Anatomy & Physiology:An Introduction

Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human body

Physiology - The study of the functions of the human body

An Overview of Anatomy

Branches of Anatomy

o Surface anatomy (outside)

o Gross anatomy (inside)

o Microscopic anatomy (histology) -tissues

Structural Organization Chemical level – atoms &

molecules Cellular level – cells Tissue level – a group of cells

performing a common function Organ level – a structure made

up of more than one type of tissue

Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose

Organism – the result of all simpler levels working together

Structural Organization

• Forms external body covering• Protects deeper tissues from injury• Synthesizes vitamin D• Site of cutaneous receptors (pain,

pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands

The Integumentary System

–Protects and supports body organs

–Provides a framework for muscles

–Blood cells formed within bones

–Stores minerals

The Skeletal System

• Allows manipulation of environment

• Provide mobility

• Facial expression

• Maintains posture

• Produces heat

The Muscular System

• Fast-acting control system

• Responds to internal and external changes

• Uses senses to collect information

The Nervous System

• Glands secrete hormones that regulate

• Growth

• Reproduction

• Nutrient use

• Slow acting

The Endocrine System

The Cardiovascular System• Blood vessels

transport blood

• Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide

• Also carries nutrients and wastes

• Heart pumps blood through blood vessels

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels

Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system

Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)

Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body

The Lymphatic System

• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

• Removes carbon dioxide

• Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs

The Respiratory System

• Breaks down food into absorbable units

• Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces

The Digestive System

• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes (urea)

• Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance

The Urinary System

• Overall function is to produce offspring

• Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones

• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

• Mammary glands produce milk

Reproductive System

Necessary Life Functions:

• List eight functions that humans must perform to maintain life. Compare your answers with your partner’s answers.

• List five survival needs of the human body. Which do you think is the most important and why?

Maintaining LifeGod has put all parts of our body together in the way that he decided is best. A body isn’t really a body, unless there is more than one part. It takes many parts to make a single body. That’s why the eyes cannot say they don’t need the hands. That’s also why the head cannot say it doesn’t need the feet. In fact, we cannot get along without the parts of the body that seem to be the weakest.

1 Corinthians 12:18-22

• When body functions interact to maintain a stable internal environment in the body.

• NECESSARY FOR SURVIVAL and good health.

• Loss of homeostasis results in illness or disease. (homeostatic imbalance)

Homeostasis

HomeostasisThree components interact to maintain homeostasis.

Receptor

(a nerve ending)

Control Center (the

brain)

Effector

(a muscle)

FeedbackNegative Feedback

Almost all homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms.

The output reduces the original effect of the stimulus..

Example: Temperature control, you get hot, you sweat and breathe harder

Positive Feedback

The output enhances the original stimulus.

Exact opposite of negative feedback.

Example: Childbirth, oxytocin is produced to increase the severity and speed of contractions until the baby is delivered.

• A common visual reference point, always assume patient or subject is in anatomical position.

• Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward.

• Palms face forward with the thumbs pointed away from the body.

• Right and left sides are always the PATIENT’S!

Anatomical Position:

R L

Directional terminology Refers to the

body in anatomical position

Standardized terms of directions are paired.

Superior: toward the head (above)

Ex: The forehead is superior to the nose.

Inferior: away from the head

(below)

Ex.: The naval is inferior to the breastbone.

Anterior: toward the front (in front of)

Ex: The breastbone is anterior to the spine.

Posterior: Toward the backside

(behind)

Ex.: The heart is posterior to the breastbone.

posterior

anterior

anterior

posterior

Medial: toward the midline (middle)

Ex: The heart is medial to the shoulder.

Lateral: away from the

midline (outside)

Ex.: The arms are lateral to the chest.

Proximal: closer to the attachment

point

Ex: The elbow is proximal to the wrist

Distal: Farther away from attachment point

Ex.: The ankle is distal to the thigh.

THESE ARE USED TO Describe LIMBS!!!

Superficial: toward or at the

body surface

Ex: The skin in superficial to the skeleton

Deep: Far from the surface of the body, internal

Ex.: The lungs are deeper than the rib cage.

Superficial

Deep

Regional Terms

You will need to study and memorize ALL the following terms!

These are landmarks we will use for the rest of the year to identify areas of the body.

Regional TermsBuccal

Deltoid

Picasso Anatomy Lab1. Create an anatomically correct mosaic portrait.

2. Find and cut out pictures of all of the new anatomical terminology.

3. Assemble and glue your mosaic portrait to a piece of cardstock. (anterior and posterior views)

4. LABEL all of the pieces you have cut out. NUMBER each of your labels so you can be sure that you have gotten them all.

5. If it is a body region that is not normally visible, please draw an arrow near the spot that the region should be.

6. You may use your diagrams from class or the diagrams in your textbook as a reference.

Body Planes and Sections• MIDSAGITTAL (MEDIAN)

PLANE - plane that lies vertically in the midline, divides the body into a right and left side.

• CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE- vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Body Planes and Sections

• TRANSVERSE (AXIAL) PLANE– horizontally divides body into superior and inferior parts (think guillotine)

Body Planes and Sections

A B C

Body Cavities and Membranes

DORSAL BODY CAVITIES:

• Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.

• Cranial cavity houses the brain. (A)

• Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord (B)

Body Cavities & Membranes

Subdivisions:

• Thoracic cavity

• Diaphragm

• Pleural Cavities

• Mediastinum

• Pericardial Cavity

• Abdominopelvic cavity

• Much larger than

dorsal cavity. • Houses most vital

organs.

VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES:

Other body CavitiesORAL CAVITY – Mouth

DIGESTIVE CAVITY – Contains digestive organs & opens to the exterior of the body

NASAL CAVITY – nose and area posterior to the nose, part of respiratory system

ORBITAL CAVITIES – house the eyes

MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES – house the bones that transmit sound to receptors

Abdominal Regions & Quadrants

ABDOMINAL REGIONS divide the abdomen into nine sections

Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants

divide the abdomen into four QUADrants

Right upper and left upper quadrants

Right lower and left lower quadrants

REMEMBER: Your patient is in anatomical position, and we always use the PATIENT’S right/left