Ap dung cac cong cu PRA

Capacity building project for central region poverty reduction projects ( CACERP)

--------------------------------------------------

Application of PRA tools in village development planning and

Commune development planning ( VDP & CDP)

(Training manual for district and commune staff)

model_sard_annex3_en.doc 2

Foreword

The Capacity building for central region poverty reduction project (CACEP) is an ADB/dfid/MPI financed project located in the provinces of Kon Tum, Thua Thien Hue, Quang Binh and Quang Tri. In each province two pilot districts are involved and in each pilot district one commune is selected. The goal of TA is to facilitate the creation of the condition for improved decentralized poverty reduction initiatives in Vietnam. The objectives are to (II) improve local service delivery performance in selected pilot areas and (II) develop a set of key policy and practice changes aimed at enhanced poverty -focused service delivery modalities. The main indicators of success will be adoption by the Government of an agreed set of key policy and practice changes, creation of a management structure able to deliver these changes. The TA has two components: (I) design, test and implement decentralized service delivery arrangement and outcomes in 8 pilot communes with resulting models for wider replication; and (II) develop an active policy and practice network, leading to the development of key principles that will serve as basis for Government to improve decentralized service delivery for poverty reduction in Vietnam.

The successful trials and demonstrations in Technical Support Project frame will be applied wide in Credit Project - ‘Central Region Livelihood Improvement Project (CRLIP). The demonstrations will be improved step by step in 3 years cycle of Project and the experiences from implementation process should be applied in CRLIP and in activities for enhancement on capacity of authorities. Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) is a process that TA was applying after research and learning experiences from other projects carrying out in these areas. The PRA process was discussed and agreed by Central Project Management Unit. In order to have participation of community in this process, the Training courses were organized in all of 8 pilot communes. The method of training is mainly learning by doing the practical exercise . The trainees of each training course are Province representatives , District staff, commune staff and informants at village level. Training material used in the course includes 2 kinds: (i) Detailed PRA material including all PRA tools and (ii) Basic material including simplified PRA tools. The contents presented below have been used as a referen document for both trainers and trainees during the courses in 8 pilot communes. After courses have finished, it had been improved for wider use of other courses in next phase of the project


Table of content Foreword...............................................................................................................................2 Chapter I - Analysis methods, rural appraisal ..................................................................5

1. Traditional Method .................................................................................................................5 2. Changed by another methods .............................................................................................5 3. Method “Rapid Rural Appraisal” (RRA).............................................................................5 4. Method “Participatory Rural Appraisal” (PRA) ..................................................................6 5. Principles and application of PRA .......................................................................................6 6. What are the main characters of PRA................................................................................7

Chapter II – Techniques of PRA tools use ........................................................................9 Tool 1: Time line ...........................................................................................................................9 Tool 2: Village mapping .............................................................................................................10 Tool 3: Transect walks and Transect map...............................................................................11 Tool 4: Season calendar............................................................................................................13 Tool 5 : Time line diagram ......................................................................................................14 Tool 6: Priority ranking ...............................................................................................................15 Tool 7: Venn diagram.................................................................................................................16 Tool 8: Wealth ranking ................................................................................................................17 Tool 9: Household economic semi-structure interview ..........................................................21

Chapter III- Village development plan .............................................................................22 1. Appraisal , making plan on agriculture ...............................................................................22 2. Appraise , make plan on forest trees and fruit . ................................................................23 3. Appraise, make plan on rural infrastructure ........................................................................24 4. Appraise , make plan on off-farm activities .........................................................................26 5. Appraise , make plan on water supply and sanitation, environment .............................27 6. Appraise , make plan on rural credit ....................................................................................28 7. Gender issues.........................................................................................................................30 8. Appraise, make plan on communication activities ............................................................31 9. Appraise, make plan on education and health ..................................................................32 10. Analysis , consolidation of PRA results and appraised information of each aspect. .33

Chapter IV - Consolidation of commune development plan (CDP)..............................36 1. What is commune development plan base on farmer needs ...........................................36 2. Objective of commune development planning : ................................................................36 3. Process of commune development planning......................................................................36

Chapter V - Several necessary skills in application of PRA tools in making village development plan ..............................................................................................................40

5.1 Skills needed to carry out PRA tools..................................................................................40 5.2 . Some skills needed for planning ......................................................................................42


Abbreviations ADB: Asian Development Bank

CACERP: The Capacity Building for Central Region Poverty Reduction Project

CDP: Commune Development Plan CRLIP Central Region Livelihood Improvement Project

DFID: Department for International Development

RRA: Rapid Rural Appraisal

PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal

VDP: Village Development Plan

MPI : Ministry of Planning and Investment


Chapter I - Analysis methods, rural appraisal

1. Traditional Method Recently, most analysis concentrates on the rural situation in developing country that have the following bearing common following characteristics + Time is long, it take some years + The steps of work are stable and regular. + Scope is limited that concentrating on single

problem and there is little relation to fact. + Level of diversity is poor, although there are

a lot of officers in many different fields taking part in assessment.

+ The result of assessment are likely to be good

+ The main guidance from level to level is to work directly with state enterprise and some organizations, and indirectly with households

+ The participatory role of peasant in project area is rare

+ High cost that wastes time and human resources

+ The methods consist of economic analysis, inventory land and crop in detail, testing in the field , interview by using a list of prepared social economic questions. Because this technique has no characters that can be changed , so it is not sensitive to local conditions, that lacks of flexibility and consolidation, and so is not suitable to be recommended.

2. Changed by another methods The defects in common analysis methods showed in years 1970. Up to now, the trying on development work is raise productivity of crops, making much of uniform environment, enrichment resources and checkable. After that they take care of poor farmers problems and difficult economic conditions. Hence there is a need to learns the working systems of farmer and developappropriate technology for various agricultural systems.

Method “ Research of farming system ” was set up from those understandings. The general target of method is to describe cultivation, livestock, awareness, and extension activities. These developed by many forms, research plans and extension activities. Many different forms including rural research centers of Consultant Group International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and national institutes develop it. General of that office is repeating.

At the beginning the method “ Research of farming system ” used many old ways to survey farmers and experimenting in the fields. But RFS also was encourage to have new techniques are faster and more exact

3. Method “Rapid Rural Appraisal” (RRA) The term “ Rural Rapid Appraisal” in agricultural field can be described by any new method that using researcher group in many fields to work together with farmers and community leader in order to develop quickly and systematically. The following activities can be used by RRA method

1) To evaluate the demands of rural development and other common development of community


2) To determine the priority tasks for developing work 3) To assess capacity of implementation (by social aspect and technical aspect) 4) To find out priority characters in developing activities 5) To implement development activities. 6) To monitor development activities

RRA operated in 1970, with FSR movements. Among the persons to contribute to the first of creation were Robert Chambers, Peter Hildebrand, Robert Rhoades and Michael Collinson. They were the first persons to apply RRA to have a workshop in development research institute of Sussex University in England dated Oct. 1978 and Dec. 1979. At that time documents and the press were popularised the term PRA and introduced it to readers widely. In mid 1980s there were many experiences to find out by applying in many regions in the world. There was an international workshop in Sep. 1985 in Khon Kaen Thailand to test application of PRA and to perfect PRA term.

4. Method “Participatory Rural Appraisal” (PRA)

The advantages of PRA when compare to traditional methods are participation of community is higher, time is short and low cost. Collection of data by pilot survey, in some cases may need less investigation but data analysis consumes much time. Collected data must be coded in the computer and analyzed by separate steps in research communes. When collection of data is completed it is difficult and high cost is needed to collect missing data , because it need to back to the field. The cost for information is always high.

Participatory Rural Appraisal is specially suitable for community development because it allows participation of community and research groups in all research activities and data analysis .

The data collected by PRA supports group and community participants for their tasks as well as information collected by hard works of participants for research, will be ensured that collected information are correct and useful. The analysis at the field ensures collected information are reliable and it can be adjusted before leaving village .

5. Principles and application of PRA

5.1. What is PRA?

PRA is a process of flexible learning of each to others between community people and outsiders.

It is a ‘Group” of approach and tools create local people to have opportunity for exchange and analysis of life awareness and their condition to planning of development and action .

This process is to support community people to be able: :

- To determine main their needs

- Giving priority to above needs

- To help them to have necessary actions, based on taking maximum advantage of their existing resources

5.2 Objectives of PRA PRA assist participants to be able to

- Understand methods and be able to could plan and implement local development activities

- Get aware more about community capacity - Use participatory methods in real activities (by independent group)

To support community people to make VDP, based on taking maximum advantage of existing local resources


5.3. Principles

- Observation - Semi-structured interview - Group discussion by subject - Assign tasks to farmers to do - Cross checking - Suitable information reliability - Living with community

PRA is a continuous process which using the tools, Its result is total dependent on behaviours method or attitude of implementman.

6. What are the main characters of PRA 6.1. Triangle This is a method used to crosscheck the reliability of information which are different and collected from different resources. It is presented by:

- Group component - Information resources - Use of tools for information

collection

a. Group component

- Professional skills from different places are needed, that make different point of views, and all of these will add each to other into perfect result

- Access to different topics by using new way of observation deeply.

- Women must be included in the group

- The group must have community people to exchange skills and awareness each to

others

b. Different Information resources

- The group members have different backgrounds so that information collected by them is more diversified.

Carry out combination of appropriate technology In order to help you to use a package of PRA techniques quickly and correctly , We would show a package of PRA tools. These tools have to be used harmoniously in the PRA process.


6.2. Flexibility character of PRA The research plans and methods are not fixed, they could be modified to to fit real condition

6.3. Community character - It is useful for analysis of collected information - To evaluate the community difficulties correctly and to create the main elements for

VDP, CDP process - Members of PRA group should consist of rich, medium, poor households and , female

and male

6.4, Quantitative character Request ourselves always:

• What information is needed • What information must be collected • Who will analyze and use these information , What the objective is • What level of accuracy of these information,

6.5. Analyze in the field

- The selected information will be analyzed immediately - The collection and analysis of information are done continuously and interactivety

(collect information - Analyze at the field - collect information - Analyze at the field) - If it necessary the analysis focus, could take place open through out the

implementation process - During PRA process, analysis focus can be expanded if necessary

.

chart

Bag of PRA tools

map Ven-n

Season calendar

Wealth ranking

Group discusion

Village history

Semi - structure inerviewiew


Chapter II – Techniques of PRA tools use

Tool 1: Time line

1.1. Objective: • To be acquainted, increase good acquaintance between PRA staff and villagers • Help villagers to remember historical events in the village, through that villagers can

review village development process correctly and encourage the solidarity and support of each villager to others in coming time.

1.2. Methodology :

• Select a village informant group consist of 5-7 villagers ( Elders who have been living in the village for long time and understanding village history, should be selected)

• A comfortable place for group discussion is selected to do the tool • PRA staff facilitate villagers to discuss amongs themselves the time when historical take

place in the village. The collected information is noted on Ao size paper to help villagers easily to discuss or add other necessary information.

• During discussion process, PRA staff could make open questions to help villagers remember and adding events of village.

• Selected information is written on A4 paper.

Example: a completed time line.

Years Events affect life and production of villagers 1973 There are two households reside at village 1974 Local Government does settlement for minority ethnic group in the

village 1980 Slash and burn is a major production of villagers, productive risk

appears cause villagers are hungry. 1993 Epidemic disease of animal appear; livestock husbandry are facing

many difficulties 1999 Local Government does not allow to harvest natural forest, villagers

are supported budget for forest management and protection. 2002 The village is supported small scale irrigation system and electric

power.


Tool 2: Village mapping 2.1. Objectives :

• Assess, analysize general village situation to expose difficulties, solutions for each field related poverty reduction in the village

• Village map will be used for making VDP and village meeting discussion .

2.2. Methodology • Form a group consist of 5 to 7 villagers including female and male • Select of a high site from where it is convenient to review the village, the select place

should be good for traffic, attracting villagers' participation. • Villagers discuss and draw up their village map on ground . They could use color chalk,

small leaves, branches of tree, ... to present the terrain characters, land use, roads, ... on village map. During mapping process, PRA staff help villagers to discuss with appropriate questions.

• After map is completed , the villagers make a copy of the map on lage size paper (Ao) • Remark sites of each households on the map , result of wealth ranking is used to mark

households categoried . Each type of household is remarked by one color on village map

Note : Village map need to be included: Information concerning: Roads, rivers/streams. Rice, corn, ...fields, canal; forest, grazing-land; ... of village

For example: A village map drew up by villagers


Tool 3: Transect walks and Transect map

3.1. Objective: • Transect walks provides necessary information and general picture on potential of natural

resources, land use structure, animal, crops and hidden potential.. of the villager • The above findings will be used for VDP.

3.1. Methodology : • Form a group, at least consist of 5 to 7 villagers including men and women • Village map, chart are used to discuss and identify transect direction ; chart, map,

compass, view and measure equipments, pen, papers are need to be prepared. PRA staff explain clearly the objectives of this transect walks and suggest farmers to assist the group to transect walk and discuss on the way.

• Walking is need to be done from low area to high area, at the convenient area of village, the group can stop to discuss. PRA staff draw up topography and characters of each area in the village to help farmers in group discussion. PRA staff could ask farmers more.

• Drawing transect map on big size paper or on land floor by chalk or local material • The map can be copied on A4 papers

Example: Transect map of Luong nang village, Hoa son commune, Tuyen Hoa¸ district, Quang Binh province

Natural forest Sloping land Home garden Paddy rice Bare land Natural condition

Good soil, covered by different natural tree species.

Bad soil, have been used for long time, slope

Land surface is thick, quite flat, home garden located around house.

One rice crop with low yield

Yellow color soil and good soil

Managem-ent

Partly allocated to commune for management, Forest is being exploited

Plant maize, upland rice, land is not allocated to household,

Plant mango, lemon, and other mixed tree are not valuable.

No application of fertilizer, lack of tending

No people manage, bare land with brush and invaluable tree;

Difficulties Large area, located far resident area, it caused protection of forest is difficult. Forest has not been allocated to individual households yet.

Bad soil, lack of cultivation techniques Lack of valuable species and land use plan Lack of high yield varieties, intensive techniques.

Far from house, lack of labor

Expectati-on

Budget for protection of forest, Forest is allocated to households.

Productivity is increased Home garden is used effectively Yield is increased Land to be covered by forest tree species with high economic value

PRA - VDP 13

Tool 4: Season calendar

4.1. Objectives: • To help villagers understanding all of frequent activities of the village in a year. • Season calendar is a basis for village development planning and giving tasks to villagers

4.1. Methodology : • Establish a villager group consist 5 to 7 villagers including men and women and villagers

who have long experiences on production in the village • Finding a good site for people to participate in discusion • Villager group discusses about crop season in village. PRA staff encourage, promote

farmers to discuss. • Villagers can use local available materials ( Stick, leaf, chalk ) to draw up season calendar

on land floor, each material shows each activity in the village or months of the year. • Use square paper to take note information discussed Copying all of discussed information

in A4 size paper.

For example: Crop and season calendar of Ha village, Thanh Hoa¸ commune, Tuyen Hoa district Quang Binh province

Temperature

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Spring rice

Planting

Tending

Harvesting

Disease Stem disease, yellow leaf

Winter

Planting

tending harvesting

Disease Stem disease, yellow leaf

Maize

Sowing seeds

Tending

Collection of forest products

Rainfall

100 %

PRA - VDP 14

Tool 5 : Time line diagram

5.1. objectives: • To help villagers understanding some of variations in village by time such as variation of

crop yields, or what population changed, how is land use structure changed • Time line diagrams help villagers to undersatnd reasons make negative changes so that

their negative awareness can be changed .

5.2. Methodology: These diagrams show the quantitative changes by time. These diagrams could show many type of changes by time such as:

− Crop production − Area of crop cultivation − Number of animal heads − Population and household numbers − Price changed − Child-bearing and death ratio in village − Rainfall − The changes of natural forest, plantation forest and lad use situation. − Disbursement of Project − ...

Guide villagers to do the following issues − square or normal paper are prepared − Exchange with village informant about your thinking − Let them have some time to think, remember and make comparison. − Try to encourage them to collect the data changed of specific field within a last 10 years − To combine 2 or more of variable data in one diagram. − To combine the new reviewed information and base information − The villages draw themselves the diagram changed by time on land floor or on board, big

size papers For example: Diagrama of land use

60

95 5 5.7

13.5 13.511 11 11

5 5

42.2

5.5 5.5 5.5

2328

35.6

0

20

40

60

1970 1980 1995n¨m

% Natural forest

Resident land

Crop land

Pady rice land

Planted forest

Other land

Maize area

Forest restoration

PRA - VDP 15

Tool 6: Priority ranking 6.1. Objectives:

• Giving priority to development activities • Evaluation of farmers' interests

6.2. Methodology . There are several types of priority ranking: - Ranking base on priority set - Double ranking pripority ranking by using matrix - Wealth ranking methods of Ranking for priority; Double ranking; Direction matrix ranking are

similar: Priority ranking allows PRA to determine major farmer needs or priority set by villagers quickly, it also make comparison of villager ideas more easily Normally, a ranking priority can be done by apply the following steps: • Select some issues that need to be given priority . For example: crops, rice varieties,

firewood, fruit trees, or difficulties effected to community development. etc. • Select some villagers who have proven experiences on village situation to collaborate with

PRA team • Suggest the villagers show their point of views to give priority to selected issues and how

to give priorities. The villagers decide what categories can be used for ranking or giving score to ask each villager, the questions should be " what do you think more" Continue to ask other villagers for the same issues.

• To synthesize all discussed results on a table for making comparison . See example: Matrix ranking means that each criteria is given score, the villagers can use stones, maize seeds, rice seeds to show score that they want to give. This way allows illiterates to be able for ranking. Double ranking: There are 2 types or 2 issues compared each to other and rank by priority. Double ranking of the wealth classification for villages in a commune

Ord 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 No of appearances

Priority

1 Village 1 X 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 10 2

2 Village 2 X 2 4 5 2 7 8 9 2 2 12 4 8

3 Village 3 X 4 5 3 7 8 9 3 3 12 3 9

4 Village 4 X 5 4 7 8 9 4 4 12 5 7

5 Village 5 X 7 8 9 5 5 12 6 6

6 Village 6 X 7 8 9 6 6 12 2 10

7 Village 7 X 8 9 7 7 12 7 5

8 Village 8 X 8 8 8 8 11 1

9 Village 9 X 9 9 12 8 4

10 Village 10 X 10 12 1 11

11 Village 11 X 12 0 12

12 Village 12 X 9 3

On the table, Village 8 is the best wealthy, Village 11 is the poorest in commune.

PRA - VDP 16

Tool 7: Venn diagram 7.1 Objectives:

• To assist villagers in discussing different importance level of organisations and its impacts to villagers' life..

• Through implementation of the tool both PRA staff and villagers can find out necessary change need to be made to support organizations to help villagers more effectively. Villagers' demands can also be reflected to exiting organizations, it makes organizations to know what should be changed to satisfy the need of villagers. .

7.2.Methodology : • Form a group consist of 5 to 7 villagers in cluding men and women, elder is promoted • PRA staff guide villagers to list organisations which have activities related to villagers life,

the villagers show their point of views , to determine responsibility, importance levels as well as impact of those organizations to village .

• Suggest villagers to use color paper cards and comparison method to determine the important levels of each organization. Biggest circle card shows the community and it is put at the center. Bigger circles show important organizations and smaller circle show less important organizations. Distance from center to circles show impact levels of organizations to village ( a circle far from center show impact of that organization to village is weak and opposite) After work is finished Venn diagram need to be copied on A4 paper.

Example: An organization diagram (Vene) made by villagers

Villag-ers

Village Managem-ent Board

Farmers associate-on

135 program

Agriculture Bank

Commune people committe

Heath care

Extension

PRA - VDP 17

Tool 8: Wealth ranking

8.1. Objectives:

• To help villagers to do wealth ranking in the village by themselves determining and discussing methods to improve livelihood of the poor in village.

• To support monitoring and evaluation on effectiveness and impact of project/program in next years.

8.2. Methodology: • To establish a group of 5 to 7 villagers including the poor and woman. • PRA staff support farmers to determine criteria for wealth ranking, each household category

( rich, medium, poor..) has own criteria. Base on village condition, the villagers can categorize households into 3-4 groups, categorized ones should be called household category 1, category 2, category 3..It is should not call rich household group or poor household group. A table on paper Ao size is prepared as table 1, the criteria are indicated based on house, family property, food/person, animal.

Table 1: Household indicators

Categories breakdown Household categories House Property Food/person Animal ……………..

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4

• Prepare small paper cards with different colors, the number of cards is equal to the number of households in the village, the name of each householder is noted in each card.

• Villagers discuss to categorize households base on criteria identified, households will be categorized according to categories mentioned in above table

• Villagers put cards with name of households at type of category they want • At the end of the process, checking the agreement of participants, whether they agree or

not. • Prepare a similar table (as table 2) on AO paper and the result of discussion of all of

participants. After that, the result is noted on A4 size paper.

Table 2: Household wealth ranking

Ord. Category I Category II Category III Category IV 1 2 3 ...

• Discuss main difficult issues that poor households are facing. What do villagers think? Suggest discussion group to give scores according to the importance level of these difficulties. The most important is 10 score and the scores are from 1 to 10, The result of discussion is noted in model table (table 3).

PRA - VDP 18

Table 3: Difficult issures of the poor

Difficult issu Reason Solution Give score 1 to 10

• PRA staff assist villagers in discussion to put forward activities for solution of difficult issues

of the poor. Each activity could be showed includes advantage, difficulties, and quantity, especially the responsibility of village in these tasks. The end, PRA group discusses about priority ranking for activities. The results of discussion are noted in table 4.

Table 4: The activities for solution of difficulties for poor households

Quantity ResponsibilityPriority Activity Adva-

ntage Diffic-ulty

Soluti-on

Objec-tive Unit

2004 2005 2006Place

Estimate budget village outside

PRA - VDP 19

Example: Wealth ranking result made by villagers; Tu Ma Rong village, Tu Ma Rong commune, Dak To district, Kon Tum province: Criteria for wealth ranking formulated by villagers:

Category I Category II Category III

- One month surplus food/year

- Have average 3 cattle

-There are 1 motorcycle or TV set

- Have stable house (roof cover by tile; timber wall)

- Children are sent to school

- Food is enough

- Have average 1-2 cattle

- Have TV set

- House (metal roofing, Bamboo wall)

- Most families send their children to school

- Lack 3-4 month food per year

- Have no cattle

- Have no motorcycle, Ti vi set

- House (leaf roofing, bamboo wall)

- Children are not sent to school

Wealth ranking result made by villagers

1. A §inh

2. Y Ngäc

3. Y T©m

4. A Dòng

5. Y S¸o

6. Y Bóc

7. A Lîi

8. Y Bung

9. A Bin

1 A Ban

2 A Ph−¬ng

3 A D«n

4 Y Hå

5 A Ninh

6 Y Thu

7 Y Nai

8 Y Ch¨m

9 A Miªn

10 A Han

Y Lý

A Móa

A MÐa

A Man

A T¨ng

A Nhiªn

A Liªm

A PhÝt

A Hiªng

Y Th¶o

Y Thñy

PRA - VDP 20

Social village mapping

After wealth ranking made, the group draws up their social village map:

Base on natural village map that have been made by tool 1, draw up village map ( boundary of the village, main roads, compound area..) on A0 paper size.

Mark households sites on the map by using different color; for example: Households categorized 1, mark red color, households categorized 2, mark yellow color...

Final discuss households sites marked on the map, and evaluate where household category 1 located and where category 4 located give ideas to help the poor and indicate which area in the village need to be supported.

Example: A social village map made by PRA group

PRA - VDP 21

Tool 9: Household economic semi-structured interview 9.1. Objectives :

• To evaluate, analyse current livelihood of households, • this is a basis to be used for follow-up evaluation activities

9.2. Methodology : • To form a discussion group consist of at least 4 persons • The result of wealth ranking is used as a basis to select households for interview. Several

households represented each type of household category , will be selected for interview • Discuss household economic status. Suggest households to analyze itself according to

model table prepared .

Note: Before household economic analysis, PRA staff need to and explain clearly objective of interview

The discussion must be welcome, comfortable. To ensure that the farmers do not feel as if they are being crossexamined .

During interview process, PRA staff should try to apply opening questions to discover necessary information. The use of hard question will make interview boring and collected information to be idea of PRA staff

Table 5: Example for household economical analysis

Head householder name : No of people : Household category : No of labor : Village : commune : district :

Income Spend Income resorces $ VND material $ VND materials

balance Solution

Food Crop Rice Maize Other Pig Chicken Laber rent

PRA - VDP 22

Chapter III- Village development plan

1. Appraisal , making plan on agriculture 1.1. Objective

• Appraise current situation of agriculture production including productively that can be indicated . • Problems, obstacle which are facing by villagers then find out solutions • Raising activities base on villagers' demands

1.2. Methodology • Form a villagers' group consist of 5-7 people, male and female should be included ( People

who have proven experiences should be selected) • The group visit field where activities are need to be appraised. • Discuss and answer questions concerning situation, problems, obstacle of agriculture

production. Result of discussion is completed in to the following table • Table 6

Table 6: Situation of agriculture production Items Situations Problems Reason Methodology Crops

Paddy rice .........

Plant protection Livestock

Buffalo Pig ...

Veterinary

Other service

• Discuss proposed activities for agriculture production, giving priority for proposed activities and complete the following table Table 7

Table 7: Proposed activities for agriculture Quanlity Responsibility

Prio. Activity Soluti

on Objective Unit 200

4 2005

2006

Place Estimated cost Villag

ers Outsiders

Crop Livestock

PRA - VDP 23

2. Appraise , make plan on forest trees and fruit 2.1. Objective :

• Appraise current situation of forest production and management • Indicate problems, obstacle and find out solutions for forest production and management .

2.2. Methodology

• Form a group consist of 5-7 villagers who have long experiences on forest production and management, male and female should be included.

• Visit forest area which represent different forest types in the village. • Discuse and analyze current situation and propose solution, discussion results completed

in the following table (Table 8)

Table 8: Situation of forest management and fruit trees .

Items Situation Problems Causes Solution

Forest planting Forest restoration Forest protection Fruit trees

- Mango - Grapefruit - ..... • Discuss solution to solve problem, giving priority for proposed activities . Consolidate

information gained in to the table 9. Tool 9: Proposed activities for forest production and fruit trees.

Quanlity Responsibility Prio. Activities Solutio-

n Objec-tive

Uni-t 200

4 2005

2006

Place Cost estimate

Villagers

Ousiders

Forest Fruit trees

PRA - VDP 24

3. Appraise, make plan on rural infrastructure 3.1. Objective:

• Through analyses of situation of current constructions in the village, to indicate problems on both technical situation and current use of contractions, propose solution.

• Propose constructions need to be updated or new built to reduce problems facing by villagers

3.2. Methodology:

• Form a group of villagers consist of 5- 7 villagers who have long experiences on rural infrastructure in the village, the group do appraisal of current constructions .

• Collect information and data of exiting constructions and complete the following table and indicate constructions' place on the map.

Table 10: Situation of infrastructure

Prio.

Name of constructions

Year of buildin-g

Financial resources

Capacity (technical data)

Number of beneficiates

Current management

Problems

Exiting works I- Irrigation 1) Reserve 2) Dams. 3) Canal

II- Rural road 1- Inter-village

roads: a) Road b) Bridge c) Culverts

2- Road inside village:

a) Road b) Bridge c) ...

III School: a) Primary b) Nursery

IV- Health station V- Electric VI- Drinking water IV Sanitation,

environment hygiene

PRA - VDP 25

• Problems being faced by villagers are the basis to raise discussion and to propose works needing invest and solutions. Visiting the field is a good way for PRA staff and villagers to find out unfeasible works that will be deleted in proposed plan by villagers. Couple comparison tool is used to priotize proposed activities and indicate responsibility of contributors.

• Discussion result are completed on the following • Table 11

Table 11: Proposed activities for infrastructure

Contributors Prio. Works proposed ( solution , number, size)

Estimated cost

Future capacity

Number of beneficiaries in future

Type of household categories to be beneficiaries.

Available local materials

Working conditions (Problems, road access to works)

Year of implementation

Benefici-aries

Outsiders

I- Update and repairer II- New building

PRA - VDP 26

4. Appraise , make plan on off-farm activities

4.1. Objective: • Assist villagers in appraising current situation,

problems, obstacle and potential of off-farm activities. • Discuss solutions to raise feasible off-farm activities

4.2. Methodology: • Form a villagers' group consist of 5-7 villagers,

female and villagers who have long experiences on off-farm are prioritized.

• Discuss and answer questions related to : “ what are potential, problems and obstacle of off-farm activities in village ”.discussion results are summarised in Table 12.

Table 12: Situation, solution and important level of proposed activities.

Current Off-farm activities Problems Solution

Important level ( 1-10) level 1 is low important, level 10 is most important

• Discuss and answer the second question: “What should be proposed to outsiders to support off-farm activities ” ask villagers to give priority to proposed activities. Put discussion result in to Table 13

Table 13: Proposed off-farm activities

Quantity Responsibility Prio. Activities Soluti

-on Objective Unit 200

4 2005

2006

Place Estimated cost Villagers Ousider

s

PRA - VDP 27

5. Appraise , make plan on drinking water supply and sanitation, environment

5.1. Objective : • Assist villagers in raising solutions to improve water supply system, sanitation and

environment in the village . • Propose activities to update current situation

5.2. Methodology

• Form a group consisting several villagers who have long experiences on water supply system and sanitation, environment

• Discussion: Current problems of water supply system, sanitation, environment. Propose villagers to discuss and give score to proposed activities based on it's important level. Most important level has 10 score and low important level has 1 score, discussion result is put in Table 14

Table 14: Situation, problems of water supply system and sanitation and environment.

Description of works of water supply system and environment in the village

Number of exiting works

Place Number of beneficiaries

Problems facing by villagers

• Discuss to raise activities to solve problems, discussion results are consolidated in to Table 15

Table 15: Proposed activities on water sypply system and sanitation environment

Quanlity Responsibility Prio

. Activities Solution

Objective Unit

2004

2005

2006


ers Outsiders

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6. Appraise , make plan on rural credit

6.1. Objective : • Assist villagers in discussing and formulating problems, obstacle, the need of villagers,

potential , related to credit issues. • Raise issues need to be supported to reduce problems of budget for production

6.2. Methodology:

• Form a villager group consist of 5-7 villagers • Discuss questions : “ Where do villagers get loan ?. Why do villagers get loan? How much

(average) can villagers get from existing credit sources ? Discussion result can be consolidated in to Table 16

Table 16: Current situation of credit in the village

Credit sources Purpose of use of loan Maximum loan can be got

Credit cycle

Interest rate

Target group

• Discuss: “ what problems do villagers face to get loan from exiting credit sources ?”

Encouge villagers to discuss problems of loan procedure ( Attitude, documentation, interest rate, credit cycle..)

Discussion results can be consolidated in to table 17

(Picture: Villagers are discussing rural credit activities )

Table 17: Problems of loan procedure in the villagers

Broblems Reasons Solutions

1. Credit sources

2. Use of loan

3. Credit line

4. Credit cycle

5. Interest rate

6. Credit staff

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• Discuss proposal to solve problems of credit and the way to use loan effectively. Proposal

activities can be consolidated in to table 18

Table 18: Proposed activities for credit issues

Quanlity Responsibility Prio

. Activities Solution

Objective Unit

2004

2005

2006


ers Outsiders

PRA - VDP 30

7. Gender issues

7.1. Objective : • Help female villagers to discuss and

indicate ways to improve their working conditions, life

• Propose activities to integrate gender issues into communal development activities

7.2. Methodology This work should be guided by a female villager with participation of female villager group. Discuss and formulate daily work of both female villagers and male villagers in the village, answers can be written on big size paper with form described at Table 19

Table 19: Daily works

Daily works Working time Female Male

• Discuss and answer question: “What problems make female difficult in their life ” ask group members to give score to problems raised according to important level. The group also discuss and answer question “What need to be done to solve females' problems ”

Table 20: Difficulties facing by female villagers

Problems of female Solution to solve problems Important level

• Female villagers discuss to propose what sould be done to reduce their difficulties.

Table 21: Proposed activities for gender equal

Prio. Activities Soluti

on Objective Unit Quanlity Place Estimat

ed cost Responsibility

2004

2005

2006 Villag

ers Outsiders

PRA - VDP 31

8. Appraise, make plan on communication activities

8.1. Objective : • Appraise situation of communication in the village, the way that villagers communicate

information sources.( source, channel, message, audience) Assist villagers in raising problems of communication in the village, special communication types related to villagers' production are emphasised.

• Assist villagers in raising problems/obstacle of communication as well as propose activities to strengthen communication at village level

8.2. Methodology : • Form a group consist of 5-7 villagers who understand communication activity in the village,

communication village staff should be included • Interview: PRA staff assist villagers in raising existing communication, each type of

communication should be clarified its channel, message, source, audience. Discuss linkage between villagers and information sources and how can villagers receive information from information sources (by what channel), appraise situation and category, score each communication type according to important level for villagers.

• Discussion result is consolidated into table 22

Table 22: Analysis and synthetization of communication issues

Type of communication Channel Situation Problems Solution 1. Extension

communication 2. Marketing information 3. Credit information 4. Policy information 5. Technology

information 6. Education information 7. Agriculture service

information

• Discuss to propose what should be done to strengthen communication network at local level

Table 23: Proposed activities to strengthen communication at village level


on Objective Unit Quanlity Place Estimat

ed cost Responsibility

2004

2005

2006 Villag

ers Outsiders

PRA - VDP 32

9. Appraise, make plan on education and health

9.1. Objective: • Appraise situation on education and health service in the village • Assist villagers in identifying the ways to improve current situation as well as seeking

contribution of villagers to implement proposed plan. 9.2. Methodology

• Discuss: Problems, constraints, obstacle of exiting activities and propose solutions. Giving score to each activity base on its importance level, is required. ( 10 score give to most important level, 1 score give to low important level), discussion result is consolidated into the following table

Situation Problem Solution Level of important

Health care Education

• The villagers are proposed to raise activities, their proposal can be consolidated into the following table.

Table 24: Proposed activities on health and education


on Objective Unit Quanlity Place

Estimat-ed cost

Responsibili-ty

2004

2005

2006 Villag

ers Outsiders

Health Education

PRA - VDP 33

10. Analysis, consolidation of PRA results and appraised information of each aspect

a. PRA result . Each implemented PRA tool has its specific results, these results presented by maps, diagrams, matrix and tables containing discussion results of villagers and minutes recorded by PRA staff during PRA process. Results above mentioned are recorded on A 4 size papers and have been presented at village meeting, after that it is requested to be converted into A 4 size paper. These are real PRA results that recorded by PRA staff.

b. Analysis, consolidation of PRA results. This is an important step to analyse and consolidate PRA results gained into summarised PRA and VDP that is used for village meeting with participation of all villagers. This work including:

+ Consolidate potential, problem, current indicators + Solutions to solve problems + Propose activities of each aspect related to poverty alleviation in the village

Table that can be used for consolidation of problems, potential, and solution, proposed activities . Items Problem/obstacle Solutions Proposed activities

Crops

Livestock Fruit trees Forest

management Rural credit Drinking water,

sanitation, environment hygiene

Gender equal Off-farm ...

PRA - VDP 34

Three years village Development Plan ( 2004-2006) Objective plan Solutions

Time Contributors Order. Items

Unit Curren

t Plan Activities Indicat

ors of success

Priority Unit Quanlity

Place Begin Finish Amo

unt Villagers

Outsiders

A. Agriculture a- Crop (Rice, maize….) 1 Paddy rice - Area - Productivity - Production 3 Up-land rice - Area - Productivity - Production 4 Maize 5 Cassava 6 Peanut 4 Home garden b- Livestock 1 Poultry, cattle Number of heads Growing B. Forestry Area Forest cover

PRA - VDP 35

Three years village Development Plan ( 2004-2006) Objective plan Solutions

Time Contributors Order. Items

Unit Curren

t Plan Activities Indicat

ors of success

Priority Unit Quanlity

Place Begin Finish Amo

unt Villagers

Outsiders

Land use planning/allocation

C. Infrastructure a- Irrigation b- Road D. Credit E. Health - Eduction F. Environmental hygiene

PRA - VDP 36

Chapter IV - Consolidation of commune development plan (CDP)

1. What is commune based development plan

• This is a plan consolidated base on farmer needs and from village development plans • Proposed activities mention in CDP are given priority and submitted to donors, Government

project/programs for getting supports and integration of implementation. • Contribution of villagers is committed in CDP

2. Objective of commune development planning : • Synthesize urgent needs of farmers . • Create base to policy makers, development organizations, Government projects/programs to

respond to farmers' requirement, CDP help donors to share their responsibilities and to integrate its activities.

• Raise community commitment to contribute to implement plan

3. Process of commune development planning • Carry out PRA tools to collect baseline information, identify problems/obstacle and farmers'

needs as well current basic indicators for planning. • Making village development plan of all villages of the commune • Analyse, consolidate all VDPs into commune development plan (CDP) • Hold commune meeting to comment and arrive agreement of CDP

PRA

VDP 1

CDP process

VDP 2 VDP 3 VDP 4

Analyze and consolidate VDPinto CDP

Communemeeting

PRA - VDP 37

4. Steps to synthesize CDP • Village informants and PRA staff are divided

into small groups, (each group consist of 5-7 people) T

• Each group synthesize plan on each specific subject (agriculture, infrastructure, forestry..)

• Specific subject is synthesized according to the following steps:

- Analyze basic information collected from PRA exercise, planning indicators are emphasized: Agriculture: Area, productivity, and production. Irrigation: Irrigated area /Area without irrigation Look at real technology, farmers' needs Propose situations and activities Set up priority

• Each group synthesize specific aspect assigned • Whole commune meeting with participation of representative from all villages and commune to

commune plan made and setting up priority to proposed activities at commune level. • CDP is revised base on meeting comments. Consolidation of CDP by using available forms:

Consolidation form: Commune Development Plan Year 2004 - 2006

Objective plan Solutions Time Estimated cost (1000 VND) Contributors Pri

o. Items Unit current Planed Activities Unit Quanlity Place Begin Finish Amoun

t Commune

District CACERP CRLI

P Others

Villager

Ousiders

I. Capacity building II. Activities A Crops 1 Paddy rice 2 Maize 3 Peanut B Livestock

PRA - VDP 39

Objective plan Solutions Time Estimated cost (1000 VND) Contributors Pri

o. Items Unit current Planed Activities Unit Quanlity Place Begin Finish Amoun

t Commune

District CACERP CRLI

P Others

Villager

Ousiders

- C Credit D Off-farm E Health

care/education

F Infrastructu

re

Chapter V : Several necessary skills in application of PRA tools in making village development plan

5.1 Skills needed to carry out PRA tools PRA is a process with participation of many people with different background and their awareness are also different. If strong points of PRA members are promoted and their conservative thoughts are limited then PRA process can be implemented effectively, otherwise, probably we meet many difficulties. The following are several skills can be used for reference during PRA process a. Communication skills

PRA staff should be open, listening and honest while working with villagers. It is nesessary to take care about issues that villagers focus on. Speak slowly, clearly and easy to understand.

Try to listen what villagers say, never interrupt villager speaking, if it is unclear please give them suggestion to help them answer, litening with recording villagers' opinion is required, behaviour shows support their opinion and compliment to them are also needed.

The way to introduce and ask questions is easy to understand, ask question with good behaviour, humble, ask question one by one, try to create good conditions to villagers' anwser.

It is necessary to invite diffident villagers to present their opinion, avoid some ones speak for long time, the other ones do not have chance to speak.

It is necessary to attract concentration of everybody, because their concentration is an indication of interest

Villagers' interest is encouraged Create desire of villagers. Promote villagers to listen and understand, then their activity makes them believe that their

activities will be satisfied It is necessary to take note issues concerning minority ethnic groups, religion, customs, culture,

elder, gender, to have suitable communication. It is avoid to use top-down communication . Questions shoul be related to local condition

b. Skills to collect information . PRA is process to collect, appraise information with participation of villagers, so that skills to collect information, are play a very important role for PRA staff.

PRA - VDP 41

A available information and data such as productivity, production, area of agriculture crops, data and information related to livestock, crop, e.t map available, diagram can be collected at district level: Planning unit, agriculture management division, cadastral unit, economic unit.. These data and informations are useful to carry out PRA tools in villages • When collect information, it is necessary to collect information related to ongoing

projects/program in the village as well as projects have done to consider future plan to avoid overlap in formulating activities

• Local staff are need to be used to provide information because they away work with villages and are quite familiar with local condition.

• Observation : Through observation PRA staff can collect intuition information such as: Slope, vegetation, situation of water supply system, irrigation, road.

• Direct survey : In order to have qualitative data PRA staff can use tools as balance, ruler... this method is usual used when we need data on productivity, area, head number of livestock ..

• Visit and obser exiting farming system to have real data • Interview individual local staff and villagers • Small experiment in the farm may be made for baseline information. Some methods need to be focused for information collection Collection of information without distribution of survey form, include:

Use data available made by former trials or other experiments

Use available basic information . Observation . Directly survey.

Collection of information by using survey forms : Interview people who have long experience

related to specific subject . Structure interview villagers who living in the

village . In-depth interview Interview farmer groups ( group interview)

c. Cross check collected information Information collected from different sources and people so that it may be not correctly. It is necessary to cross check collected information, after each PRA exercise is completed, PRA staff need to cross check information that collected by each group. Final information is consolidated after checking. Some experiences to cross check collected information :

Discuss doubtful information in group meeting to arrive agreement. Check information collected by paying visits to the field.

PRA - VDP 42

Compare information collected to available maps, diagram, documents. Checking with people who have proven experiences. Measures for checking . Remove overlaping informations and wrong information.

Skills to hold meeting In order to hold group meeting effectively, it is necessary to arrange good conditions and follow the following principles: • Meeting place and time, as well as meeting

subject, contents, must be clear and announced to everybody before the meeting.

• Meeting contents and discussion subjects must be prepared before meeting

• It is necessary to select meeting facilitator and secretary.

• Meeting contents must be simple and easy to understand.

• Meeting group should be small ( Number of meeting member should not exceed 20 people )

• Promote participation of members in raising their own ideas, avoid some ones speaking long so other ones do not have chance to share their own experiences. It is necessary to move people who sit at the back to raise their ideas.

• It is necessary to flexible facilitate conflicts appeared during the meeting • It is necessary to arrange Material supported for meeting such as color cards, board, big size

papers, color pen, map, diagram for meeting to make everybody easy understanding. • Before going to next subjects, it is necessary to summarise previous subjects that have been

agreed • Elder, gender equal, diffrent bakground levels are should be taken note during the meeting • The meeting should be finished in time.

5.2 . Some skills needed for planning

Identification of farmers' needs . Giving priority to proposed activities . Find out reasons of farmers' needs that they formulated Skills to use matrixes and diagrams to present linkage between problems and reasons. List solution to solve problems . Select appropriate solutions to be listed into VDP.

PRA - VDP 43

Ap dung cac cong cu PRA

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