spirit soured with envy of
the cat shedding hair into the salad without the slightest twinge of self-loathing
These are the curses of our intellectual superiority to all other creatures whose
intelligence is as dim as though their brains had been marinated in sixteen hours of televised
football This is why I usually spend sixteen hours of New Yearrsquos Day in front of the television
set watching the football
Tone is often the byproduct of diction That is a writerrsquos choice of words frequently indicates
his or her attitude toward the subject at hand In ldquoHappy New Yearrdquo you should be able to
find several instances of this phenomenon ndash Bakerrsquos word choice revealing his attitude If you
consider alternatives to Bakerrsquos diction you will probably change the tone of the passage
Locate some examples of this writing technique and chart them below
Para-
graph
Bakerrsquos Word Choice Bakerrsquos Tone Alternative Word Choice Altered Tone
2
A nightmare of football
Critical sarcastic
An excess of football
Matter-of-fact
superior
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
5
On Holidays and How to Make Them Work Nikki Giovanni
A proper holiday coming from the medieval ldquoholy dayrdquo is supposed to be a time of
reflection on the great men great deeds great people Things like that Somehow in America this
didnrsquot quite catch on Take Labor Day On Labor Day you take the day off then go to the Labor
Day sales and spend your devalued money with a clerk who is working And organized labor
doesnrsquot understand why it suffers declining membership Pshaw Who wants to join an
organization that makes you work on the day it designates as a day off Plus no matter how
hidden the agenda who wants a day off if they make you march in a parade and listen to some
politicians talk on and on about nothing
Hey Irsquom a laborer I used to work in Walgreenrsquos on Linn Street We were open every
holiday and I being among the junior people always ldquogotrdquo to work the time-and-a-half
holidays I hated those people who came in Every fool in the Western world and probably in the
universe knows that Christmas is December 25 Has been that way for over a thousand years
yet there theyrsquod be standing outside the door cold bleary-eyed waiting for us to open so they
could purchase a present Memorial Day which used to be Armistice Day until we got into this
situation of continuous war was the official start of summer We would want to be out with our
boyfriends barbecuinghellip or something but there we were behind the counter waiting to see who
forgot that in order to barbecue you need (1) a grill (2) charcoal (3) charcoal starter My heart
goes out to the twenty-four-hour grocery people who are probably selling meat
But hey Itrsquos the American way The big Fourth of July sales probably reduced the
number of fatal injuries as people spent the entire day sober in malls fighting over markdowns
Minor cuts and bruises were way up though Irsquoll bet And forget the great nonholiday
Presidentsrsquo Day The damned thing could at least have a real name What does it mean ndash
Presidentsrsquo Day Mostly that we donrsquot care enough to take the time to say Washington and
Lincoln Well done But for sure as a Black American Irsquove got to go for it Martin Luther Kingrsquos
birthday has come up for the first time as a national holiday If we are serious about celebrating
it Steinbergrsquos will be our first indication GHETTO BLASTERS 30 OFF FREE TAPE OF
ldquoI HAVE A DREAMrdquo WITH EVERY VCR PURCHASED AT THE ALL-NEW
GIGANTIC MARTYrsquoS BIRTHDAY SALE Then Wendyrsquos will just maybe for Black
patrons (and their liberal sympathizers) Burn-A-Burger to celebrate the special day Proctor amp
Gamble will withhold Clorox for the day respectfully requesting that those Black spots be
examined for their liberating influence But what we really want where we can know we have
succeeded is that every Federated department store offers 50 percent off to every colored patron
who can prove he or she is black in recognition of the days when colored citizens who were
black were not accorded all the privileges of other shoppers That will be a big help because
everybody will want to be Black for a Day Sun tanneries will make fortunes during the week
preceding MLK Day Wig Salons will reap great benefits Dentists will have to hire extra help to
put that distinctive gad between the middle front teeth MLK Day will be accepted And isnrsquot that
the heart of the American dream
I really love a good holiday ndash it takes the people off the street and puts them safely in the
shopping malls Now think about it Arenrsquot you proud to be with Uncle Sam
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
6
Something other than diction is helping Nikki Giovanni express her attitude on the subject
here What other techniques of the writer help establish tone List the examples you find here
And then provide some examples of her effective diction
Para-
graph
Words Technique Effect on Tone
1
Who wants to join an organization
that makes you work on the day it
designates as a day off
Irony Frustration Anger
Exasperation
Para-
graph
Diction Effect on Tone
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
7
A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM
BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM
BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
Jonathan Swift 1729
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country
when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex
followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all
their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn
thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes
I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the
backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable
state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a
fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the
commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of
the nation
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed
beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our
charity in the streets
As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and
maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly
mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by
her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which
the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being
a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives
they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many
thousands
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary
abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent
among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame
which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I
calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from
which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
2
Tone ldquoThe writerrsquos or speakerrsquos attitude toward the subject the
audience or herself or himself the emotional coloring or
emotional meaning of a workrdquo
Source Arp Thomas R and Greg Johnson Perrinersquos Literature Structure Sound and Sense eighth edition Boston Heinle amp Heinle
2002
Tone Words
List 5 distinct words that may describe the tone or attitude of a piece of writing
1 4
2 5
3
Now letrsquos see how many tone words we have discovered Stand up Each person will give the
first tone word on hisher list that has not yet been stated If your tone word has been used put a
check mark next to it Once either you or another student has said all five of your tone words sit
down
SHORT PASSAGES FOR DISCUSSION
Letrsquos begin to practice the analysis of tone by using short passages that use a specific device
such as Diction Images Details Language or Sentence Structure to convey tone Suggest
what tone words you would use to describe the speakers attitude
1 In his A Rose for Emily William Faulkner has created clear tone Identify the tone then
examine and provide examples of diction details imagery and syntax that create the tone
They rose when she entered--a small fat woman in black with a thin gold chain descending to her waist and vanishing into her belt leaning on an ebony cane with a tarnished gold head Her skeleton was small and spare perhaps that was why what would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her She looked bloated like a body long submerged in motionless water and of that pallid hue Her eyes lost in the fatty ridges of her face looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough as they moved from one face to another while the visitors stated their errand She did not ask them to sit She just stood in the door and listened quietly until the spokesman came to a stumbling halt Then they could hear the invisible watch ticking at the end of the gold chain
William Faulkner from ldquoA Rose for Emilyrdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
3
Happy New Year Russell Baker
New Yearrsquos Day is always a depressing holiday and for good reason For one thing it
comes in January and to those who ask ldquoIf January comes can spring be far behindrdquo my
answer is yes two months and three weeks behind including February a month that never fails
to last at least nine years
For another thing New Yearrsquos Day is when the annual hike in Social Security taxes
always starts to erode your standard of living For a third thing the day is a nightmare of
football
All right nobody has to watch football orgies but suppose you donrsquot Without any
television narcotic to paralyze the brain you are vulnerable to the fourth horror of New Yearrsquos
Day This is the irresistible impulse to think about your bad habits
I suppose people would think about their bad habits on New Yearrsquos Day no matter what
day it was held on The very idea of a ldquonew yearrdquo makes our calendar-ridden minds dwell upon
the past and how our missteps back there can be corrected to improve the future It is this
impulse that accounts for New Yearrsquos resolutions at least among the young who are too
inexperienced to realize that habitrsquos iron grip is unbreakable by an oath taken on a dark day in
January
With age each new yearrsquos arrival merely mocks you with the memory of all the bad
habits yoursquove failed to break and forces you to concede that you are among other things the sum
of your bad habits
One of my bad habits for example is cutting my fingernails in the living room Because
my fingernails are extremely hard they snap off like flying pellets when the clipper jaws are
applied zoom through the air and end up scattered all over the rug
Socially this creates hardship Many times I have caught guests glancing at the rug and
exchanging meaningful glances that said ldquoWhat are we doing trafficking with people who have
fingernail clippings all over the rugrdquo
After years of futile effort to break the habit I decided to make the most of it Would I
after all still be the authentic individual I am without a rug bearing fingernail clippings Of
course not I would be an eccentric who went outside and sat on the curb every time I wanted to
cut my nails
And yet every New Yearrsquos Day dwelling on the bad habits out of ancient instinct I am
depressed by the realization that this habit has beaten
Humans are the only creatures who allow themselves to be made morose by the turning
of the calendar Some years ago when I yearned to hold dominion over beasts I maintained a cat
whose habits were far from impeccable
Among many idiosyncrasies which made that cat unique was the habit of getting into the
salad bowl and shedding cat hair in it It was an unbreakable compulsion and the cat accepted it
as such and lived with it
Did the cat on New Yearrsquos Day sit around the hearth looking miserable because she
faced another year in which she would be unable to stop shedding hair in the salad bowl Neither
on New Yearrsquos Day nor any other day of the year did that cat ever show one instant of
depression about her evil habits
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
4
Well of course the cat didnrsquot know New Yearrsquos Day from a July afternoon in Key West
Lacking the slightest understanding of the solar systemrsquos mechanics she was not emotionally
enslaved to the dictates of a calendar
Humans treat time as a map and always know where they are located on it and respond
with the appropriate emotion If itrsquos the Fourth of July we are happy to eat hot dogs and if itrsquos
Thanksgiving we are unhappy to eat hot dogs If itrsquos May we are saddened by the sight of a
lovely tree chopped down and if itrsquos December we gather in delighted merriment around a
lovely tree chopped off in the bloom of youth
If itrsquos New Yearrsquos Day we feel the depressing weight of the new rising tax and lurch
toward despair at thoughts of the frigid Sahara separating us from spring We sit in the parlor
powerless to stop ourselves from clipping fingernails into the rug our spirit soured with envy of
the cat shedding hair into the salad without the slightest twinge of self-loathing
These are the curses of our intellectual superiority to all other creatures whose
intelligence is as dim as though their brains had been marinated in sixteen hours of televised
football This is why I usually spend sixteen hours of New Yearrsquos Day in front of the television
set watching the football
Tone is often the byproduct of diction That is a writerrsquos choice of words frequently indicates
his or her attitude toward the subject at hand In ldquoHappy New Yearrdquo you should be able to
find several instances of this phenomenon ndash Bakerrsquos word choice revealing his attitude If you
consider alternatives to Bakerrsquos diction you will probably change the tone of the passage
Locate some examples of this writing technique and chart them below
Para-
graph
Bakerrsquos Word Choice Bakerrsquos Tone Alternative Word Choice Altered Tone
2
A nightmare of football
Critical sarcastic
An excess of football
Matter-of-fact
superior
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
5
On Holidays and How to Make Them Work Nikki Giovanni
A proper holiday coming from the medieval ldquoholy dayrdquo is supposed to be a time of
reflection on the great men great deeds great people Things like that Somehow in America this
didnrsquot quite catch on Take Labor Day On Labor Day you take the day off then go to the Labor
Day sales and spend your devalued money with a clerk who is working And organized labor
doesnrsquot understand why it suffers declining membership Pshaw Who wants to join an
organization that makes you work on the day it designates as a day off Plus no matter how
hidden the agenda who wants a day off if they make you march in a parade and listen to some
politicians talk on and on about nothing
Hey Irsquom a laborer I used to work in Walgreenrsquos on Linn Street We were open every
holiday and I being among the junior people always ldquogotrdquo to work the time-and-a-half
holidays I hated those people who came in Every fool in the Western world and probably in the
universe knows that Christmas is December 25 Has been that way for over a thousand years
yet there theyrsquod be standing outside the door cold bleary-eyed waiting for us to open so they
could purchase a present Memorial Day which used to be Armistice Day until we got into this
situation of continuous war was the official start of summer We would want to be out with our
boyfriends barbecuinghellip or something but there we were behind the counter waiting to see who
forgot that in order to barbecue you need (1) a grill (2) charcoal (3) charcoal starter My heart
goes out to the twenty-four-hour grocery people who are probably selling meat
But hey Itrsquos the American way The big Fourth of July sales probably reduced the
number of fatal injuries as people spent the entire day sober in malls fighting over markdowns
Minor cuts and bruises were way up though Irsquoll bet And forget the great nonholiday
Presidentsrsquo Day The damned thing could at least have a real name What does it mean ndash
Presidentsrsquo Day Mostly that we donrsquot care enough to take the time to say Washington and
Lincoln Well done But for sure as a Black American Irsquove got to go for it Martin Luther Kingrsquos
birthday has come up for the first time as a national holiday If we are serious about celebrating
it Steinbergrsquos will be our first indication GHETTO BLASTERS 30 OFF FREE TAPE OF
ldquoI HAVE A DREAMrdquo WITH EVERY VCR PURCHASED AT THE ALL-NEW
GIGANTIC MARTYrsquoS BIRTHDAY SALE Then Wendyrsquos will just maybe for Black
patrons (and their liberal sympathizers) Burn-A-Burger to celebrate the special day Proctor amp
Gamble will withhold Clorox for the day respectfully requesting that those Black spots be
examined for their liberating influence But what we really want where we can know we have
succeeded is that every Federated department store offers 50 percent off to every colored patron
who can prove he or she is black in recognition of the days when colored citizens who were
black were not accorded all the privileges of other shoppers That will be a big help because
everybody will want to be Black for a Day Sun tanneries will make fortunes during the week
preceding MLK Day Wig Salons will reap great benefits Dentists will have to hire extra help to
put that distinctive gad between the middle front teeth MLK Day will be accepted And isnrsquot that
the heart of the American dream
I really love a good holiday ndash it takes the people off the street and puts them safely in the
shopping malls Now think about it Arenrsquot you proud to be with Uncle Sam
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
6
Something other than diction is helping Nikki Giovanni express her attitude on the subject
here What other techniques of the writer help establish tone List the examples you find here
And then provide some examples of her effective diction
Para-
graph
Words Technique Effect on Tone
1
Who wants to join an organization
that makes you work on the day it
designates as a day off
Irony Frustration Anger
Exasperation
Para-
graph
Diction Effect on Tone
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
7
A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM
BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM
BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
Jonathan Swift 1729
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country
when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex
followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all
their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn
thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes
I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the
backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable
state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a
fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the
commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of
the nation
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed
beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our
charity in the streets
As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and
maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly
mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by
her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which
the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being
a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives
they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many
thousands
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary
abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent
among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame
which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I
calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from
which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
3
Happy New Year Russell Baker
New Yearrsquos Day is always a depressing holiday and for good reason For one thing it
comes in January and to those who ask ldquoIf January comes can spring be far behindrdquo my
answer is yes two months and three weeks behind including February a month that never fails
to last at least nine years
For another thing New Yearrsquos Day is when the annual hike in Social Security taxes
always starts to erode your standard of living For a third thing the day is a nightmare of
football
All right nobody has to watch football orgies but suppose you donrsquot Without any
television narcotic to paralyze the brain you are vulnerable to the fourth horror of New Yearrsquos
Day This is the irresistible impulse to think about your bad habits
I suppose people would think about their bad habits on New Yearrsquos Day no matter what
day it was held on The very idea of a ldquonew yearrdquo makes our calendar-ridden minds dwell upon
the past and how our missteps back there can be corrected to improve the future It is this
impulse that accounts for New Yearrsquos resolutions at least among the young who are too
inexperienced to realize that habitrsquos iron grip is unbreakable by an oath taken on a dark day in
January
With age each new yearrsquos arrival merely mocks you with the memory of all the bad
habits yoursquove failed to break and forces you to concede that you are among other things the sum
of your bad habits
One of my bad habits for example is cutting my fingernails in the living room Because
my fingernails are extremely hard they snap off like flying pellets when the clipper jaws are
applied zoom through the air and end up scattered all over the rug
Socially this creates hardship Many times I have caught guests glancing at the rug and
exchanging meaningful glances that said ldquoWhat are we doing trafficking with people who have
fingernail clippings all over the rugrdquo
After years of futile effort to break the habit I decided to make the most of it Would I
after all still be the authentic individual I am without a rug bearing fingernail clippings Of
course not I would be an eccentric who went outside and sat on the curb every time I wanted to
cut my nails
And yet every New Yearrsquos Day dwelling on the bad habits out of ancient instinct I am
depressed by the realization that this habit has beaten
Humans are the only creatures who allow themselves to be made morose by the turning
of the calendar Some years ago when I yearned to hold dominion over beasts I maintained a cat
whose habits were far from impeccable
Among many idiosyncrasies which made that cat unique was the habit of getting into the
salad bowl and shedding cat hair in it It was an unbreakable compulsion and the cat accepted it
as such and lived with it
Did the cat on New Yearrsquos Day sit around the hearth looking miserable because she
faced another year in which she would be unable to stop shedding hair in the salad bowl Neither
on New Yearrsquos Day nor any other day of the year did that cat ever show one instant of
depression about her evil habits
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
4
Well of course the cat didnrsquot know New Yearrsquos Day from a July afternoon in Key West
Lacking the slightest understanding of the solar systemrsquos mechanics she was not emotionally
enslaved to the dictates of a calendar
Humans treat time as a map and always know where they are located on it and respond
with the appropriate emotion If itrsquos the Fourth of July we are happy to eat hot dogs and if itrsquos
Thanksgiving we are unhappy to eat hot dogs If itrsquos May we are saddened by the sight of a
lovely tree chopped down and if itrsquos December we gather in delighted merriment around a
lovely tree chopped off in the bloom of youth
If itrsquos New Yearrsquos Day we feel the depressing weight of the new rising tax and lurch
toward despair at thoughts of the frigid Sahara separating us from spring We sit in the parlor
powerless to stop ourselves from clipping fingernails into the rug our spirit soured with envy of
the cat shedding hair into the salad without the slightest twinge of self-loathing
These are the curses of our intellectual superiority to all other creatures whose
intelligence is as dim as though their brains had been marinated in sixteen hours of televised
football This is why I usually spend sixteen hours of New Yearrsquos Day in front of the television
set watching the football
Tone is often the byproduct of diction That is a writerrsquos choice of words frequently indicates
his or her attitude toward the subject at hand In ldquoHappy New Yearrdquo you should be able to
find several instances of this phenomenon ndash Bakerrsquos word choice revealing his attitude If you
consider alternatives to Bakerrsquos diction you will probably change the tone of the passage
Locate some examples of this writing technique and chart them below
Para-
graph
Bakerrsquos Word Choice Bakerrsquos Tone Alternative Word Choice Altered Tone
2
A nightmare of football
Critical sarcastic
An excess of football
Matter-of-fact
superior
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
5
On Holidays and How to Make Them Work Nikki Giovanni
A proper holiday coming from the medieval ldquoholy dayrdquo is supposed to be a time of
reflection on the great men great deeds great people Things like that Somehow in America this
didnrsquot quite catch on Take Labor Day On Labor Day you take the day off then go to the Labor
Day sales and spend your devalued money with a clerk who is working And organized labor
doesnrsquot understand why it suffers declining membership Pshaw Who wants to join an
organization that makes you work on the day it designates as a day off Plus no matter how
hidden the agenda who wants a day off if they make you march in a parade and listen to some
politicians talk on and on about nothing
Hey Irsquom a laborer I used to work in Walgreenrsquos on Linn Street We were open every
holiday and I being among the junior people always ldquogotrdquo to work the time-and-a-half
holidays I hated those people who came in Every fool in the Western world and probably in the
universe knows that Christmas is December 25 Has been that way for over a thousand years
yet there theyrsquod be standing outside the door cold bleary-eyed waiting for us to open so they
could purchase a present Memorial Day which used to be Armistice Day until we got into this
situation of continuous war was the official start of summer We would want to be out with our
boyfriends barbecuinghellip or something but there we were behind the counter waiting to see who
forgot that in order to barbecue you need (1) a grill (2) charcoal (3) charcoal starter My heart
goes out to the twenty-four-hour grocery people who are probably selling meat
But hey Itrsquos the American way The big Fourth of July sales probably reduced the
number of fatal injuries as people spent the entire day sober in malls fighting over markdowns
Minor cuts and bruises were way up though Irsquoll bet And forget the great nonholiday
Presidentsrsquo Day The damned thing could at least have a real name What does it mean ndash
Presidentsrsquo Day Mostly that we donrsquot care enough to take the time to say Washington and
Lincoln Well done But for sure as a Black American Irsquove got to go for it Martin Luther Kingrsquos
birthday has come up for the first time as a national holiday If we are serious about celebrating
it Steinbergrsquos will be our first indication GHETTO BLASTERS 30 OFF FREE TAPE OF
ldquoI HAVE A DREAMrdquo WITH EVERY VCR PURCHASED AT THE ALL-NEW
GIGANTIC MARTYrsquoS BIRTHDAY SALE Then Wendyrsquos will just maybe for Black
patrons (and their liberal sympathizers) Burn-A-Burger to celebrate the special day Proctor amp
Gamble will withhold Clorox for the day respectfully requesting that those Black spots be
examined for their liberating influence But what we really want where we can know we have
succeeded is that every Federated department store offers 50 percent off to every colored patron
who can prove he or she is black in recognition of the days when colored citizens who were
black were not accorded all the privileges of other shoppers That will be a big help because
everybody will want to be Black for a Day Sun tanneries will make fortunes during the week
preceding MLK Day Wig Salons will reap great benefits Dentists will have to hire extra help to
put that distinctive gad between the middle front teeth MLK Day will be accepted And isnrsquot that
the heart of the American dream
I really love a good holiday ndash it takes the people off the street and puts them safely in the
shopping malls Now think about it Arenrsquot you proud to be with Uncle Sam
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
6
Something other than diction is helping Nikki Giovanni express her attitude on the subject
here What other techniques of the writer help establish tone List the examples you find here
And then provide some examples of her effective diction
Para-
graph
Words Technique Effect on Tone
1
Who wants to join an organization
that makes you work on the day it
designates as a day off
Irony Frustration Anger
Exasperation
Para-
graph
Diction Effect on Tone
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
7
A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM
BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM
BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
Jonathan Swift 1729
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country
when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex
followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all
their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn
thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes
I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the
backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable
state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a
fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the
commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of
the nation
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed
beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our
charity in the streets
As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and
maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly
mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by
her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which
the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being
a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives
they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many
thousands
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary
abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent
among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame
which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I
calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from
which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
4
Well of course the cat didnrsquot know New Yearrsquos Day from a July afternoon in Key West
Lacking the slightest understanding of the solar systemrsquos mechanics she was not emotionally
enslaved to the dictates of a calendar
Humans treat time as a map and always know where they are located on it and respond
with the appropriate emotion If itrsquos the Fourth of July we are happy to eat hot dogs and if itrsquos
Thanksgiving we are unhappy to eat hot dogs If itrsquos May we are saddened by the sight of a
lovely tree chopped down and if itrsquos December we gather in delighted merriment around a
lovely tree chopped off in the bloom of youth
If itrsquos New Yearrsquos Day we feel the depressing weight of the new rising tax and lurch
toward despair at thoughts of the frigid Sahara separating us from spring We sit in the parlor
powerless to stop ourselves from clipping fingernails into the rug our spirit soured with envy of
the cat shedding hair into the salad without the slightest twinge of self-loathing
These are the curses of our intellectual superiority to all other creatures whose
intelligence is as dim as though their brains had been marinated in sixteen hours of televised
football This is why I usually spend sixteen hours of New Yearrsquos Day in front of the television
set watching the football
Tone is often the byproduct of diction That is a writerrsquos choice of words frequently indicates
his or her attitude toward the subject at hand In ldquoHappy New Yearrdquo you should be able to
find several instances of this phenomenon ndash Bakerrsquos word choice revealing his attitude If you
consider alternatives to Bakerrsquos diction you will probably change the tone of the passage
Locate some examples of this writing technique and chart them below
Para-
graph
Bakerrsquos Word Choice Bakerrsquos Tone Alternative Word Choice Altered Tone
2
A nightmare of football
Critical sarcastic
An excess of football
Matter-of-fact
superior
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
5
On Holidays and How to Make Them Work Nikki Giovanni
A proper holiday coming from the medieval ldquoholy dayrdquo is supposed to be a time of
reflection on the great men great deeds great people Things like that Somehow in America this
didnrsquot quite catch on Take Labor Day On Labor Day you take the day off then go to the Labor
Day sales and spend your devalued money with a clerk who is working And organized labor
doesnrsquot understand why it suffers declining membership Pshaw Who wants to join an
organization that makes you work on the day it designates as a day off Plus no matter how
hidden the agenda who wants a day off if they make you march in a parade and listen to some
politicians talk on and on about nothing
Hey Irsquom a laborer I used to work in Walgreenrsquos on Linn Street We were open every
holiday and I being among the junior people always ldquogotrdquo to work the time-and-a-half
holidays I hated those people who came in Every fool in the Western world and probably in the
universe knows that Christmas is December 25 Has been that way for over a thousand years
yet there theyrsquod be standing outside the door cold bleary-eyed waiting for us to open so they
could purchase a present Memorial Day which used to be Armistice Day until we got into this
situation of continuous war was the official start of summer We would want to be out with our
boyfriends barbecuinghellip or something but there we were behind the counter waiting to see who
forgot that in order to barbecue you need (1) a grill (2) charcoal (3) charcoal starter My heart
goes out to the twenty-four-hour grocery people who are probably selling meat
But hey Itrsquos the American way The big Fourth of July sales probably reduced the
number of fatal injuries as people spent the entire day sober in malls fighting over markdowns
Minor cuts and bruises were way up though Irsquoll bet And forget the great nonholiday
Presidentsrsquo Day The damned thing could at least have a real name What does it mean ndash
Presidentsrsquo Day Mostly that we donrsquot care enough to take the time to say Washington and
Lincoln Well done But for sure as a Black American Irsquove got to go for it Martin Luther Kingrsquos
birthday has come up for the first time as a national holiday If we are serious about celebrating
it Steinbergrsquos will be our first indication GHETTO BLASTERS 30 OFF FREE TAPE OF
ldquoI HAVE A DREAMrdquo WITH EVERY VCR PURCHASED AT THE ALL-NEW
GIGANTIC MARTYrsquoS BIRTHDAY SALE Then Wendyrsquos will just maybe for Black
patrons (and their liberal sympathizers) Burn-A-Burger to celebrate the special day Proctor amp
Gamble will withhold Clorox for the day respectfully requesting that those Black spots be
examined for their liberating influence But what we really want where we can know we have
succeeded is that every Federated department store offers 50 percent off to every colored patron
who can prove he or she is black in recognition of the days when colored citizens who were
black were not accorded all the privileges of other shoppers That will be a big help because
everybody will want to be Black for a Day Sun tanneries will make fortunes during the week
preceding MLK Day Wig Salons will reap great benefits Dentists will have to hire extra help to
put that distinctive gad between the middle front teeth MLK Day will be accepted And isnrsquot that
the heart of the American dream
I really love a good holiday ndash it takes the people off the street and puts them safely in the
shopping malls Now think about it Arenrsquot you proud to be with Uncle Sam
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
6
Something other than diction is helping Nikki Giovanni express her attitude on the subject
here What other techniques of the writer help establish tone List the examples you find here
And then provide some examples of her effective diction
Para-
graph
Words Technique Effect on Tone
1
Who wants to join an organization
that makes you work on the day it
designates as a day off
Irony Frustration Anger
Exasperation
Para-
graph
Diction Effect on Tone
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
7
A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM
BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM
BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
Jonathan Swift 1729
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country
when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex
followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all
their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn
thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes
I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the
backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable
state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a
fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the
commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of
the nation
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed
beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our
charity in the streets
As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and
maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly
mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by
her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which
the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being
a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives
they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many
thousands
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary
abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent
among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame
which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I
calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from
which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
5
On Holidays and How to Make Them Work Nikki Giovanni
A proper holiday coming from the medieval ldquoholy dayrdquo is supposed to be a time of
reflection on the great men great deeds great people Things like that Somehow in America this
didnrsquot quite catch on Take Labor Day On Labor Day you take the day off then go to the Labor
Day sales and spend your devalued money with a clerk who is working And organized labor
doesnrsquot understand why it suffers declining membership Pshaw Who wants to join an
organization that makes you work on the day it designates as a day off Plus no matter how
hidden the agenda who wants a day off if they make you march in a parade and listen to some
politicians talk on and on about nothing
Hey Irsquom a laborer I used to work in Walgreenrsquos on Linn Street We were open every
holiday and I being among the junior people always ldquogotrdquo to work the time-and-a-half
holidays I hated those people who came in Every fool in the Western world and probably in the
universe knows that Christmas is December 25 Has been that way for over a thousand years
yet there theyrsquod be standing outside the door cold bleary-eyed waiting for us to open so they
could purchase a present Memorial Day which used to be Armistice Day until we got into this
situation of continuous war was the official start of summer We would want to be out with our
boyfriends barbecuinghellip or something but there we were behind the counter waiting to see who
forgot that in order to barbecue you need (1) a grill (2) charcoal (3) charcoal starter My heart
goes out to the twenty-four-hour grocery people who are probably selling meat
But hey Itrsquos the American way The big Fourth of July sales probably reduced the
number of fatal injuries as people spent the entire day sober in malls fighting over markdowns
Minor cuts and bruises were way up though Irsquoll bet And forget the great nonholiday
Presidentsrsquo Day The damned thing could at least have a real name What does it mean ndash
Presidentsrsquo Day Mostly that we donrsquot care enough to take the time to say Washington and
Lincoln Well done But for sure as a Black American Irsquove got to go for it Martin Luther Kingrsquos
birthday has come up for the first time as a national holiday If we are serious about celebrating
it Steinbergrsquos will be our first indication GHETTO BLASTERS 30 OFF FREE TAPE OF
ldquoI HAVE A DREAMrdquo WITH EVERY VCR PURCHASED AT THE ALL-NEW
GIGANTIC MARTYrsquoS BIRTHDAY SALE Then Wendyrsquos will just maybe for Black
patrons (and their liberal sympathizers) Burn-A-Burger to celebrate the special day Proctor amp
Gamble will withhold Clorox for the day respectfully requesting that those Black spots be
examined for their liberating influence But what we really want where we can know we have
succeeded is that every Federated department store offers 50 percent off to every colored patron
who can prove he or she is black in recognition of the days when colored citizens who were
black were not accorded all the privileges of other shoppers That will be a big help because
everybody will want to be Black for a Day Sun tanneries will make fortunes during the week
preceding MLK Day Wig Salons will reap great benefits Dentists will have to hire extra help to
put that distinctive gad between the middle front teeth MLK Day will be accepted And isnrsquot that
the heart of the American dream
I really love a good holiday ndash it takes the people off the street and puts them safely in the
shopping malls Now think about it Arenrsquot you proud to be with Uncle Sam
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
6
Something other than diction is helping Nikki Giovanni express her attitude on the subject
here What other techniques of the writer help establish tone List the examples you find here
And then provide some examples of her effective diction
Para-
graph
Words Technique Effect on Tone
1
Who wants to join an organization
that makes you work on the day it
designates as a day off
Irony Frustration Anger
Exasperation
Para-
graph
Diction Effect on Tone
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
7
A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM
BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM
BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
Jonathan Swift 1729
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country
when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex
followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all
their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn
thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes
I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the
backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable
state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a
fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the
commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of
the nation
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed
beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our
charity in the streets
As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and
maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly
mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by
her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which
the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being
a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives
they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many
thousands
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary
abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent
among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame
which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I
calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from
which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
6
Something other than diction is helping Nikki Giovanni express her attitude on the subject
here What other techniques of the writer help establish tone List the examples you find here
And then provide some examples of her effective diction
Para-
graph
Words Technique Effect on Tone
1
Who wants to join an organization
that makes you work on the day it
designates as a day off
Irony Frustration Anger
Exasperation
Para-
graph
Diction Effect on Tone
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
7
A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM
BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM
BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
Jonathan Swift 1729
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country
when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex
followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all
their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn
thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes
I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the
backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable
state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a
fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the
commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of
the nation
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed
beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our
charity in the streets
As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and
maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly
mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by
her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which
the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being
a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives
they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many
thousands
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary
abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent
among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame
which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I
calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from
which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
7
A MODEST PROPOSAL
FOR PREVENTING THE CHILDREN OF POOR PEOPLE IN IRELAND FROM
BEING A BURDEN TO THEIR PARENTS OR COUNTRY AND FOR MAKING THEM
BENEFICIAL TO THE PUBLIC
Jonathan Swift 1729
It is a melancholy object to those who walk through this great town or travel in the country
when they see the streets the roads and cabin doors crowded with beggars of the female sex
followed by three four or six children all in rags and importuning every passenger for an alms
These mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood are forced to employ all
their time in strolling to beg sustenance for their helpless infants who as they grow up either turn
thieves for want of work or leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain or
sell themselves to the Barbadoes
I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms or on the
backs or at the heels of their mothers and frequently of their fathers is in the present deplorable
state of the kingdom a very great additional grievance and therefore whoever could find out a
fair cheap and easy method of making these children sound useful members of the
commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of
the nation
But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed
beggars it is of a much greater extent and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain
age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our
charity in the streets
As to my own part having turned my thoughts for many years upon this important subject and
maturely weighed the several schemes of other projectors I have always found them grossly
mistaken in the computation It is true a child just dropped from its dam may be supported by
her milk for a solar year with little other nourishment at most not above the value of 2s which
the mother may certainly get or the value in scraps by her lawful occupation of begging and it
is exactly at one year old that I propose to provide for them in such a manner as instead of being
a charge upon their parents or the parish or wanting food and raiment for the rest of their lives
they shall on the contrary contribute to the feeding and partly to the clothing of many
thousands
There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme that it will prevent those voluntary
abortions and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children alas too frequent
among us sacrificing the poor innocent babes I doubt more to avoid the expense than the shame
which would move tears and pity in the most savage and inhuman breast
The number of souls in this kingdom being usually reckoned one million and a half of these I
calculate there may be about two hundred thousand couple whose wives are breeders from
which number I subtract thirty thousand couples who are able to maintain their own children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
8
although I apprehend there cannot be so many under the present distresses of the kingdom but
this being granted there will remain an hundred and seventy thousand breeders I again subtract
fifty thousand for those women who miscarry or whose children die by accident or disease
within the year There only remains one hundred and twenty thousand children of poor parents
annually born The question therefore is how this number shall be reared and provided for
which as I have already said under the present situation of affairs is utterly impossible by all
the methods hitherto proposed For we can neither employ them in handicraft or agriculture we
neither build houses (I mean in the country) nor cultivate land they can very seldom pick up a
livelihood by stealing till they arrive at six years old except where they are of towardly parts
although I confess they learn the rudiments much earlier during which time they can however
be properly looked upon only as probationers as I have been informed by a principal gentleman
in the county of Cavan who protested to me that he never knew above one or two instances
under the age of six even in a part of the kingdom so renowned for the quickest proficiency in
that art
I am assured by our merchants that a boy or a girl before twelve years old is no salable
commodity and even when they come to this age they will not yield above three pounds or three
pounds and half-a-crown at most on the exchange which cannot turn to account either to the
parents or kingdom the charge of nutriment and rags having been at least four times that value
I shall now therefore humbly propose my own thoughts which I hope will not be liable to the
least objection
I have been assured by a very knowing American of my acquaintance in London that a young
healthy child well nursed is at a year old a most delicious nourishing and wholesome food
whether stewed roasted baked or boiled and I make no doubt that it will equally serve in a
fricassee or a ragout
I do therefore humbly offer it to public consideration that of the hundred and twenty thousand
children already computed twenty thousand may be reserved for breed whereof only one-fourth
part to be males which is more than we allow to sheep black cattle or swine and my reason is
that these children are seldom the fruits of marriage a circumstance not much regarded by our
savages therefore one male will be sufficient to serve four females That the remaining hundred
thousand may at a year old be offered in the sale to the persons of quality and fortune through
the kingdom always advising the mother to let them suck plentifully in the last month so as to
render them plump and fat for a good table A child will make two dishes at an entertainment for
friends and when the family dines alone the fore or hind quarter will make a reasonable dish
and seasoned with a little pepper or salt will be very good boiled on the fourth day especially in
winter
I have reckoned upon a medium that a child just born will weigh 12 pounds and in a solar year
if tolerably nursed increaseth to 28 pounds
I grant this food will be somewhat dear and therefore very proper for landlords who as they
have already devoured most of the parents seem to have the best title to the children
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
9
Infants flesh will be in season throughout the year but more plentiful in March and a little
before and after for we are told by a grave author an eminent French physician that fish being a
prolific diet there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after
Lent than at any other season therefore reckoning a year after Lent the markets will be more
glutted than usual because the number of popish infants is at least three to one in this kingdom
and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage by lessening the number of papists
among us
I have already computed the charge of nursing a beggars child (in which list I reckon all
cottagers laborers and four-fifths of the farmers) to be about two shillings per annum rags
included and I believe no gentleman would repine to give ten shillings for the carcass of a good
fat child which as I have said will make four dishes of excellent nutritive meat when he hath
only some particular friend or his own family to dine with him Thus the squire will learn to be a
good landlord and grow popular among his tenants the mother will have eight shillings net
profit and be fit for work till she produces another child
Those who are more thrifty (as I must confess the times require) may flay the carcass the skin of
which artificially dressed will make admirable gloves for ladies and summer boots for fine
gentlemen
As to our city of Dublin shambles may be appointed for this purpose in the most convenient
parts of it and butchers we may be assured will not be wanting although I rather recommend
buying the children alive and dressing them hot from the knife as we do roasting pigs
A very worthy person a true lover of his country and whose virtues I highly esteem was lately
pleased in discoursing on this matter to offer a refinement upon my scheme He said that many
gentlemen of this kingdom having of late destroyed their deer he conceived that the want of
venison might be well supplied by the bodies of young lads and maidens not exceeding fourteen
years of age nor under twelve so great a number of both sexes in every country being now ready
to starve for want of work and service and these to be disposed of by their parents if alive or
otherwise by their nearest relations But with due deference to so excellent a friend and so
deserving a patriot I cannot be altogether in his sentiments for as to the males my American
acquaintance assured me from frequent experience that their flesh was generally tough and lean
like that of our schoolboys by continual exercise and their taste disagreeable and to fatten them
would not answer the charge Then as to the females it would I think with humble submission
be a loss to the public because they soon would become breeders themselves and besides it is
not improbable that some scrupulous people might be apt to censure such a practice (although
indeed very unjustly) as a little bordering upon cruelty which I confess hath always been with
me the strongest objection against any project however so well intended
But in order to justify my friend he confessed that this expedient was put into his head by the
famous Psalmanazar a native of the island Formosa who came from thence to London above
twenty years ago and in conversation told my friend that in his country when any young person
happened to be put to death the executioner sold the carcass to persons of quality as a prime
dainty and that in his time the body of a plump girl of fifteen who was crucified for an attempt
to poison the emperor was sold to his imperial majestys prime minister of state and other great
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
10
mandarins of the court in joints from the gibbet at four hundred crowns Neither indeed can I
deny that if the same use were made of several plump young girls in this town who without one
single groat to their fortunes cannot stir abroad without a chair and appear at playhouse and
assemblies in foreign fineries which they never will pay for the kingdom would not be the
worse
Some persons of a desponding spirit are in great concern about that vast number of poor people
who are aged diseased or maimed and I have been desired to employ my thoughts what course
may be taken to ease the nation of so grievous an encumbrance But I am not in the least pain
upon that matter because it is very well known that they are every day dying and rotting by cold
and famine and filth and vermin as fast as can be reasonably expected And as to the young
laborers they are now in as hopeful a condition they cannot get work and consequently pine
away for want of nourishment to a degree that if at any time they are accidentally hired to
common labor they have not strength to perform it and thus the country and themselves are
happily delivered from the evils to come
I have too long digressed and therefore shall return to my subject I think the advantages by the
proposal which I have made are obvious and many as well as of the highest importance
For first as I have already observed it would greatly lessen the number of papists with whom
we are yearly overrun being the principal breeders of the nation as well as our most dangerous
enemies and who stay at home on purpose with a design to deliver the kingdom to the Pretender
hoping to take their advantage by the absence of so many good protestants who have chosen
rather to leave their country than stay at home and pay tithes against their conscience to an
episcopal curate
Secondly The poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own which by law may be
made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent their corn and cattle being already
seized and money a thing unknown
Thirdly Whereas the maintenance of an hundred thousand children from two years old and
upward cannot be computed at less than ten shillings a-piece per annum the nations stock will
be thereby increased fifty thousand pounds per annum beside the profit of a new dish introduced
to the tables of all gentlemen of fortune in the kingdom who have any refinement in taste And
the money will circulate among ourselves the goods being entirely of our own growth and
manufacture
Fourthly The constant breeders beside the gain of eight shillings sterling per annum by the sale
of their children will be rid of the charge of maintaining them after the first year
Fifthly This food would likewise bring great custom to taverns where the vintners will certainly
be so prudent as to procure the best receipts for dressing it to perfection and consequently have
their houses frequented by all the fine gentlemen who justly value themselves upon their
knowledge in good eating and a skilful cook who understands how to oblige his guests will
contrive to make it as expensive as they please
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
11
Sixthly This would be a great inducement to marriage which all wise nations have either
encouraged by rewards or enforced by laws and penalties It would increase the care and
tenderness of mothers toward their children when they were sure of a settlement for life to the
poor babes provided in some sort by the public to their annual profit instead of expense We
should see an honest emulation among the married women which of them could bring the fattest
child to the market Men would become as fond of their wives during the time of their pregnancy
as they are now of their mares in foal their cows in calf their sows when they are ready to
farrow nor offer to beat or kick them (as is too frequent a practice) for fear of a miscarriage
Many other advantages might be enumerated For instance the addition of some thousand
carcasses in our exportation of barreled beef the propagation of swines flesh and improvement
in the art of making good bacon so much wanted among us by the great destruction of pigs too
frequent at our tables which are no way comparable in taste or magnificence to a well-grown
fat yearling child which roasted whole will make a considerable figure at a lord mayors feast or
any other public entertainment But this and many others I omit being studious of brevity
After all I am not so violently bent upon my own opinion as to reject any offer proposed by wise
men which shall be found equally innocent cheap easy and effectual But before something of
that kind shall be advanced in contradiction to my scheme and offering a better I desire the
author or authors will be pleased maturely to consider two points First as things now stand how
they will be able to find food and raiment for an hundred thousand useless mouths and backs
And secondly there being a round million of creatures in human figure throughout this kingdom
whose whole subsistence put into a common stock would leave them in debt two millions of
pounds sterling adding those who are beggars by profession to the bulk of farmers cottagers
and laborers with their wives and children who are beggars in effect I desire those politicians
who dislike my overture and may perhaps be so bold as to attempt an answer that they will first
ask the parents of these mortals whether they would not at this day think it a great happiness to
have been sold for food at a year old in the manner I prescribe and thereby have avoided such a
perpetual scene of misfortunes as they have since gone through by the oppression of landlords
the impossibility of paying rent without money or trade the want of common sustenance with
neither house nor clothes to cover them from the inclemencies of the weather and the most
inevitable prospect of entailing the like or greater miseries upon their breed for ever
I profess in the sincerity of my heart that I have not the least personal interest in endeavoring to
promote this necessary work having no other motive than the public good of my country by
advancing our trade providing for infants relieving the poor and giving some pleasure to the
rich I have no children by which I can propose to get a single penny the youngest being nine
years old and my wife past child-bearing
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
12
Literary Terms and Devices
TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE
1 allegory
story or poem in which the characters setting and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities Can be read for a literal meaning and on a second symbolic meaning
ANIMAL FARM is a tale of animals who take over a farm and an allegory of the Russian Revolution MOBY DICK is an allegory for America in an imperialistic mode
2 alliteration
repetition of the same sound in a sequence of words usually at the beginning of a word
descending dew drops
luscious lemons 3 allusion
a brief reference to a personplace thing event or idea in history or literature
Wondering if a woman was beautiful enough to ldquolaunch a thousand shipsrdquo would be an allusion to Helen of Troy in the Odyssey Also ldquoOld Scratchrdquo in American literature refers to the Devil
4 climax
The point in the plot that creates the greatest intensity suspense or interest After this point nothing can remain the same greatest turning point in the story
The climax in THE SCARLET LETTER is when Dimmesdale finally confesses his sins to the crowd
5 connotation
Associations and implications that go beyond the written word
ldquoEaglerdquo connotes liberty and freedom that have little to do with the wordrsquos literal meaning of describing a bird In PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON David Wilson is called a ldquopuddrsquonhead to connote his foolishness
6 denotation
dictionary definition of a word ldquobuying a ranchrdquo denotes purchasing land on which to raise crops and livestock
7 flashback
scene that interrupts the normal chronological flow of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time
When Hester remembers her early life with her family and her honeymoon with Chillingworth it is a flashback
8 foreshadowing
use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in the story often used to build suspense or tension in a story
Puddrsquonheadrsquos repeated fingerprinting of Tom and Chambers foreshadows its later importance in the book
9 gothic
se of primitive medieval or mysterious elements in literature Gothic writing often features dark and gloomy places and horrifying supernatural events
Edgar Allan Poersquos ldquoFall of the House of Usherrdquo is a gothic story featuring a large dark gothic mansion
10 hero
a character whose actions are inspiring or noble Tragic heroes are noble and inspiring but have a fault or make a mistake which leads to their downfall
Some critics claim that Dimmesdale in TSL is a tragic hero who falls is society due to poor decisions
11 hyperbole
boldy exaggerated statement that adds emphasis without intending to be literally true
He ate everything in the house
12 lyric poem
a melodic poem which describe an object or emotion
ldquoHeart we will forget himrdquo describes a woman trying to recover from heartbreak
13 metaphor
a lterary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike
ldquoYou are the sunshine of my liferdquo Here ldquosunshinerdquo is being compared to a person ldquoDeath is a long sleeprdquo Here ldquodeathrdquo is being compared to ldquosleepingrdquo
14 narrative poem
a narrative poem tells a story in verse ldquoUpon the burning of my houserdquo by Bradstreet tells the story of a family coping with a burned home
15 onomatopoeia use of words that imitate sounds ldquobuzzrdquo ldquohissrdquo ldquorustlerdquo
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
13
16 personification
a literary device in which human attributes are given to a non-human such as an animal object or concept
The wind cried through the night as it moved through the trees
17 plot
sequence of events in a story usually involves characters and a conflict
Think of the storyline of THE SCARLET LETTER or another book and name 5 things that occurred in the story in order
18 point of view
the perspective or vantage point from which a story or poem is told Three common points of view include first-person omniscient and third person limited
ldquoAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgerdquo was told from a third person limited point of view The narrator of the story told what happened in Peyton Farquharrsquos mind but no one elsersquos thoughts
19 setting
the time and place of the story or poemrsquos action it helps to create the mood of the story
Poersquos use of dark mysterious settings helped readers to feel the anxiety he wanted to create when people read his stories
20 simile
a literary device in which a direct comparison is made between two things essentially unlike usiing the words ldquolikerdquo or ldquoasrdquo
The dusty road twisted like a snake around the lake Here a road is being compared to a snake
21 soliloquy
A long speech made by a character who is onstage alone and who reveals hisher private thoughts and feelings to the audience
Romeo as he is about to kill himself in ROMEO AND JULIET speaks to the audience
22 stanza
a group of lines in a poem that are considered to be a unit They function like paragraphs do in prose writing
The whiskey on your breath
Could make a small boy dizzy
But I hung on like death
Such waltzing was not easy 23 symbol
something that means more than what it is an object person situation or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well
The Liberty Bell is not only a bell but a symbol of freedom in the United States Hesterrsquos scarlet letter symbolized her sin of adultery
24 theme
an insight about human life that is revealed in a literary work
One of the themes if PUDDrsquoNHEAD WILSON is that everyone suffers in some way in a society that condones slavery
25 thesis
the organizing thought of an entire essay or piece of writing and which contains a subject and an opinion
ldquoOf the three scaffold scenes in TSL the third one best encapsulates the theme that self-punishment is the harshest outcome of sinrdquo
26 tone
the writerrsquos attitude toward the story poem characters or audience A writerrsquos tone may be formal or informal friendly or anxious personal or arrogant for example
ldquoHooray Irsquom going to get married todayrdquo (ecstatic tone)
27 understatement litote
literary device that says less than intended Oppositive of hyperbole Usually has an ironic effect and sometimes may be used for comic purposes
Steinbeck gives Lennie the last name of ldquoSmallrdquo Lennie is a huge tall man Lennie is physically oppositive of ldquosmallrdquo yet he is called by this name to draw attention to his real size and perhaps to his small amount of intelligence
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
14
Rhetorical Terms and Devices
Alliteration repetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence
Let us go forth to lead the land we love J F Kennedy Inaugural Veni vidi vici Julius Caesar
Anacoluthon lack of grammatical sequence a change in the grammatical construction within the same sentence
Agreements entered into when one state of facts exists -- are they to be maintained regardless of changing conditions J Diefenbaker
Anadiplosis (doubling back) the rhetorical repetition of one or several words specifically repetition of a word that ends one clause at the beginning of the next
Men in great place are thrice servants servants of the sovereign or state servants of fame and servants of business Francis Bacon
Anaphora the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or lines
We shall not flag or fail We shall go on to the end We shall fight in France we shall fight on the seas and oceans we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be we shall fight on the beaches we shall fight on the landing grounds we shall fight in the fields and in the streets we shall fight in the hills We shall never surrender Churchill
Anastrophe transposition of normal word order most often found in Latin in the case of prepositions and the words they control Anastrophe is a form of hyperbaton
The helmsman steered the ship moved on yet never a breeze up blew Coleridge The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Antistrophe repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses
In 1931 ten years ago Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning In 1935 Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning In 1938 Hitler occupied Austria -- without warning In 1939 Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without warning Later in 1939 Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning And now Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without warning Franklin D Roosevelt
Antithesis opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction
Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue Barry Goldwater Brutus Not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more Shakespeare Julius Caesar The vases of the classical period are but the reflection of classical beauty the vases of the archaic period are beauty itself Sir John Beazley
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
15
Aporia expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think say or do
Then the steward said within himself What shall I do Luke 16 Aposiopesis a form of ellipse by which a speaker comes to an abrupt halt seemingly overcome by passion (fear excitement etc) or modesty Apostrophe a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or person or personified abstraction absent or present
For Brutus as you know was Caesars angel Judge O you gods how dearly Caesar loved him Shakespeare Julius Caesar
Archaism use of an older or obsolete form Pipit sate upright in her chair Some distance from where I was sitting T S Eliot A Cooking Egg
Assonance repetition of the same sound in words close to each other Thy kingdom come thy will be done
Asyndeton lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases clauses or words
We shall pay any price bear any burden meet any hardships support any friend oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty J F Kennedy Inaugural But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate we cannot consecrate we cannot hallow this ground Lincoln Gettysburg Address
Cacophony harsh joining of sounds
We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will W Churchill
Catachresis a harsh metaphor involving the use of a word beyond its strict sphere
I listen vainly but with thirsty ear MacArthur Farewell Address Chiasmus two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order (a-b-b-a) from shape of the Greek letter chi (X)
Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always MacArthur
Renownd for conquest and in council skilld Addison Climax arrangement of words phrases or clauses in an order of ascending power Often the last emphatic word in one phrase or clause is repeated as the first emphatic word of the next
One equal temper of heroic hearts Made weak by time and fate but strong in will To strive to seek to find and not to yield Tennyson Ulysses
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
16
Euphemism substitution of an agreeable or at least non-offensive expression for one whose plainer meaning might be harsh or unpleasant
When the final news came there would be a ring at the front door -- a wife in this situation finds herself staring at the front door as if she no longer owns it or controls it--and outside the door would be a man come to inform her that unfortunately something has happened out there and her husbands body now lies incinerated in the swamps or the pines or the palmetto grass burned beyond recognition which anyone who had been around an air base very long (fortunately Jane had not) realized was quite an artful euphemism to describe a human body that now looked like an enormous fowl that has burned up in a stove burned a blackish brown all over greasy and blistered fried in a word with not only the entire face and all the hair and the ears burned off not to mention all the clothing but also the hands and feet with what remains of the arms and legs bent at the knees and elbows and burned into absolutely rigid angles burned a greasy blackish brown like the bursting body itself so that this husband father officer gentleman this ornamentum of some mothers eye His Majesty the Baby of just twenty-odd years back has been reduced to a charred hulk with wings and shanks sticking out of it Tom Wolfe The Right Stuff
Hendiadys use of two words connected by a conjunction instead of subordinating one to the other to express a single complex idea
It sure is nice and cool today (for pleasantly cool) I love the Lord because he hath heard my voice and my supplications Psalms 116
Hypallage (exchanging) transferred epithet grammatical agreement of a word with another word which it does not logically qualify More common in poetry Hyperbaton separation of words which belong together often to emphasize the first of the separated words or to create a certain image Hyperbole exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect
My vegetable love should grow Vaster than empires and more slow An hundred years should got to praise Thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze Two hundred to adore each breast But thirty thousand to the rest Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress
Hysteron Proteron (later-earlier) inversion of the natural sequence of events often meant to stress the event which though later in time is considered the more important
I like the island Manhattan Smoke on your pipe and put that in -- from the song America West Side Story lyric by Stephen Sondheim Put on your shoes and socks
Irony expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning the words say one thing but mean another
Yet Brutus says he was ambitious And Brutus is an honourable man Shakespeare Julius Caesar
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
17
Litotes understatement for intensification by denying the contrary of the thing being affirmed (Sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)
A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable War is not healthy for children and other living things One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day (meiosis)
Metaphor implied comparison achieved through a figurative use of words the word is used not in its literal sense but in one analogous to it
Lifes but a walking shadow a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage Shakespeare Macbeth while he learned the language (that meager and fragile thread by which the little surface corners and edges of mens secret and solitary lives may be joined for an instant now and then before sinking back into the darkness ) Faulkner Absalom Absalom From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent W Churchill
Metonymy substitution of one word for another which it suggests
He is a man of the cloth The pen is mightier than the sword By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy bread
Onomatopoeia use of words to imitate natural sounds accommodation of sound to sense Oxymoron apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict one another
I must be cruel only to be kind Shakespeare Hamlet Paradox an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense but that may yet have some truth in it
What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young George Bernard Shaw Paraprosdokian surprise or unexpected ending of a phrase or series
He was at his best when the going was good Alistair Cooke on the Duke of Windsor There but for the grace of God -- goes God Churchill
Personification attribution of personality to an impersonal thing
England expects every man to do his duty Lord Nelson Pleonasm use of superfluous or redundant words often enriching the thought
No one rich or poor will be excepted Ears pierced while you wait I have seen no stranger sight since I was born
Polysyndeton the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words phrases or clauses
I said Who killed him and he said I dont know who killed him but hes dead all right and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water Hemingway After the Storm
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
18
Praeteritio (=paraleipsis) pretended omission for rhetorical effect That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on and I shall therefore pass it by Thucydides Funeral Oration Let us make no judgment on the events of Chappaquiddick since the facts are not yet all in A political opponent of Senator Edward Kennedy
Prolepsis the anticipation in adjectives or nouns of the result of the action of a verb also the positioning of a relative clause before its antecedent
Consider the lilies of the field how they grow Simile an explicit comparison between two things using like or as
My love is as a fever longing still For that which longer nurseth the disease Shakespeare Sonnet CXLVII Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope D Hume [] Let us go then you and I While the evening is spread out against the sky Like a patient etherized upon a table TS Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock
Syllepsis use of a word with two others with each of which it is understood differently
We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately Benjamin Franklin Synecdoche understanding one thing with another the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part (A form of metonymy)
Give us this day our daily bread Matthew 6 I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas T S Eliot The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock The US won three gold medals (Instead of The members of the US boxing team won three gold medals)
Synesis (=constructio ad sensum) the agreement of words according to logic and not by the grammatical form a kind of anacoluthon
For the wages of sin is death Romans 6 Then Philip went down to the city of Samaria and preached Christ unto them Acts 6
Tautology repetition of an idea in a different word phrase or sentence
With malice toward none with charity for all Lincoln Second Inaugural
Zeugma two different words linked to a verb or an adjective which is strictly appropriate to only one of them
Nor Mars his sword nor wars quick fire shall burn The living record of your memory
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
19
AP English Language and Composition Essay Rubric
The reader assigns a score based on the essays merits as a whole on what the essay does well the readers dont simply count errors Although each essay topic has its own scoring rubric (or guide) based on that topics specific information a general scoring guide for rhetorical analysis and argumentation essays follows Notice that on the whole essay-scoring guides encompass four essential points AP readers want your essay to be (1) on topic (2) well organized (3) thoroughly developed and (4) correct in mechanics and sophisticated in style
High Score (8-9)
High-scoring essays thoroughly address all the tasks of the essay prompt in well-organized responses The writing demonstrates stylistic sophistication and control over the elements of effective writing although it is not necessarily faultless Overall high-scoring essays present thoroughly developed intelligent ideas sound and logical organization strong evidence and articulate diction
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate significant understanding of the passage its intent and the rhetorical strategies the author employs
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct a compelling argument observing the authors underlying assumptions (addressing multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and discussing many sides of the issues with appropriate evidence
Medium-High Score (6-7)
Medium-scoring essays complete the tasks of the essay topic well - they show some insight but usually with less precision and clarity than high-scoring essays There may be lapses in correct diction or sophisticated language but the essay is generally well written
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate sufficient examination of the authors point and the rhetorical strategies he uses to enhance the central idea
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to construct an adequate argument understand the authors point and discuss its implications with suitable evidence The synthesis argument will address at least three of the sources
Medium Score (5)
Essays that earn a medium score complete the essay task but with no special insights the analysis lacks depth and merely states the obvious Frequently the ideas are predictable and the paragraph development weak Although the writing conveys the writers ideas they are presented simplistically and often contain lapses in diction or syntax
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate uneven or insufficient understanding of how rhetorical strategies create an authors point Often the writer merely lists what he or she observes in the passage instead of analyzing effect
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
20
Argument essays demonstrate the ability to present an argument but they frequently provide limited and inadequate discussion explanation or evidence for the writers ideas The writer may not address enough of the sources in the synthesis essay Oversimplification of the issue(s) minimizes the essays effectiveness
Medium-Low Score (3-4)
These essays are weaker than the 5 score because the writer overlooks or perhaps misreads important ideas in the passage The student may summarize the passages ideas instead of analyzing them Although the writers ideas are generally understandable the control of language is often immature
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little discussion of rhetorical strategies or incorrect identification andor analysis of those strategies
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to construct an argument They may not clearly identify the authors point may not present multiple authors points of view in the synthesis essay and may offer little evidence for the students position
Low Score (1-2)
These essays demonstrate minimal understanding of the topic or the passage Perhaps unfinished these essays offer no analysis of the passage and little or no evidence for the students ideas Incorrect assertions may be made about the passage Stylistically these essays may show consistent grammatical problems and sentence structure is usually simple and unimaginative
Rhetorical analysis essays demonstrate little ability to identify or analyze rhetorical strategies Sometimes these essays misread the prompt and replace it with easier tasks such as paraphrasing the passage or listing some strategies the author uses
Argument essays demonstrate little ability to understand the authors point (or multiple authors in the synthesis essay) and then construct an argument that analyzes it Minimal or nonexistent evidence hurts the essays effectiveness Some students may substitute an easier task by presenting tangential or irrelevant ideas evidence or explanation
No Score ( ---- or 0) Essays scored as 0 are completely off topic and do not address the assigned task Essays that are not attempted are given a score equivalent to a 0 ---- The dashes simply indicate that no attempt was made to complete this essay
Barbara V Swovelin English Language and Composition 3rd Edition 10 Jul 2008
lthttpwwwcliffsnotescomWileyCDASectionid-305363articleId-31682htmlgt
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
21
2009 MLA Research Writing Guidelines Use the following examples as a guide for documenting your sources for research
General Format
MLA style specifies guidelines for formatting manuscripts and using the English language in writing MLA style also provides writers with a system for referencing their sources through parenthetical citation in their essays and Works Cited pages
Writers who properly use MLA also build their credibility by demonstrating accountability to their source material Most importantly the use of MLA style can protect writers from accusations of plagiarism which is the purposeful or accidental uncredited use of source material by other writers
If you are asked to use MLA format be sure to consult the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) Publishing scholars and graduate students should also consult the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing (3rd edition) The MLA Handbook is available in most writing centers and reference libraries it is also widely available in bookstores libraries and at the MLA web site See the Additional Resources section of this handout for a list of helpful books and sites about using MLA style For an overview of the 2009 guideline changes please visit the OWLs MLA Update 2009 resource
Paper Format
The preparation of papers and manuscripts in MLA style is covered in chapter four of the MLA Handbook and chapter four of the MLA Style Manual Below are some basic guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style
General Guidelines
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard white 85 x 11-inch paper
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (eg Times New Roman) Whatever font you choose MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are recognizable from one another The font size should be 12 pt
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise instructed by your instructor)
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides
Indent the first line of paragraphs one half-inch from the left margin MLA recommends that you use the Tab key as opposed to pushing the Space Bar five times
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page Always follow your instructors guidelines)
Use italics throughout your essay for the titles of longer works and only when absolutely necessary providing emphasis
If you have any endnotes include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page Entitle the section Notes (centered unformatted)
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
22
Formatting the First Page of Your Paper Do not make a title page for your paper unless specifically requested
In the upper left-hand corner of the first page list your name your instructors name the course and the date Again be sure to use double-spaced text
Double space again and center the title Do not underline italicize or place your title in quotation marks write the title in Title Case (standard capitalization) not in all capital letters
Use quotation marks andor italics when referring to other works in your title just as you would in your text Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play Human Weariness in After Apple Picking
Double space between the title and the first line of the text
Create a header in the upper right-hand corner that includes your last name followed by a space with a page number number all pages consecutively with Arabic numerals (1 2 3 4 etc) one-half inch from the top and flush with the right margin (Note Your instructor or other readers may ask that you omit last namepage number header on your first page Always follow instructor guidelines)
Formatting the Works Cited Page Follow these steps for setting up the works cited page for your paper The work(s) cited page immediately follows the last page of your paper The work cited page should be headed ldquoWorks Citedrdquo at the top center of the page The
entire works cited page should be double spaced with no additional spaces between sources Use a standard 12 pt font
Sources must be listed in alphabetical order by the authorrsquos last name or by the first word in the citation Do not number or bullet the sources
The first line begins at the left margin and all other lines for an individual source are indented five spaces (hit the tab button once) This allows the authorrsquos name or the title of the source to stand out for easy identification
Do not underline information within a source use italics instead List page numbers as efficiently as possible pages 225-250 should be listed as 225-50 For every entry you must determine the Medium of Publication Most entries will likely be
listed as Print or Web sources but other possibilities may include Film CD-ROM or DVD Writers are no longer required to provide URLs for Web entries However if your instructor
or publisher insists on them include them in angle brackets after the entry and end with a period For long URLs break lines only at slashes
If youre citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database you should type the online database name in italics
Be sure that you include the appropriate punctuation where it is needed as per the following models Do not make up your own format
For more detailed information consult with your instructor or see the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers Seventh Edition
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
23
Books First or single authors name is written last name first name The basic form for a book citation is
Last name First name Title of Book Place of Publication Publisher Year of Publication
Medium of Publication
Book with One Author
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print
Book with Two or More Authors Cite by the first author listed on the title page The first author should be listed last name first (see the previous entry) All subsequent authors should be listed in ldquonormal orderrdquo Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print
Two or More Books by the Same Author After the first listing of the authors name use three hyphens and a period instead of the authors name List books alphabetically by title Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print
A Work Prepared by an Editor Cite the book as you normally would but add the editor after the title Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print
Periodicals Periodicals are sources that are published periodically daily weekly monthly etc
Article in a Magazine Cite by listing the articles author putting the title of the article in quotations marks and underlining or italicizing the periodical title Follow with the date with date and remember to abbreviate the month
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Periodical Day Month Year pages Medium of Publication
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
24
Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print
Article in a Newspaper Cite a newspaper article as you would a magazine article but note the different pagination in a newspaper If there is more than one edition available for that date (as in an early and late edition of a newspaper) identify the edition following the date (eg 17 May 1987 late ed) Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print If the newspaper is local include the city name in brackets after the title of the newspaper Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print For newspaper articles that extend to multiple pages cite only the first page of the article with a ldquo+rdquo following this number Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print
Anonymous Articles Cite the article title first and finish the citation as you would any other for that kind of periodical Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print
An Article in a Scholarly Journal
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Journal Volume Issue (Year) pages Medium of Publication
Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
25
Electronic Sources MLA lists electronic sources as Web Publications Thus when including the medium of publication for electronic sources list the medium as Web
It is always a good idea to maintain personal copies of electronic information when possible It is good practice to print or save Web pages or better using a program like Adobe Acrobat to keep your own copies for future reference Most Web browsers will include URLelectronic address information when you print which makes later reference easy
Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA MLA no longer requires the use of URLs in MLA citations Because Web addresses are not static (ie they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the Web (eg on multiple databases) MLA explains that most readers can find electronic sources via title or author searches in Internet Search Engines
Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style Always include as much information as is availableapplicable
Author andor editor names
Article name in quotation marks
Name of the database title of project book in italics
Any version numbers available
Date of version revision or posting
Publisher information including publisher name and date of publicationlast update
Date you accessed the material
Web Sources An Entire Web Site
Editor author or compiler name (if available) Name of Site Version number Name of
institution organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher) Medium of
publication Date of access
Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given It is necessary to list your date of access because web postings are often updated and information available on one date may no longer be available later Be sure to include the complete address for the site Here are some examples The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
26
A Page on a Web Site For an individual page on a Web site list the author or alias if known followed by the information covered above for entire Web sites Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009 Note Individuals using Wikipedia should use the cite this article link located in the toolbox area on the right side of the navigation The link will provide a stable URL that wikipedia recommends using when citing
An Article in a Web Magazine Provide the author name article name in quotation marks title of the Web magazine in italics publisher name publication date medium of publication and the date of access Remember to use np if no publisher name is available and nd if not publishing date is given
Author(s) Title of Article Title of Online Publication Date of Publication Medium of
Publication Date of Access
Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006
An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal For all online scholarly journals provide the author(s) name(s) the name of the article in quotation marks the title of the publication in italics all volume and issue numbers and the year of publication
Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (ie there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers use the abbreviation n pag to denote that there is no pagination for the publication
Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008)
n pag Web 20 May 2009
Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print including the page range of the article Provide the medium of publication that you used (in this case Web) and the date of access
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
27
Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
An Article from an Online Database Cite articles from online databases (eg LexisNexis ProQuest JSTOR ScienceDirect) and other subscription services just as you would print sources Since these articles usually come from periodicals be sure to consult the appropriate sections of the Works Cited Periodicals page which you can access via its link at the bottom of this page In addition to this information provide the title of the database italicized the medium of publication and the date of access Note Previous editions of the MLA Style Manual required information about the subscribing institution (name and location) This information is no longer required by MLA Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009
Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009
E-mail (including E-mail Interviews) Give the author of the message followed by the subject line in quotation marks State to whom to message was sent the date the message was sent and the medium of publication
Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web
Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web
A Listserve Discussion Group or Blog Posting Cite Web postings as you would a standard Web entry Provide the author of the work the title of the posting in quotation marks the Web site name in italics the publisher and the posting date Follow with the medium of publication and the date of access Include screen names as author names when author name is not known If both names are known place the authorrsquos name in brackets Remember if the publisher of the site is unknown use the abbreviation np
Editor screen name author or compiler name (if available) ldquoPosting Titlerdquo Name of Site
Version number (if available) Name of institutionorganization affiliated with the site
(sponsor or publisher) Medium of publication Date of access
Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
28
(Sample) Works Cited
Aging Women Expect to Care for Aging Parents but Seldom Prepare Womens Health
Weekly 10 May 2007 18 Print Bagchi Alaknanda Conflicting Nationalisms The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devis
Bashai Tudu Tulsa Studies in Womens Literature 151 (1996) 41-50 Print
Behre Robert Presidential hopefuls get final crack at core of SC Democrats Post and
Courier [Charleston SC] 29 Apr 2007 A11 Print Bernstein Mark 10 Tips on Writing The Living Web A List Apart For People Who Make
Websites No 149 (16 Aug 2002) Web 4 May 2006 Bronte Charlotte Jane Eyre Ed Margaret Smith Oxford Oxford UP 1998 Print Brubaker Bill New Health Center Targets Countys Uninsured Patients Washington Post 24
May 2007 LZ01 Print Buchman Dana A Special Education Good Housekeeping Mar 2006 143-8 Print Business Global Warmings Boom Town Tourism in Greenland The Economist 26 May 2007
82 Print Dolby Nadine ldquoResearch in Youth Culture and Policy Current Conditions and Future
Directionsrdquo Social Work and Society The International Online-Only Journal 62 (2008) n pag Web 20 May 2009
Felluga Dino Guide to Literary and Critical Theory 28 Nov 2003 Purdue University Web 10
May 2006
Gleick James Chaos Making a New Science New York Penguin Books 1987 Print Gorman Adam ldquoItrsquos Time to Legalizerdquo Boston Sunday Globe 28 Aug 2006 69+ Print Henley Patricia The Hummingbird House Denver MacMurray 1999 Print How to Make Vegetarian Chili eHowcom eHow nd Web 24 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009
AP English Language and Composition Short Story and Essay Collection
29
Junge Wolfgang and Nathan Nelson ldquoNatures Rotary Electromotorsrdquo Science 29 April 2005
642-644 Science Online Web 5 Mar 2009 Krugman Andrew Fear of Eating New York Times 21 May 2007 late ed A1 Print Kunka Andrew Re Modernist Literature Message to the author 15 Nov 2000 Web Langhamer Claire ldquoLove and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century Englandrdquo The Historical
Journal 501 (2007) 173-196 ProQuest Web 27 May 2009 Neyhart David Re Online Tutoring Message to Joe Barbato 1 Dec 2000 Web Palmer William J Dickens and New Historicism New York St Martins 1997 Print --- The Films of the Eighties A Social History Carbondale Southern Illinois UP 1993 Print Poniewozik James TV Makes a Too-Close Call Time 20 Nov 2000 70-71 Print The Purdue OWL Family of Sites 26 Aug 2005 The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and
Purdue University Web 23 April 2006 Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez] ldquoRe Best Strategy Fenced Pastures vs Max Number of
Roomsrdquo BoardGameGeek BoardGameGeek 29 Sept 2008 Web 5 Apr 2009 Silverstein Olga and Beth Rashbaum The Courage to Raise Good Men New York Viking
2004 Print Trembacki Paul Brees Hopes to Win Heisman for Team Purdue Exponent [West Lafayette
IN] 5 Dec 2000 20 Print Trevor Sylvia Joan Hapgood and William Leumi Women Writers of the 1920s New York
Columbia UP 1998 Print Wheelis Mark Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin
Weapons Convention Emerging Infectious Diseases 66 (2000) 595-600 Web 8 Feb 2009