AP Chapter 11b

• Federalist

• John Adams

• Supported by rank and file Federalists of the Northeast

• Alexander Hamilton subverts the election

• Adams gets 65 electoral votes

• Democrat -Republican

• Thomas Jefferson

• Support from south and

west (universal manhood

suffrage)

• Gets boost from Aaron

Burr – New York

• Wins election but ties

with Burr

Solving the Deadlock

• Jefferson and Burr with equal votes in the electoral college =73

• Election to be decided by the House

• 35 ballots – undecided and Burr will not withdraw (he had always been running as VP)

• On the 36th – Burr lost the support of one Federalist (probably at the urging of Hamilton) and Jefferson finally won the election.

Twelfth Amendment

• Ratified in 1804• Started after the election of

1796 • In that Election Adams was

elected President (Federalist) and Jefferson (a Democrat-Republican) had the second highest votes and was Vice-President

• The electoral college now casts separate ballots for the President and Vice-President

“The Revolution of 1800”

• Orderly transition of power• Jefferson ―we are all

Republicans, we are all Federalists‖

• Washington DC – Designed by Pierre L’Enfant – Paris of the US

• Jefferson will submit messages to Congress – not much of public speaker

JEFFERSON

• Believes that America’s future is to be a society of sturdy Independent Farmers and:

• The Republicans are the guardians of agrarian purity, liberty and states’ rights

• He favors public education

• Promotes the concept of the ―Republican Mother‖

Jefferson’s Cabinet

Yazoo Land Fraud

• I have deleted the info. on this slide. • Yazoo Land Fraud has to do with the

court case Fletcher v. Peck in 1810.• Fletcher v. Peck is talked about in

chapter 12.• So you are just going to have to wait

for it.• I’m sure the suspense is killing you.• For now—cross out this section on

your handout.

Background of Marbury v.

Madison

Marbury v Madison

• So…• Judiciary Act of 1801-

– John Adams & Federalist congress leaving office

– Established 16 new federal judgeships

– Adams packed the Judicial branch with Federalists, who are appointed for life.

This is an edited portion of the PP—it’s not on your handout.

Marbury v Madison

• These are known as the ―midnight appointments‖

• Not all were delivered on time, including– William Marbury’s

appointment as Federal Judge of District of Columbia


Marbury v Madison

• James Madison– Democratic-Republican– Jefferson’s Secretary of

State– doesn’t deliver these

appointments either(Why would he want to more

Federalist judges?‖• Marbury chooses to sue

Madison for the commission.


Marbury v Madison

• Marbury v. Madison case goes to the Supreme Court.

• John Marshall dismisses the case.

• Sounds like a victory for the Jeffersonian republicans, right?

• NOPE.


Marbury v Madison

• Marbury was using the Judiciary Act of 1789 to make his plea.

• In the process, Marshall declares the Judiciary Act of 1789 ―unconstitutional‖

• The court never had the power before to declare a law unconstitutional.


Marbury v Madison


The Judiciary (Continued)

• John Pickering • District judge• Accused of being

drunk (guilty) while on duty

• Also accused of making unlawful rulings

• Impeached by the House

• Found guilty by Senate and removed from office

• Samuel Chase (Supreme Court Justice)

• Insulted Jefferson from the Bench

• After his success with Pickering, Jefferson tries to get Chase removed

• Impeached by the House

• Senate could not get 2/3 majority

The Judiciary (Continued)

Barbary Pirates (not “Pirates

of the Caribbean”)

Barbary Pirates (not “Pirates

of the Caribbean”)

• Jefferson sends in troops without a declaration of war from Congress

• Stephen Decatur – American hero – In 1804 leads raid to burn

the Philadelphia– It was a US ship soon to be

converted into a pirate ship

Louisiana Purchase

• Napoleon regains Louisiana from Spain

• Spain had not been a US threat but France is

• ―Right of Deposit‖ threatened (a place to store goods traveling from Mississippi to the Atlantic).

• Jefferson wants New Orleans– Sent James Monroe to France– Robert Livingston--already there– Authorized them to buy any part

of New Orleans for up to $10 Million

Louisiana Purchase (Cont’d)

• Jefferson had written to Livingston: – While France is a natural

friend, New Orleans was the ―One single spot‖ on earth that the possessor was ―our natural and habitual‖ enemy. ―If France controls New Orleans, we shall marry ourselves to the British if necessary.‖

• Livingston and Monroe begin to negotiate

Louisiana Purchase

(Continued) Napoleon

• Napoleon had bad experience in Caribbean, i.e. Santo Domingo:– Sugar-rich colony– Toussaint L’Ouverture

leads a rebellion – Brother-in-law killed– Yellow Fever –Kills

French

• Napoleon gives up• Willing to sell entire

Louisiana Purchase area for $15 Million– Plans another war with

England– Not willing to risk that

England will get it post-war

– Did not want us to become allies with Britain

Lewis and Clark 1804-1806

A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America,

drawing by W. Clark

Drawn by Meriwether Lewis's traveling mate on the famous expedition and combining

Clark's own observations with those of Indians and explorers, this 1814 map gave

Americans their first view of the vast territory purchased in 1803. Clark's depiction of

the Rockies was substantially accurate, his description of the Southwest less so.

(Library of Congress Geography & Map division)

A Map of Lewis and Clark's Track Across the Western Portion of North America,

drawing by W. Clark

Zebulon Pike

Aaron Burr Conspiracy

Hamilton-Burr Duel

• Alexander Hamilton• Head of Federalist

Party• Commander of NY

Militia• Hates dueling but

felt his honor was at stake

• Decides not to fire his pistol

• Aaron Burr• Responsible for

Jefferson’s victory in 1800 – he delivered NY state.

• Challenges Hamilton to duel after losing (he took 4th) the bid for Governor of NY

• Was still the V.P. of the U.S. at the time!!

Hamilton-Burr Duel

Precarious Neutrality

• England and France are at war –AGAIN – The U.S. (neutral) is

making a huge profit– U. S. merchant marine

second only to Britain

• Orders in Council– (1806) Britain: ―No ships

can sail to France!‖• Berlin and Milan

decrees – Napoleon: ―seize ships

going to British ports‖

Precarious Neutrality

Chesapeake Encounter with the Leopard

A painting of the British frigate Leopard firing its guns into the U.S.S. Chesapeake when the

U.S. ship refused to be searched for British deserters. The British boarded the subdued

Chesapeake and seized four deserters, three of them American citizens. Americans were

humiliated and angered by the British violation of American rights. (Courtesy of William Gilkerson)

Chesapeake Leopard Affair

• British Navy had been ―impressing’ sailors from American merchant marine – Britain is short-handed

• many sailors have jumped ship• usually while in America

• British Leopard ship fires a warning shot at U.S.S. Chesapeake.

• British demand 4 ―deserters‖• American Capt. James Baron refuses • The British open fire

– kill 3– Take 4 men off the ship – Hanged 1 on the masthead of the Chesapeake– The ultimate insult to U.S. navy

Chesapeake - Leopard Affair

Peaceable Coercion

• U.S. demands war• A war right then

with Britain (or any other country for that matter) would ruin U.S.

• France is also seizing men and ships

• Jefferson tries diplomacy

• Jefferson is a pacifist

• He had reduced the size of the Army and Navy

• He reasons that if we stop trading with Britain and France their economy will be hurt

EMBARGO of 1807

• To force British and French to stop impressments and seizing American ships through economic pressure

• No U.S. ships to any foreign ports –even stops coastal trade

• Worst economic depression in U.S

• Federalist revived –Essex Junto – again

• Will finally effect France and Britain – but the US cannot hold on long enough

EMBARGO of 1807

EMBARGO of 1807 cont.

• Non-Intercourse Act 1809– Opens trade with the

world…– except Britain &

France …– who just happen to be

the most important

• Macon’s Bill # 2– If either France or

Britain drop their restrictions, we will trade with them

– Napoleon says he will –doesn't

President James Madison

War Hawks

Indian Problems

• 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers– Treaty of Grenville – Indians ousted from Ohio

• English inciting the Indians against the US on the frontier– paying for scalps– providing arms, etc.

• William Henry Harrison– Uses trickery to obtain treaties

• Defeats Tecumseh’s coalition• Destroys the Indian Confederation

put together by Tecumseh

Tecumseh and the Prophet

Tecumseh and the Prophet

• Shawnee Chief Tecumseh:• "No tribe has the right to sell, even to each other, much less to

strangers.... Sell a country! Why not sell the air, the great sea, as well as the earth? Didn't the Great Spirit make them all for the use of his children? The way, the only way to stop this evil is for the red man to unite in claiming a common and equal right in the land, as it was first, and should be now, for it was never divided." We gave them forest-clad mountains and valleys full of game, and in return what did they give our warriors and our women? Rum, trinkets, and a grave. Brothers -- My people wish for peace; the red men all wish for peace; but where the white people are, there is no peace for them, except it be on the bosom of our mother. Where today are the Pequot? Where today are the Narragansett, the Mohican, the Pakanoket, and many other once powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and the oppression of the White Man, as snow before a summer sun."

Florida

• Slaves escape to Florida

• Indians and escaped slaves raid border towns (US side) and then return to Florida

• Spain is too weak to patrol the border or stop attacks on US towns

• West Florida acquired in 1810 part of Mississippi and Louisiana

• Baton rouge seized by American settlers

• There is a desire to gain all of Florida –Spain an ally with Britain – a victory might achieve this

War Declared

• Madison, convinced that war is inevitable, asks congress to declare war June 1, 1812

• Close vote, supported by South and West and Republicans in Pennsylvania & Virginia

• New England Federalist were against the war

• Pro-British – anti-French Napoleon ―butcher

• Opposed the acquiring of Canada – more Republican land

• Loaned money to Great Britain, sent food to Canada

Dolly Madison by Gilbert Stuart, 1804As the attractive young wife of Secretary of State James Madison, Dolley Madison acted virtually as the nation's First Lady during the administration of Jefferson, a widower. Friendly, tactful, and blessed with an unfailing memory for names and events, she added to her reputation as an elegant hostess after her husband became president. (© White House Historical Association)

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Manning the Navy, English engraving showing the impressment of American sailorsThe impressment of sailors into the British navy from American ships was one of the more prominent causes of the War of 1812. This 1790 engraving shows an American sailor being seized at gunpoint while those who might try to assist him are elbowed aside. (Library of Congress)


New Orleans Under My WingsThe French and Spanish developed this port city during the eighteenth century. By century's end many in the United States saw New Orleans as a key to the new nation's future expansion and prosperity. (Chicago Historical Society)


The Shawnee chief Tecumseh Tecumseh and his brother, Prophet, led a revival of traditional Shawnee culture and preached Native American federation against white encroachment. In the War of 1812 they allied themselves with the British, but Tecumseh's death at the Battle of the Tames (1813) and British indifference thereafter caused Native Americans' resistance and unity to collapse. (Tecumseh: Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, FMNH Neg. #A93851)


Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805This portrait of President Thomas Jefferson was painted by Rembrandt Peale in 1805. Charles Willson Peale (Rembrandt's father) and his five sons helped establish the reputation of American art in the new nation. Rembrandt Peale achieved fame for his presidential portraits; here he has captured Jefferson in a noble pose without the usual symbols of office or power, befitting the Republican age. ((c) Collection of The New-York Historical Society)


Thomas Jefferson's Polygraph, 1806Jefferson judged this "polygraph" to be the finest invention of his age. He used it to make copies of his letters from 1806 until his death. (Monticello/Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, Inc.)


Toussaint L'Ouverture by William Edouard ScottWith backing from the French, François Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture (center) led his fellow slaves in a revolt against their French and Spanish masters, driving the Europeans from the West Indian island of Santo Domingo in 1791. Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte double-crossed L'Ouverture in 1802, sending a French army to seize the island. Although L'Ouverture was captured, his army defeated the French, creating the republic of Haiti in 1804. (Amistad Research Center, New Orleans, AFAC Collection)

AP Chapter 11b

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Transcript of AP Chapter 11b